Handy v. Paychex, Inc.

Filing 15

DECISION AND ORDER granting 4 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim; denying 10 Cross Motion to Remand. Signed by Hon. Elizabeth A. Wolford on 03/05/2025. (JKS)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
___________________________________
DYLAN HANDY,
Plaintiff,

DECISION AND ORDER

v.

6:24-cv-06206 EAW

PAYCHEX, INC.,
Defendant.
____________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Dylan Handy (“Plaintiff”) brings this action against Defendant Paychex,
Inc. (“Defendant”), asserting state-law claims for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary
duty, and negligence, arising out of a retirement account disbursement that was intercepted
by an unknown third-party. (Dkt. 1-2). Presently before the Court are Defendant’s motion
to dismiss (Dkt. 4) and Plaintiff’s cross motion to remand to state court (Dkt. 10). Because
Plaintiff’s claims are preempted by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974,
as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. (“ERISA”), Defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted
and the cross motion to remand is denied. However, in the exercise of its discretion, the
Court will allow Plaintiff to file a motion to amend in an attempt to assert an ERISA claim
within 30 days of the date of this Decision and Order. The failure to do so will result in
dismissal with prejudice and the closing of this case.

-1-

BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the complaint. As required on a motion to
dismiss, the Court treats Plaintiff’s well-pleaded factual allegations as true. Plaintiff had a
401(k) retirement account maintained by Defendant with a balance in excess of $100,000.
(Dkt. 1-2 at ¶ 11). In April 2023, Plaintiff requested that Defendant transfer the funds to
an account he maintained at another financial institution. (Id. at ¶ 12). Defendant only
facilitates such requests by issuing paper checks, not by a wire transfer or other electronic
funds transfer. (Id. at ¶ 13).
On or about April 13, 2023, Defendant mailed two paper checks to Plaintiff. (Id. at
¶ 14). Plaintiff received the checks and then mailed them to his other financial institution.
(Id. at ¶ 15). But the checks were intercepted in the mail and confiscated by an unknown
third party. (Id. at ¶ 16). Plaintiff then notified Defendant that the checks were not received
by the intended financial institution and Defendant told him that it was investigating the
matter. (Id. at ¶¶ 17-18). Ultimately, in November 2023, Defendant denied liability for
the intercepted checks but told Plaintiff that it would “continue to work with the banks” to
determine “if there was any recourse.” (Id. at ¶ 19). Defendant never provided Plaintiff
with a subsequent update. (Id. at ¶ 20). Neither Defendant nor any other party has
compensated Plaintiff for the intercepted checks. (Id. at ¶ 21). Plaintiff is subject to a 10
percent penalty with the Internal Revenue Service for an early withdrawal of his retirement
account. (Id. at ¶ 23).

-2-

PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiff commenced this action by filing a summons and complaint in New York
State Supreme Court, Monroe County, on February 29, 2024. (Dkt. 1 at ¶ 3; see Dkt. 1-2).
Defendant removed the action to this Court on April 8, 2024, citing federal question
jurisdiction under ERISA. (Dkt. 1 at ¶¶ 9-14). Defendant filed the pending motion to
dismiss on April 15, 2024. (Dkt. 4). Plaintiff filed his opposition and cross motion to
remand on May 8, 2024. (Dkt. 10). Defendant filed its reply in further support of the
motion to dismiss and opposition to Plaintiff’s cross motion on May 29, 2024. (Dkt. 13).
DISCUSSION
I.

Motion to Dismiss
Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) on the

basis that Plaintiff’s claims are preempted by ERISA. (Dkt. 4-1 at 6). Plaintiff counters
that his claims do not relate to the terms of any benefit plan and are appropriately brought
as state-law claims. (Dkt. 10 at 2-5). The Court agrees with Defendant.
A. Rule 12(b)(6) Legal Standard
“In considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule
12(b)(6), a district court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents
attached to the complaint as exhibits, and documents incorporated by reference in the
complaint.” DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C., 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2010). A court
should consider the motion by “accepting all factual allegations as true and drawing all
reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Trs. of Upstate N.Y. Eng’rs Pension Fund
v. Ivy Asset Mgmt., 843 F.3d 561, 566 (2d Cir. 2016). To withstand dismissal, a plaintiff
-3-

must set forth “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the
plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that
the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Turkmen v. Ashcroft, 589 F.3d 542,
546 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)).
“While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need
detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his
entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation
of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal
quotations and citations omitted). “To state a plausible claim, the complaint’s ‘[f]actual
allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.’” Nielsen
v. AECOM Tech. Corp., 762 F.3d 214, 218 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at
555).
B. Defendant’s Exhibits
In support of its motion, Defendant relies on two documents: (1) excerpts from the
Qualified Retirement Plan adopted by Elm Street Technology LLC; and (2) the Summary
Plan Description for the Plan. (See Dkt. 4-2 at ¶¶ 3-4; Dkt. 4-3; Dkt. 4-4). Defendant
argues that these documents govern the terms of Plaintiff’s retirement account maintenance
and that the Court may consider them in deciding its motion. (Dkt. 4-1 at 6 n.2, 12).
Plaintiff is silent in his response as to whether the documents submitted by
Defendant reflect the accurate plan documents. But the Court cannot on this record
conclude that it would be appropriate to consider the documents.
-4-

“Generally, consideration of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is limited to
consideration of the complaint itself.” Faulkner v. Beer, 463 F.3d 130, 134 (2d Cir. 2006).
However, considering “materials outside the complaint is not entirely foreclosed on a
12(b)(6) motion.” Id. “A complaint ‘is deemed to include any written instrument attached
to it as an exhibit or any statements or documents incorporated in it by reference.’” Nicosia
v. Amazon.com, Inc., 834 F.3d 220, 230 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Chambers v. Time Warner,
Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir. 2002)). “‘Where a document is not incorporated by
reference, the court may nevertheless consider it where the complaint “relies heavily upon
its terms and effect,” thereby rendering the document “integral to the complaint.”’” Id.
(quoting DiFolco, 622 F.3d at 111). “Even where a document is considered ‘“integral” to
the complaint, it must be clear on the record that no dispute exists regarding the authenticity
or accuracy of the document.’” Id. at 231 (quoting DiFolco, 622 F.3d at 111). “[A]
document is not integral simply because its contents are highly relevant to a plaintiff’s
allegations, but only when it is clear that the plaintiff relied on the document in preparing
the complaint.” Doe v. Sarah Lawrence Coll., 453 F. Supp. 3d 653, 664 (S.D.N.Y. 2020)
(quotation omitted).
Defendant describes Plaintiff’s allegations as asserting “that [Plaintiff] was a
participant in an ERISA-governed retirement plan sponsored and maintained by Elm Street
Technology LLC . . . which is a Paychex client.” (Dkt. 4-1 at 6). Yet Plaintiff’s complaint
is not as specific as Defendant argues regarding his 401(k) retirement benefit plan. Plaintiff
does not reference a specific retirement plan nor Elm Street Technology LLC. Indeed,
Plaintiff does not specify whether the contract on which he relies upon for the basis of his
-5-

breach of contract action is either written or implied. (See Dkt. 1-2 at ¶ 25) (“[Plaintiff]
had either a written or implied contract with [Defendant] to maintain a retirement account
with funds owned by [Plaintiff].”). Accordingly, the record is not clear “that no dispute
exists regarding the authenticity or accuracy” of Defendant’s exhibits, see Nicosia, 834
F.3d at 231, nor is it clear that Plaintiff relied on Defendant’s exhibits in preparing the
complaint, see Sarah Lawrence Coll., 453 F. Supp. 3d. at 664. Therefore, the Court will
not consider Defendant’s exhibits in deciding its motion to dismiss.
C. ERISA Preemption
“Congress enacted ERISA to ‘protect . . . the interests of participants in employee
benefit plans and their beneficiaries’ by setting out substantive regulatory requirements for
employee benefit plans and to ‘provide for appropriate remedies, sanctions, and ready
access to the Federal courts.’” Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 208 (2004)
(quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1001(b)). “The purpose of ERISA is to provide a uniform regulatory
regime over employee benefit plans.” Id. “To this end, ERISA includes expansive preemption provisions, which are intended to ensure that employee benefit plan regulation
would be ‘exclusively a federal concern.’” Id. (quoting Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan,
Inc., 451 U.S. 504, 523 (1981)) (internal citation omitted).
“Section 514 of ERISA provides that the statute’s provisions ‘supersede any and all
State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan.’”
Harrison v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 417 F. Supp. 2d 424, 431 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (quoting 29
U.S.C. § 1144(a)). “A law ‘relates to’ an employee benefit plan, in the normal sense of the
phrase, if it has a connection with or reference to such a plan.” Shaw v. Delta Air Lines,
-6-

Inc., 463 U.S. 85, 96-97 (1983). “ERISA preemption is not limited to state laws that
specifically affect employee benefit plans; it extends to state common-law contract and tort
actions that relate to benefits as well.” Chau v. Hartford Life Ins. Co., 167 F. Supp. 3d
564, 571 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (citing Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 47-48
(1987)).
“To determine the preemptive effect of ERISA, the Supreme Court has developed a
two-part test.” Shuriz Hishmeh M.D. v. Empire Healthchoice HMO, Inc., No. 16-CV2780(ADS)(ARL), 2017 WL 663543, *5 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 17, 2017).

“[C]laims are

completely preempted by ERISA if they are brought (i) by ‘an individual [who] at some
point in time, could have brought his claim under ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B),’ and (ii) under
circumstances in which ‘there is no other independent legal duty that is implicated by a
defendant’s actions.’” Id. (quoting Montefiore Med. Ctr. v. Teamsters Local 272, 642 F.3d
321, 328 (2d Cir. 2011)). “Where both of [these] factors are satisfied . . . ERISA will
preempt the state law claim.” Id. (quoting N. Shore-Long Island Jewish Health Care Sys.,
Inc. v. MultiPlan, Inc., 953 F. Supp. 2d 419, 428 (E.D.N.Y. 2013)).
ERISA “§ 502(a)(1)(B) provides that a civil action may be brought ‘by a participant
or beneficiary’ of an ERISA plan to enforce certain rights under that plan pursuant to
ERISA.” Montefiore Med. Ctr., 642 F.3d at 328-29 (emphasis in original). Generally,
“claims that implicate coverage and benefits established by the terms of the ERISA benefit
plan . . . . constitute claims for benefits that can be brought pursuant to § 502(a)(1)(B). . . .”
Id. at 331. “Accordingly, ERISA preempts state law causes of action that aim ‘to recover
benefits due to [the plaintiff under the terms of the] plan, to enforce his rights under the
-7-

terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan.’”
Harrison, 417 F. Supp. 2d at 431-32 (quoting Lupo v. Hum. Affs. Int’l, Inc., 28 F.3d 269,
272 (2d Cir. 1994)).
Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s state-law breach of contract, breach of fiduciary
duty, and negligence claims are based on an ERISA-governed retirement plan and must be
dismissed because the claims are preempted by ERISA. (Dkt. 4-1 at 6). Plaintiff contends
in response that his claims do not dispute the terms of the 401(k) benefit plan nor the
amount due to Plaintiff under the plan and therefore do not fall within ERISA’s scope.
(Dkt. 10 at 2-4). Turning to the allegations in Plaintiff’s complaint, it is clear that his claims
are rooted in the terms of an employee benefit plan to recover benefits due to him under
the plan and therefore preempted by ERISA.
Plaintiff plainly alleges that he was a participant in an employee benefit program.
In the complaint, Plaintiff states that Defendant “is a financial services company that, inter
alia, offers employee benefit services, including retirement accounts” and that he
participated in such program as he “maintained a 401(k) retirement account with
[Defendant] with a balance of $116,125.45.” (Dkt. 1-2 at ¶¶ 10-11). A 401(k) retirement
account is an employee benefit plan governed by ERISA. See, e.g., Rosen v. UBS Fin.
Servs. Inc., No. 22-CV-03880 (JLR), 2023 WL 6386919, at *4-6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2023)
(analyzing claim related to a 401(k) as an ERISA-governed benefit plan). In his breach of
contract claim, Plaintiff alleges that he “had either a written or implied contract with
[Defendant] to maintain a retirement account with funds owned by [Plaintiff].” (Dkt. 1-2
at ¶ 25). Plaintiff alleges that Defendant breached a “material obligation” of that contract
-8-

“by failing to reissue a check for the stolen funds” or otherwise “reunite [Plaintiff] with his
money” after the rollover checks were intercepted by a third party. (Id. at ¶¶ 26-27). In
other words, Plaintiff grounds the terms of his breach of contract action in the “written or
implied” contract he had regarding his ERISA-governed 401(k) retirement benefit account
and now seeks to enforce the terms of that agreement.
Plaintiff makes similar allegations in his breach of fiduciary duty and negligence
claims.

In the breach of fiduciary duty claim, Plaintiff alleges that “[a] fiduciary

relationship exists between [Defendant] and [Plaintiff] by nature of [Defendant’s]
maintenance of [Plaintiff’s] retirement account.” (Dkt. 1-2 at ¶ 31). Plaintiff alleges in his
negligence claim that Defendant “had a duty to exercise ordinary care with regards to
[Plaintiff’s] funds” and “breached that duty by failing to reissue a check for the stolen
funds.” (Id. at ¶¶ 37-38). In each of his claims, Plaintiff seeks repayment of his retirement
benefits based on a duty established by the purported contract and relationship between
him and Defendant related to the maintenance of the 401(k) retirement benefit account. He
does not allege any duty independent of that agreement or unrelated to the benefit plan.
In his opposition, Plaintiff argues that his claims are not governed by ERISA
because “the parties here have no dispute as to the retirement benefits that were due to
[Plaintiff].” (Dkt. 10 at 1). To support his contention, Plaintiff cites two out-of-circuit
cases, and asserts that “claims where the amount of benefits due to a plaintiff are not in
dispute are not said to relate to ‘recovering benefits.’” (Id. at 3-4) (emphasis in original).
Neither of the cases cited by Plaintiff are applicable here. In Felix v. Lucent Technologies.,
Inc., 387 F.3d 1146 (10th Cir. 2004), relied on by Plaintiff, the Tenth Circuit held that the
-9-

plaintiffs did not seek to recover benefits, enforce their rights, or clarify their rights under
an ERISA-governed benefits plan because the plaintiffs instead sought damages from their
employer for fraudulent inducement to take early retirement. Id. at 1159. And in Caldwell
v. Sears Holdings Management Corp., No. 2:13-CV-626-TC, 2014 WL 1513296 (D. Utah
Apr. 16, 2014), the plaintiff discontinued her medical coverage under her employee
medical plan and sought recovery for paycheck deductions that continued after she
cancelled her coverage. Id. at *1. These cases are inapposite to Plaintiff’s claims, in which
he seeks to enforce the terms of a benefit plan to recover the value of his retirement account
after it was allegedly stolen by a third party.
Plaintiff also contends that his lawsuit does not fall within ERISA’s scope because
it is “a garden-variety banking dispute.” (Dkt. 10 at 1). Plaintiff provides no authority to
support this contention and the Court will not search for caselaw to support his argument
when he has not done so himself. That said, the allegations in the complaint do not support
Plaintiff’s contention that the issues involve a banking dispute—rather, the basis for
Plaintiff’s claim against Defendant is the ERISA-governed plan administered by
Defendant.
Furthermore, as Defendant points out, the case Russell v. CVS Rx Services Inc., No.
CV-16-00284-PHX-PGR, 2016 WL 9343117 (D. Ariz. May 16, 2016), is instructive. In
Russell, as here, the plaintiff alleged that she maintained a 401(k) retirement account with
her employer. 2016 WL 9343117, at *1. The plaintiff requested her employer make a
distribution from the 401(k) to her regular bank account. Id. Her employer made the
distribution, but deposited her 401(k) funds to the wrong account, which was owned by an
- 10 -

unknown third-party. Id. The plaintiff brought state-law claims that included breach of
contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence. Id. In holding that her state-law claims
were preempted by ERISA, the district court stated that “[a]ll of [the plaintiff’s] state law
claims are based on [her employer’s] duties under the 401k plan. . . .” Id. at *2. Plaintiff
here similarly alleges that all of Defendant’s duties are based on the terms of the 401(k)
plan. (Dkt. 1-2 at ¶¶ 25-27, 31-33, 37-38).
Because Plaintiff seeks enforcement of the alleged terms of a benefit plan and to
recover for breaches of alleged duties that were established through the maintenance of
that benefit plan, Plaintiff’s state-law claims are “related to” an employee benefit plan and
therefore preempted by ERISA.

Accordingly, Plaintiff’s state-law claims must be

dismissed. See Cerasoli v. Xomed, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 152, 156-57 (W.D.N.Y. 1997)
(holding that a breach of contract action brought against an employer for disability benefits
was preempted by ERISA).
II.

Motion to Remand
Plaintiff cross moved to remand this action back to state court, arguing that there is

no federal question nor diversity jurisdiction. (Dkt. 10 at 5). Under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a),
“any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States
have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to [a]
district court of the United States”; however, “[i]f at any time before final judgment it
appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.”
28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). “A party seeking removal bears the burden of showing that federal
jurisdiction is proper.” Montefiore, 642 F.3d at 327. “In resolving a motion to remand,
- 11 -

the Court treats all facts alleged in the complaint as true.” Woolf v. Precision Techs. LLC,
No. 1:23-CV-1023 EAW, 2024 WL 4223650, *3 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 18, 2024) (citing
Whitaker v. Am. Telecasting, Inc., 261 F.3d 196, 205-06 (2d Cir. 2001)). “One category
of cases over which the district courts have original jurisdiction are ‘federal question’
cases; that is, those cases arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United
States.” Hall v. LSREF4 Lighthouse Corp. Acquisitions, LLC, 220 F. Supp. 3d 381, 387
(W.D.N.Y. 2016) (quoting Metro. Life Ins. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 63 (1987)).
As discussed above, Plaintiff’s state-law claims are preempted by ERISA and
therefore, removal to this Court was proper. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s cross motion to
remand is denied.
III.

Leave to Amend

Plaintiff includes one sentence at the end of his opposition memorandum asking for
leave to amend if the Court finds that his claims are preempted by ERISA. (Dkt. 10 at 5).
Defendant requests that the complaint be dismissed with prejudice, but makes no argument
regarding Plaintiff’s request for leave to amend. (See Dkt. 13 at 15). Plaintiff’s request is
not a proper motion for leave to amend, and fails to comply with the Local Rules of Civil
Procedure with respect to the process for seeking to amend a pleading. In particular, Local
Rule 15(a) provides, “[a] movant seeking to amend or supplement a pleading . . . must
attach an unsigned copy of the proposed amended pleading as an exhibit to the motion,”
while Local Rule 15(b) requires parties represented by counsel to identify the proposed
amendments “through the use of a word processing ‘redline’ function or other similar
markings. . . .” Loc. R. Civ. P. 15(a), (b).
- 12 -

Although “the lack of a formal motion is not sufficient ground for a district court’s
dismissal without leave to amend, so long as the plaintiff has made its willingness to amend
clear,” the matter is ultimately “reserved to the discretion of the district court.”
McLaughlin v. Anderson, 962 F.2d 187, 195 (2d Cir. 1992); see Altayyar v. Etsy, Inc., 731
F. App’x 35, 38 n.4 (2d Cir. 2018) (“When a plaintiff does ‘not advise the district court
how the complaint’s defects would be cured,’ . . . it is not an abuse of discretion to
implicitly deny leave to amend.”). Moreover, while “under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure leave to amend complaints should be ‘freely given,’ leave to amend
need not be granted where the proposed amendment is futile.” Murdaugh v. City of New
York, No. 10 CIV. 7218 HB, 2011 WL 1991450, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. May 19, 2011); see
Lucente v. Int’l Bus. Machines Corp., 310 F.3d 243, 258 (2d Cir. 2002) (“An amendment
to a pleading is futile if the proposed claim could not withstand a motion to dismiss
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).” (citation omitted)).
On the present record, the Court is not able to ascertain whether any ERISA claim
asserted by Plaintiff would be futile. Accordingly, as opposed to granting Plaintiff the
opportunity to file an amended complaint, the Court concludes that the most appropriate
approach is to permit Plaintiff an opportunity to file a motion seeking leave to amend. Any
such motion must comply with this Court’s Local Rules and be filed within 30 days of the
date of this Decision and Order, and upon such filing, a briefing schedule will be set. But
if a motion is not filed by that deadline, the Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment in
favor of Defendant dismissing the action with prejudice and close the case.

- 13 -

CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons Defendant’s motion to dismiss (Dkt. 4) is granted,
Plaintiff’s cross motion to remand (Dkt. 10) is denied, and Plaintiff may file a motion for
leave to amend the complaint to assert ERISA claim(s) within 30 days of the date of this
Decision and Order. The failure to file such a motion will result in dismissal of this case
with prejudice.
SO ORDERED.
_______________________________
___________________________
_
_______
ELIZABETH
ELIZABE
ETH A.
A. WOLFORD
WOLF
FORD
Chief Judge
United States District Court
Dated: March 5, 2025
Rochester, New York

- 14 -