Taylor v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al
Filing
93
ORDER granting 73 Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction and 76 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim - Signed by District Judge Louise Wood Flanagan on 03/19/2014. (Baker, C.)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
SOUTHERN DIVISION
NO. 7:11-CV-268-FL
S. DOUGLAS TAYLOR,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and
HEALTH NET FEDERAL SERVICES,
LLC,
Defendants.
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ORDER
This matter is before the court on defendants’ motions to dismiss plaintiff’s second amended
complaint. (DE 30, 32). Plaintiff filed a response and defendants replied. In this posture, the issues
raised are ripe for ruling. For the reasons that follow, defendants’ motions to dismiss will be
granted.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Plaintiff filed an amended complaint on March 8, 2012, alleging claims against: (1)
defendant United States of America (“United States”), challenging a November 10, 2011,
administrative decision of TRICARE Management Activity (“TMA”),1 under the Administrative
Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 500 et seq. (“APA”); and (2) defendant Health Net Federal Services, LLC
1
TRICARE Management Activity is a Department of Defense agency tasked with administering the TRICARE
program, see 32 C.F.R. § 199.2, a federal “managed health care program that is established by the Department of
Defense under authority of [Title 10, U.S.C., Chapter 55],” which “includes the competitive selection of contractors to
financially underwrite the delivery of health care services under the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the
Uniformed Services.” 10 U.S.C. § 1072(7). The term TRICARE is sometimes used interchangeably with the Civilian
Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services, which appears as the acronym “CHAMPUS” in the regulations.
See U.S. ex rel. Rahman v. Oncology Associates, 198 F.3d 489, 493 n. 1 (4th Cir. 1999).
(“Health Net”), asserting claims under the TRICARE regulations, 32 C.F.R. § 199.1 et seq.; the Fifth
Amendment of the United States Constitution; North Carolina common law defamation; and North
Carolina’s Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“UDTPA”), N.C. Gen. Stat., § 75-1.1 et seq.
Plaintiff, a physician in Onslow County, North Carolina, seeks reinstatement as a TRICARE
authorized provider, declaratory relief, money damages (both compensatory and punitive), and costs.
The United States moved to dismiss plaintiff’s claims against it in the amended complaint
for failure to state a claim under the APA, and moved for exemption from discovery. Health Net
moved to dismiss claims against it for failure to state a claim and for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction due to failure to exhaust administrative remedies.2
On November 26, 2012, the court denied the United States’s motion to dismiss and granted
Health Net’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6). The court granted the United States’s motion for exemption from discovery.
On November 28, 2012, plaintiff moved to amend the complaint to add allegations that
defendant Health Net is a governmental or state actor. On December 5, 2012, the United States
moved to vacate the United States’s prior administrative decision and to remand for further
administrative proceedings. On January 18, 2013, the court granted the United States’s motion to
remand and invited the parties to renew any matters still pending following the issuance of a new
final administrative order.
On March 5, 2013, the United States filed a notice of decision and joint status report. In the
notice, the United States reported that on February 19, 2013, TMA issued a “Final Agency
Determination of Effective Date of termination of TRICARE Authorized Provider Status Following
2
Defendants originally moved to dismiss in February 2012. After plaintiff filed his amended complaint, the court
notified parties of an opportunity to clarify. Defendants did so by filing motions to dismiss on April 25, 2012.
2
Court Ordered Remand” (hereinafter, the “Final Agency Determination”). (DE 56-1). The Final
Agency Determination stated it was issued “to correct the effective date of a May 18, 2011, initial
determination issued by a TRICARE contractor [Health Net] that retroactively terminated
[plaintiff’s] TRICARE provider status to April 1, 2004.” (Id.). The Final Agency Determination
also stated that plaintiff’s “status as a TRICARE authorized provider” “is terminated effective 15
calendar days from the date of this determination.” (Id.). The joint status report stated that plaintiff
intended to move to amend his complaint, and the court set a schedule for doing so.
Plaintiff filed a motion to amend on April 4, 2013, and the court granted the motion on June
24, 2013. Plaintiff’s second amended complaint, filed June 28, 2013, is identical in all material
respects to plaintiff’s first amended complaint, except that it adds allegations regarding the Final
Agency Determination dated February 13, 2013, (Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 19-21), and it adds
allegations regarding defendant Health Net’s status as a governmental or state actor, (Id. ¶3).
On July 19, 2013, the United States filed the instant motion to dismiss for failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), and for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), and Health Net filed its motion also before the court,
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).
STATEMENT OF FACTS
As alleged, plaintiff is a physician licensed by the North Carolina Medical Board to practice
in the state since 1996, at a full clinical practice level. In 2004, plaintiff applied to become a
TRICARE provider through Health Net. TRICARE is a healthcare system for military members and
their dependants to obtain medical care that is paid for by the federal government. Health Net is the
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Managed Care Support Contractor that implements and administers the TRICARE program for the
Department of Defense in North Carolina (as part of the TRICARE North Region).
When plaintiff requested to become a TRICARE provider in 2004, the application asked
whether plaintiff had any state medical license issues in the past five years, such as suspensions or
revocations. Although plaintiff answered “no,” he attached a full explanation of past disciplinary
actions with medical boards which had occurred between 1985 and 1995. In 1986 his California
license was suspended; in 1987 plaintiff’s North Carolina license was revoked; in 1993 his New
York license was revoked; and in 1995 he was denied a medical license in Ohio. Plaintiff has had
no problems with his medical license in North Carolina since it was reinstated in 1996. Based upon
his application, which included these disclosures, plaintiff was authorized as a provider in 2004 and
his provider status was renewed in 2008.
In 2011, defendant Health Net sent plaintiff a notice that his provider status was being
terminated because of the revocation of plaintiff’s medical license in New York. Furthermore, the
notice stated an intent to sue plaintiff for recovery of funds received from the government while he
was an authorized TRICARE provider. Health Net further threatened involuntary collections against
plaintiff, despite his repeated attempts to point out that he is a licensed physician and a qualified
provider.
At the time that plaintiff’s New York license was revoked, he was not an authorized
TRICARE provider. That revocation was approximately eleven years before plaintiff applied to
become a TRICARE provider. Health Net knew of that revocation when it approved his provider
status in 2004, and renewed that status in 2008. Thus, plaintiff practiced medicine in North Carolina
as an approved TRICARE provider from 2004 to 2011, but had his status retroactively revoked by
4
Health Net. Health Net also communicated to plaintiff’s patients that he was not an authorized
TRICARE provider and was not entitled to payment for any treatments provided.
Plaintiff engaged in numerous communications with Health Net, which refused to reconsider
its position. Furthermore, plaintiff’s appeal of Health Net’s decision to TMA in 2012, provided him
with no relief. TMA informed plaintiff that it lacked jurisdiction to conduct a hearing because the
issues complained of were issues of law, and not of fact. (Second Am. Compl., Exs. F, G). TMA
stated that under TRICARE regulations, 32 C.F.R. §§ 199.2(b), 199.10(a)(6) and (d), only disputes
of fact are appealable to TMA. (Id.). Furthermore, TMA rejected plaintiff’s interpretation of the
TRICARE regulations. (Id. Ex. F).
Following the court’s January 18, 2013, remand order, TMA issued the Final Agency
Determination In the Final Agency Determination, issued on February 19, 2013, TMA maintains
that under the terms of TRICARE program regulations, 32 C.F.R. 199.1, et seq., plaintiff is not
qualified to be an authorized TRICARE provider because plaintiff’s medical license in New York
was revoked and has not been restored. (Id. Ex. H.). TMA also states that the initial determination
issued May 18, 2011, by Health Net, terminating plaintiff’s status as a TRICARE authorized
provider “should have been effective 15 days from the date of the initial determination,” rather than
retroactive to April 1, 2004. (Id.). Accordingly, the Final Agency Determination corrects and
“correct[s] with notice” the effective date of the initial determination, stating that his status as a
TRICARE authorized provider is terminated “effective 15 days from the date of this determination,”
or March 6, 2013. (Id.). Finally, the Final Agency Determination states that “any recoupment based
on [plaintiff’s] TRICARE provider status for any care provided prior to the effective date specified
5
in this notice is terminated and if there were any improper collections based on the Health Net
retroactive termination of your provider status they will be reversed.” (Id., p. 7).
With respect to defendant Health Net’s status as a governmental or state actor, plaintiff
alleges that the United States has delegated to Health Net the right to make the determination of
what physicians meet the requirements to be “providers” under the TRICARE regulations. (Second
Am. Compl. ¶ 3). Plaintiff alleges that all power that Health Net has exercised against plaintiff is
derived solely from the authority granted to Health Net by the United States, and that Health Net
“wield[s] all of the government’s power when it comes to interpretation of the relevant regulations.”
(Id.).
DISCUSSION
A.
Standard of Review
The purpose of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted is to eliminate claims that are factually or legally insufficient. Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
570 (2007). To survive a motion to dismiss, a pleading must contain “sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678
(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). In evaluating whether a claim is stated, “a court accepts all
well-pled facts as true and construes these facts in the light most favorable” to the plaintiff, but does
not consider “legal conclusions, elements of a cause of action, and bare assertions devoid of further
factual enhancement.” Nemet Chevrolet, Ltd. v. Consumeraffairs.com, Inc., 591 F.3d 250, 255 (4th
Cir. 2009). Nor must the court accept “unwarranted inferences, unreasonable conclusions, or
arguments.” Id.
6
A Rule 12(b)(1) motion challenges the court’s subject matter jurisdiction, and the plaintiff
bears the burden of showing that federal jurisdiction is appropriate when challenged by the
defendant. See McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936); Adams v.
Bain,697 F.2d 1213, 1219 (4th Cir. 1982). Such a motion may either assert the complaint fails to
state facts upon which subject matter jurisdiction may be based or attack the existence of subject
matter jurisdiction in fact, apart from the complaint. Adams, 697 F.2d at 1219.
B. Analysis
1. Federal claims against Health Net
Plaintiff asserts two federal claims against Health Net: (1) for violation of the TRICARE
regulations, 32 C.F.R. § 199.1 et seq.; and (2) for a due process violation under the Fifth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. The court previously determined that plaintiff’s
claim against Health Net for violation of the TRICARE regulations is without merit because the
TRICARE regulations do not create a private cause of action. See Regional Management Corp. v.
Legal Services Corp., 186 F.3d 457, 461-62 (4th Cir. 1999). Plaintiff’s second amended complaint
and opposition to Health Net’s motion to dismiss provides no basis to reconsider this ruling.
Accordingly this claim will be dismissed.
With respect to plaintiff’s claim under the Fifth Amendment, the court previously granted
defendant Health Net’s motion to dismiss on the basis that plaintiff had not alleged “that Health Net
is a state actor, or fairly described as one.” November 26, 2012, Order at 6. Plaintiff now contends
the allegations in the second amended complaint overcome this obstacle, and that he should be
allowed to proceed on his Fifth Amendment claim.
7
Assuming without deciding that Health Net may fairly be described as a state actor, however,
plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claim fails for a separate reason. In particular, the Supreme Court has
recognized an implied private right of action against a federal officer, based upon a violation of the
Constitution, only in accordance with Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388,
397 (1971). The Supreme Court expressly has declined to extend Bivens to confer a right of action
for damages against a federal government agency, see FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 484-86 (1994),
or against “private corporations acting under color of federal law.” Correctional Services Corp. v.
Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 71 (2001); see Gantt v. Security USA, 356 F.3d 547, 552 (4th Cir. 2004)
(holding that because the defendant “is a private entity . . . no Bivens claim lies against the
company,” and the district court properly dismissed the constitutional claim against as a matter of
law). Therefore, where Health Net is a private entity allegedly acting under color of federal law,
plaintiff’s Bivens claim is foreclosed and must be dismissed.
Plaintiff argues that Malesko is distinguishable because it did not address whether a claim
against an entity could be based upon a theory of direct liability against a corporation arising out of
its “corporate policy to do harm to the plaintiff.” (Opp’n at 8). But, Malesko and Meyer make clear
that a constitutional claim against a federal agency or a private corporation acting under color of
federal law is foreclosed regardless of the theory of liability. In particular, in describing Mayer, the
Supreme Court noted:
The purpose of Bivens is to deter individual federal officers from committing
constitutional violations. Meyer made clear that the threat of litigation and liability
will adequately deter federal officers for Bivens purposes no matter that they . . . are
acting pursuant to an entity’s policy[.] . . . This case is, in every meaningful sense,
the same. For if a corporate defendant is available for suit, claimants will focus their
collection efforts on it, and not the individual directly responsible for the alleged
injury. On the logic of Meyer, inferring a constitutional tort remedy against a private
entity like [defendant] is therefore foreclosed.
8
Malesko, 534 U.S. at 70-71 (internal citations omitted).
Plaintiff’s suggestion that the court is precluded from dismissal on this basis by the
statements in the court’s November 26, 2012, order, also is unavailing. The law of the case doctrine
“posits that when a court decides upon a rule of law, that decision should continue to govern the
same issues in subsequent stages in the same case.” Arizona v. California, 460 U.S. 605, 618
(1983). In this instance, the court previously dismissed plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claim because
plaintiff failed to allege that Health Net is a state actor. (See November 26, 2012, Order at p. 5-6
(citing Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co., 500 U.S. 614, 620 (1991)). The court did not address,
however, the additional binding limitations on a Fifth Amendment claim based upon Bivens,
Malesko, Meyer, and Gantt, and the court did not need to do so in light of its holding. The court’s
discussion of the “state actor” requirement is not a “deci[sion] upon a rule of law,” Arizona, 460
U.S. at 618, that binds the court’s analysis of Bivens.
Moreover, the law of the case doctrine “does not and cannot limit the power of a court to
reconsider an earlier ruling.” Am. Canoe Ass’n v. Murphy Farms, Inc., 326 F.3d 505, 515 (4th Cir.
2003); Spencer v. Earley, 278 F. App’x 254, 262 (4th Cir. 2008). To the extent the court incorrectly
suggests in its prior order that plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claim could proceed solely on the basis
of an allegation that defendant is a state actor, the court clarifies here that state action is not the only
requirement for a successful Bivens claim, in light of Malesco, Meyer, and Gantt.
2. State law claims against Health Net
The court previously dismissed all state law claims against Health Net based upon the
allegations in the amended complaint. The additional allegations in the second amended complaint
and documents attached thereto, concerning events following the court’s November 26, 2012, order
9
do not provide a basis to alter this ruling. Nevertheless, plaintiff asks the court to “revisit its
decision in its previous order dismissing plaintiff’s unfair and deceptive trade practices claim,” and
to “view the ‘unfair or deceptive trade practice’ in question as being the arbitrary interference with
a person’s right to make a living, rather than defamation, as was done in the November 26, 2012
order.” (Opp’n at 10). Plaintiff contends Health Net’s conduct was unfair because (1) the governing
regulations do not provide any basis for terminating his status as a qualified TRICARE provider, (2)
Health Net’s collection efforts were unfair, and (3) if Health Net was correct in declaring him
ineligible in 2011, then the representation to plaintiff that he was authorized initially was deceptive.
(Opp’n at 9).
This conduct alleged, however, is not of the type actionable under the UDTPA. Courts
applying this act “differentiate between contract and deceptive trade practice claims, and relegate
claims regarding the existence of an agreement, the terms contained in an agreement, and the
interpretation of an agreement to the arena of contract law.” Broussard v. Meineke Disc. Muffler
Shops, Inc., 155 F.3d 331, 347 (4th Cir. 1998) (quotations omitted). “North Carolina law requires
a showing of ‘substantial aggravating circumstances’ to support a claim” under the UDTPA. Id.;
see also Strum v. Exxon Co., U.S.A., 15 F.3d 327, 333 (4th Cir. 1994) (“We think it unlikely that
an independent tort could arise in the course of contractual performance, since those sorts of claims
are most appropriately addressed by asking simply whether a party adequately fulfilled its
contractual obligations.”).
In this manner, in PCS Phosphate Co., Inc. v. Norfolk S. Corp., 559 F.3d 212 (4th Cir. 2009),
the Fourth Circuit upheld dismissal of a UDTPA claim where the complained-of conduct arose out
of the parties’ activities in the course of contractual performance. The court rejected the argument
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that a railroad’s alleged threats to abandon rail access to plaintiff’s mine constituted “substantial
aggravating circumstances,” reasoning that “these alleged threats are nothing more than [defendant]
stating that it believed it had a separate legal right to abandon its own tracks.” Id. at 224. Thus, a
defendant’s conduct in exercising perceived rights and remedies under a contractual agreement with
another party, even if allegedly contrary to the to the terms of the agreement, does not form the basis
for a UDTPA claim.
In this case, plaintiff’s relationship with Health Net was contractual in nature. Plaintiff
applied to Health Net to become an authorized provider, and Health Net summarized some of the
contractual rights and duties of a provider and Health Net as part of the application process. For
example, in plaintiff’s application process, Health Net stated:
If at any time a provider no longer meets the minimum credentialing requirements,
Health Net retains the right to terminate any provider contract.
A full re-credentialing review of all contracted health care providers is conducted
every three years to facilitate the maintenance of current and accurate files and to
ensure the provider is still meeting all minimum requirements.
. . . . Call 877-TRICARE (877-874-2273) and select the option for “contracting and
credentialing” for the appropriate forms and instructions.
In the case of a quality review proceeding for adverse action, Health Net, at its sole
discretion, may suppress a provider from the online provider directory and the
referral management system until the issue is resolved.
In order to qualify for participation, providers must meet the following specifications
....
- Agree to conditions of participation per the network agreement.
(Second Am. Compl., Ex. B) (emphasis added). In addition, upon application for re-credentialing
in 2008, plaintiff signed a “Credentials Attestation, Authorization and Release,” in which, inter alia,
plaintiff “acknowledge[d] and agree[d] that Health Net . . . has a valid interest and legal requirement
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to obtain and verify information concerning [plaintiff’s] professional competence.” (Compl., Ex.
B, p. 4).3 This release form also specifically references plaintiff’s obligations under a “Professional
Provider Agreement.” (Id.).
These contractual documents define plaintiff’s relationship with Health Net. See Second Am.
Compl., Ex. H, n.4 (“[A] provider who wishes to become a ‘network provider’ with a TRICARE
contractor must enter into an agreement/contract with the TRICARE contractor.”); see also 32
C.F.R. 199.17(q)(5) (“The provider must sign a preferred provider network agreement covering all
applicable requirements.”); Bd. of Trustees of Bay Med. Ctr. v. Humana Military Healthcare Servs.,
Inc., 447 F.3d 1370, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“Network provider contracts are private agreements
between the [providers] and [TRICARE contractor]. The government was not a party to those
contracts, and the [providers] have no direct relationship with the government.”).
Plaintiff’s allegations that defendant improperly terminated his status as a qualified
TRICARE provider, changed its position contrary to its initial acceptance of plaintiff’s application,
and made threats of collection activity, amount to a dispute over the parties’ respective rights and
remedies under the provider agreement. As such, they do not form the basis for a UDTPA claim.
See PCS Phosphate, 559 F.3d at 224; see also Deltacom, Inc. v. Budget Telecom, Inc.,
5:10-CV-38-FL, 2011 WL 2036676, at *4 (E.D.N.C. May 22, 2011) (in dismissing UDTPA claim,
holding that “allegations relating to plaintiffs’ contacts with defendant’s subagents, where plaintiffs
3
Plaintiff attached a partial copy of this re-credentialing application to his amended complaint and second amended
complaint. Where a complete copy is attached to the original complaint, the court refers to the more complete original
exhibit. See Jeffrey M. Brown Associates, Inc. v. Rockville Ctr. Inc., 7 F. App'x 197, 202-03 (4th Cir. 2001)
(“[C]onsideration of exhibits that were attached to the original complaint, omitted from the amended complaint, but still
referred to, integral to, and relied upon in the amended complaint, furthers the policy of preventing plaintiffs from
surviving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion by deliberately omitting documents upon which their claims are based.”).
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supposedly informed these subagents that defendant was not meeting its requirements under the
contract and would be terminated, implicate no more than plaintiffs’ understanding of defendant’s
alleged breach”); Hageman v. Twin City Chrysler-Plymouth Inc., 681 F. Supp. 303, 307 (M.D.N.C.
1988) (dismissing UDTPA claim where “[p]laintiff’s facts at best suggest that a modification of the
written lease agreement occurred and that plaintiff, in the end, did not receive the consideration for
which she bargained”).
Plaintiff also contends that, if nothing else, he is entitled to relief based upon Health Net’s
refusal to refer patients to plaintiff during the time period between Health Net’s initial determination
in 2011, and the effective date of the Final Agency Determination in March 2013. (Second Am.
Compl. ¶21). Plaintiff asserts that “he was clearly an authorized provider” during this time period,
suggesting that the Final Agency Determination confirms his status as an “authorized provider” until
the effective date of the Final Agency Determination. (Id.). But, the Final Agency Determination
does not state that plaintiff was “authorized” to be a TRICARE provider up to the amended effective
date of March 6, 2013 – to the contrary, it states there is “no dispute” that plaintiff did not meet the
regulatory requirements to be a TRICARE provider. (Id., Ex. H., p. 3). Indeed, it confirms that
Health Net’s termination decision “should have been effective 15 calendar days from the date of the
initial determination of May 18, 2011.” (Id., p. 7).
Accordingly, the Final Agency Determination posits, at most, that Health Net failed to follow
correctly the regulation specifying a fifteen-day delay in terminations. Health Net’s error in this
regard, however, does not alter the contractual nature of the relationship between plaintiff and
Health Net, nor does it serve to transform Health Net’s exercise of contractual rights and remedies
into an unfair trade practice. See Canady v. Crestar Mortgage Corp., 109 F.3d 969, 976 (4th Cir.
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1997) (holding that defendant’s refusal to repay plaintiff’s purchase money for an eight month time
period following breach of contract, “albeit incorrect” in light of subsequent bankruptcy court ruling,
did not rise to the level of a violation of the UDTPA); Branch Banking & Trust Co. v. Columbian
Peanut Co., 649 F.Supp. 1116, 1121 (E.D.N.C. 1986) (“To assert in good faith a claim predicated
on an erroneous interpretation of the law is not an unfair act . . . as the remedy therfor [sic] lies in
the law itself, i.e., such an erroneous view will not prevail.”); cf. Walker v. Fleetwood Homes of N.
Carolina, Inc., 362 N.C. 63, 70 (2007) (stating that while “a regulatory statute which governs
business activities may also be a violation of N.C. Gen.Stat. § 75-1.1 . . . such a regulatory violation
. . . does not automatically result in an unfair or deceptive trade practice”).
In sum, plaintiff’s state law claims against Health Net, including under UDTPA, must be
dismissed for the reasons stated by the court in its November 26, 2012, order and for the reasons
stated herein.
3. Claim against the United States
Plaintiff’s claim for relief against defendant United States arises under the APA, 5 U.S.C.
§ 500 et seq. Pursuant to the APA, a person “suffering legal wrong because of agency action, or
adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action . . . is entitled to judicial review thereof.” 5 U.S.C.
§ 702. “Agency action” is defined as “the whole or a part of an agency rule, order, license, sanction,
relief, or the equivalent or denial thereof, or failure to act.” 5 U.S.C. § 551(13).
“The reviewing court shall . . . hold unlawful and set aside any agency action, findings, and
conclusions found to be . . . arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A).
[A] reviewing court must consider whether the decision was based on a consideration
of the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment . . . .
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Although this inquiry into the facts is to be searching and careful, the ultimate
standard of review is a narrow one. The court is not empowered to substitute its
judgment for that of the agency.
Fort Sumter Tours, Inc. v. Babbitt, 66 F.3d 1324, 1335 (4th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks and
omitted). Moreover, an agency’s interpretation of its own regulation is to be accorded deference,
“unless that interpretation is ‘plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.’” Chase Bank
USA, N.A. v. McCoy, 131 S. Ct. 871, 880 (2011) (quoting Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461
(1997)). “[A]n agency’s interpretation need not be the only possible reading of a regulation — or
even the best one — to prevail.” Decker v. Nw. Envtl. Def. Ctr., 133 S. Ct. 1326, 1337 (2013).
As an initial matter, plaintiff suggests that the court is bound by its previous ruling that
TMA’s 2011 decision may be arbitrary and capricious because of its retroactive nature. (Opp’n at
13, 14). TMA’s 2011 decision, however, is no longer before the court. On January 18, 2013, the
court granted the United States’ motion to vacate the administrative decision then before the court
and to remand for further administrative proceedings. The Final Agency Determination now before
the court for review is not retroactive in effect. Therefore, the court’s prior analysis of retroactivity
is not applicable here.
Plaintiff also contends that TMA’s decision to terminate plaintiff’s authorized TRICARE
provider status, effective March 6, 2013, is arbitrary and capricious because it is contrary to the
TRICARE regulations and 10 U.S.C. § 1094. Plaintiff argues that 32 C.F.R. § 199.6 reasonably
should be read as setting forth the qualifications a physician must possess in order to become a
provider, and 32 C.F.R. § 199.9 reasonably should be read as setting forth what happens to a
provider when he engages in “fraud, abuse or conflict of interest.” (Opp’n at 13-14). The United
States contends, by contrast, in accordance with the discussion in the Final Agency Determination,
15
that the regulations allow for termination of a physician’s authorized TRICARE provider status due
to revocation of a state medical license.4
TMA’s interpretation of its own regulation is to be accorded deference in this case because
it is not “plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.” Chase Bank, 131 S. Ct. at 880. As
plaintiff notes, 32 C.F.R. § 199.6 sets forth general qualifications a physician must have in order to
become a TRICARE provider. In particular, a physician must be currently licensed and the “license
must be at full clinical practice level.” 32 C.F.R. § 199.6(c)(2). However, § 199.6 provides an
exception to the general rule, stating “[r]egardless of any provisions in this section, a provider who
is suspended, excluded, or terminated under Sec. 199.9 of this part is specifically excluded as an
authorized [TRICARE] Provider.” 32 C.F.R. § 199.6(a)(15).
In turn, 32 C.F.R. § 199.9 provides a basis for terminating plaintiff’s authorized TRICARE
provider status. In pertinent part, it begins by noting:
This section . . . sets forth provisions for invoking administrative remedies in
situations requiring administrative action to enforce provisions of law, regulation,
and policy in the administration of [TRICARE] and to ensure quality of care for
[TRICARE] beneficiaries. Examples of such situations may include a case in which
it is discovered that a provider fails to meet requirements under this part to be an
authorized [TRICARE] provider.
32 C.F.R. § 199.9(a)(2). Thus, contrary to plaintiff’s argument, § 199.9 is not limited only to
circumstances in which a TRICARE provider engages in fraud, abuse, or conflict of interest, but any
case in which it is discovered that a provider fails to meet the requirements to be an authorized
TRICARE provider.
4
The government also argues that to the extent the court construes any claim by plaintiff as seeking monetary relief
against the United States it should be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The court does not construe any
claim by plaintiff as seeking monetary relief against the United States, and plaintiff’s opposition to the government’s
motion to dismiss does not suggest otherwise. Accordingly, the court need not reach the government’s motion to dismiss
pursuant to 12(b)(1).
16
The regulation goes on to describe circumstances requiring termination matching those
present in this case. In particular, it states: “Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, the
following guidelines control the termination of authorized [TRICARE] provider status for a provider
whose license to practice . . . has been temporarily or permanently suspended or revoked by the
jurisdiction issuing the license.” 32 C.F.R. § 199.9(g)(2).
“[A] provider who has licenses to
practice in two or more jurisdictions and has one or more license(s) suspended or revoked will also
be terminated as a [TRICARE] provider.” 32 C.F.R. § 199.9(g)(2)(i). “Professional providers shall
remain terminated from the [TRICARE] until the jurisdiction(s) suspending or revoking the
provider’s license(s) to practice restores it or removes the impediment to restoration.” 32 C.F.R.
§ 199.9(g)(2)(i)(A). Based on these provisions, TMA reasonably concluded that plaintiff, whose
medical license in New York has been revoked and not restored, is subject to termination as a
TRICARE provider.
Plaintiff suggests that it “makes no sense to say that a provider is terminated simultaneously
with his being authorized to be a provider.” (Opp’n at 13). The regulation does not, however, call
for such a result. Rather, it provides for termination where “it is discovered” that a TRICARE
provider “fails to meet requirements under this part to be an authorized [TRICARE] provider.” 32
C.F.R. § 199.9(a)(2). Thus, the regulation expressly contemplates a circumstance, as here, where
a TRICARE provider may have been authorized initially to be a TRICARE provider, but where later
the provider’s status is terminated due to discovery of a disqualifying condition. Interpreting the
regulation to the contrary as plaintiff urges, to prevent termination of a previously authorized
TRICARE provider, would run counter to TMA’s duty to “enforce provisions of law, regulation, and
17
policy in the administration of [TRICARE] and to ensure quality of care for [TRICARE]
beneficiaries.” 32 C.F.R. § 199.9(a).5
Nothing in the authorizing statute requires a different result or different interpretation of the
TRICARE regulations. Plaintiff cites 10 U.S.C. § 1094 for the proposition that it requires only that
a physician have an unrestricted license, and it does not “call for an inquiry into a physician’s past
licensure problems.” (Opp’n 14). This provision, however, expressly applies to “[a] person under
the jurisdiction of the Secretary of a military department,” and it does not mention physician, like
plaintiff, who has applied with a TRICARE contractor to provide TRICARE medical services. In
addition, § 1094 states only that a physician may not provide health care “under this chapter unless
the person has a current license to provide such care.” It does not state that the only requirement
to being qualified as a TRICARE provider is having “a current license.”
Furthermore, additional statutory provisions apply more particularly to the TRICARE
program. For example, 10 U.S.C. § 1073(a) provides that “the Secretary of Defense shall have
responsibility for administering the TRICARE program and making any decision affecting such
program,” where the program is defined as including “the competitive selection of contractors to
financially underwrite the delivery of health care services under the Civilian Health and Medical
Program of the Uniformed Services.” 10 U.S.C. § 1072(7). These provisions thus leave broad
authority to the Department of Defense to promulgate regulations implementing the TRICARE
program. Therefore, where the statute is silent as to the termination of TRICARE provider status
5
For similar reasons, plaintiff’s suggestion that TMA should be estopped from terminating his provider status based on
his prior status as an authorized provider, is unavailing. As an initial matter, plaintiff does not allege that TMA has ever
stated to plaintiff that he was qualified to be a TRICARE provider. Even assuming it did, however, applying estoppel
principles in such circumstances would be contrary to the regulations, which allow TMA to terminate provider status
upon discovery of a disqualifying condition, see 32 C.F.R. § 199.9(a)(2), and counter to binding case law counseling
against application of estoppel to the government absent affirmative and egregious misconduct. See Volvo Trucks of
N. Am., Inc. v. United States, 367 F.3d 204, 211-12 (4th Cir. 2004) (“If equitable estoppel ever applies to prevent the
government from enforcing its duly enacted laws, it would only apply in extremely rare circumstances.”).
18
due to revocation of a physician’s license, the court must defer to the agency’s reasonable
interpretation of the statute through its implementing regulations. See America Online, Inc. v. AT
& T Corp., 243 F.3d 812, 817 (4th Cir. 2001) (stating that courts must “defer to the reasonable
interpretations of expert agencies charged by Congress ‘to fill any gap left, implicitly or explicitly,’
in the statutes they administer) (quoting Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc.,
467 U.S. 837, 843 (1984)).
In sum, where the Final Agency Determination is not “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), the court must dismiss
plaintiff’s APA claim.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, defendant Health Net’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED and
defendant United States’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED. The clerk is directed to close this case.
SO ORDERED, this the 19th day of March, 2014.
_____________________________
LOUISE W. FLANAGAN
United States District Judge
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