Sanders v. Commissioner of Social Security

Filing 19

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER denying 15 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; granting 16 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. Signed by Hon. Donald Bush on 5/11/2022. (CGJ)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
TAMMY S. O/B/O/ A.L.S.,
Plaintiff,
v.
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
Defendant.

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Case # 1:20-cv-931-DB
MEMORANDUM DECISION
AND ORDER

INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Tammy S. (“Plaintiff”) brings this action on behalf of A.L.S., a child under the
age of eighteen, pursuant to Title XVI of the Social Security Act (the “Act”). Plaintiff seeks review
of the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security (the “Commissioner”) denying
A.L.S.’s application for supplemental security income (“SSI”). See ECF No. 1. The Court has
jurisdiction over this action under 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c), and the case is before the
undersigned in accordance with a standing order. See ECF No. 18.
Both parties moved for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(c). See ECF Nos. 15, 16. Plaintiff also filed a reply. See ECF No. 17. For the reasons
set forth below, Plaintiff’s motion (ECF No. 15) is DENIED, and the Commissioner’s motion
(ECF No. 16) is GRANTED.
BACKGROUND
On February 27, 2017, Plaintiff protectively filed an application for SSI child’s benefits on
behalf of her grandson, A.L.S., alleging disability beginning February 22, 2016. Transcript (“Tr.”)
11, 236-45. The application was initially denied on July 6, 2017, after which Plaintiff timely
requested a hearing. Tr. 162-73. On December 20, 2018, Administrative Law Judge Theodore Kim
(the “ALJ”) presided over a video hearing from Falls Church, Virginia. Tr. 11, Tr. 125-146.

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Plaintiff and A.L.S. appeared and testified in Buffalo, New York, and were represented by Jeanne
Murray, an attorney. Id. On March 22, 2019, the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision, finding
A.L.S. not disabled. Tr. 11-27. On May 20, 2020, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request
for further review. Tr. 1-6. The ALJ’s March 22, 2019 decision thus became the “final decision”
of the Commissioner subject to judicial review under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
LEGAL STANDARD
I.

District Court Review
“In reviewing a final decision of the SSA, this Court is limited to determining whether the

SSA’s conclusions were supported by substantial evidence in the record and were based on a
correct legal standard.” Talavera v. Astrue, 697 F.3d 145, 151 (2d Cir. 2012) (citing 42 U.S.C. §
405(g)) (other citation omitted). The Act holds that the Commissioner’s decision is “conclusive”
if it is supported by substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). “Substantial evidence means more
than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion.” Moran v. Astrue, 569 F.3d 108, 112 (2d Cir. 2009) (citations
omitted). It is not the Court’s function to “determine de novo whether [the claimant] is disabled.”
Schaal v. Apfel, 134 F. 3d 496, 501 (2d Cir. 1990).
II.

The Sequential Evaluation Process
Individuals under eighteen years old are considered disabled when the individual “has a

medically determinable physical or mental impairment, which results in marked and severe
functional limitations, and which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be
expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve months.” 42 U.S.C. §
1382c(a)(3)(C)(i). In evaluating disability claims in children, the Commissioner is required to use
the three-step process promulgated in 20 C.F.R. § 416.924. The first step requires the ALJ to

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determine whether the child is engaged in “substantial gainful activity.” See 20 C.F.R. §
416.924(a). The second step requires the ALJ to determine whether the child has any severe
impairments, defined as anything that causes “more than minimal functional limitations.” Id.
Finally, the ALJ determines whether the child’s impairment or combination of impairments meets,
medically equals, or functionally equals the severity of a listed impairment. Id. If the ALJ finds
that the child’s impairment or combination of impairments meets or equals a listing, the child is
then considered disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.924(d)(1).
In determining whether the child’s impairment or combination of impairments meets or
medically equals a listing, the ALJ must assess the child’s functioning in six domains:
1. Acquiring and using information;
2. Attending and completing tasks;
3. Interacting and relating with others;
4. Moving about and manipulating objects;
5. Caring for yourself; and
6. Health and physical well-being.
20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(b)(1). The child is classified as disabled if the child has a “marked” limitation
in any two domains of functioning or an “extreme” limitation in any one domain. 20 C.F.R. §§
416.926a(d). A “marked” limitation exists when the impairment or cumulative effect of the
impairments “interferes seriously with [the child’s] ability to independently initiate, sustain, or
complete activities.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(e)(2)(i). An “extreme” limitation is an impairment
which “interferes very seriously” with the child’s ability to independently initiate, sustain, or
complete activities. 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(e)(3)(i). If the child has an impairment that meets, and

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medically or functionally equals the listings, and the impairment meets the Act’s duration
requirement, the ALJ will find the child disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 416.924(d).
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE’S FINDINGS
The ALJ analyzed A.L.S.’s claim for benefits under the process described above and made
the following findings in his March 22, 2019 decision:,
1. The claimant was born on December 16, 2010. Therefore, he was a preschooler on
February 27, 2017, the date application was filed, and is currently a school-age child (20
CFR 416.926a(g)(2)).
2. The claimant has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since February 27, 2017, the
application date (20 CFR 416.924(b) and 416.971 et seq.).
3. The claimant has the following severe impairments: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), specific learning disability, oppositional defiant disorder, adjustment disorder
with disturbance of conduct, and conduct disorder (20 CFR 416.924(c)).
4. The claimant does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or
medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart
P, Appendix 1 (20 CFR 416.924, 416.925 and 416.926).
5. The claimant does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that functionally
equals the severity of the listings (20 CFR 416.924(d) and 416.926a).
6. The claimant has not been disabled, as defined in the Social Security Act, since February
27, 2017, the date the application was filed (20 CFR 416.924(a)).
Tr. 11-26.
Accordingly, the ALJ determined that, for the application for SSI, protectively filed on
February 27, 2017, the claimant is not disabled under section 1614(a)(3)(C) of the Act. Tr. 27.
ANALYSIS
After reviewing the medical, educational, and testimonial evidence of record, the ALJ
determined that A.L.S. was not disabled because his severe impairments did not meet or medically
equal any impairment listed at 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. Tr. 14-16. The ALJ
found that A.L.S. did not have an “extreme” limitation in any one domain, or a “marked” limitation

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in two or more of the six functional equivalence domains. Tr. 16-26; see 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.924,
416.926a. Specifically, the ALJ found that A.L.S. had a less than marked limitation in acquiring
and using information and attending and completing tasks; a marked limitation in interacting and
relating with others; and no limitation in moving about and manipulating objects, caring for
himself, and health and physical well-being. Tr. 20-26. Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that
A.L.S. was not disabled at any time during the relevant period. Tr. 20-26. 416.924(a).
Plaintiff asserts two points of error. Plaintiff argues that: (1) the Appeals Council failed to
properly evaluate new and material evidence which undermined the ALJ’s assessment of the
functional domains; and (2) the ALJ’s determination that A.L.S. did not functionally equal the
Listings was not based on substantial evidence. See ECF No. 15-1 at 15-28.
The Commissioner argues in response that: (1) the Appeals Council properly denied
Plaintiff’s request for review; and (2) the ALJ properly evaluated the opinion evidence, and his
assessments of the functional domains is supported by substantial evidence, including reports from
A.L.S.’s teachers showing improvement from first to second grade, medical records showing
improvement with medication, and the opinions of consultative examiner Gregory Fabiano, Ph.D.
(“Dr. Fabiano”), and state agency medical consultant B. Stouter, M.D. (“Dr. Stouter”). See ECF
No. 16-1 at 8-24.
A Commissioner’s determination that a claimant is not disabled will be set aside when the
factual findings are not supported by “substantial evidence.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see also Shaw v.
Chater, 221 F.3d 126, 131 (2d Cir.2000). Substantial evidence has been interpreted to mean “such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. The
Court may also set aside the Commissioner’s decision when it is based upon legal error. Rosa, 168
F.3d at 77.

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As an initial matter, the Court finds that new and material evidence submitted to the
Appeals Council after the ALJ's decision is part of the administrative record for judicial review
when the Appeals Council denies review of the ALJ's decision. Perez v. Chater, 77 F.3d at 45
(holding that new evidence submitted to the Appeals Council following the ALJ's decision
becomes part of the administrative record for judicial review when the Appeals Council denies
review of the ALJ's decision).
The regulations expressly authorize claimants to submit new and material evidence 1 to the
Appeals Council without a “good cause” requirement, as long as it relates to the period on or before
the ALJ’s decision. Id. (citing § 404.970(b) and § 416.1470(b)). The Appeals Council evaluates
the entire record, including any new and material evidence submitted, if it is chronologically
relevant, to determine if the ALJ’s action, findings or conclusion is contrary to the weight of the
evidence currently of record. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.970(b); Bushey v. Colvin, 552 F. App’x 97, 98
(2d Cir. 2014). When the Appeals Council denies review, however, regardless of whether a
claimant presents additional evidence or only argument, it is the ALJ’s decision that becomes the
final decision of the Commissioner subject to judicial review. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.981; see also
Pollard, 377 F.3d at 192 (comparing an Appeals Council’s denial of a request for review to a
denial of certiorari which carries no import as to the merits of a case).
Accordingly, when the Appeals Council denies review, this Court must review the ALJ’s
decision in the context of the entire administrative record, including any new evidence, to
determine if the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, rather than review the

1
Evidence is “new” when it has not been considered previously in the administrative process. See Ovitt v. Colvin,
2014 WL 1806995, *3 (N.D.N.Y. May 7, 2014). New evidence is “material” where it is both relevant to the plaintiff's
condition during the relevant time period, and probative. Pollard v. Halter, 377 F.3d 183, 193 (2d Cir. 2004). “The
concept of materiality requires, in addition, a reasonable possibility that the new evidence would have influenced the
[Commissioner] to decide claimant’s application differently.” Id.

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Appeals Council’s denial. See Lesterhuis v. Colvin, 805 F.3d 83, 87 (2d Cir. 2015). The relevant
inquiry is not whether the Appeals Council properly determined whether the evidence was new
and material, but whether the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence in light of the
additional information submitted to the Appeals Council. Id. In other words, a reviewing court
must determine whether the submitted evidence “add[s] so much as to make the ALJ’s decision
contrary to the weight of the evidence.” Rutkowski v. Astrue, 368 F. App’x 226, 229 (2d Cir. 2010);
see Bushey, 552 F. App’x at 98 (noting that new evidence “did not alter the weight of evidence so
dramatically as to require the Appeals Council to take the case”).
First, with respect to medical records from Summit Pediatrics for the period January 27,
2015 through December 10, 2015, submitted after the ALJ’s decision, the Appeals Council
properly determined that this evidence was not new as it was duplicative of records already
contained in the record. See Tr. 2, 412-24. Plaintiff also submitted educational records from
Niagara Falls City School District for the period September 1, 2015 through September 4, 2019
which consists of a copy of an individualized educational program (“IEP”) for the period
September 4, 2019 through September 4, 2020, and copies of reports cards for 2015-2016, 20162017, and 2018-2019 school years. Tr. 43-58. The Appeals Council found that this evidence did
not show a reasonable probability that it would change the outcome of the decision. Tr. 2.
As for the remaining evidence submitted, the Appeals Council found that the evidence did
not relate to the relevant timeframe. Said remaining evidence consists of the following:
•

Medical records from Edward Brown, M.D. (Dr. Brown”) dated February 27, 2019
through July 12, 2019 (Tr. 70-79) 2;

In addition to one treatment record from Dr. Brown—a follow-up appointment on July 12, 2019 (Tr. 76), these
records contain treatment notes from social worker Kendra Washington, LCSW-R (“Ms. Washington”), for therapy
visits on February 27, 2019 (Tr. 70), March 6, 2019 (Tr. 71-72), March 18, 2019 (Tr. 73), March 22, 2019 (Tr. 74).
and March 29, 2019 (Tr. 75); and laboratory toxicology reports dated March 6, 2019 (Tr. 77-79) and July 25, 2019
(Tr. 79).
2

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•

Records from In-Home Respite Coordinator 3 Sara Carlson dated September 11,
2019 through September 30, 2019 (Tr. 81);

•

Teacher Questionnaire from Niagara Street Elementary dated October 4, 2019 (Tr.
61-68);

•

Educational Placement Notice from Niagara Street Elementary dated July 15, 2019
and July 16, 2019 (Tr. 83-85);

•

Educational records from Henry J. Kalfas Magnet School consisting of copies of a
Comprehensive Assessment, Mental Status Exam and Treatment Plan Outlined by
New Directions and Youth Family Services (“New Directions”), dated April 17,
2019, with a review date of June 20, 2019 (Tr. 87-112); and

•

Proposed IEP for 2019-2020, dated May 23, 2019 (Tr. 113-24).

The Appeals Council determined that, since A.L.S.’s case was decided through March 22, 2019,
this additional evidence did not relate to the period at issue, and therefore, did not affect the
decision about whether A.L.S. was disabled beginning on or before March 22, 2019. Tr. 2. The
Court has reviewed the entire record, including the additional evidence, and finds that the Appeals
Council did not err by refusing to review the ALJ’s decision in light of the new evidence, as the
new evidence presented did not shed any light on Plaintiff’s condition as it existed on or before
the ALJ’s March 22, 2019 decision.
First, contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, the Appeals Council was not required to provide an
explanation of why the later-submitted evidence did not necessitate review of the ALJ’s
determination beyond the Appeals Council’s statement that the evidence did not show a reasonable
probability that it would change the outcome of the decision (Tr. 2). See ECF No. 15-1 at 15-21.
The Appeals Council is not required to provide an elaborate explanation when it evaluates
additional evidence presented. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.967, 416.1467 (only requires that the Appeals
Council notify the party of its action) and §§ 404.970, 416.1470 (does not mention any information

The In-Home Respite Program is described as “a non-clinical service that does not employ the use of treatment plans,
progress notes, or counseling services. Tr. 81.
3

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that must be in the denial notice). Furthermore, the Second Circuit has specifically acknowledged
that the Appeals Council’s denial of review does not amount to consideration on the merits but
rather, is analogous to denial of certiorari. See Pollard v. Halter, 377 F.3d, 183, 192 (2d Cir. 2004)
(citations omitted). Thus, the Appeals Council was not required to specify why it found the
additional evidence did not warrant further review of the ALJ’s decision. Thus, Plaintiff’s
argument that a lengthier explanation was needed fails.
Even assuming the Appeals Council erred by refusing to consider new evidence, a
reviewing court is able to review the entire record and determine whether the same conclusion is
warranted even if the evidence at issue had been considered. Ramsey v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 830
F. App'x 37, 39-40 (2d Cir. 2020)). Therefore, the only issue here is whether the ALJ’s decision is
still supported by substantial evidence in light of the additional information submitted to the
Appeals Council. See Rutkowski, 368 F. App’x at 229 (the relevant inquiry is whether the new
evidence “add[s] so much as to make the ALJ’s decision contrary to the weight of the evidence.”).
Despite Plaintiff’s arguments, the evidence submitted is not probative and would not reasonably
change the decision reached by the ALJ.
The educational records submitted from Niagara Falls City School District covered school
years from September 2015 through June 2019. Tr. 51-57. These reports showed A.L.S. doing well
in pre-kindergarten but having difficulties in first and second grade, which was information already
before the ALJ. The final year of newly submitted educational records (2018-2019) extended
beyond the final period considered by the ALJ, which ended on March 22, 2019; but even so, it
showed A.L.S. to have minimal progress in reading and some aspects of writing but approaching
or meeting standards in all other academic areas, which is consistent with the ALJ’s analysis. Tr.
51-52.

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The later-submitted evidence also included notes from social worker Ms. Washington,
dated between February and March of 2019. Tr. 70-75. In these records Plaintiff reported
frustration with A.L.S.’s school. Tr. 70. Plaintiff reported that she had urged the school to enroll
A.L.S. in smaller classes to decrease his behavior outbursts, but the school denied her request for
special education testing due to A.L.S. being “too smart.” Id. Plaintiff also reported that A.L.S.
had been eager and successful with one-on-one tutoring he had received, and Ms. Washington
noted that A.L.S. was quiet and cooperative during that day’s therapy session, responding to
prompts while drawing. Id. Plaintiff further reported that A.L.S. had trouble with his siblings,
which is consistent with the ALJ’s determination of marked limitations in the functional domain
of interacting and relating with others. Tr. 22, 70. Although he continued to report having trouble
at school on March 6, 2019, Ms. Washington described him as quiet and cooperative, and Plaintiff
denied urgent concerns during a session on March 29, 2019. Tr. 71, 75.
Also post-dating the relevant period are medical records from Dr. Edward Brown, who
examined A.L.S. on July 12, 2019, and determined that he would need treatment for sleep apnea;
however, a physical examination was otherwise normal. Tr. 76, 84-85. Plaintiff does not explain
how this information might have changed the ALJ’s decision.
Plaintiff also argues that A.L.S. received in-home respite services as of September 2019
(Tr. 81), which might have changed the ALJ’s determination, but she does not explain why this
conclusion necessarily follows. See ECF No. 15-1 at 17-18, 20. Not only does this evidence postdate the relevant period, but it concerns the provision of free childcare services to relieve caregivers
who care for children with mental health diagnoses (in this case A.L.S.’s grandmother). 4 However,
the record reflects that ALJ was aware of A.L.S.’s mental health diagnoses and took them into

4

See http://mhanc.com/programs-in-home-respite.php (last accessed May 9, 2022).

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account in determining the various limitations in the functional domains, and thus, this information
would not have changed the ALJ’s determination. Tr. 14.
A report from A.L.S.’s third grade teacher Kassie Ligamman (“Ms. Ligamman”) in
October 2019 is also beyond the relevant period as Ms. Ligamman only started working with
A.L.S. in September 2019. Tr. 61-68. However, even if this information did concern the relevant
period, it was consistent with the ALJ’s determinations in that it indicated “no problem” or “a
slight problem” in key activities of acquiring and using information, with the exception of one
rating “an obvious problem” in expressing ideas in written form. 5 Tr. 62. Ms. Ligamman also
indicated that A.L.S. had no more than “a slight problem” with attending and completing tasks
(Tr. 63), and although Ms. Ligamman reported that A.L.S. struggled with his emotions, he was
rated at no more than a 3 in this area, and the narrative stated that if teachers spoke to A.L.S. or
gave him space, he usually calmed down. Tr. 66. As previously noted, these evaluations are not
from the relevant period; and even if they were, they do not “make the ALJ’s decision contrary to
the weight of the evidence.” Rutkowski, 368 F. App’x at 229.
The record also reflects that A.L.S.’s school implemented an IEP and recommended that
he be placed in a smaller size class with more personal attention for the 2019-2020 school year
(third grade), which, again, was after the period at issue. Tr. 43-49, 83, 113-14, 116-24. As with
the other evidence, however, even if the IEP pertained to the relevant period, it would not have
changed the ALJ’s determination as it merely reflected information already taken into account by
the ALJ, i.e., that A.L.S. struggled with social situations and improved when provided with
additional support and individualized attention. Tr. 14-26, 70, 116.

The form sets forth a 1-5 rating system with 1 indicating no problem, 2 indicating a slight problem, 3 indicating an
obvious problem, 4 indicating a serious problem, and 5 indicating a very serious problem. Tr. 62.
5

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Finally, an intake assessment from New Directions, dated April 17, 2019, also post-dated
the relevant period. Tr. 38-40, 87-111. As with the other evidence, however, even if Plaintiff’s
argument that this evidence related back to the relevant period were correct, it would still not sway
the weight of the evidence so as to change the ALJ’s decision. This intake from New Directions
shows that A.L.S. had problems with aggression and conflict with his siblings and other family
members. Tr. 38-40. His goals were to identify triggers of aggression and use coping skills. Tr.
38-40. This is consistent with the ALJ’s acknowledgement that A.L.S. was working on coping
skills to handle his anger, and his determination that A.L.S. had marked limitations in interacting
and relating with others. Tr. 22-23, 25. Furthermore, although A.L.S. had a secondary goal of
reducing self-harm threats and actions, this appeared to originate from Plaintiff’s report on April
17, 2019, that he had recently cut himself with a razor, further supporting that the incident was
outside the relevant period. Tr. 87. Additionally, New Directions determined that A.L.S. was not
a suicide risk. Tr. 87, 89. Furthermore, a mental status examination was normal, providing further
support that this evidence would not have changed the ALJ’s determination. Tr. 91. Thus, the
Appeals Council properly considered these records and correctly found that they did not constitute
a basis for review. Tr. 2. Because the new evidence did not make the ALJ’s ultimate finding that
A.L.S. did not have marked limitation in two, or extreme limitation in one, domain “contrary to
the weight of the evidence,” the Court finds that remand is not warranted. See Rutkowski, 368 F.
App’x at 229.
The Court next turns to Plaintiff’s arguments directly challenging the ALJ’s decision.
Plaintiff does not dispute the ALJ’s findings with respect to the domains of interacting and relating
with others and moving about and manipulating objects but argues that the ALJ should have found

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at least marked limitations in the domains of: (1) acquiring and using information, (2) attending
and completing tasks, or (3) caring for oneself. See ECF No. 15-1 at 21.
When assessing a child’s ability in each of the six domains, an ALJ considers evidence
from all settings, including school records, such as grades and aptitude and achievement test
scores; evidence from medical and non-medical sources; and evidence from the child himself. See
Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 09-3p, 2009 WL 396025, *5. It is Plaintiff’s burden to submitting
evidence to corroborate her allegations and to demonstrate disability. See e.g. Melville v. Apfel,
198 F.3d 45, 52 (2d Cir. 1999); 20 C.F.R. § 416.912(a). Here, the ALJ followed these procedures
and conducted a thorough discussion of the evidence to find that A.L.S. did not meet or medically
equal a particular Listing and did not satisfy the criteria for functional equivalence to a Listing. Tr.
14-26. The ALJ provided explanations for how the evidence of record supported his findings,
which direct a conclusion of “not disabled” in this case. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(d) (unless a
claimant has at least two “marked” or one “extreme” limitation in the six domains of functioning,
he will be found “not disabled”).
The regulations define “marked limitation” as follows: “where a child’s impairments
interfere seriously with his ability to independently initiate, sustain, or complete activities, and is
the equivalent of the functioning we would expect to find on standardized testing with scores that
are at least two, but less than three, standard deviations below the mean.” 20 C.F.R. §
416.926a(e)(2)(i); see also Frye ex rel. A.O., 485 F. App’x at 487 (“A child will be found to have
a marked limitation in a domain when his impairment interferes seriously with his ability to
independently initiate, sustain, or complete activities.”). The regulations define “extreme
limitation” as follows: “where a child’s impairments interfere very seriously with his ability to
independently initiate, sustain, or complete activities and is the equivalent of the functioning

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expected to be found on standardized testing with scores that are at least three standard deviations
below the mean.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(e)(3)(i). Extreme limitations are greater than marked
limitations and are the worst limitations. Id.
Contrary to Plaintiff’s arguments (see ECF No. 15-1 at 21-27), the ALJ appropriately
evaluated the evidence of record to determined that ALS had less than marked limitations in the
domains of acquiring and using information and in attending and completing tasks, and no
limitation in the domain of caring for himself. Tr. 14-22, 24-25.
The domain of acquiring and using information refers to how well the child acquires or
learns information, and how well the child uses the information learned. 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(g).
The domain of attending and completing tasks considers how well a child is able to focus
and maintain attention, and how well he is able to begin, carry through, and finish activities,
including the mental pace at which he performs activities and the ease of changing activities.
Attending and completing tasks also refers to a child’s ability to avoid impulsive thinking and her
ability to prioritize competing tasks and manage his time. 20 CFR 416.926a(h) and SSR 09-4p.
The domain of caring for oneself considers how well a child maintains a healthy emotional
and physical state, including how well a child satisfies his physical and emotional wants and needs
in appropriate ways. This includes how the child copes with stress and changes in the environment
and how well the child takes care of his own health, possessions, and living area. 20 CFR
416.926a(k) and SSR 09-7p.
Here, the ALJ discussed the evidence of record that addressed A.L.S.’s functioning in the
relevant domains and the ultimate decision was supported by substantial evidence. Tr. 21-22. The
ALJ took into account that consultative examiner Dr. Fabiano observed that A.L.S.’s attention and
concentration were impaired due to his age, but that he could complete counting tasks. Tr. 15-16,

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22, 398. Dr. Fabiano also reported that A.L.S. had coherent and goal-directed thought processes,
appropriate thought content, and clear sensorium. Tr. 16, 398.
The ALJ also considered that mental status examinations done by Dr. Fabiano and others
indicated that A.L.S. was cooperative, attentive, and maintained appropriate eye contact. Tr. 17,
402, 463, 465, 471, 514, 591. A.L.S. reported that he needed assistance to dress himself because
he needed help buttoning pants, but that he could tie shoes and zip zippers; wash his face and
hands; brush his teeth; and toilet independently. Tr. 399. Dr. Fabiano’s examination indicated that
A.L.S. had mildly impaired memory due to distractibility and his age. Tr. 18, 398.
In evaluating these domains, the ALJ also took into account the result of testing
administered by Dr. Fabiano, including WISC-V (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth
Edition) testing, indicating a Full Scale IQ score of 76, which was within the borderline range of
intellectual functioning. Tr. 18, 21, 402-03. The ALJ also considered the results of additional
testing in May of 2018, which revealed that A.L.S. had average cognitive and written language
abilities, low reading abilities, and below average math abilities. Tr. 18, 629.
On the basis of his examination, Dr. Fabiano opined that A.L.S. had moderate limitations
in the ability to attend to, follow, and understand age-appropriate directions; sustain concentration;
complete age-appropriate tasks; and adequately maintain appropriate social behavior and interact
with others. Tr. 18, 399. Dr. Fabiano further opined that A.L.S. had moderate limitation in his
ability to learn in accordance with cognitive functioning. Tr. 18, 399. Dr. Fabiano also opined that
A.L.S. had no limitations in his ability to respond appropriately to changes in the environment; ask
questions and request assistance in an age-appropriate manner; or be aware of danger and take
needed precautions. Tr. 18-19, 399. The ALJ gave some weight to most of Dr. Fabiano’s opinion,
observing that it was consistent with other parts of the record such as A.L.S.’s school records

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regarding his cognitive functioning. Tr. 19, 399. He gave little weight, however, to the opinion
that A.L.S. had a moderate limitation in his ability to adequately maintain appropriate social
behavior and interact with others, because it was inconsistent with school records, teacher
questionnaires, and statements from Plaintiff indicating greater difficulty in that functional
domain. Tr. 19, 399. The ALJ thus took into account the crucial factors of 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(c)
in assessing this opinion; after considering the examination (factors of examining and treatment
relationship), its results (factor of supportability), and the consistency with the record as a whole,
properly assigned Dr. Fabiano’s opinion partial weight. Tr. 19.
Dr. Fabiano’s opinion and test results were also part of the record considered by state
agency medical consultant Dr. Stouter, who reviewed the evidence of record and opined that
A.L.S. had less than marked limitations acquiring and using information, attending and completing
tasks, and no limitation in caring for himself. Tr. 152-53. The ALJ gave some weight to these parts
of this assessment because it was consistent with the record as a whole, including A.L.S.’s 504
plan findings of average cognitive and written language abilities, low reading abilities, and below
average math abilities. Tr. 18, 152-53. As with the opinion of Dr. Fabiano, however, the ALJ gave
little weight to Dr. Stouter’s determination that A.L.S. had less than marked limitations interacting
and relating with others, instead determining that the evidence as a whole indicated marked
limitations. Tr. 18, 152-53.
The evidence of record considered by the ALJ, including the opinions of Drs. Fabiano and
Stouter, provide substantial evidence for the determination that A.L.S. had less than marked
limitations in the functional domains of acquiring and using information and attending and
completing tasks and no limitation in caring for himself. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.913a(b)(1) (“Federal
or State agency medical or psychological consultants are highly qualified and experts in Social

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Security disability evaluation”); Mongeur v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 1033, 1039 (2d Cir. 1983) (report
of a consultative physician may constitute substantial evidence to contradict the opinion of a
treating physician); Frye ex rel. A.O., 485 F.App’x at 487 (“The report of a State agency medical
consultant constitutes expert opinion evidence which can be given weight if supported by medical
evidence in the record.”); see also Camille v. Colvin, 652 F. App’x 25, 27 n. 2 (2d Cir. 2016); Diaz
v. Shalala, 59 F.3d 307, 313 n.5 (2d Cir.1995).
In addition, the ALJ properly considered and evaluated reports from A.L.S.’s first and
second grade teachers. Plaintiff asserts that SSR 06-3p, which addressed how opinions and other
evidence from nonacceptable medical sources were evaluated, applies in this case, and the ALJ
failed to comply with this SSR when considering the opinions of these teachers. See ECF No. 151 at 23-24. Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, the ALJ, in fact, did consider the opinions pursuant to
this SSR, although he was not required to do so because SSR 06-3p was “Rescinded by Federal
Register Notice Vol. 82, No. 57, page 15263 effective March 27, 2017.” 6 The ALJ’s decision was
dated March 22, 2019, after the date SSR 06-3p was rescinded. Tr. 8. Thus, Plaintiff’s argument
that this case should be remanded because of an alleged failure to evaluate the opinions of A.L.S.’s
teachers under SSR 06-3p is without merit. However, the ALJ properly complied with 20 C.F.R.
§ 416.927(f)(2), which applied to this decision, and which requires a general explanation of the
weight given to opinions from nonmedical sources such that a subsequent reviewer may follow
the adjudicator’s reasoning.
In considering the functional domain of acquiring and using information, the ALJ noted
that A.L.S.’s first-grade teacher, Maria DAntonoli (“Ms. DAntonoli”) observed in June of 2018

See https://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/rulings/di/01/SSR2006-03-di-01.html (last visited May 10, 2022); Federal
Register Notice Vol. 82, No. 57, page 15263, available at https://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/rulings/PDF/201705959.pdf (last visited May 10, 2022).

6

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that A.L.S. did very well in math, caught on quickly, and maintained learning objectives. Tr. 15,
299. The ALJ acknowledged that Ms. DAntonoli stated reading was difficult for A.L.S., and that
although progress was made, he was still below grade level. Tr. 15, 299. However, the ALJ further
pointed out that A.L.S.’s second-grade teacher, Joanne Touchette (“Ms. Touchette”) stated in
November 2018 that, with intervention services A.L.S. made significant improvements in his oral
reading fluency. Tr. 15, 356. In fact, Ms. Touchette rated his problems with acquiring and using
information as no more than “slight” problems. Tr. 356. The ALJ explicitly took into account the
fact that both Ms. DAntonoli and Ms. Touchette were able to observe ALS’s abilities first-hand,
and their observations were within the scope of their role as his teachers. Tr. 20. However, he
reasoned that only “some weight” was due the opinion of Ms. DAntonoli because at the time she
authored the opinion, A.L.S. had not yet been tested to determine his eligibility for special
education services, and a subsequent evaluation by Ms. Touchette revealed that A.L.S. had
significant improvement with such services. Tr. 19, 298-305, 355-62, 634-35. Thus, the ALJ’s
analysis of these opinions was proper and supports the rating of less than marked limitation in the
functional domain of acquiring and using information.
With respect to the domain of caring for himself, in addition to the opinions of Drs. Fabiano
and Stouter that ALS had no limitations in this area, the ALJ considered the testimony of Plaintiff
and the reports of his teachers. Tr. 25. Contrary to Plaintiff’s charge that the ALJ ignored negative
evidence (see ECF No. 15-1 at 21-22, 27), the ALJ in fact recognized that Plaintiff testified that
he had problems controlling his behavior and emotions and issues with sleepwalking. Tr. 25, 136,
143. The ALJ also took into account that A.L.S. engaged in individual therapy regarding his
triggers to anger and learned coping strategies and that his 504 plan was updated to more
effectively accommodate his needs. Tr. 25, 374, 463-81, 629-31. Plaintiff indicated that he took

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care of his personal hygiene and was able to independently get dressed, eat, and put toys away. Tr.
25, 265.
Although first-grade teacher Ms. DAntonoli reported a range of “no problem” to “a very
serious problem” in issues relating to caring for himself, the ALJ pointed out that second-grade
teacher Ms. Touchette documented that A.L.S. had no problems in caring for personal hygiene and
physical needs and had only a slight problem with coping skills and knowing when to ask for help.
Tr. 25, 303, 360. Although Ms. Touchette reported he had a serious problem handling frustration
appropriately, she did not report he had a very serious problem in any aspect of caring for himself.
Tr. 25, 360. However, the ALJ gave little weight to this part of Ms. Touchette’s opinion, explaining
that A.L.S. was not as limited in these areas as Ms. Touchette opined, and pointing out that she
had not provided a narrative explanation with regard to the domain of caring for oneself. Tr. 19,
360; see Heaman v. Berryhill, 765 F. App'x 498, 501 (2d Cir. 2019) (noting that an opinion was a
checkbox form was part of a “good reason” for giving a doctor’s opinion less weight). The ALJ
also pointed out that treatment notes reflected that A.L.S. presented as well-groomed and
nourished and demonstrated intact judgment and insight. Tr. 25, 398, 445, 447, 475, 479. Together
with the opinions of Drs. Fabiano and Stouter, this provides substantial evidence for the ALJ’s
determination, and Plaintiff has not shown that marked limitations were necessary in this area.
With respect to attending and completing tasks, the ALJ considered that A.L.S.’s school
records indicated that his impulsivity and lack of focus and self-regulation skills impacted his
ability to be successful in the classroom and that Ms. DAntonoli reported he took a long time to
complete assignments, if they were completed at all. Tr. 22, 300, 630. However, improvement was
seen the next year, when Ms. Touchette opined that although A.L.S. had a very serious problem
organizing his things and a serious problem changing from one activity to another without being

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disruptive and working without disrupting others, he had no more than a moderate problem in any
other area in this domain. Tr. 357 The ALJ gave little weight to this part of Ms. Touchette’s
opinion, explaining that A.L.S. was not as limited in these areas as Ms. Touchette opined because
Ms. Touchette again did not provide a narrative explanation with respect to her opinion regarding
this domain. Tr. 19, 357, 360; see Heaman, 765 F. App'x at 501. Even had the ALJ given it more
weight however, the majority of the opinion supports the findings of less than marked limitations
in this domain.
Notably, Ms. Touchette indicated that A.L.S. had only a slight problem focusing long
enough to finish an assigned activity or task or working at a reasonable pace and finishing on time,
and no problem carrying out single-step instructions. Tr. 357. Furthermore, the ALJ took into
account that A.L.S. received behavioral therapy and treatment with medication to address his
attention deficits, and although Plaintiff reported that he was unable to pay attention or stick to
tasks and required frequent reminders, she later reported improvement in his behavior when his
medication was increased. Tr. 22, 266, 479.
Furthermore, contrary to Plaintiff’s argument that the ALJ did not consider that A.L.S.’s
improvement in school came when he was provided with additional assistance such as services,
aid, and academic tools (see ECF No. 15-1 at 26), the ALJ explicitly discussed the fact that A.L.S.
was provided with supports at school and took these supports into account in determining that
A.L.S. had less than marked limitations in this functional domain. Tr. 21, 630. The ALJ also
specifically discussed A.L.S.’s 504 plan, stated that he had passed his classes “with special
education assistance,” and considered throughout the decision that improvement in reading came
with additional support. Tr. 15, 18-19, 21, 299, 356, 629-31. This constitutes sufficient
consideration of the additional supports A.L.S. received and does not undermine the ALJ’s

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determination that A.L.S. had less than marked limitations in this functional domain. See Zoe R.
on behalf of Y.N.P. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 2021 WL 3270505, at *2–3 (W.D.N.Y. July 30, 2021)
(finding an ALJ adequately considered the supportive services a child was receiving where he
“recognized the child was subject to an [IEP], and behavioral plan and received school counseling
. . . and recognized that the child was unable to achieve IEP goals without a considerable amount
of consistent adult support,” and upheld the determination that the child had a less than marked
limitation in acquiring and using information).
Although Plaintiff implies that the ALJ improperly gave some weight to several opinions
(see ECF No. 15-1 at 25), an ALJ’s decision regarding functional equivalence need not track any
one medical opinion. See generally Matta v. Astrue, 508 Fed. Appx. 53, 56 (2d Cir. 2013)
(although the ALJ’s conclusion did not perfectly correspond with any of the opinions of medical
sources, the ALJ was entitled to weigh all of the evidence available to make an RFC finding that
was consistent with the record as a whole) (citing Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 399 (1971)
(“We therefore are presented with the not uncommon situation of conflicting medical evidence.
The trier of fact has the duty to resolve that conflict.”). In addition, an ALJ is not required to accept
every aspect of a particular medical source opinion. See Barry v. Colvin, 606 F. App’x 621, 624
(2d Cir. 2015) (summary order) (finding no error where ALJ discounted a portion of the
consultative examiner’s opinion that was inconsistent with other record evidence); Christina v.
Colvin, 594 F. App’x 32, 33 (2d Cir. 2015) (summary order) (same); Veino v. Barnhart, 312 F. 3d
578, 588-89 (2d Cir. 2002) (stating that “[g]enuine conflicts in the medical evidence are for the
Commissioner to resolve” and holding that “it was within the province of the ALJ” in resolving
the evidence to accept parts of a doctor’s opinion and reject others).

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Plaintiff’s arguments that the ALJ cherry-picked information is similarly unavailing. See
ECF No. 15-1 at 21-27. The ALJ considered the record as a whole and properly resolved conflicts
in the evidence, as was his duty. Veino, 312 F.3d at 588; see Schaal v. Apfel, 134 F.3d 496, 501
(2d Cir. 1998) (“It is for the SSA, and not this court, to weigh the conflicting evidence in the
record”); see also Cage v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 692 F.3d 118, 122 (2d Cir. 2012) (“In our review,
we defer to the Commissioner’s resolution of conflicting evidence.”). “If evidence is susceptible
to more than one rational interpretation, the Commissioner’s conclusions must be upheld.”
McIntyre v. Colvin, 758 F.3d 146, 149 (2d Cir. 2014).
In sum, Plaintiff has not met her burden of proving that A.L.S. was further limited than
the ALJ found. While Plaintiff may disagree with the ALJ’s conclusion, Plaintiff’s burden was to
show that no reasonable mind could have agreed with the ALJ’s conclusions, which she has failed
to do. The substantial evidence standard is “a very deferential standard of review – even more so
than the ‘clearly erroneous’ standard,” and the Commissioner’s findings of fact must be upheld
unless “a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude otherwise.” Brault v. Soc. Sec. Admin.
Comm’r, 683 F.3d 443, 448 (2d Cir. 2012) (emphasis in the original). As the Supreme Court
explained in Biestek v. Berryhill, “whatever the meaning of ‘substantial’ in other contexts, the
threshold for such evidentiary sufficiency is not high” and means only “such relevant evidence as
a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S.
Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019) (internal citations omitted). The question is not whether there is evidence
to support disability; it is whether there is “more than a scintilla” of evidence supporting the ALJ’s
decision. Moran v. Astrue, 569 F.3d 108, 112 (2d Cir. 2009). As explained above, there is such
evidence here. Accordingly, the Court finds no error in the ALJ’s determination that A.L.S. is not
disabled.

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CONCLUSION
Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (ECF No. 15) is DENIED, and the
Commissioner’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (ECF No. 16) is GRANTED. Plaintiff’s
Complaint (ECF No. 1) is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. The Clerk of Court will enter
judgment and close this case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

_______________________
DON D. BUSH
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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