Klein -v- USA

Filing 35

ORDER granting 31 Motion to Vacate the default judgment entered against counterclaim-defendant Rakesh Aggarwalhim on 10/27/11, and for other relief.The default judgment entered against counterclaim-defendant Rakesh Aggarwal 29 is hereby vacated. The subpoena served on Aggarwal by defendant/counterclaim-plaintiff United States of America is hereby quashed. Based on Aggarwal's consent, it is ORDERED that service of the counterclaim against Aggarwal may be made on Aggarwal's counsel, Peter Weishaar, Esq.,within 10 days of entry of this Decision and Order and Aggarwal is directed to answer or otherwise move against the counterclaim within 30 days after such service. Signed by Hon. David G. Larimer on 12/12/11. (EMA)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
_______________________________________________
DAVID E. KLEIN,
Plaintiff,
DECISION AND ORDER
08-CV-6512L
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al.,
Defendants.
________________________________________________
This action was commenced by David E. Klein against the United States of America
(“Government”), seeking to recover funds that he alleged had been wrongfully assessed against and
collected from him by the Internal Revenue Service. The Government answered and filed a
counterclaim against Klein as well as another individual, Rakesh Aggarwal. (Dkt. #5.)
In November 2009, the Government filed an application for entry of default against
Aggarwal. (Dkt. #18.) In support of that application, the Government stated that Aggarwal had been
served on June 26, 2009, by attachment of a copy of the summons and counterclaim to the front door
of Aggarwal’s residence in Singapore, and by the subsequent mailing of a copy of those papers to
that same residence. (Dkt. #18-2.) The Government noted that Aggarwal had not appeared in the
action. Id. ¶ 6. The Clerk duly entered a default against Aggarwal on November 12, 2009. (Dkt.
#19.)
In October 2010, Klein and the Government settled their claims against each other, and those
claims were dismissed. (Dkt. #25, #26.) At about the same time, the Government moved for entry
of a default judgment against Aggarwal in the amount of $283,376.79 plus interest. (Dkt. #27.)
Aggarwal, who still had not appeared in the action, did not respond, and judgment was entered for
the Government on October 27, 2010. (Dkt. #29.)

On July 27, 2011, Aggarwal, through his attorney, appeared in this action for the first time,
and filed a motion to vacate the default judgment. Aggarwal contends that he was never properly
served in this action, and that he first learned of the default judgment against him on July 6, 2011.
Aggarwal states that on that date, while he was here in Rochester to testify at a deposition in
connection with another lawsuit, he was served with a subpoena to be deposed in the instant action,
and with a letter from the Government demanding payment of the amount of the default judgment.
See Dkt. #31-3, #31-4.
As stated, Aggarwal contends that he was never properly served with the summons and
counterclaim in this case. He asserts that personal jurisdiction was therefore never established over
him. Aggarwal seeks an order vacating the entry of the default judgment, and quashing the
subpoena. Aggarwal states that he would then consent to accept service of process through his
counsel, and he requests thirty days within which to answer or otherwise respond to the
Government’s counterclaim.
The Government contends that service was properly effected here, and that Aggarwal
willfully refused to answer or respond to the Government’s counterclaim. The Government also
argues that the relevant factors with respect to vacating default judgments do not weigh in favor of
vacating the default judgment in this case.

DISCUSSION
“Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(f) governs service upon individuals in a foreign
country ... .” Burda Media, Inc. v. Viertel, 417 F.3d 292, 299 (2d Cir. 2005). That rule provides
that:
Unless federal law provides otherwise, an individual ... may be served at a place not
within any judicial district of the United States:
(1) by any internationally agreed means of service that is reasonably calculated to give
notice, such as those authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of
Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents;
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(2) if there is no internationally agreed means, or if an international agreement allows but
does not specify other means, by a method that is reasonably calculated to give notice:
(A) as prescribed by the foreign country’s law for service in that country in an action in
its courts of general jurisdiction;
(B) as the foreign authority directs in response to a letter rogatory or letter of request; or
(C) unless prohibited by the foreign country’s law, by:
(i) delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personally; or
(ii) using any form of mail that the clerk addresses and sends to the individual and that
requires a signed receipt; or
(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement, as the court orders.
The parties here agree that subsections (f)(1) and (f)(2) do not apply to this case. See
Government’s Mem. of Law (Dkt. #32) at 2. The Government contends, however, that it has
effected proper service under subsection (f)(3).
From that assertion, however, the Government elides over Rule 4(f)(3)’s reference to
means of service “as the court orders,” and proceeds to explain why, in its view, service was
proper under New York law concerning service effected outside New York State. That is beside
the point. Rule (f)(3) specifically provides for service “as the court orders.” That never occurred
here, and this Court cannot retroactively sanction the service that was attempted, or “order” it
nunc pro tunc. Whether service would be considered proper under New York law is thus
immaterial. See Nuance Communications, Inc. v. Abbyy Software House, 626 F.3d 1222, 1240
(Fed. Cir. 2010) (stating that plaintiffs’ argument concerning the propriety of service under
California law “confuses service of process under Rule 4(f)(3) ... with service under Rule 4(e)(1)
[concerning service within the United States], which does not require a court-order and provides
for service by ‘following state law’”), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 3091 (2011). State
law may provide a valid means of service under Rule 4(f)(3), but only if such service was
ordered by the court. See, e.g., Western Supreme Buddha Ass’n, Inc. v. Oasis World Peace and
Health Foundation, No. 08-CV-1374, 2011 WL 856378, at *1-*2 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2011)
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(granting leave to complete service on defendant in Canada pursuant to F.R.E. 4(f)(3) and N.Y.
C.P.L.R. 308(5)).
The method of service that was attempted here–by posting a copy of the papers on the
door of Aggarwal’s Singapore residence, and mailing a copy to that address–is not expressly
provided for in the Federal Rules, and was not ordered by the Court. As stated, the Government
also does not contend that such service was proper under international or Singapore law. Service
was therefore ineffective.
In Brockmeyer v. May, 383 F.3d 798 (9th Cir. 2004), the Court of Appeals for the Ninth
Circuit, addressing a similar situation, reversed a district court’s entry of a default judgment
against the defendant, where the plaintiff’s attempted service of process on the defendant failed
to comply with Rule 4(f). Rejecting the plaintiff’s reliance on Rule 4(f)(3), the court stated that
under that rule, “plaintiffs are required to take a step that the plaintiffs in this case failed to take:
They must obtain prior court approval for the alternative method of serving process. Rule 4(f)(3)
thus is of no use to plaintiffs in this case.” Id. at 806. See also United States v. Machat, No. 08
Civ. 7936, 2009 WL 3029303, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 21, 2009) (“Declaring prior service
effective nunc pro tunc is not appropriate because Rule 4(f)(3) requires that the means of service
be ordered by the Court and the Government”s prior ineffectual efforts were not done pursuant to
Court order”); Ryan v. Brunswick Corp., No. 02-CV-0133, 2002 WL 1628933, at *2 (W.D.N.Y.
May 31, 2002) (under Rule 4(f)(3), “other means” of service are permissible if “directed by the
court,” which requires a showing “that the district court’s intervention is necessary to obviate the
need to undertake methods of service that are unduly burdensome or that are untried but likely
futile”).
The fact that Aggarwal, by his own admission, became aware of the Government’s
attempt to serve him in 2009, see Dkt. #31-2 ¶¶ 3, 4, does not require a different result. As the
Third Circuit has explained,

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notice, though necessary, is not sufficient to effect service ... . Although notice underpins
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 concerning service, notice cannot by itself validate an
otherwise defective service. Proper service is still a prerequisite to personal jurisdiction.
Inquiry into the propriety of service is separate from, and in addition to, the due process
concerns present in an inquiry into the notice itself.
Grand Entertainment Group, Ltd. v. Star Media Sales, Inc., 988 F.2d 476, 492 (3d Cir. 1993).
Under these circumstances, Aggarwal’s motion must be granted. While it is Aggarwal’s
burden to demonstrate that proper service did not occur, see Burda Media, 417 F.3d at 299, I find
that he has met that burden here. The Government’s own account of the means by which service
was attempted demonstrates that it was not in compliance with the Federal Rules.
Because valid service was never effected, it is also unnecessary for the Court to consider
the factors generally applicable to a motion to set aside a default judgment under Rule 60(b), i.e.,
whether the default was willful, whether the defaulting party has a meritorious defense, and
prejudice to the non-defaulting party that would result if the default judgment were vacated. See
New York v. Green, 420 F.3d 99, 104 (2d Cir. 2005) (listing factors). “[S]ince ‘[a] default
judgment entered when there has been no proper service of the complaint is, a fortiori, void, and
should be set aside,’ in such instances, the district court need not resort to an analysis of the three
factors listed above.” O’Donnell v. Shalayev, No. 01-4721, 2004 WL 2958698, at *4 (D.N.J.
Dec. 22, 2004) (quoting Gold Kist, Inc. v. Laurinburg Oil Co., 756 F.2d 14, 19 (3d Cir. 1985)).
See also United States v. Kadoch, No. 96 CV 4720, 2011 WL 2680510, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. June 10,
2011) (“It is clear that ‘[a] court may not properly enter a default judgment unless it has
jurisdiction over the person of the party against whom the judgment is sought, which also means
that he must have been effectively served with process’”) (quoting Copelco Capital. Inc. v.
General Counsel of Bolivia, 940 F.Supp. 93, 94 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)) (additional internal quotation
marks omitted).
In light of the Court’s decision in this regard, the additional relief requested by Aggarwal
is also warranted. Aggarwal states that he consents to accept service of process through his
attorney, which I find to be reasonable and acceptable. See Marlabs Inc. v. Jakher, No. 07-cv-5-

04074, 2010 WL 1644041, at *3 (D.N.J. Apr. 22, 2010) (“This Court will permit Defendant to be
served through counsel, as it is apparent that he is in contact with his attorney”). In addition, the
deposition subpoena served on Aggarwal must be quashed, since the case now stands in a
different posture from when it was served on Aggarwal, and a deposition at this point would be
premature.

CONCLUSION
The motion (Dkt. #31) by counterclaim-defendant Rakesh Aggarwal to vacate the default
judgment entered against him on October 27, 2011, and for other relief, is granted.
The default judgment entered against counterclaim-defendant Rakesh Aggarwal (Dkt.
#29) is hereby vacated. The subpoena served on Aggarwal by defendant/counterclaim-plaintiff
United States of America is hereby quashed.
Based on Aggarwal’s consent, it is ORDERED that service of the counterclaim against
Aggarwal may be made on Aggarwal’s counsel, Peter Weishaar, Esq.,within ten (10) days of
entry of this Decision and Order and Aggarwal is directed to answer or otherwise move against
the counterclaim within thirty (30) days after such service.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

_______________________________________
DAVID G. LARIMER
United States District Judge
Dated: Rochester, New York
December 12, 2011.

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