Epic Games, Inc. v. Rogers

Filing 1

COMPLAINT against Caleb Rogers ( Filing fee $ 400 receipt number 0417-4271232.), filed by Epic Games, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Civil Cover Sheet, # 2 Proposed Summons) (Thomas, Christopher)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
WESTERN DIVISION
Civil Action No.: 5:17-cv-534
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EPIC GAMES, INC.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
CALEB ROGERS,
Defendant.

COMPLAINT

Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc. (“Epic” or “Plaintiff”) complains of Defendant Caleb Rogers
(“Rogers” or “Defendant”) as follows:
NATURE OF THE ACTION
1.

This is a civil action seeking injunctive relief and damages against Defendant for

(i) copyright infringement in violation of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 106 and 501, et seq.;
(ii) contributory copyright infringement in violation of the Copyright Act, §§ 106 and 501, et
seq.; (iii) breach of contract in violation of North Carolina law; and (iv) intentional interference
with contractual relations in violation of North Carolina law.
2.

The Copyright Act protects the owners of creative works from the unauthorized

use of those works by others. The rights to prepare derivative works based upon a copyrighted
work and to publicly perform and display a copyrighted work are some of the exclusive rights
granted to copyright holders under the Act. The definition of derivative work encompasses any
form in which the original work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. The exclusive right of
public performance includes the performance of audiovisual works, and the exclusive right of
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public display includes the right to show a copyrighted work, or a portion or an image of it, to
the public. With a few exceptions that do not apply here, it is unlawful to make unauthorized
derivative works, and to publicly display and/or publicly perform such works without the
permission of the copyright owner. It is likewise unlawful to induce, cause, or materially
contribute to the creation of unauthorized derivative works by others.
3.

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) was enacted in 1998 to bring

the Copyright Act into the digital age. Among other things, the DMCA provides that a copyright
holder may send an Online Service Provider (an “OSP”) a written notification of claimed
infringement (a “notice”) that provides the OSP with certain statutorily-mandated information
about the infringement and serves as notice to the OSP that it is hosting content that infringes the
copyright holder’s rights.

In order to avoid potential secondary liability for hosting the

infringing material, the OSP must remove that material after receiving the notice. In response to
the removal, the user who posted material at issue may submit a counter notification stating that
the material was removed due to mistake or misidentification. Once submitted, the counternotification commences a 10-day period during which the copyright holder who submitted the
notice much file an action against the user seeking to restrain the user from engaging in
infringing activity. If the copyright holder does not file the action, the OSP is to restore the
content at issue.
4.

This is a copyright infringement and breach of contract case in which the

Defendant is infringing Epic’s copyrights by injecting unauthorized computer code into the
copyright protected code of Epic’s popular Fortnite® video game. 1 In so doing, Defendant is

1

Game names that are registered trademarks of Epic are shown with the federal registration
symbol the first time each game name appears and without it thereafter.
2
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creating unauthorized derivative works of Fortnite by modifying the game code and, thus,
materially altering the game that the code creates and the experience of those who play it.
5.

Further, Defendant is streaming videos of himself playing and cheating at Fortnite

by using cheat software (“cheats” or “hacks”) to unlawfully modify Fortnite’s software. In the
videos Defendant posts on YouTube, Defendant promotes and demonstrates a Fortnite cheat, and
provides viewers with a link to a site from which they can acquire the cheat for themselves.
6.

Defendant’s cheating, and his inducing and enabling of others to cheat, is ruining

the game playing experience of players who do not cheat. The software that Defendant uses to
cheat infringes Epic’s copyrights in the game and breaches the terms of the agreements to which
Defendant agreed in order to have access to the game. The same is true for his unauthorized
public display and performance of the unlawfully modified versions of Fortnite on YouTube.
7.

Defendant has been banned from playing Fortnite for this conduct at least 14

times. He nevertheless continues to play using other accounts he created using false names. He
has also continued to cheat and to publicly perform and display video of himself cheating on
YouTube in an effort to induce others to buy the cheat he sells so that they too can cheat at
Fortnite.
JURISDICTION AND VENUE
8.

This Court has jurisdiction over the subject matter of Plaintiff’s federal claims

under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1338(a) because this action arises under the Copyright Act, 17
U.S.C. §§ 106 and 501, et. seq. This Court has supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s related
state law claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a).
9.

This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant because, as described below,

Defendant agreed to be subject to the exercise of jurisdiction over him by the courts in this
District.

This Court also has personal jurisdiction over Defendant because Defendant has
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purposefully availed himself of the privileges of conducting activities and doing business in
North Carolina and in this District, thus invoking the benefits and protections of North
Carolina’s laws, by entering into contractual agreements with Epic in North Carolina, and
repeatedly accessing Epic’s servers, which are located in this District.
10.

Venue is proper in this District pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(b) and 1400(a)

because this is a District in which a substantial part of the events giving rise to Plaintiffs’ claims
occurred, in which Defendant committed acts of copyright infringement, and/or where Plaintiffs’
injuries were suffered.

Venue is also proper in this District because, as described below,

Defendant consented to venue in this District.
THE PARTIES
11.

Epic is a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the state of

Maryland. Epic is registered to do business in North Carolina and has its principal place of
business in Wake County, North Carolina.
12.

On information and belief, Defendant Caleb Rogers, a.k.a. “Sky Orbit”, is a

citizen and resident of the United States.
FACTS APPLICABLE TO ALL CLAIMS
Epic and Fortnite
13.

Founded in 1991, Epic is a Cary, North Carolina-based developer and publisher of

computer games and content creation software. Epic is recognized worldwide as the creator of
the Unreal®, Gears of War®, and Infinity Blade® series of games. Epic is also globally known
as the creator of the Unreal Engine® content creation engine software. More recently, Epic has
released the multiplayer online battle arena game Paragon®, the virtual reality game Robo
Recall®, and Fortnite.

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14.

Fortnite is a co-op survival and building action game that has been described as

being “about exploration, scavenging gear, building fortified structures and fighting waves of
encroaching monsters hellbent on killing you and your friends.” 2
15.

In Fortnite, players may join together online to build forts, weapons, and traps in

an effort to rebuild and defend towns left vacant in the wake of “the Storm” from the monsters
that populate the Fortnite world.
16.

Fortnite was first released in a limited manner in October, 2013.

17.

Fortnite was released broadly on July 25, 2017. Fortnite’s free-to-play “Battle

Royale” game mode was released to the public on September 26, 2017.

2

Michael McWhertor, Epic Games’ Fortnite will be the developer's first Unreal Engine 4 game,
July 12, 2012, available at: https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/7/12/3155138/epic-gamesfortnite-will-be-the-developers-first-unreal-engine-4-game
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18.

Fortnite has been extremely popular. It already has over ten million players and is

on track to be Epic’s most successful game yet. (A true and correct screen print from the
Fortnite page on Epic’s website [available at: https://www.epicgames.com/fortnite/en-US/buynow/battle-royale] that provides a glimpse into Fortnite’s violent and cartoonish world is
pictured below at Figure 1.)

Figure 1.
19.

Like other games in the “battle royale” genre, Fortnite’s Battle Royale game

mode involves dropping (in Fortnite, by glider from a flying “battle bus,” pictured above) a
limited number of players into a large map. Fortnite’s Battle Royale game mode combines
Fortnite’s building skills and destructible environments with intense player vs. player (“PvP”)
combat. The players battle each other until only one player remains standing. That player wins
the game.
20.

In designing Fortnite’s Battle Royale game mode, Epic made a conscious choice

not to sell items to players that would give any player a competitive advantage in order to ensure
a fair playing field for all players.
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Epic’s Copyrights in Fortnite
21.

Epic is the author and owner of all the rights and title to the copyrights in Fortnite,

including without limitation, in its computer software.
22.

Epic’s copyrights in various versions of Fortnite’s computer code are the subjects

of U.S. Copyright Registration Nos. TXu01-895-864 (dated December 18, 2013), TX008-186254 (dated July 14, 2015), TX008-254-659 (dated March 3, 2016), and TX008-352-178 (dated
December 23, 2016). (True and correct copies of these certificates of registration are attached
hereto collectively as Exhibit A.)
Epic’s Terms of Service
23.

In order to play Fortnite on PC—which is the platform on which Defendant is

accessing and cheating at Fortnite in this case—a user must first create an account with Epic. In
order to create an account, a would-be user must affirmatively acknowledge that he or she has
“read and agree[d] to the Terms of Service” (the “Terms”). (A true and correct copy of the
Terms of Service is attached hereto as Exhibit B.)
24.

The Terms apply to any use of, or access to, Fortnite using one’s PC, as

Defendant does in this case.
25.

The Terms also apply to any use of Epic’s websites by any “guest or registered

users . . . including any content, functionality, products, and services offered on or through”
Epic’s websites. (See id. at 1.) This encompasses Epic’s Fortnite website and its guests and
registered users.
26.

The Terms further apply to a user’s “use of other Epic services that display or

include the[] Terms.” (Id. at 1.) This too covers Fortnite and those who use it.
27.

The Terms request that users read the Terms “carefully” before beginning to

access or use Epic’s services. (Id.)
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28.

The Terms provide that “[b]y using [Epic’s s]ervices, [the user] accept[s] and

agree[s] to be bound and abide by these Terms . . .” (Id.) The Terms further provide that a user
who does not want to agree to the Terms “must not use [Epic’s s]ervices.” (Id.)
29.

The Terms include a section on “Governing Law and Jurisdiction,” which

provides that “[a]ny dispute . . . arising out of or related to these Terms (“Claim”) shall be
governed by North Carolina law . . . . Any legal suit, action, or proceeding arising out of, or
related to, a [dispute or claim by the user arising out of or related to the Terms] shall be
instituted exclusively in the federal courts of the United States or the courts of North Carolina,
in each case located in Wake County.” (Id. at 4.)
30.

This section of the Terms further provides that, by agreeing to the Terms, the user

“agree[s] to waive any and all objections to the exercise of jurisdiction over [the user] by such
courts and to venue in such courts.” (Id.)
31.

The Terms explain that the services “including all content, features, and

functionality thereof, are owned by Epic, its licensors, or other providers of such material and
are protected by United States and international copyright . . . laws.” (Id. at 1.)
32.

The Terms also inform the user that use and access of certain “software or

services . . . may be subject to separate agreement . . . such as end user license agreements.”
(Id.)
33.

The Terms also include an “Intellectually Property Rights” section which sets

forth the permissions users have with respect to Epic’s intellectual property and things that users
are prohibited from doing. Specifically, the Terms provide that users:
a.

are “permitted to use [Epic’s s]ervices for [their] personal, non-

commercial use only or legitimate business purposes related to your role as a current or
prospective customer of Epic”; but
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b.

“must not copy, modify, create derivative works of, publicly display,

publicly perform, republish, or transmit any of the material obtained through
[Epic’s s]ervices, or delete, or alter any copyright, trademark, or other proprietary rights
notices from copies of materials from [Epic’s s]ervices”; and
c.

“must not reproduce, sell, or exploit for any commercial purposes any part

of [Epic’s s]ervices, access to [Epic’s s]ervices or use of [Epic’s s]ervices or any services
or materials available through Epic’s [s]ervices.” (Id. at 2.) (emphasis added).
34.

The Terms further provide that users may use Epic’s services “only for lawful

purposes and in accordance with these Terms of Service. [Users] agree not to access or use the
[s]ervices for any purpose that is illegal or beyond the scope of the [s]ervices’ intended use . . .”
(Id.)
35.

By creating an account with Epic in order to access, download, and play Fortnite,

and by using Epic’s services, including, without limitation, by playing Fortnite, Defendant
agreed to be bound by the Terms. And by creating multiple accounts, as Defendant did here,
Defendant agreed to be bound by the Terms multiple times.
36.

The Terms constitutes a valid and binding contract between Defendant and Epic.

37.

Defendant’s conduct described herein violates the Terms and breaches

Defendant’s agreement with Epic.
Fortnite End User License Agreement
38.

In order to play Fortnite on PC, as Defendant did here, a user must first

acknowledge that he or she has read and agreed to abide by the terms in the Fortnite End User
License Agreement for PC (“EULA”). (A true and correct copy of the EULA is attached hereto
as Exhibit C.)

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39.

The EULA applies to any user who downloads, uses, or “otherwise indicates

acceptance” of the EULA. (Id. at 1.)
40.

Like the Terms, the EULA explicitly requests that individuals read the EULA

“carefully.” (Id. at 1.) The EULA further makes clear that the EULA “is a legal document that
explains [the user’s] rights and obligations” in connection with the access and use of Fortnite.
(Id.)
41.

The EULA includes a section titled “Governing Law and Jurisdiction” under

which the user agrees that the EULA will be deemed to have been made and executed in the
State of North Carolina. (Id. at 5-6.)
42.

This section of the EULA further provides that “[a]ny action or proceeding

brought to enforce the terms of this Agreement or to adjudicate any dispute must be brought in
the Superior Court of Wake County, State of North Carolina or the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of North Carolina.” (Id. at 6.)
43.

Under this section of the EULA, the user agrees to the exclusive jurisdiction and

venue of these courts. . . .[and to] waive any claim of inconvenient forum and any right to a jury
trial. (Id.)
44.

The EULA grants an individual user “a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable,

non-sublicensable limited right and license to install and use one copy of the Software on a
device for [the user’s] personal entertainment use.” (Id.)
45.

Epic also includes a “License Conditions” section in its EULA. (Id.) In that

section, the EULA specifically defines certain prohibited activities and states that a player may
not:
a.

use Fortnite “commercially or for a promotional purpose;”

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b.

“copy, reproduce, distribute, display, or use [Fornite] in a way that is

not expressly authorized in this Agreement;”
c.

“reverse engineer, derive source code from, modify, adapt, translate,

decompile, or disassemble it or make derivative works based on it;”
d.

“remove, disable, circumvent, or modify any proprietary notice or

label or security technology included in it;” or
e.

“create, develop, distribute, or use any unauthorized software

programs to gain advantage in any online or other game modes.” (Id.) (emphasis
added.)
46.

By accessing, downloading and/or using Fortnite, Defendant agreed to be bound

by the EULA.
47.

Defendant also agreed to be bound by the EULA by affirmatively indicating his

acceptance of its terms.
48.

The EULA constitutes a valid and binding agreement between Epic Games and

Defendant.
49.

Defendant’s conduct described herein violates the terms of the EULA and

breaches Defendant’s contract with Epic Games.
The Defendant and His Unlawful Acts
50.

Defendant is a cheater.

51.

On information and belief, Defendant uses cheat to unlawfully modify Fortnite’s

software so that he has an unfair competitive advantage over other Fortnite players.
52.

Cheats give a cheater power to do or see things that others players cannot. For

instance, a cheat might enable the cheater to see through solid objects, teleport, impersonate

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another player by “spoofing” that player’s user name, or make moves other players cannot, such
as a spin followed by an instant headshot to another player.
53.

Nobody likes a cheater. And nobody likes playing with cheaters. These axioms

are particularly true in this case.
54.

Epic does not allow or support cheats in Fortnite, including in the Battle Royale

game mode.
55.

Defendant downloaded and accessed Fortnite.

56.

Defendant used the cheat in Fortnite to modify Fortnite’s copyrighted code.

57.

Defendant used the cheat in a deliberate attempt to destroy the integrity of, and

otherwise wreak havoc in, the Fortnite game. As Defendant intends, this often ruins the game
for the other players.
58.

Defendant created and posted several videos on TouTube to demonstrate,

advertise, and distribute his cheat software.
59.

Defendant operates at least two YouTube channels under the monikers “Sky

Orbit” and “Sky Orbit V2.”
60.

On October 14, 2017, Defendant used the Sky Orbit channel to post a live-stream

video of himself cheating while playing Fortnite titled “FORTNITE HACKING (COME JOIN
IM BACK)” (the “First Video”). 3 The First Video was available at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTx8ewXikaU.
61.

During the First Video, Defendant demonstrated his use of the cheat to unlawfully

modify the Fortnite game code, instructed viewers as to how to use the cheat in the same way,
and provided viewers with a link to a location from which they could acquire the cheat for their
own use. (A true and correct copy of a screen print from the First Video, as shown on
3

Errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation that appear in this and other quotes from Defendant’s writings are
from the original text.

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Defendant’s Sky Orbit YouTube channel, along with a link to the site from which the cheat was
available for download is pictured directly below at Figure 2.)

Figure 2.

62.

As can be seen in Figure 2, above, Defendant’s “Sky Orbit” YouTube channel has

at least 8,000 subscribers. These subscribers receive notifications every time a video, like the
First Video, is posted. At the time the screen print was captured, at least 22 viewers were
watching the First Video. (See Figure 2.)
63.

On October 14, 2017, Epic submitted to YouTube a DMCA notice that included

all the required elements. YouTube took the First Video down on the same day the notice was
submitted.

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64.

After the First Video was taken down, Defendant posted a video entitled

“Epicgames Falsely striked my channel” (the “Second Video”). In the Second Video, Defendant
admitted to “hacking in Fortnite,” incorrectly claimed that his hacking is permitted under the
doctrine of fair use, and publicly disclosed the email address of one of Epic’s in-house lawyers,
in violation of YouTube’s community guidelines.
65.

On October 14, 2017, Epic submitted a request that the Second Video be removed

for violation of YouTube’s community guidelines.
66.

Also on October 14, 2017, after the First Video had been taken down, Defendant

used a different YouTube channel account, “Sky Orbit V2,” to post another live-stream of
himself cheating while playing Fortnite, which he titled, “Fortnite Hacking COME JOIN
MEEEE”

(the

“Third

Video”).

The

Third

Video

was

available

at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PpnJcrY3f0. (A true and correct copy of a screen print
from the Third Video, as shown on Defendant’s Sky Orbit V2 YouTube channel is pictured
directly below at Figure 3.)

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Figure 3.
67.

On information and belief, Defendant created the Sky Orbit V2 channel in an

attempt to circumvent YouTube’s removal of the First Video posted on his Sky Orbit channel.
68.

On October 14, 2017, Epic submitted a DMCA notice that included all the

required elements. YouTube took down the Third Video the same day the notice was submitted.
69.

On October 16, 2017, YouTube removed the Second Video because of

Defendant’s violation of YouTube’s Community Guidelines.
70.

On information and belief, the cheat software used by Defendant (and those

whom Defendant induces to use such software) improperly injects unauthorized code into the
active memory of the game as it runs. The cheat manipulates the functionality of the game and
gives the cheater an unfair advantage over other players, changing and disrupting the game.
71.

This unauthorized modification of the game’s code as it runs on the cheater’s

computer and of the code that is sent back to Epic’s servers materially changes both the game’s
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code and the audio visual aspects of the game generated by the code. These changes create a
different version of the Fortnite game than the Fortnite game that is generated by Epic’s
copyright protected software.
72.

In using cheat software to modify the game’s code in this way, Defendant and

other cheaters who use the cheat create unauthorized derivative works based on Fortnite in
violation of the Copyright Act.
73.

Use of the cheat software also violates the express terms of both the EULA and

the Terms, both of which prohibit any modification of the game and the creation of derivative
works based on Fortnite.
74.

Defendant’s posting of his First and Third Videos infringe Epic’s exclusive rights

to publicly display and/or publicly perform its copyrighted works in violation of the Copyright
Act.
75.

Defendant has been banned at least 14 times of for violating the Terms and the

EULA. Defendant has circumvented this by creating numerous other accounts under false names
and continues to play and cheat at Fortnite.
76.

On October 17, 2017, Defendant submitted a counter-notification responding to

Epic’s DMCA takedown notice for the First Video in which he stated “i did noting rong this
strike is all wrong I was modding in a video game that isn’t against youtubes TOS Why was i
striked ‼!” (A true and correct copy of a screen print of Defendant’s counter-notification with
the contact information for Epic’s in-house counsel and Defendant redacted is attached hereto as
Exhibit D.)
77.

Defendant has expressed animus towards Epic for enforcing its copyrights.

78.

The description of Defendant’s Third Video that appeared under Defendant’s

public broadcast of himself cheating at Fortnite after his initial live-stream during which he
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demonstrated and advertised his cheat software had been taken down, included the hashtag
“#FUCKEPICGAMES”. (See Figure 3, above.)

CLAIMS FOR RELIEF
FIRST CLAIM FOR RELIEF
(Copyright Infringement in violation of
the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 106 and 501, et seq.)
79.

Epic re-alleges and incorporates fully by reference the allegations in paragraphs 1

through 78 of this complaint, as if set forth fully herein.
80.

Epic is the author, creator and owner of all rights, title and interest in a number of

valid, registered, and enforceable copyrights in Fortnite.
81.

These copyrights are the subjects of the copyright registration certificates

referenced above and attached hereto as Exhibit A, and are incorporated by reference as if fully
set forth herein.
82.

Defendant has had and continues to have access to Fortnite.

83.

Defendant has infringed and continues to infringe Epic’s copyrights in Fortnite by

improperly using computer software that injects code into Fortnite’s code which then materially
modifies and changes Fortnite’s code, thereby creating an unauthorized derivative work of
Epic’s copyrighted Fortnite code.
84.

Epic never authorized Defendant to create derivative works based on Fortnite.

85.

Defendant has also infringed Epic’s copyrights in Fortnite by publicly displaying,

and/or publicly performing the unauthorized derivative works, which include Epic’s underlying
copyrighted content, in at least the First and Third Videos as posted on YouTube.
86.

Defendant’s submission of the DMCA counter notification, which requires

YouTube to restore the infringing content unless Epic files an action seeking a court order to

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restrain Defendant from engaging in infringing activity within 10 days, creates a continuing risk
of copyright infringement.
87.

Epic never authorized Defendant to publicly display or publicly perform the

unauthorized derivative works.
88.

In creating such unauthorized derivative works and by publicly displaying and/or

publicly performing Defendant’s unauthorized derivative works, Defendant has infringed Epic’s
copyrights and is liable to Epic for direct and willful infringement under 17 U.S.C. § 501, et seq.
89.

On information and belief, Epic has suffered actual damages, including lost sales

and profits as a result of Defendant’s infringement.
90.

In addition to Epic’s actual damages, Epic is entitled to receive any additional

profits made by Defendant from his wrongful acts pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504.
91.

In the alternative, Epic is entitled to statutory damages pursuant to 17 U.S.C. §

504(c). These statutory damages should be enhanced in accordance with 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2)
due to Defendant’s willful infringement.
92.

Defendant’s conduct is causing, and unless enjoined and restrained by this Court,

will continue to cause, Plaintiff’s great and irreparable injury that cannot fully be compensated or
measured in money. Epic has no adequate remedy at law for Defendant’s wrongful conduct
because (i) Epic’s copyrights are unique and valuable property that have no readily determinable
market value; (ii) Defendant’s infringement constitutes an interference with Epic’s goodwill and
customer relations, and (iii) Defendant’s wrongful conduct, and the damages resulting therefrom
are continuing.
93.

Moreover, the plain language of the DMCA requires that Plaintiff file an action

seeking a court order to restrain Defendant from engaging in infringing activity within 10 days of
Defendant’s counter notification.
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94.

Therefore, Epic is entitled to injunctive relief pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 502 and to

an order under 17 U.S.C. § 503(a) that prohibits Defendant from further infringing Epic’s
copyrights and orders Defendant to destroy all copies of infringing videos and the cheat he is
using against Epic in violation of Epic’s copyrights
95.

Epic is also entitled to recover its attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to 17 U.S.C.

§ 505.
SECOND CLAIM FOR RELIEF
(Contributory Copyright Infringement
in violation of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 106 and 501, et seq.)
96.

Epic re-alleges and incorporates fully by reference the allegations in paragraphs 1

through 95 of this complaint, as if set forth fully herein.
97.

As set forth above, Epic is the owner of valid, registered, and enforceable

copyrights in Fortnite.
98.

As also set forth above, Defendant has created and posted live-stream videos

demonstrating his use of the cheat software in Fortnite, promoting other to use the cheat in
Fortnite, and providing users a way to obtain the cheat.
99.

As described above, this cheat software unlawfully modifies Fortnite’s

copyrighted code in a manner that infringes Epic’s copyrights by creating unauthorized
derivative works of Epic’s Fortnite software.
100.

By having provided users access to the cheat via his Sky Orbit Youtube Channel

and the First Video, Defendant materially contributed to the direct infringement of Epic’s
copyrights, actively encouraged and induced other cheaters and would-be cheaters to access and
use the cheat, and supported their use of the cheat on Fortnite.

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101.

Defendant has actual knowledge of the direct infringing activity of these other

cheaters described above, and caused or contributed materially to, and/or participated
substantially in, such direct infringement.
102.

As set forth above, Defendant’s submission of the DMCA counter notification,

that requires YouTube to restore the First Video and it links to the cheat, which will induce and
enable additional direct and contributory infringement unless Epic files an action within 10 days
seeking a court order to restrain Defendant from engaging in, inducing, and contributing to such
direct infringement, creates a continuing risk of contributory copyright infringement.
103.

Defendant has engaged in his acts of contributory infringement with the actual

and/or constructive knowledge that the preparation of derivative works based upon Epic’s
Fortnite software infringes Epic’s copyrights in the software.
104.

On information and belief, Defendant engages in such conduct to promote the

cheat via his Sky Orbit and Sky Orbit V2 YouTube channels because Defendant obtains some
financial benefit or value in consideration for his video postings and/or the sale of the cheat he
promotes and demonstrates in the First and Third Videos.
105.

Accordingly, Defendant is liable for contributory copyright infringement of

Epic’s Fortnite game.
106.

On information and belief, Epic has suffered damages, including lost sales and

profits, as a result of Defendant’s contributory infringement.
107.

On information and belief, Epic has suffered actual damages, including lost sales

and profits as a result of Defendant’s contributory infringement.
108.

In addition to Epic’s actual damages, Epic is entitled to receive any additional

profits made by Defendant from his wrongful acts pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504.

20
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109.

In the alternative, Epic is entitled to statutory damages pursuant to 17 U.S.C. §

504(c). These statutory damages should be enhanced in accordance with 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2)
due to the Defendant’s willful contributory infringement.
110.

As a result of Defendant’s contributory copyright infringement, Epic has suffered

and will continue to suffer, substantial and irreparable damage to its business reputation and
good will, as well as actual losses in an amount not yet fully ascertained, but which will be
further determined according to proof. Epic’s remedy at law is not adequate to redress the harm
Defendant has caused and will continue to cause unless and until his conduct is otherwise
restrained and enjoined.
111.

Moreover, the plain language of the DMCA requires that Plaintiff file an action

seeking a court order to restrain Defendant from engaging in infringing activity within 10 days of
Defendant’s counter notification.
112.

By reason of the foregoing, Epic is entitled to injunctive relief against Defendant

pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 502.
113.

Epic is also entitled to recover its attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to 17 U.S.C.

§ 505.
THIRD CLAIM FOR RELIEF
(Breach of Contract)
114.

Epic re-alleges and incorporates fully by reference the allegations in paragraphs 1

through 113 of this complaint, as if set forth fully herein.
115.

Access to and use of Epic’s services, including Fortnite, is governed by and

subject to the Terms.
116.

Access to and use of Fortnite is also governed by and subject to the EULA.

117.

In order to use Epic’s services, including Fortnite, all users must “read and agree”

to the Terms in order to create an account with Epic.
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118.

In order to access Fortnite, users must “read and agree” to the terms of the

119.

Defendant agreed to the Terms and the EULA by creating an account with Epic,

EULA.

using and accessing Epic’s services, and/or downloading, playing, and/or accessing Fortnite.
Therefore, the Terms and the EULA are both valid, enforceable contracts between Epic and the
Defendant.
120.

On information and belief, Defendant regularly used and accessed Epic’s services

having knowledge that he was bound by the Terms and by the EULA.
121.

Epic has performed all of its obligations under the Terms and the EULA.

122.

Defendant has and has continued to knowingly, intentionally, and materially

breach the Terms and EULA by, among other things,
a.

making derivative works based on Fortnite;

b.

copying,

reproducing,

distributing,

displaying,

using,

modifying,

performing, republishing, or transmitting Fortnite in a way not authorized in the EULA or
the Terms; and/or
c.

creating, developing, distributing, or using unauthorized software

programs to gain advantage in any online or other game modes.
123.

As a direct result of Defendant’s breaches of the Terms and EULA, Epic has

been, and will continue to be, harmed and is entitled to injunctive relief, compensatory damages,
attorneys’ fees, costs, and/or other equitable relief against Defendant.
FIFTH CLAIM FOR RELIEF
(Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations)
124.

Epic re-alleges and incorporates fully by reference the allegations in paragraphs 1

through 123 of this complaint, as if set forth fully herein.

22
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125.

As set forth above, in order to play Fortnite, a user must first create an account

with Epic. To create an account, a user must agree to abide by the Terms. A user’s agreement to
abide the Terms creates a contract between Epic and the user.
126.

The Terms expressly prohibit a user from “copy[ing], modify[ing], creat[ing]

derivative works of, publicly display[ing], publicly perform[ing], republish[ing] or
transmit[ting] any of the material obtained through [Epic’s s]ervices.” (Exhibit B at 2)
(emphasis added.)
127.

In order to play Fortnite, a user must also agree to abide by the Fortnite EULA. A

user’s agreement to abide by the EULA also creates a contract between Epic and the user.
128.

The EULA prohibits a player from “reverse engineer[ing], deriv[ing] source

code from, modify[ing], adapt[ing], translat[ing], decompil[ing,] or disassembl[ing Fortnite]
or mak[ing] derivative works based on [Fortnite]” and “creat[ing], develop[ing],
distribut[ing], or us[ing] any unauthorized software programs to gain advantage in any
online or other game modes.” (Exhibit C at 1) (emphasis added.)
129.

Epic’s contracts with its users are valid and enforceable.

130.

On information and belief, Defendant has knowledge of the contracts between

Epic and its registered users, and Defendant has knowledge of the previously recited prohibitions
that the Terms and the EULA place on users since Defendant is a registered user of Epic’s
services and has agreed to the terms of both the EULA and the Terms.
131.

Defendant, knowing that the use of cheat by Fortnite users breaches the contracts

between Epic and its users, has intentionally and willfully encouraged and induced users of
Fortnite to use the cheat.
132.

Defendant, therefore, has intentionally interfered, and will continue to interfere,

with the contracts formed between Epic and its users.
23
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133.

On information and belief, Defendant has acted without justification in

intentionally interfering with the contracts between Epic and its users.
134.

On information and belief, as a direct result of Defendant’s actions, Epic has

suffered damages in an amount to be proven at trial including, but not limited to, loss of goodwill
among users of Epic’s services, decreased profits, and lost profits from users whose accounts
Epic has terminated for violations of the Terms and the Fortnite EULA.
135.

As a direct result of Defendant’s actions, Epic has sustained, and will continue to

sustain, substantial, immediate, and irreparable injury for which there is no adequate remedy at
law. Epic is entitled to injunctive relief to restrain and enjoin Defendant’s continuing unlawful
conduct.
136.

Epic is further entitled to compensatory damages and any other available relief.

PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFORE, Plaintiffs request judgment in its favor, and against Defendant, for the
following:
1.

Enter judgment in Plaintiff’s favor and against Defendant on all claims

2.

Adjudge Defendant to have infringed Epic’s copyrights in violation of the

herein;

Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 106 and 501, et seq.;
3.

Adjudged Defendant to have contributorily infringed Epic’s copyrights in

violation of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 106 and 501, et seq;
4.

Adjudge Defendant to have breached the Terms of Service and the

Fortnite End User License Agreement in violation of North Carolina law;
5.

Adjudge Defendant to have tortuously interfered with contracts between

24
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PPAB 3922115v4

Plaintiff and users of its services in violation of North Carolina law;
6.

Declare that Defendant’s infringement and other wrongdoings were willful

in nature;
7.

Enter an order pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 502 that preliminarily and

permanently enjoins Defendant from (i) infringing any of Epic’s copyrighted works;
and/or (ii) inducing or materially contributing to the direct infringement of any of Epic’s
copyrighted works by others;
8.

Enter an order that preliminarily and permanently enjoins Defendant from

(i) violating the Terms of Service; (ii) violating the EULA; and/or (iii) intentionally
interfering with Epic’s contractual relations with the other parties to those agreements;
9.

Enter an order pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 502 that preliminarily and

permanently enjoins Defendant by requiring the destruction of all infringing videos and
copies of cheats or hacks in Defendant’s possession, custody, or control that can be used
to infringe Epic’s copyrights in Fortnite so as to restrain Defendant’s continued violations
of Epic’s copyrights in Fortnite;
10.

Enter an order pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504 requiring that (i) Defendant

pay Epic the maximum amount of statutory damages permitted under 17 U.S.C. § 504,
or, in the event that Epic elects to instead to recover actual damages and Defendant’s
additional profits from Defendant at any time before final judgment is rendered; and/or
(ii) Defendant pay Epic’s actual damages and Defendant’s additional profits, together
with interest, including pre-judgment, as fixed by the Court;
11.

Enter an order pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 505 awarding Epic its attorneys’

fees, costs, and expenses; and
12.

Award Plaintiff such other and further relief as the Court deems just and

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PPAB 3922115v4

proper.

This the 23rd day of October, 2017.

PARKER POE ADAMS & BERNSTEIN LLP

/s/Christopher M. Thomas
Christopher M. Thomas
N.C. Bar No. 31834
[e-mail]
PNC Plaza
301 Fayetteville Street, Suite 1400 (27601)
P.O. Box 389
Raleigh, North Carolina 27602-0389
Telephone:
[phone]
Facsimile:
[phone]
Attorney for Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.

26
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PPAB 3922115v4

EXHIBIT A

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 27 of 59

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 28 of 59

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 29 of 59

Certificate of Registration
This Certificate issued under the seal of the Copyright
Office in accordance with title 17, United States Code,
attests that registration has been made for the work
identified below. The information on this certificate has
been made a part of the Copyright Office records.

Registration Number

TX 8-186-254
Effective Date of Registration:
July 14, 2015

United States Register of Copyrights and Director

Title
Title of Work:

Fortnite

Completion/Publication
Year of Completion:
Date of 1st Publication:
Nation of 1'1 Publication:

2015
May 30,2015
United States

Author
•

Author:
Author Created:
Work made for hire:
Citizen of:
Domiciled in:

Epic Games, Inc.
computer program
Yes
United States
United States

Copyright Claimant
Copyright Claimant:

Epic Games, Inc.
620 Crossroads Boulevard, Cary, NC, 27518, United States

Limitation of copyright claim
Material excluded from this claim:
Previous registration and year:
New material included in claim:

computer program
TXu001895864, 2013
TXu001848153 , 2012
computer program

Certification
Name:
Date:

Correspondence:

Joseph Wilbur
July 14, 2015

Yes

Page 1 of 1

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 30 of 59

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Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 31 of 59

Registration #:
Service Request#:

TX0008186254
1-2532331887

Hunton & Williams LLP
Douglas W. Kenyon
P.O. Box 109
Raleigh, NC 27602-109 United States

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 32 of 59

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 33 of 59

Certificate of Registration
This Certificate issued under the seal of the Copyright
Office in accordance with title 17, United States Code,
attests that registration has been made for the work
identified below. The information on this certificate has
been made a part of the Copyright Office records.

Registration Number

TX 8-254-659
Effective Date of Registration:
March 03, 2016

United States Register of Copyrights and Director

Title
Title of Work:

Fortnite

Completion/Publication
Year of Completion:
Date of 1st Publication:
Nation of 1st Publication:

2015
May 30,2015
United States

Author
•

Author:
Author Created:
Work made for hire:
Citizen of:
Domiciled in:

Epic Games, Inc.
computer program
Yes
United States
United States

Copyright Claimant
Copyright Claimant:

Epic Games, Inc.
620 Crossroads Boulevard, Raleigh, NC, 27518, United States

Limitation of copyright claim
Material excluded from this claim:
Previous registration and year:
New material included in claim:

computer program
TXu001895864, 2013
TXu001848153 , 2012
computer program

Certification
Name:
Date:

Correspondence:

Joseph Wilbur
March 03, 2016

Yes

Page 1 of 1

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 34 of 59

=

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 35 of 59

Registration #:
Service Request #:

TX0008254659
1-3176900287

Hunton & Williams LLP
Douglas W. Kenyon
P.O. Box 109
Raleigh, NC 27602-109 United States

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 36 of 59

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Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 37 of 59

Certificate of Registration
This Certificate issued under the seal of the Copyright
Office in accordance with title 17, United States Code,
attests that registration has been made for the work
identified below. The information on this certificate has
been made a part of the Copyright Office records.

~z;Ltt~

Registration Number

TX 8-352-178
Effective Date of Registration:
December 23, 2016

Acting United States Register of Copyrights and Director

Title
Title of Work:

FORTNITE (2016 Rev. 2)

Completion/Publication
Year of Completion:
Date of 1st Publication:
Nation of 151 Publication:

2016
November 30, 2016
United States

Author
•

Author:
Author Created:
Work made for hire:
Citizen of:
Domiciled in:

Epic Games, Inc.
computer program
Yes
United States
United States

Copyright Claimant
Copyright Claimant:

Epic Games, Inc.
620 Crossroads Boulevard, Cary, NC, 27518, United States

Limitation of copyright claim
Material excluded from this claim:
Previous registration and year:
New material included in claim:

computer program
TX008-254-659, 2016
TX008-1 86-254, 2015
computer program

Certification
Name:
Date:

Joseph Wilbur
December 23, 2016

Page 1 of 1

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 38 of 59

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Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 39 of 59

Registration#:
Service Request #:

TX0008352178
1-4218625705

Hunton & Williams LLP
Douglas W. Kenyon
P.O. Box 109
Raleigh, NC 27609-109 United States

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 40 of 59

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Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 41 of 59

EXHIBIT B

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 42 of 59

Terms of Service
Acceptance of the Terms of Service
The following terms and conditions (“Terms”) apply to your use of the websites of Epic Games, Inc. and
its affiliates (“Epic”, “we” “us” or “our”), including any content, functionality, products, and services offered
on or through such websites (collectively, the “Website”), whether as a guest or a registered user. These
Terms also apply to your use of other Epic services that display or include these Terms (“Additional
Services”). In these Terms, the Website and Additional Services are collectively referred to as the
“Services.”
Please read these Terms carefully before you start to use the Services. By using the Services, you accept
and agree to be bound and abide by these Terms of Service. If you do not want to agree to these Terms
of Service, you must not use the Services.
In addition to these Terms, software or services that are included in or otherwise made available to you
through the Services may be subject to separate agreement between you and Epic, such as end user
license agreements. If these Terms are inconsistent with any such agreements, those agreements will
control.

Privacy Notice
Please review our Privacy Notice found at https://www.epicgames.com/privacypolicy, which also governs
your use of the Services, to understand our practices.

Changes to the Terms of Service
We may update these Terms from time to time; you should check this page regularly to take notice of any
changes. Your continued use of the Services following the posting of revised Terms means that you
accept and agree to the changes.

Accessing the Services and Account Security
We may withdraw or amend the Services, and any related service or content, or restrict access (including
by means of cancellation, termination, or modification, or suspension of a user account) to all or certain
users (including you) without notice and without liability to you. Additionally, due to your geographic
location, the Services or some of their features, services, or content may be unavailable to you.
To access certain Services, you will be asked to provide registration details or other information, and in
order to use such resources, all the information you provide must be correct, current, and complete. From
time to time, in order to access the Services or certain games, services, or functionality, Epic may require
some or all users to download updated or additional software. The terms of use of such software may be
subject to separate agreement between you and Epic.
If you choose, or are provided with, a user name, password, or any other piece of information as part of
our security procedures, you must treat such information as confidential (other than user name), and you
must not disclose it to others. You must immediately notify Epic (via [e-mail]) of any
unauthorized use of your user name or password or any other breach of security. You should use
particular caution when accessing your account from a public or shared computer so that others are not
able to view or record your password or other personal information. You may only access the Services
through your own account. Users do not own their accounts, and gifting or otherwise transferring of
accounts or access keys is prohibited.

Intellectual Property Rights
The Services, including all content, features, and functionality thereof, are owned by Epic, its licensors, or
other providers of such material and are protected by United States and international copyright,
trademark, patent, and other intellectual property or proprietary rights laws.

Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 43 of 59

You are permitted to use the Services for your personal, non-commercial use only or legitimate business
purposes related to your role as a current or prospective customer of Epic. Except as provided below, you
must not copy, modify, create derivative works of, publicly display, publicly perform, republish, or transmit
any of the material obtained through the Services, or delete, or alter any copyright, trademark, or other
proprietary rights notices from copies of materials from the Services. However, if you are otherwise in
compliance with these Terms, you are permitted to use, elsewhere and on other websites, an unaltered
copy of portions of the content that is publicly available on the Website for the limited, non-commercial
purpose of discussing such content.
You must not reproduce, sell, or exploit for any commercial purposes any part of the Services, access to
the Services or use of the Services or any services or materials available through the Services. Epic’s
Fan Art and Fan Site Policy, found at https://www.epicgames.com/about/fan-art-policy/, governs noncommercial use of such content.
For clarity, the foregoing permissions are limited to the Services, and no rights are granted with respect to
any servers, computers, or databases associated with the Services.

Billing, Payment and Epic Account Balance
As used in this Section, if your primary residence is in the United States of America, then the term “Epic”
means Epic Games, Inc., otherwise the term “Epic” means Epic Games International S.à r.l., acting
through its Swiss branch. ALL CHARGES INCURRED IN CONNECTION WITH THE SERVICES AND
ALL FUNDS PLACED IN THE EPIC ACCOUNT BALANCE ARE PAYABLE IN ADVANCE AND ARE NOT
REFUNDABLE IN WHOLE OR IN PART, REGARDLESS OF THE PAYMENT METHOD, EXCEPT AS
EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT OR AS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW. Through
the Services, Epic may make available a prepaid balance service (“Epic Account Balance”). Your Epic
Account Balance may only be used to obtain certain products and services offered by Epic (excluding the
Epic Store found at http://www.epicgamesstore.com). To access the Epic Account Balance you may be
asked to provide registration details, including without limitation a Payment Method (defined below) and
related billing address. You may only register for one (1) Epic Account Balance. You may use the
following payment methods to place prepaid funds into your Epic Account Balance: credit card, prepaid
payment card, promotional code, or any other payment method as specified by Epic (“Payment Method”).
Any promotional code provided to you by Epic for use as a Payment Method may be subject to additional
terms and conditions associated with the promotion, offer, or coupon. When you provide a Payment
Method to Epic for use in connection with the Epic Account Balance, you represent to Epic that you are
the authorized user of the Payment Method, and you authorize Epic to charge your Payment Method for
any Epic Account Balance funds or other fees incurred by you. If your use of the Epic Account Balance is
subject to any sales or other taxes, then Epic may also charge you for those taxes. You are responsible
for all uses of your Epic Account Balance, including all applicable taxes and all purchases made by you or
anyone else using your Epic Account Balance.
Within any twenty-four (24) hour period, the total amount stored in your Epic Account Balance plus the
total amount spent out of your Epic Account Balance, in the aggregate, may not exceed US$2,000 or its
equivalent in your local currency. Epic reserves the right to change, modify, or otherwise impose usage
limits to your Epic Account Balance at any time, in its sole discretion.
Epic Account Balance funds do not constitute a personal property right and have no value outside the
Services. If you are refunded for an item purchased using Epic Account Balance funds, Epic will return
the funds to your Epic Account Balance. Epic Account Balance funds are non-transferable to another
person and do not accrue interest.
Epic reserves the right to suspend or terminate your Epic Account Balance if after investigation Epic
determines in its sole discretion that you misused the Epic Account Balance, conducted unauthorized
Epic Account Balance transactions from another user’s Epic Account Balance, or used the Epic Account
Balance to conduct any fraudulent or other illegal activity. In the event that your Epic Account Balance is
terminated or suspended in accordance with these Terms for reasons other than fraudulent or other

2
Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 44 of 59

illegal activity, Epic will return your remaining Epic Account Balance less any charges, fees, or other
amounts owed to Epic. Otherwise, Epic Account Balances are not refundable and are not redeemable for
money or monetary value from Epic or any other person or entity. Epic Account Balances that are
deemed unclaimed property may be surrendered to the applicable authority, as required by applicable
law.

Prohibited Uses
You may use the Services only for lawful purposes and in accordance with these Terms of Service. You
agree not to access or use the Services for any purpose that is illegal or beyond the scope of the
Services’ intended use (in Epic’s sole judgment).

User Contributions
The Services contain various forums, networks, and other interactive features that allow you to post,
submit, publish, display, or transmit to Epic and other users (“Post”) content or materials (“User
Contributions”) on or through the Services.
All User Contributions must comply with the following content standards: User Contributions must not be
illegal, fraudulent, deceptive, obscene, threatening, defamatory, invasive of privacy, infringing of
intellectual property rights, or otherwise injurious to third parties or objectionable, and must not consist of
or contain software viruses, commercial solicitation, chain letters, mass mailings, or any form of “spam.”
Any User Contribution that you Post will be considered non-confidential and non-proprietary, and you
grant Epic a nonexclusive, royalty-free, perpetual, irrevocable, and fully sublicensable right to use, copy,
reproduce, modify, adapt, publish, translate, create derivative works from, distribute, and display such
User Contribution throughout the world in any media; however, Epic will only share personal information
that you provide in accordance with Epic’s Privacy Notice found
at https://www.epicgames.com/privacynotice.
You represent and warrant that you own or otherwise control all of the rights to the User Contributions
that you Post at the time of Posting; that the User Contributions are accurate and not fraudulent or
deceptive; and that the User Contributions do not violate these Terms or the rights (intellectual property
rights or otherwise) of any third party, and will not cause injury to any person or entity. You understand
that your User Contributions may be copied by other Services users and discussed on and outside of the
Services, and if you do not have the right to submit User Contributions for such use, it may subject you to
liability. Epic takes no responsibility and assumes no liability for any content Posted by you or any third
party.
Epic has the right but not the obligation to monitor and edit or remove any User Contributions. Epic also
has the right to terminate your access to all or part of the Services for any or no reason, including without
limitation, any violation of these Terms.

Linking
You may link to publicly available portions of the Services if you do so in a way that is fair and does not
damage or take advantage of our reputation, but you must not establish a link in such a way as to
suggest any form of association, approval, or endorsement on our part. The Services must not be framed
on any other website or service. We reserve the right to withdraw linking permission without notice.
If the Services contain links to other sites and resources provided by third parties, these links are
provided for your convenience only. We have no control over the contents of those sites or resources,
and accept no responsibility for them or for any loss or damage that may arise from your use of them.

Disclaimer of Warranties
3
Case 5:17-cv-00534-H Document 1 Filed 10/23/17 Page 45 of 59

The Services and all information, content, materials, products (including software), and other services
included on or otherwise made available to you through the Services are provided by Epic on an “as is”
and “as available” basis. Epic makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, as
to the operation of the Services, or the information, content, materials, products (including software), or
other services included on or otherwise made available to you through the Services. You expressly agree
that your use of the Services is at your sole risk. To the full extent permissible by law, Epic disclaims all
warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantability and
fitness for a particular purpose. Epic does not warrant that the Services, information, content, materials,
products (including software) or other services included on or otherwise made available to you through
the Services, Epic’s servers, or electronic communications sent from Epic are free of viruses or other
harmful components.

Limitation of Liability
To the full extent permissible by law, Epic will not be liable for any loss of profits or any indirect, incidental,
punitive, special or consequential damages arising out of or in connection with this Agreement. Further, to
the full extent permissible by law, Epic’s aggregate liability arising out of or in connection with this
Agreement will not exceed the total amounts you have paid (if any) to Epic under this Agreement during
the twelve (12) months immediately preceding the events giving rise to such liability.

Indemnification
You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless Epic, its affiliates, and licensors, and their respective
officers, directors, employees, contractors, agents, licensors, and suppliers from and against any claims,
liabilities, damages, judgments, awards, losses, costs, expenses, or fees (including reasonable attorneys’
fees) resulting from your User Contributions or violation of these Terms.

Governing Law and Jurisdiction
Any dispute or claim by you arising out of or related to these Terms (“Claim”) shall be governed by North
Carolina law without giving effect to any choice or conflict of law provision or rule. Any legal suit, action, or
proceeding arising out of, or related to, a Claim shall be instituted exclusively in the federal courts of the
United States or the courts of North Carolina, in each case located in Wake County. You agree to waive
any and all objections to the exercise of jurisdiction over you by such courts and to venue in such courts.

Language
To the fullest extent permitted by law, the controlling language for these Terms is English. Any translation
has been provided for your convenience.

Waiver and Severability
No waiver of these Terms by Epic shall be deemed a further or continuing waiver of such term or
condition or any other term or condition, and any failure of Epic to assert a right or provision under these
Terms shall not constitute a waiver of such right or provision.
If any provision of these Terms is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, or
unenforceable for any reason, such provision shall be eliminated or limited to the minimum extent such
that the remaining provisions of these Terms will continue in full force and effect.

Notice and Procedure for Making Claims of Copyright Infringement
In accordance with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) and other applicable law, Epic has
adopted a policy of terminating, in appropriate circumstances as determined by Epic, users or account
holders who are deemed to be repeat infringers of the copyrights of others. Epic may also at its sole
discretion limit access to the Services and/or update, transfer, suspend, or terminate the accounts of any

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users who infringe the intellectual property rights of others, whether or not there is any repeat
infringement.
If you believe that your work has been used on the Website or in any other Services in a way that
constitutes copyright infringement, please submit a Notice of Alleged Infringement (“DMCA Notice”) to our
Designated Copyright Agent as follows:
Legal Department
Epic Games, Inc.
620 Crossroads Blvd.
Cary, NC 27518
Telephone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Please include all of the following in your DMCA Notice:


Identify the copyrighted work that you claim has been infringed. If your DMCA Notice covers multiple
works, you may provide a representative list of such works.



Identify the material that you claim is infringing, including a description of where the material is located.
Your description must be reasonably sufficient to enable us to locate the material. Where possible,
please include the URL of the webpage where the material is located.



Provide your full legal name, mailing address, telephone number, and (if available) e-mail address.



Include the following statement in the body of the DMCA Notice:



I have a good-faith belief that the use of the material is not authorized by the copyright owner, its
agent, or the law. I represent that the information in this DMCA Notice is accurate and, under penalty
of perjury, that I am the owner of the copyright or authorized to act on the copyright owner’s behalf.
Provide your electronic or physical signature.



Please note that under 17 U.S.C. 512(f), if you knowingly misrepresent that material or activity is
infringing, you may be liable for damages, including costs and attorneys’ fees, incurred by us or our
users. If you are unsure whether the material or activity you are reporting is infringing, you may wish to
contact an attorney before filing a notification with us.

General Questions
For general questions, contact us at unrealengine.com/contact .

Epic Store Terms
The following terms apply to the Epic Store found at http://www.epicgamesstore.com:

Orders and Payment
Washington residents will be charged 9.5% sales tax. Online orders may be executed with real-time credit
card processing.

Risk of Loss and Shipping
All items purchased from the Epic Store are made pursuant to a shipment contract. This means that the
risk of loss and title for such items pass to you upon our delivery to the carrier. Check out our Shipping
page for information on delivery times, rates, restrictions, and holiday schedules.

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Return Policy
Items in their original condition may be returned within 30 days of purchase for a full refund. Please return
the items in the original shipping container with original packing materials to:
Epic Store Returns 3150 Elliott Ave. Suite 110 Seattle, WA 98121
Epic does not take title to returned items until the item arrives at such address.

Customer Service
Have questions about the Epic Store, or need help? Contact us with this form.

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EXHIBIT C

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Fortnite® End User License Agreement
Please read this Agreement carefully. It is a legal document that explains your rights and
obligations related to your use of the Software, including any Services you access or purchases
you make through the Software. By downloading or using the Software, or by otherwise
indicating your acceptance of this Agreement, you are agreeing to be bound by the terms of this
Agreement. If you do not or cannot agree to the terms of this Agreement, please do not
download or use this Software.
Your use of the Services is also governed by Epic’s Terms of Service, which may be found at
https://www.epicgames.com/tos. By downloading or using the Software, you also agree to Epic’s
Terms of Service.
Certain words or phrases are defined to have certain meanings when used in this Agreement.
Those words and phrases are defined below in Section 17.
If your primary residence is in the United States of America, your agreement is with Epic
Games, Inc. If it is not in the United States of America, your agreement is with Epic Games
International S.à r.l., acting through its Swiss branch.
1. License Grant
Epic grants you a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable limited right and
license to install and use one copy of the Software on a device for your personal entertainment
use (the “License”). The rights that Epic grants you under the License are subject to the terms of
this Agreement, and you may only make use of the License if you comply with all applicable
terms.
The License becomes effective on the date you accept this Agreement. The Software is licensed,
not sold, to you under the License. The License does not grant you any title or ownership in the
Software.
2. License Conditions
You may not do any of the following with respect to the Software or any of its parts: (a) use it
commercially or for a promotional purpose; (b) use it on more than one device at a time; (c)
copy, reproduce, distribute, display, or use it in a way that is not expressly authorized in this
Agreement; (d) sell, rent, lease, license, distribute, or otherwise transfer it; (e) reverse engineer,
derive source code from, modify, adapt, translate, decompile, or disassemble it or make
derivative works based on it; (f) remove, disable, circumvent, or modify any proprietary notice
or label or security technology included in it; (g) create, develop, distribute, or use any
unauthorized software programs to gain advantage in any online or other game modes; (h) use it
to infringe or violate the rights of any third party, including but not limited to any intellectual
property, publicity, or privacy rights; or (i) use, export, or re-export it in violation of any
applicable law or regulation.

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3. Updates and Patches
Epic may provide patches, updates, or upgrades to the Software that must be installed in order
for you to continue to use the Software or Services. Epic may update the Software remotely
without notifying you, and you hereby consent to Epic applying patches, updates, and upgrades.
Epic may modify, suspend, discontinue, substitute, replace, or limit your access to any aspect of
the Software or Services at any time. You acknowledge that your use of the Software or
Services does not confer on you any interest, monetary or otherwise, in any aspect or feature of
the Software or Services, including but not limited to any in-game rewards, achievements,
character levels, Game Currency, or Content. You also acknowledge that any character data,
game progress, game customization or other data related to your use of the Software or Services
may cease to be available to you at any time without notice from Epic, including without
limitation after a patch, update, or upgrade is applied by Epic. Epic does not have any
maintenance or support obligations with respect to the Software or Services.
4. Game Currency and Content
Epic may offer you the ability to acquire licenses to in-game currency (“Game Currency”) or
Content, such as by: (a) purchasing a limited license to use Game Currency for a fee
(“Purchased Game Currency”), (b) earning a limited license to use Game Currency by
performing or accomplishing specific tasks in the Software, or (c) purchasing for a fee,
exchanging Game Currency for, or earning a limited license to use Content. Also, Epic may
facilitate the exchange of certain Content through the Software, in some cases for a fee. You
may only use such Game Currency or Content if you pay the associated fee (if any). When you
earn or pay the fee to obtain such Game Currency or Content, you are obtaining or purchasing
from Epic the right to have your License include such Game Currency or Content. Regardless of
any references Epic may make outside this Agreement to purchasing or selling Game Currency
or Content, both Game Currency and Content are licensed, not sold, to you under the License.
Use of an Epic Account Balance to purchase Game Currency or Content is subject to Epic’s
Terms of Service.
Neither Game Currency nor Content are redeemable for money or monetary value from Epic or
any other person, except as otherwise required by applicable law. Game Currency and Content
do not have an equivalent value in real currency and do not act as a substitute for real currency.
Neither Epic nor any other person or entity has any obligation to exchange Game Currency or
Content for anything of value, including, but not limited to, real currency. You agree that Epic
may engage in actions that may impact the perceived value or purchase price, if applicable, of
Game Currency and Content at any time, except as prohibited by applicable law.
All purchases of Purchased Game Currency and Content are final and are not refundable,
transferable, or exchangeable under any circumstances, except as otherwise required by
applicable law. Epic, in its sole discretion, may impose limits on the amount of Game Currency
or Content that may be purchased, earned, accumulated, redeemed or otherwise used.
Except as otherwise prohibited by applicable law, Epic, in its sole discretion, has the absolute
right to manage, modify, substitute, replace, suspend, cancel or eliminate Game Currency or
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Content, including your ability to access or use Game Currency or Content, without notice or
liability to you. You may not transfer, sell, gift, exchange, trade, lease, sublicense, or rent Game
Currency or Content except within the Software and as expressly permitted by Epic. Except as
otherwise prohibited by applicable law, Epic reserves and retains all rights, title, and interest in
and to the Game Currency and Content. The license to Game Currency and Content under the
License will terminate upon termination of the License and as otherwise provided herein.
When you provide payment information to Epic or its authorized processor, you represent that
you are an authorized user of the payment card, PIN, key, account or other payment method
specified by you, and you authorize Epic to charge such payment method for the full amount of
the transaction.
5. User Generated Content
Any content that you create, generate, or make available through the Software or the Services,
including buildings, chat posts, character data, game customization, in-game constructions, and
screenshots, shall be “UGC”. You hereby grant to Epic a non-exclusive, fully-paid, royalty-free,
irrevocable, perpetual, transferable, and sublicensable license to use, copy, modify, adapt,
distribute, and publicly display your UGC. You may not create, generate, or make available
through the Software of the Services any UGC to which you do not have the right to grant Epic
such license. In addition, you may not create, generate, or make available through the Software
of the Services any UGC that is illegal or violates or infringes another’s rights, including
intellectual property rights or privacy, publicity or moral rights. Epic reserves the right to take
down any UGC in its discretion.
6. Feedback
If you provide Epic with any Feedback, you hereby grant Epic a non-exclusive, fully-paid,
royalty-free, irrevocable, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable license to reproduce, distribute,
modify, prepare derivative works based on, publicly perform, publicly display, make, have made,
use, sell, offer to sell, import, and otherwise exploit that Feedback for any purposes, for all
current and future methods and forms of exploitation in any country. If any such rights may not
be licensed under applicable law (such as moral and other personal rights), you hereby waive and
agree not to assert all such rights. You understand and agree that Epic is not required to make
any use of any Feedback that you provide. You agree that if Epic makes use of your Feedback,
Epic is not required to credit or compensate you for your contribution. You represent and warrant
that you have sufficient rights in any Feedback that you provide to Epic to grant Epic and other
affected parties the rights described above. This includes but is not limited to intellectual
property rights and other proprietary or personal rights.
7. Ownership/Third Party Licenses
Epic and its licensors own all title, ownership rights, and intellectual property rights in the
Software and Services. Epic, Epic Games, Unreal, Unreal Engine, and Fortnite, and their
respective logos, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Epic and its affiliates in the United
States of America and elsewhere. All rights granted to you under this Agreement are granted by
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express license only and not by sale. No license or other rights shall be created hereunder by
implication, estoppel, or otherwise.
The Software includes certain components provided by Epic’s licensors. A list of credits and
notices for third party components may be found in the game interface.
8. Disclaimers and Limitation of Liability
The Software (including any Game Currency and Content) and Services is provided on an
“as is” and “as available” basis, “with all faults” and without warranty of any kind. Epic,
its licensors, and its and their affiliates disclaim all warranties, conditions, common law
duties, and representations (express, implied, oral, and written) with respect to the
Software and Services, including without limitation all express, implied, and statutory
warranties and conditions of any kind, such as title, non-interference with your enjoyment,
authority, non-infringement, merchantability, fitness or suitability for any purpose
(whether or not Epic knows or has reason to know of any such purpose), system
integration, accuracy or completeness, results, reasonable care, workmanlike effort, lack of
negligence, and lack of viruses, whether alleged to arise under law, by reason of custom or
usage in the trade, or by course of dealing. Without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, Epic, its licensors, and its and their affiliates make no warranty that (1) the
Software or Services will operate properly, (2) that the Software or Services will meet your
requirements, (3) that the operation of the Software or Services will be uninterrupted, bug
free, or error free in any or all circumstances, or (4) that any defects in the Software or
Services can or will be corrected. Any warranty against infringement that may be
provided in Section 2-312 of the Uniform Commercial Code or in any other comparable
statute is expressly disclaimed. Epic, its licensors, and its and their affiliates do not
guarantee continuous, error-free, virus-free, or secure operation of or access to the
Software or Services. This paragraph will apply to the maximum extent permitted by
applicable law.
To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, neither Epic, nor its licensors, nor its
or their affiliates, nor any of Epic’s service providers (collectively, the “Epic Parties”), shall
be liable in any way for any loss of profits or any indirect, incidental, consequential,
special, punitive, or exemplary damages, arising out of or in connection with this
Agreement or the Software (including any Game Currency or Content) or Services, or the
delay or inability to use or lack of functionality of the Software or Services, even in the
event of an Epic Party’s fault, tort (including negligence), strict liability, indemnity,
product liability, breach of contract, breach of warranty, or otherwise and even if an Epic
Party has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Further, to the maximum extent
permitted by applicable law, the aggregate liability of the Epic Parties arising out of or in
connection with this Agreement or the Software (including any Game Currency or
Content) or Services will not exceed the total amounts you have paid (if any) to Epic for the
Software (including any Game Currency or Content) during the twelve (12) months
immediately preceding the events giving rise to such liability. These limitations and
exclusions regarding damages apply even if any remedy fails to provide adequate
compensation.
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Notwithstanding the foregoing, some countries, states, provinces or other jurisdictions do
not allow the exclusion of certain warranties or the limitation of liability as stated above, so
the above terms may not apply to you. Instead, in such jurisdictions, the foregoing
exclusions and limitations shall apply only to the extent permitted by the laws of such
jurisdictions. Also, you may have additional legal rights in your jurisdiction, and nothing in
this Agreement will prejudice the statutory rights that you may have as a consumer of the
Software or Services.
9. Indemnity
You agree to indemnify, pay the defense costs of, and hold Epic, its licensors, its and their
affiliates, and its and their employees, officers, directors, agents, contractors, and other
representatives harmless from all claims, demands, actions, losses, liabilities, and expenses
(including attorneys’ fees, costs, and expert witnesses’ fees) that arise from or in connection with
(a) any claim that, if true, would constitute a breach by you of this Agreement or negligence by
you, or (b) any act or omission by you in using the Software (including any Game Currency or
Content) or Services. You agree to reimburse Epic on demand for any defense costs incurred by
Epic and any payments made or loss suffered by Epic, whether in a court judgment or settlement,
based on any matter covered by this Section 9.
If you are prohibited by law from entering into the indemnification obligation above, then you
assume, to the extent permitted by law, all liability for all claims, demands, actions, losses,
liabilities, and expenses (including attorneys’ fees, costs and expert witnesses’ fees) that are the
stated subject matter of the indemnification obligation above.
10. Privacy
By downloading or using the Software, you consent to the data collection and usage terms in
Epic’s privacy policy, as it may be updated from time to time. The privacy policy is available at
https://www.epicgames.com/privacypolicy.
11. Termination
Without limiting any other rights of Epic, this Agreement will terminate automatically without
notice if you fail to comply with any of its terms and conditions. You may also terminate this
Agreement by deleting the Software. Upon any termination, the License will automatically
terminate, you may no longer exercise any of the rights granted to you by the License, and you
must destroy all copies of the Software in your possession.
Except to the extent required by law, all payments and fees are non-refundable under all
circumstances, regardless of whether or not this Agreement has been terminated.
Sections 2, 5-14, and 16-18 will survive any termination of this Agreement.
12. Governing Law and Jurisdiction

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You agree that this Agreement will be deemed to have been made and executed in the State of
North Carolina, U.S.A., and any dispute will be resolved in accordance with the laws of North
Carolina, excluding that body of law related to choice of laws, and of the United States of
America. Any action or proceeding brought to enforce the terms of this Agreement or to
adjudicate any dispute must be brought in the Superior Court of Wake County, State of North
Carolina or the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina. You
agree to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of these courts. You waive any claim of
inconvenient forum and any right to a jury trial. The Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods will not apply. Any law or regulation which provides that the
language of a contract shall be construed against the drafter will not apply to this Agreement.
13. Class Action Waiver
You agree not to bring or participate in a class or representative action, private attorney
general action, or collective arbitration related to the Software (including any Game
Currency or Content) or Services or this Agreement. You also agree not to seek to
combine any action or arbitration related to the Software or Services or this Agreement
with any other action or arbitration without the consent of all parties to this Agreement
and all other actions or arbitrations.
14. U.S. Government Matters
The Software is a “Commercial Item” (as defined at 48 C.F.R. §2.101), consisting of
“Commercial Computer Software” and “Commercial Computer Software Documentation” (as
used in 48 C.F.R. §12.212 or 48 C.F.R. §227.7202, as applicable). The Software is being
licensed to U.S. Government end users only as Commercial Items and with only those rights as
are granted to other licensees under this Agreement.
You represent and warrant to Epic that you are not located in a country that is subject to a U.S.
Government embargo or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a “terrorist
supporting” country, and that you are not listed on any U.S. Government list of prohibited or
restricted parties.
15. Amendments of this Agreement
Epic may issue an amended Agreement at any time in its discretion by posting the amended
Agreement on its website or by providing you with digital access to the amended
Agreement when you next access the Software. If any amendment to this Agreement is not
acceptable to you, you may terminate this Agreement and must stop using the Software.
Your continued use of the Software will demonstrate your acceptance of the amended
Agreement.
16. No Assignment
You may not, without the prior written consent of Epic, assign, transfer, charge, or sub-contract
all or any of your rights or obligations under this Agreement, and any attempt without that
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consent will be null and void. If restrictions on transfer of the Software in this Agreement are
not enforceable under the law of your country, then this Agreement will be binding on any
recipient of the Software. Epic may at any time assign, transfer, charge, or sub-contract all or
any of its rights or obligations under this Agreement.
17. Definitions
As used in this Agreement, the following capitalized words have the following meanings:
“Confidential Information” means any non-public information related to the Software,
including without limitation information related to gameplay or other content, Game Currency,
Content, the Services, your own feedback and comments, and the feedback or comments of any
other licensee of the Software or any Epic representative.
“Content” means any virtual items or other content that Epic makes available for you to access
or download through or in connection with the Software.
“Epic” means, depending on the location of your primary residence:
a. Epic Games, Inc., a Maryland Corporation having its principal business offices at
Box 254, 2474 Walnut Street, Cary, North Carolina, 27518, U.S.A.; or
b. Epic Games International S.à r.l., a Luxembourg Société à Responsibilité Limitée,
located at Atrium Business Park, 33 rue du Puits Romain, L8070 Bertrange, GrandDuchy of Luxembourg, acting through its Swiss branch, having its principal business
offices at Lindenstrasse 16, 6340 Baar, Switzerland.
“Feedback” means any feedback or suggestions that you provide to Epic regarding the Software,
Services or other Epic products and services.
“Services” means any services made available to you through the Software, including services to
acquire, maintain and use Game Currency and Content.
“Software” means the proprietary software application known as Fortnite, and any patches,
updates, and upgrades to the application, and all related content and documentation made
available to you by Epic under this Agreement, including but not limited to all software code,
titles, themes, objects, characters, names, dialogue, catch phrases, locations, stories, artwork,
animation, concepts, sounds, audio-visual effects, methods of operation, and musical
compositions that are related to the application, and any copies of any of the foregoing. Software
specifically includes all Game Currency and Content for which you have paid the associated fee
or otherwise acquired a license under Section 4.
18. Miscellaneous
This Agreement and any document or information referred to in this Agreement constitute the
entire agreement between you and Epic relating to the subject matter covered by this Agreement.
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All other communications, proposals, and representations with respect to the subject matter
covered by this Agreement are excluded.
The original of this Agreement is in English; any translations are provided for reference purposes
only. You waive any right you may have under the law of your country to have this Agreement
written or construed in the language of any other country.
This Agreement describes certain legal rights. You may have other rights under the laws of your
jurisdiction. This Agreement does not change your rights under the laws of your jurisdiction if
the laws of your jurisdiction do not permit it to do so. Limitations and exclusions of warranties
and remedies in this Agreement may not apply to you because your jurisdiction may not allow
them in your particular circumstance. In the event that certain provisions of this Agreement are
held by a court or tribunal of competent jurisdiction to be unenforceable, those provisions shall
be enforced only to the furthest extent possible under applicable law and the remaining terms of
this Agreement will remain in full force and effect.
Any act by Epic to exercise, or failure or delay in exercise of, any of its rights under this
Agreement, at law or in equity will not be deemed a waiver of those or any other rights or
remedies available in contract, at law or in equity.
You agree that this Agreement does not confer any rights or remedies on any person other than
the parties to this Agreement, except as expressly stated.
Epic’s obligations are subject to existing laws and legal process, and Epic may comply with law
enforcement or regulatory requests or requirements despite any contrary term in this Agreement.

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EXHIBIT D

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