Tessier v. Commissioner of Social Security

Filing 19

MEMORANDUM DECISION and ORDER denying plaintiff's 12 Motion for Summary Judgment; granting defendant's 16 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; plaintiff's complaint is dismissed with prejudice; the Clerk of Court will enter judgment and close this case. Signed by Hon. Donald Bush on 1/17/2023. (JLV)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
LISA T.,
Plaintiff,
v.
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
Defendant.

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Case # 1:21-cv-469-DB
MEMORANDUM DECISION
AND ORDER

INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Lisa T. (“Plaintiff”) brings this action pursuant to the Social Security Act (the
“Act”), seeking review of the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security (the
“Commissioner”), that denied her application for Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) under
Title II of the Act, and her application for supplemental security income (“SSI”) under Title XVI
of the Act. See ECF No. 1. The Court has jurisdiction over this action under 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g),
1383(c), and the parties consented to proceed before the undersigned in accordance with a standing
order (see ECF No. 18).
Plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment and brief in support (see ECF Nos. 12, 13),
in response to which the Commissioner filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings and brief in
support (see ECF Nos. 16, 16-1). Plaintiff also filed a reply brief. See ECF No. 17. For the reasons
set forth below, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 12) is DENIED, and the
Commissioner’s motion for judgment on the pleadings (ECF No. 16) is GRANTED.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff protectively filed applications for DIB and SSI on July 12, 2018, alleging
disability beginning June 3, 2015, (the disability onset date), due to “knee problems and
migraines.” Transcript (“Tr.”) 15, 229-35, 236-241, 262. The claims were denied initially on

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November 1, 2018, after which Plaintiff requested a hearing. Tr. 15. On November 1, 2019,
Administrative Law Judge Sharda Singh (“the ALJ”) conducted a video hearing from White
Plains, New York. Tr. 15. Plaintiff appeared and testified from Niagara Falls, New York, and was
represented by Andrew S. Youngman, a non-attorney representative. Id. Linda A Stein, an
impartial vocational expert (“VE”), also appeared and testified at the hearing. Id. At the hearing,
Plaintiff amended her alleged onset date to February 16, 2017. Id.
The ALJ issued an unfavorable decision on December 24, 2019, finding that Plaintiff was
not disabled. Tr. 15-23. On February 8, 2021, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for
further review. Tr. 1-6. The ALJ’s December 24, 2019 decision thus became the “final decision”
of the Commissioner subject to judicial review under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
LEGAL STANDARD
I.

District Court Review
“In reviewing a final decision of the SSA, this Court is limited to determining whether the

SSA’s conclusions were supported by substantial evidence in the record and were based on a
correct legal standard.” Talavera v. Astrue, 697 F.3d 145, 151 (2d Cir. 2012) (citing 42 U.S.C. §
405(g)) (other citation omitted). The Act holds that the Commissioner’s decision is “conclusive”
if it is supported by substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). “Substantial evidence means more
than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion.” Moran v. Astrue, 569 F.3d 108, 112 (2d Cir. 2009) (citations
omitted). It is not the Court’s function to “determine de novo whether [the claimant] is disabled.”
Schaal v. Apfel, 134 F. 3d 496, 501 (2d Cir. 1990).

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II.

The Sequential Evaluation Process
An ALJ must follow a five-step sequential evaluation to determine whether a claimant is

disabled within the meaning of the Act. See Parker v. City of New York, 476 U.S. 467, 470-71
(1986). At step one, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant is engaged in substantial gainful
work activity. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(b). If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the ALJ
proceeds to step two and determines whether the claimant has an impairment, or combination of
impairments, that is “severe” within the meaning of the Act, meaning that it imposes significant
restrictions on the claimant’s ability to perform basic work activities. Id. § 404.1520(c). If the
claimant does not have a severe impairment or combination of impairments meeting the durational
requirements, the analysis concludes with a finding of “not disabled.” If the claimant does, the
ALJ continues to step three.
At step three, the ALJ examines whether a claimant’s impairment meets or medically
equals the criteria of a listed impairment in Appendix 1 of Subpart P of Regulation No. 4 (the
“Listings”). Id. § 404.1520(d). If the impairment meets or medically equals the criteria of a Listing
and meets the durational requirement, the claimant is disabled. Id. § 404.1509. If not, the ALJ
determines the claimant’s residual functional capacity, which is the ability to perform physical or
mental work activities on a sustained basis notwithstanding limitations for the collective
impairments. See id. § 404.1520(e)-(f).
The ALJ then proceeds to step four and determines whether the claimant’s RFC permits
him or her to perform the requirements of his or her past relevant work. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(f).
If the claimant can perform such requirements, then he or she is not disabled. Id. If he or she
cannot, the analysis proceeds to the fifth and final step, wherein the burden shifts to the
Commissioner to show that the claimant is not disabled. Id. § 404.1520(g). To do so, the

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Commissioner must present evidence to demonstrate that the claimant “retains a residual
functional capacity to perform alternative substantial gainful work which exists in the national
economy” in light of his or her age, education, and work experience. See Rosa v. Callahan, 168
F.3d 72, 77 (2d Cir. 1999) (quotation marks omitted); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1560(c).
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE’S FINDINGS
The ALJ analyzed Plaintiff’s claim for benefits under the process described above and
made the following findings in her December 24, 2019 decision:
1. The claimant meets the insured status requirements of the Social Security Act through June
30, 2019.
2. The claimant has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since February 16, 2017, the
amended alleged onset date (20 CFR 404.1571 et seq., and 416.971 et seq.).
3. The claimant has the following severe impairments: bilateral knee replacement; lumbar
fusion; migraine headaches and obesity (20 CFR 404.1520(c) and 416.920(c)).
4. The claimant does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or
medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart
P, Appendix 1 (20 CFR 404.1520(d), 404.1525, 404.1526, 416.920(d), 416.925 and
416.926).
5. The claimant has the residual functional capacity to perform sedentary work as defined in
20 CFR 404.1567(a) and 416.967(a) 1 except she can never climb ladders ropes and
scaffolds but can occasionally climb ramps and stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch and
crawl. She would require a sit/stand option after 20-30 minutes, with standing 1 to 2
minutes, then sitting. She must avoid loud noises, bright lights above office lighting and
workplace hazards.
6. The claimant is capable of performing past relevant work as a customer service
representative. This work does not require the performance of work-related activities
precluded by the claimant’s residual functional capacity (20 CFR 404.1565 and 416.965).
7. The claimant has not been under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, from
February 16, 2017, through the date of this decision (20 CFR 404.1520(f) and 416.920(f)).

“Sedentary” work involves lifting no more than 10 pounds at a time and occasionally lifting or carrying articles like
docket files, ledgers, and small tools. Although a sedentary job is defined as one which involves sitting, a certain
amount of walking and standing is often necessary in carrying out job duties. Jobs are sedentary if walking and
standing are required occasionally and other sedentary criteria are met.

1

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Tr. 15-23.
Accordingly, the ALJ determined that, based on the application for a period of disability
and disability insurance benefits protectively filed on July 12, 2018, the claimant is not disabled
under sections 216(i) and 223(d) of the Social Security Act. Tr. 23. The ALJ also determined that
based on the application for supplemental security benefits protectively filed on July 12, 2018, the
claimant is not disabled under section 1614(a)(3)(A) of the Act. Id.
ANALYSIS
Plaintiff asserts three points of error. First, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s RFC finding did
not properly account for “all associated limitations” arising from Plaintiff’s migraine headaches.
See ECF No. 13 at 11-20. More specifically, Plaintiff contends that the ALJ improperly evaluated
the persuasiveness of the opinion evidence (see id. at 15-17); failed to address Plaintiff’s need to
discontinue activity and rest during her headaches (see id. at 17-18)); and failed to address
Plaintiff’s objections and rebuttal evidence to the VE testimony regarding the RFC limitation that
Plaintiff must avoid “bright lights above office lighting” (see id. at 18-20).
Plaintiff next argues that “[t]he ALJ’s credibility finding is generally flawed” because the
ALJ’s findings regarding Plaintiff’s impairments and work-related limitations, and the medical
opinions supporting those limitations, are inextricably intertwined with the ALJ’s evaluation of
whether Plaintiff’s self-described limitations are consistent with the record. See id. at 20-22.
According to Plaintiff, the ALJ’s failure to consider Plaintiff’s strong work history is “only one
relevant additional fact that should have informed the ALJ’s credibility finding.” See id.
Finally, Plaintiff’s argues that the ALJ’s decision is constitutionally defective because the
Commissioner, from whom the ALJ and the Appeals Council derive their authority, was not
constitutionally appointed. See id. at 22-23.

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A Commissioner’s determination that a claimant is not disabled will be set aside when the
factual findings are not supported by “substantial evidence.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see also Shaw v.
Chater, 221 F.3d 126, 131 (2d Cir. 2000). Substantial evidence has been interpreted to mean “such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. The
Court may also set aside the Commissioner’s decision when it is based upon legal error. Rosa, 168
F.3d at 77.
A. Plaintiff’s Constitutional Argument Fails.
The Court first addresses Plaintiff’s constitutional argument. This argument sporadically
appears albeit with little success. Essentially, Plaintiff challenges the constitutionality of the
removal restriction in 42 U.S.C. § 902(a)(3), arguing that actions taken by the Commissioner and
those acting under his leadership are void or invalid due to the unconstitutional removal provision.
See id. As discussed further below, this Court and numerous other courts have rejected similar
constitutional challenges where the only alleged injuries are caused by officials subject to the
challenged removal restrictions, and where Plaintiff cannot show that Section 902(a)(3)’s removal
restriction affected the determination of her claim in any way.
Relying on Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau (“CFPB”), 140 S. Ct. 2183
(2020) (“Seila Law”), Plaintiff argues that her claim for disability benefits was decided under an
unconstitutional delegation of authority to the ALJ. See ECF No. 13 at 22-25. In Seila Law, the
Supreme Court held that the authority of the CFPB director, who was removable by the President
only for cause, violated constitutional separation of powers principles because the CFPB’s director
was vested with significant executive power and “who was neither elected by the people, nor
controlled (through the threat of removal) by someone who is.” Seila Law, 140 S. Ct. at 2203.
Plaintiff alleges that the structure of the SSA is identical to that of the CFPB, because the

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Commissioner is the singular head of the Agency, serves for six years, and cannot be removed by
the President except for cause (“neglect of duty or malfeasance in office”), 42 U.S.C. § 902(a)(3),
making SSA’s structure unconstitutional under Seila Law, as it violates separation of powers. See
ECF No. 13 at 22. Accordingly, argues Plaintiff, former Commissioner Andrew Saul’s delegation
of authority to the ALJ and the Appeals Council was unconstitutional, rendering the adjudication
of Plaintiff’s claim for disability benefits likewise unconstitutional and depriving him of a valid
administrative adjudicatory process. See id.
As explained by the Supreme Court in Seila Law and Collins v. Yellen, 141 S. Ct. 1761
(2021), the specific sections of the governing removal statutes that violated separation of powers
in these cases were separate and severable from other provisions governing the operations of the
CFPB and the Federal Housing Finance Authority (“FHFA”). Thus, unconstitutional for-cause
removal challenges alone will not automatically serve to invalidate the ALJ's decision. See Collins,
141 S. Ct. at 1788–89. The unconstitutional provision must have caused “compensable harm.” See
Collins, 141 S. Ct. at 1789. As the majority explained in Collins, while Seila Law was “all but
dispositive” on the removal question, it does not dictate that the Court should invalidate as
unconstitutional the challenged decision or act. Collins, 141 S. Ct. at 1783.
Although the Supreme Court in Collins did indicate that it was possible for a party to
establish “compensable harm” based on a separation of powers violation in a removal statute, the
Court also held that the “compensable harm” would have to have a direct nexus to a separation of
powers violation. Id. at 1788-89. Here, the Court finds no conceivable direct nexus between the
ALJ's adjudication of Plaintiff's disability claim and the alleged separation of powers violation in
the removal statute that applies to the Commissioner. Beyond arguing a constitutional taint flowing
from §902(a)(3), Plaintiff fails to point out which, if any, defective regulations were promulgated

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in this case, how they applied to her claim, and how they affected the outcome such that she
suffered a compensable harm. While it may be remotely conceivable that this constitutional defect
could cause compensable harm, Plaintiff here has not shown that connection. Plaintiff's allegations
merely amount to general dissatisfaction with the outcome of the adjudication of her claim.
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s constitutional argument is overruled.
B. Substantial Evidence Supports the ALJ’s RFC Determination.
Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ’s RFC finding was not supported by substantial evidence.
See generally ECF No. 13. A claimant’s RFC is the most she can still do despite her limitations
and is assessed based on an evaluation of all relevant evidence in the record. See 20 C.F.R. §§
404.1520(e), 404.945(a)(1), (a)(3); SSR 96-8p, 61 Fed. Reg. 34,474-01 (July 2, 1996). At the
hearing level, the ALJ has the responsibility of assessing the claimant’s RFC. See 20 C.F.R. §
404.1546(c); SSR 96-5p, 61 Fed. Reg. 34,471-01 (July 2, 1996); see also 20 C.F.R. §
404.1527(d)(2) (stating the assessment of a claimant’s RFC is reserved for the Commissioner).
Determining a claimant’s RFC is an issue reserved to the Commissioner, not a medical
professional. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(d)(2) (indicating that “the final responsibility for deciding
these issues [including RFC] is reserved to the Commissioner”); Breinin v. Colvin, No. 5:14-CV01166(LEK TWD), 2015 WL 7749318, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2015), report and
recommendation adopted, 2015 WL 7738047 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 1, 2015) (“It is the ALJ’s job to
determine a claimant’s RFC, and not to simply agree with a physician’s opinion.”).
Additionally, it is within the ALJ’s discretion to resolve genuine conflicts in the evidence.
See Veino v Barnhart, 312 F.3d 578, 588 (2d Cir. 2002). In so doing, the ALJ may “choose between
properly submitted medical opinions.” Balsamo v. Chater, 142 F.3d 75, 81 (2d Cir. 1998).
Moreover, an ALJ is free to reject portions of medical-opinion evidence not supported by objective

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evidence of record, while accepting those portions supported by the record. See Veino, 312 F.3d
at 588. Indeed, an ALJ may formulate an RFC absent any medical opinions. “Where, [] the record
contains sufficient evidence from which an ALJ can assess the [plaintiff’s] residual functional
capacity, a medical source statement or formal medical opinion is not necessarily required.”
Monroe v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 676 F. App’x 5, 8 (2d Cir. 2017) (internal citations and quotation
omitted).
Moreover, the ALJ’s conclusion need not “perfectly correspond with any of the opinions
of medical sources cited in [his] decision,” because the ALJ is “entitled to weigh all of the evidence
available to make an RFC finding that [i]s consistent with the record as a whole.” Matta v. Astrue,
508 F. App’x 53, 56 (2d Cir. 2013) (citing Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 399 (1971) (the
RFC need not correspond to any particular medical opinion; rather, the ALJ weighs and
synthesizes all evidence available to render an RFC finding consistent with the record as a whole);
Castle v. Colvin, No. 1:15-CV-00113 (MAT), 2017 WL 3939362, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2017)
(The fact that the ALJ’s RFC assessment did not perfectly match a medical opinion is not grounds
for remand.).
Furthermore, the burden to provide evidence to establish the RFC lies with Plaintiff—not
the Commissioner. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1512(a), 416.912(a); see also Talavera, 697 F.3d at 151
(“The applicant bears the burden of proof in the first four steps of the sequential inquiry . . . .”);
Mitchell v. Colvin, No. 14-CV-303S, 2015 WL 3970996, at *4 (W.D.N.Y. June 30, 2015) (“It is,
however, Plaintiff’s burden to prove his RFC.”); Poupore v. Astrue, 566 F.3d 303, 305-06 (2d Cir.
2009) (The burden is on Plaintiff to show that she cannot perform the RFC as found by the ALJ.).
Contrary to Plaintiff’s contentions, the ALJ in this case properly analyzed the opinion
evidence and the other evidence of record when developing Plaintiff’s RFC. See 20 C.F.R. §§

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404.1527, 416.927. Effective for claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, the Social Security
Agency comprehensively revised its regulations governing medical opinion evidence creating a
new regulatory framework. See Revisions to Rules Regarding the Evaluation of Medical Evidence,
82 Fed. Reg. 5844 (Jan. 18, 2017) (technical errors corrected by 82 Fed. Reg. 15, 132-01 (March
27, 2017). Here, Plaintiff filed her claim on July 12, 2018, and therefore, the 2017 regulations are
applicable to her claim.
First, the new regulations change how ALJs consider medical opinions and prior
administrative findings. The new regulations no longer use the term “treating source” and no
longer make medical opinions from treating sources eligible for controlling weight. Rather, the
new regulations instruct that, for claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, an ALJ cannot “defer or
give any specific evidentiary weight, including controlling weight, to any medical opinion(s) or
prior administrative medical findings(s), including those from [the claimant’s own] medical
sources.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a) (2017).
Second, instead of assigning weight to medical opinions, as was required under the prior
regulations, under the new rubric, the ALJ considers the persuasiveness of a medical opinion (or a
prior administrative medical finding). Id. The source of the opinion is not the most important factor
in evaluating its persuasive value. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(b)(2). Rather, the most important factors
are supportability and consistency. Id.
Third, not only do the new regulations alter the definition of a medical opinion and the way
medical opinions are considered, the regulations also alter the way the ALJ discusses medical
opinions in the text of the decision. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(b)(2). After considering the relevant
factors, the ALJ is not required to explain how he or she considered each factor. Id. Instead, when
articulating his or her finding about whether an opinion is persuasive, the ALJ need only explain

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how he or she considered the “most important factors” of supportability and consistency. Id.
Further, where a medical source provides multiple medical opinions, the ALJ need not address
every medical opinion from the same source; rather, the ALJ need only provide a “single analysis.”
Id.
Fourth, the regulations governing claims filed on or after March 27, 2017 deem decisions
by other governmental agencies and nongovernmental entities, disability examiner findings, and
statements on issues reserved to the Commissioner (such as statements that a claimant is or is not
disabled) as evidence that “is inherently neither valuable nor persuasive to the issue of whether [a
claimant is] disabled.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920b(c)(1)-(3) (2017). The regulations also make clear
that, for claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, “we will not provide any analysis about how we
considered such evidence in our determination or decision.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920b(c).
Finally, Congress granted the Commissioner exceptionally broad rulemaking authority
under the Act to promulgate rules and regulations “necessary or appropriate to carry out” the
relevant statutory provisions and “to regulate and provide for the nature and extent of the proofs
and evidence” required to establish the right to benefits under the Act. 42 U.S.C. § 405(a); see also
42 U.S.C. § 1383(d)(1) (making the provisions of 42 U.S.C. § 405(a) applicable to title XVI); 42
U.S.C. § 902(a)(5) (“The Commissioner may prescribe such rules and regulations as the
Commissioner determines necessary or appropriate to carry out the functions of the
Administration.”); Barnhart v. Walton, 535 U.S. 212. 217-25 (2002) (deferring to the
Commissioner’s “considerable authority” to interpret the Act); Heckler v. Campbell, 461 U.S. 458,
466 (1983). Judicial review of regulations promulgated pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(a) is narrow
and limited to determining whether they are arbitrary, capricious, or in excess of the

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Commissioner’s authority. Brown v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 145 (1987) (citing Heckler v.
Campbell, 461 U.S. at 466).
Plaintiff contends that her headaches cause work-related limitations not accounted for in
the ALJ’s RFC. See ECF No. 13 at 3-18. While Plaintiff agrees that the RFC’s environmental
limitations relating to her migraine headaches (avoiding loud noises and bright lights above office
lighting) are appropriate, she claims that the record supports additional off-task/absenteeism
limitations. See id. at 12. Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, however, the record does not support
any greater limitations. Rather, the ALJ properly exercised her discretion in resolving the
evidentiary conflicts presented in the opinion evidence of record and assessed an RFC that is
supported by substantial evidence.
Plaintiff contends that the ALJ never explicitly addressed her need to “absent herself from
activities” for lengthy periods of time during the most severe headaches. See ECF No. 13 at 1214. She also contends that, to support her finding that Plaintiff’s headaches did not result in
disability, the ALJ cited diagnostic findings which did not undermine the debilitating and frequent
nature of Plaintiff’s headaches. See id. However, contrary to Plaintiff’s contention, the ALJ
recognized Plaintiff’s reports in 2018 and 2019 of frequent headaches that were triggered by bright
lights at the workplace. Tr. 21, 1010, 1022, 2015, 2016, 2029, 2471. The ALJ also properly noted
mostly benign objective findings, including a normal MRI of the head dated September 2018;
unremarkable cervical spine x-rays; and normal neurology visits in 2019 demonstrating a steady
gait, no neurologic disturbance, and headaches in the context of sleep apnea with an 80% sleep
efficiency. Tr. 21, 907, 1028-30, 2331. These findings all support the ALJ’s conclusion that
Plaintiff was able to perform at least a range of sedentary exertion with the previously noted
limitations.

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Plaintiff further argues that the ALJ “unreasonably” found Plaintiff’s treating source
opinions unpersuasive and the state agency administrative findings persuasive. See ECF No. 13 at
15-18. Treating neurologist Nyathappa Anand, M.D. (“Dr. Anand”), submitted two medical source
statements, on October 2, 2019, and November 20, 2019. Tr. 2148, 2471-75. In November 2019,
Dr. Anand opined that Plaintiff’s frequent, intractable migraine headaches would cause Plaintiff
to be absent from work more than four days per month and off task more than two hours in an
eight-hour workday. Tr. 2471-75. The ALJ found this opinion unpersuasive because it was
inconsistent with the conservative neurologic treatment, Plaintiff’s reports that medication made
her migraine headaches better, and the absence of emergency department visits for migraines. Tr.
22. Upon review, the Court finds that the ALJ’s rationale is supported by the record.
For example, in March 2017, Dr. Anand noted Plaintiff’s complaints of frequent headaches
but did not preclude her from working, or otherwise limit her functioning. Rather, Dr. Anand
prescribed medication, acknowledged Plaintiff’s report that “bright lights is one of the [headache]
triggers,” and recommended that she wear a visor and/or sunglasses at work to prevent frequent
headaches. Tr. 2014-15, 2016. And, while Dr. Anand restricted Plaintiff’s work hours to 25 per
week in May 2017, this restriction was not based on migraines, but on her back impairment. Tr.
2030. Further, as Plaintiff acknowledged, one month after her February 2018 back surgery, she
told Dr. Anand her headaches were “much better.” See ECF No. 13 at 9 (citing Tr. 1006).
When Plaintiff next saw Dr. Anand in July 2018, she reported that her main concerns were
neck pain and difficulty sleeping; Dr. Anand prescribed medications and asked Plaintiff to return
in five months. Tr. 1008-09. As the ALJ noted, when Plaintiff returned the following month with
headache complaints, Dr. Anand again prescribed medications and recommended a head scan, the
results of which were unremarkable. Tr. 21, 1011, 1014. Finally, in March 2019, Plaintiff twice

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reported improvement in her headache symptoms with medication and physical therapy. Tr. 1332,
1337. Thus, the ALJ properly considered the supportability and consistency of Dr. Anand’s
opinion and properly explained why she found the opinion unpersuasive. Tr. 22; see 20 C.F.R. §§
404.1520c(b)(2), 416.920c(b)(2), (c)(1), (c)(2); Spina v. Colvin, No. 5:11-CV-1496, 2014 WL
502503, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2014) (ALJ properly considered that treatment improved migraine
symptoms).
Plaintiff’s assertion that the ALJ was obligated to consider “the ‘most persuasive factors’
set forth at § 404.1520c(c) that include longitudinal treatment history, and medical specialty, both
factors which weigh heavily in favor of Dr. Anand’s opinion” is similarly unavailing. See ECF
No. 13 at 16-17. Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, the ALJ was not required to explain how she
considered Dr. Anand’s medical specialty or longitudinal treatment history because she reasonably
found the opinion unpersuasive under the particular circumstances of this case. See 20 C.F.R. §§
404.1520c(b)(2), 416.920c(b)(2) (adjudicator must discuss treating relationship and specialization
when she finds that two or more medical opinions about the same issue are both equally wellsupported and consistent with the record). The ALJ’s analysis nevertheless indicates that she did
observe that Plaintiff’s migraine headaches were treated by neurologist Dr. Anand. Tr. 18, 20-22.
Plaintiff also takes issue with the ALJ’s finding that Dr. Adnan’s opinion was not consistent
with his conservative treatment recommendations, asserting that Dr. Anand’s opinion should not
have been discounted merely because he recommended a conservative treatment regimen. See ECF
No. 13 at 15-16. Plaintiff is wrong. See Burguess v. Berryhill, No. 17-CV-6204L, 2018 WL
3569933, at *4 (W.D.N.Y. July 25, 2018) (ALJ properly discounted physician’s opinions that were
inconsistent with treatment records, objective testing, and history of conservative treatment); see
also Botta v. Colvin, 669 F. App’x 583, 584 (2d Cir. 2016) (finding that evidence of only

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conservative treatment, when considered with the record evidence as a whole, weighs against
allegations of totally disabling functional limitations); Guerra v. Colvin, 618 F. App’x 23, 25 (2d
Cir. 2015). Furthermore, as previously discussed, the ALJ did not base her finding solely on Dr.
Arnand’s conservative treatment. The ALJ also found the opinion was not persuasive based on Dr.
Arnand’s treatment records and mostly benign objective testing results, as well as Plaintiff’s
reports that her headaches improved with medication. Tr. 22.
Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ erred in evaluating the opinion of primary care provider
Chad Szymanski, M.D. (“Dr. Szymanski”). See ECF No. 13 at 17. Dr. Szymanski submitted a
medical source statement on October 23, 2019. Tr. 2150-53. He noted that he began treating
Plaintiff six months earlier, and he opined that, due to sleep apnea, leg cramps, localized edema,
low back pain, and migraine headaches, Plaintiff needed frequent rest periods; could occasionally
lift and carry less than ten pounds, sit up to four hours, stand/walk less than one hour, and required
a sit/stand option; could rarely climb ladders and scaffolds or balance; never kneel, crouch crawl
or work around unprotected heights; needed a cane; and would be off-task 25% of the time and
miss work four days per month. Id. Dr. Szymanski twice noted that Plaintiff’s migraines were
treated by a neurologist. Tr. 2150-51. The ALJ reasonably found the opinion only partially
persuasive because it was not supported by, or consistent with, the doctor’s own findings indicating
full musculoskeletal ranges of motion, no strength or gait deficits and no indication of use of
assistive devices to aid in walking. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(b)(2), 416.920c(b)(2) Tr. 22.
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in evaluating Dr. Szymanski’s opinion because she did
not explicitly address the off-task limitation and absenteeism portions of the opinion. See ECF No.
13 at 17. However, as previously noted, the ALJ determined the opinion was only partially
persuasive. Tr. 22. See Nikki L. v. Saul, No. 3:20-CV-934, 2021 WL 4066530, at *5 (N.D.N.Y.

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Sept. 7, 2021) (finding that although a medical source’s off-task and absenteeism opinion was not
explicitly discussed by the ALJ, it was assigned partial weight under the prior regulations, and it
is clear from the RFC finding that the ALJ rejected these limitations after noting that plaintiff
experienced sufficient migraine pain relief with medications). In addition, Dr. Szymanski’s
extremely restrictive off-task and absenteeism limitations relate, in part, to Plaintiff’s migraine
headaches, a condition that Dr. Szymanski did not even treat (as Plaintiff admits). Tr. 2150-51; see
ECF No. 13 at 17 (Plaintiff’s brief noting that Dr. Szymanski’s opinion “mostly addresses
Plaintiff’s other medical conditions which are not at issue here.”). See Shane C. v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec. Admin., No. 1:20-CV-0895 (DEP), 2021 WL 5906236, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2021) (an
ALJ is not required to defer to a source’s opinion merely because that source treated the claimant).
Moreover, Dr. Szymanski’s opinion was provided on a check-box form with very little
explanation or supportive text. This Court has previously noted that such forms are of limited
evidentiary value. See, e.g., Koerber v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 6:19-CV-1070-DB, 2020 WL
1915294, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 20, 2020) (citing Augustine v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 6:15-CV06145-EAW, 2016 WL 5462836, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2016); see also Halloran v. Barnhart,
362 F.3d 28, 31 n.2 (2d Cir. 2004) (“[t]he standardized form . . . is only marginally useful for
purposes of creating a meaningful and reviewable factual record”); Tamara M. v. Saul, 2021 WL
1198359, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2021) (noting that, under the prior regulations, “check-box
assessment forms” may be “reasonably accorded less weight” when they “do not explain how they
reached these limitations”). Instead, the ALJ was entitled to independently evaluate the
persuasiveness of Dr. Szymanski’s opinion in accordance with the regulations, which the ALJ did
in this case.

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The ALJ also properly found persuasive the October 2018 opinion of state agency medical
consultant J. Lawrence (“Dr. Lawrence”). Tr. 22, 97-106. Dr. Lawrence opined that Plaintiff could
perform sedentary work with postural and noise limitations to account for Plaintiff’s migraines.
Tr. 97-106. Dr. Lawrence based his opinion on the available evidence dating back to 2015,
including Dr. Anand’s treatment records, the diagnostic testing results, and the examination and
report of consultative examiner Trevor Litchmore, M.D. (“Dr. Litchmore”). Tr. 105-06.
As the ALJ explained, although Dr. Lawrence was a non-examining source, Dr. Lawrence
had the opportunity to review a significant portion of the medical evidence, and his “findings
[were] nonetheless consistent with progress notes indicating improvement to [Plaintiff’s] back and
knees with surgery, with some residual pain and the record noting migraine headaches triggered
by certain environmental conditions.” Tr. 22. The ALJ also found that Dr. Lawrence’s opinion was
supported by Dr. Litchmore’s findings. Tr. 22, 1022-26. Dr. Litchmore examined Plaintiff in
October 2018 and opined that Plaintiff had marked limitations to perform moderate to marked
physical exertion and moderate to marked limitations lifting and carrying heavy objects stooping,
bending, kneeling, crawling, climbing, walking up ramps and stairs lifting and carrying heavy
objects while standing and/or walking. Tr. 2021-27. The ALJ found Dr. Litchfield’s opinion
“somewhat persuasive” because it was supported by his examination findings and consistent with
other medical evidence of record. Tr. 22.
Dr. Lawrence’s opinion was also consistent with the RFC for sedentary work with a noise
restriction to accommodate Plaintiff’s migraines headaches. Tr. 19. Furthermore, state agency
physicians, such as Dr. Lawrence, are highly qualified individuals and experts in the evaluation of
disability claims under the Act, and their opinions can be found to be persuasive where they are
supported by the medical evidence of record, as here. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513a(b)(1),

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416.913a(b)(1); Tamara M., 2021 WL 1198359, *7 (under the new regulations, the opinions of all
medical sources, including non-examining medical consultants, will be held to the same standard
of persuasiveness of content)). To the extent Plaintiff argues that the off task/absenteeism portions
of the opinions of Drs. Anand and Szymanski issued in 2019 undermine Dr. Lawrence’s opinion,
as previously explained, the ALJ properly considered these opinions and properly found Dr.
Anand’s opinion unpersuasive and Dr. Szymanski’s opinion partially persuasive. Accordingly, the
ALJ properly found Dr. Lawrence’s opinion persuasive.
Plaintiff' also argues that the ALJ “unreasonably” found Dr. Lawrence’s opinion persuasive
because Dr. Lawrence “did not have the opportunity to review over 1300 pages of medical
evidence” submitted at the hearing level. See ECF No. 13 at 15. Plaintiff’s argument fails. Later
medical evidence does not render an opinion stale, as long as the “additional evidence does not
raise doubts as to the reliability of [the] opinion.” Camille v. Colvin, 652 F. App'x 25, 28 n.4 (2d
Cir. 2016) (summary order); see Steve P. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 2021 WL 307566, at *5-7
(W.D.N.Y. 2021) (rejecting claimant’s staleness argument where there was no change in
symptoms during the period between the medical source's opinion and a surgery, and his condition
improved slightly following surgery). Here, Plaintiff fails to show how the 1,300 pages of latersubmitted evidence showed a significant deterioration in Plaintiff’s functioning as it relates to her
migraine headaches. See Camille v. Colvin, 652 F. App’x at 28 n.4 (finding that because the
evidence dated after the state agency medical consultant’s opinion did not differ materially from
the evidence that the consultant did consider, it was found that the ALJ committed no error by
relying on the non-examining physician). Furthermore, it is not the Court’s duty to scour the record
in a search for evidence that Plaintiff alleges supports her argument. See, e.g., CILP Assocs., L.P.

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v. PriceWaterhouse Coopers LLP, 735 F.3d 114, 125 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
Plaintiff’s argument that the ALJ erred when assessing the opinion evidence of record
amounts to nothing more than an invitation for this Court to reweigh the evidence in a manner
more favorable to her—arguments that are insufficient under the substantial evidence standard of
review. See Bonet ex rel. T.B. v. Colvin, 523 F. App’x 58, 59 (2d Cir. 2013) (“whether there is
substantial evidence supporting the appellant’s view is not the question here; rather, we must
decide whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision.”). Plaintiff’s argument,
therefore, fails.
Plaintiff next asserts that remand is warranted because the ALJ’s decision did not address
Plaintiff’s post-hearing vocational opinion evidence purporting to show that the hypothetical RFC
limitation to no bright lights above office lighting is equivalent to a workplace accommodation,
and that office noise is essentially subjective. See ECF No. 13 at 18-19 (citing Tr. 390-407).
Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, remand is not warranted simply because Plaintiff’s vocational
opinion evidence was not discussed in the ALJ’s decision. Indeed, the ALJ was not required to
discuss every shred of evidence in the record. See Mongeur v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 1033, 1040 (2d
Cir. 1983). In any event, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s vocational opinion evidence does not
undermine the ALJ’s step-four decision, as explained further below.
First, the hypothetical RFC limitation to no bright lights above office lighting (as reflected
in the actual RFC), does not suggest a workplace accommodation and neither the VE nor the ALJ’s
decision required such an accommodation. See Cheryl E. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:20-CV0867 (ML), 2021 WL 5964890, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2021) (affirming both the RFC allowing
plaintiff to tolerate up to a moderate noise intensity level and occasional exposure to light brighter

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than that typically found in an indoor work environment due to migraines and the VE’s testimony
that plaintiff could return to past work as a health claims specialist); Barnes v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec., No. 20 CIV. 1195, 2021 WL 3771990, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 24, 2021) (affirming RFC
limiting plaintiff’s exposure to excessive noise and vibration, bright lights, fumes, temperature
extremes, mold and paint vapors due to migraines, allergies and sinusitis).
To the extent Plaintiff argues that there is an unresolved conflict between the Dictionary of
Occupational Titles (the “DOT”), which is silent as to lighting, and the VE’s testimony, Plaintiff’s
argument is meritless. See ECF No. 13 at 18-19. SSR 00-4p requires an ALJ to resolve any
apparent conflicts between a VE’s testimony and the DOT before relying on the VE’s testimony.
Because the DOT is silent on the issue of lighting, there is no conflict with the VE’s testimony,
and the ALJ was entitled to rely on the VE’s testimony. See Daigle v. Saul, 2020 WL 5793354,
*8, n.8 (D. Conn. September 28, 2020) (finding that “given the relative silence of the SCO on
lighting questions, there was no conflict between the expert’s testimony and the DOT; it was
reasonable for the ALJ to rely on the expert’s professional experience in determining relative
lighting of the listed jobs”).
Second, unlike lighting, the DOT does address noise levels. 2 Tr. 63. Because the DOT
describes the noise level of Plaintiff’s past work as a customer service representative as moderate,
which is less than loud, the job is within the parameters of the ALJ’s hypothetical RFC precluding
Plaintiff from working in an environment with loud noises. Tr. 19. McIntyre v. Colvin, 758 F.3d
146, 151 (2d Cir. 2014) (An ALJ may rely on a vocational expert’s testimony regarding a

The Selected Characteristics of Occupations (“SCO”), which is part of the DOT defines noise intensity level for
each profession, grading each job on a five-point scale from “very quiet” through “moderate” to “very loud,” and
providing illustrative examples of each noise level. See generally U.S. DEP'T OF LABOR, SELECTED
CHARACTERISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS DEFINED IN THE REVISED DICTIONARY OF OCCUPATIONAL
TITLES (1993).
2

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hypothetical as long as there is substantial record evidence to support the assumptions upon which
the vocational expert based his opinion). For all of these reasons, Plaintiff’s challenge to the VE’s
testimony fails, and the Court finds no error.
C. The ALJ Properly Considered Plaintiff’s Subjective Complaints and Work
History.
Plaintiff’s final point argues that remand is warranted because the ALJ did not consider her
testimony regarding the pattern and frequency of her headaches and her strong work history. See
ECF No. 13 at 17-18, 20-22. Both arguments are unavailing. Contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, the
ALJ properly assessed Plaintiff’s subjective complaints in the context of the entire record, not just
her work history. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529 (c)(1)-(2); SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304. While the
ALJ must take Plaintiff’s claims into account, she need not accept subjective complaints without
question. See Genier v. Astrue, 606 F.3d 46, 49 (2d Cir. 2010). Rather, the ALJ exercises discretion
in weighing the consistency of Plaintiff's allegations in light of the other evidence in the record.
Id.
As discussed above, the ALJ noted that Plaintiff’s claims of disabling symptoms and
limitations were inconsistent with treatment notes from Plaintiff’s treating providers. Tr. 19-22.
Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, the ALJ also considered Plaintiff’s testimony with regard to her
frequent headaches, which the ALJ heard firsthand at the hearing. Tr. 19, 21- 22, 32-54.
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s assertion that the ALJ did not consider the frequency and pattern of her
headaches is meritless.
The ALJ also reasonably considered Plaintiff’s self-reported activities of daily living
during the relevant period, including cooking, cleaning, shopping, laundering clothing, performing
self-care, managing money and driving, and found that her statements regarding the intensity,
persistence and limiting effects of her symptoms were only partially supported by the evidence.
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Tr. 22, 336-41, 519, 1023. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3)(i), 416.929(c)(3)(i) (An ALJ may
consider the nature of a claimant’s daily activities in evaluating the consistency of allegations of
disability with the record as a whole.); see also Medina v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 831 F. App'x 35,
36 (2d Cir. 2020) (allowing ALJ to consider daily activities in determining consistency with
alleged symptoms); Lamorey v. Barnhart, 158 F. App'x 361, 363 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding
consideration of daily activities appropriate in determining capacity for basic work activities).
Plaintiff’s assertion that the ALJ erroneously relied on her reported daily activities because
her ability to perform them does not show that she could perform work on a regular and continuous
basis is similarly meritless. See ECF No. 13 at 13-14. The ALJ did not rely on Plaintiff’s daily
activities to show that she could perform full-time work at the level of the RFC, but rather to
demonstrate that Plaintiff was not as debilitated by her impairments as she alleged. Moreover, the
ALJ made this finding in combination with consideration of the medical evidence and Plaintiff’s
reports that contradict her allegations of greater debilitation. Such an analysis is entirely proper
and consistent with the governing regulations. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3)(i) (An ALJ may
consider the nature of a claimant’s daily activities in evaluating the consistency of allegations of
disability with the record as a whole.); see also Ewing v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 17-CV-68S,
2018 WL 6060484, at *5 (W.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 2018) (“Indeed, the Commissioner’s regulations
expressly identify ‘daily activities’ as a factor the ALJ should consider in evaluating the intensity
and persistence of a claimant’s symptoms.”) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 416.929(c)(3)(i)); Poupore v.
Astrue, 566 F.3d 303, 307 (2d Cir. 2009) (claimant’s abilities to watch television, read, drive, and
do household chores supported ALJ’s finding that his testimony was not fully credible).
With respect to Plaintiff’s assertion that the ALJ did not consider her work history (see
ECF No. 13 at 20-22), the ALJ’s step-four finding indicates that she recognized Plaintiff’s work

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history. Tr. 23. See Motyka v. Colvin, No. 15-CV-54S, 2016 WL 6067846, at *5 (W.D.N.Y. Oct.
17, 2016) (finding that although the ALJ did not discuss plaintiff’s work history, he did not ignore
it as evidenced by his conclusion that plaintiff retained the RFC to return to his past work as he
previously performed it). That Plaintiff’s work history was not specifically referenced by the ALJ
does not undermine her assessment given the substantial evidence supporting her decision. See
Wavercak v. Astrue, 420 F. App’x 91, 94 (2d Cir. 2011) (94 (noting that the ALJ was well-aware
of the claimant’s good work history and holding that the ALJ’s failure to specifically mention it in
the decision did not undermine the subjective allegations analysis). Here, as shown above,
regardless of Plaintiff’s prior work history, the ALJ discussed other pertinent factors in finding
Plaintiff’s subjective allegations not entirely consistent with the record as a whole. Based on the
foregoing, the ALJ’s factual findings regarding Plaintiff’s subjective claims were supported by
substantial evidence. As such, remand is not warranted.
For all the reasons discussed above, the Court finds that the ALJ properly considered the
evidence of record, including the medical opinion evidence, the treatment notes, and Plaintiff’s
daily activities, and the ALJ’s findings are supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, the
Court finds no error. When “there is substantial evidence to support either position, the
determination is one to be made by the fact-finder.” Davila-Marrero v. Apfel, 4 F. App’x 45, 46
(2d Cir. Feb. 15, 2001) (citing Alston v. Sullivan, 904 F.2d 122, 126 (2d Cir. 1990)). While Plaintiff
may disagree with the ALJ’s conclusion, Plaintiff’s burden was to show that no reasonable mind
could have agreed with the ALJ’s conclusions, which she has failed to do.
The substantial evidence standard is “a very deferential standard of review – even more so
than the ‘clearly erroneous’ standard,” and the Commissioner’s findings of fact must be upheld
unless “a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude otherwise.” Brault, 683 F.3d at 448

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(emphasis in the original). As the Supreme Court explained in Biestek v. Berryhill, “whatever the
meaning of ‘substantial’ in other contexts, the threshold for such evidentiary sufficiency is not
high” and means only “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to
support a conclusion.” Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019) (internal citations
omitted).
CONCLUSION
Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 12) is DENIED, and the
Commissioner’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (ECF No. 16) is GRANTED. Plaintiff’s
Complaint (ECF No. 1) is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. The Clerk of Court will enter
judgment and close this case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
_______________________
DON D. BUSH
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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