STUART, et al v. HUFF, et al
Filing
181
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER. Signed by JUDGE CATHERINE C. EAGLES on 1/25/2016. The motion for attorneys' fees and expenses is GRANTED and the defendants shall pay the following amounts to the following plaintiffs within ninety days: (1) To ACLU-NC: $70,312.50; (2) To CRR: $509,072.30; (3) To ACLU: $109,556.98; (4) To Planned Parenthood: $136,920.09; (5) To OMelveny & Myers: $217,454.60. (Daniel, J)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
GRETCHEN S. STUART, M.D., et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
CHERYL WALKER-MCGILL, M.D.,
et al.,
Defendants.
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1:11-CV-804
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Catherine C. Eagles, District Judge.
In 2011, North Carolina imposed new requirements on health care providers who
treat patients seeking abortions. The plaintiffs brought this lawsuit challenging the
constitutionality of a number of provisions of the Act, and they prevailed. The plaintiffs
now seek their attorneys’ fees and expenses pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b), which
authorizes district courts to award reasonable attorneys’ fees to prevailing parties in
certain civil rights litigation. While there is no dispute over the reasonableness of the
expenses, the defendants do dispute the amount of attorneys’ fees, contending that the
evidence is insufficient to support the fee request, the hourly rates sought are not
reasonable, and the time spent was excessive.
The plaintiffs submitted extensive documentation supporting their fee requests, as
well as affidavits by several attorneys involved in the litigation and three experienced
attorneys who were not involved. The defendants submitted no evidence to the contrary.
Plaintiffs’ counsel provided excellent legal services in a complicated case that required
work before every level of the federal courts. The Court finds that, with a few small
exceptions, the plaintiffs have met their burden to show that the number of hours
expended and the hourly rates requested are reasonable in light of the complexity of the
case and the prevailing market rates and in its discretion will award almost all the
requested fees.
I.
ATTORNEYS’ FEES GENERALLY
Plaintiffs who prevail in suits to vindicate civil rights are entitled to recover
reasonable attorneys’ fees unless special circumstances make a fee award unjust.
Lefemine v. Wideman, 758 F.3d 551, 553 (4th Cir. 2014); see also Hensley v. Eckerhart,
461 U.S. 424, 429 (1983).1 A “reasonable attorney’s fee is one that is adequate to attract
competent counsel, but . . . [that does] not produce windfalls to attorneys.” Blum v.
Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 897 (1984) (citations and internal quotations omitted); see also
Daly v. Hill, 790 F.2d 1071, 1077 (4th Cir. 1986). There are a number of factors relevant
in determining an appropriate attorney’s fee, see E. Assoc. Coal Corp. v. Dir., Office of
Workers’ Comp. Programs, 724 F.3d 561, 570 n.5 (4th Cir. 2013), but the “critical
inquiry” in determining reasonableness of a fee award is “the appropriate hourly rate.”
Blum, 465 U.S. at 895 n.11. If the hourly rate is properly calculated, “the ‘product of
reasonable hours times [the] reasonable rate’ normally provides a ‘reasonable’ attorney’s
1
“Courts have universally recognized that [the] special circumstances exception is very
narrowly limited.” Doe v. Bd. of Educ. of Baltimore Cty., 165 F.3d 260, 264 (4th Cir. 1998)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Indeed, “[o]nly on rare occasions does a case present
such circumstances.” Id.; accord, Lefemine, 758 F.3d at 555. The defendants do not contend
there are any special circumstances here.
2
fee within the meaning of [§ 1988].” Id. at 897 (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434).
“This figure, commonly referred to as the ‘lodestar,’ is presumed to be the reasonable fee
contemplated by § 1988.” City of Riverside v. Rivera, 477 U.S. 561, 568 (1986)
(plurality opinion). “A fee based upon reasonable rates and hours is presumed to be fully
compensatory without producing a windfall.” Daly, 790 F.2d at 1078.
“[R]easonable fees under § 1988 are to be calculated according to the prevailing
market rates in the relevant community, regardless of whether [the] plaintiff is
represented by private or nonprofit counsel.” Blum, 465 U.S. at 895 (quotations omitted);
see also McGee v. Cole, No. 3:13–24068, 2015 WL 4366161, at *3 (S.D. W.Va. July 16,
2015) (same). The fact that “a nonprofit legal services organization may contractually
have agreed not to charge any fee of a civil rights plaintiff does not preclude the award of
a reasonable fee to a prevailing party . . . calculated in the usual way.” Blanchard v.
Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87, 95 (1989) (emphasis in original).
Counsel for a prevailing party has a duty to exercise “billing judgment” to
“exclude from a fee request hours that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise
unnecessary, just as a lawyer in private practice ethically is obligated to exclude such
hours from his fee submission. . . . Hours that are not properly billed to one’s client also
are not properly billed to one’s adversary pursuant to statutory authority.” Hensley, 461
U.S. at 434 (quotation marks omitted).
II.
EXPENSES
“A prevailing plaintiff in a civil rights action is entitled, under § 1988, to recover
those reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the attorney which are normally
3
charged to a fee-paying client, in the course of providing legal services.” Spell v.
McDaniel, 852 F.2d 762, 771 (4th Cir. 1988) (quotations and citation omitted). The
plaintiffs here seek total expenses of $16,226.47. (Doc. 178 at 16).2 Supporting this
request, the plaintiffs have submitted records indicating the dates, amounts, and purposes
of each expense. (See exhibits to Doc. 178). The Court has reviewed the requested
expenses, which cover such things as travel costs associated with court hearings and
depositions, copies, and printing, and finds that they were reasonably incurred in
preparing the case. The defendants do not object to reimbursement of the plaintiffs’
litigation expenses. The Court finds that the plaintiffs are entitled to reimbursement for
the full amount of their submitted expenses.
III.
THE FEE REQUESTS AND DEFENDANTS’ OBJECTIONS
A. SUMMARY OF PLAINTIFFS’ FEE REQUESTS
The plaintiffs seek to recover hourly rates ranging from $250 for an associate with
two years’ experience to $550 for work done by a former United States Solicitor General.
The plaintiffs seek total fees of $1,029,587.50, which covers the work of thirteen
attorneys and one paralegal at five firms and organizations over the four-year course of
this litigation. (See exhibits to Doc. 178).
In support of their fee application, the plaintiffs submitted affidavits, along with
supporting documentation, from six attorneys who worked on this case: Julie Rikelman,
2
On p. 6 of their brief, the plaintiffs refer to $16,266.27 in expenses. (Doc. 178). The Court
assumes this is a typo, as p. 16 and the supporting documentation indicate $16,226.47 is the
correct total.
4
an attorney with the Center for Reproductive Rights (“CRR”); Christopher Brook and
Katherine Parker, the current and former legal directors of ACLU of North Carolina
(“ACLU-NC”); Andrew Beck, an attorney with the Reproductive Freedom Project of the
American Civil Liberties Union (“ACLU”); Diana Salgado, an attorney with Planned
Parenthood Federation of America; and Anton Metlitsky, an attorney at O’Melveny &
Myers LLP (“O’Melveny”). (See Docs. 178-17; 178-9; 178-16; 178-1; 178-8; 178-15).
The plaintiffs also submitted affidavits from three attorneys unaffiliated with the lawsuit;
each is experienced in constitutional litigation, and each opined that the hourly rates and
fee requests were reasonable. (See Docs. 178-10; 178-18; 178-19).3
The plaintiffs seek the following in attorneys’ fees:
CRR: $503,940.
- Bebe Anderson (lead counsel): 431.6 hours at $550 hourly (2011-12).4
- Julie Rikelman (lead counsel): 447.2 hours at $550 hourly (2012-15).5
- Jennifer Sokoler: 91.35 hours at $250 hourly (2012-14).6
- Hillary Schneller: 26.75 hours at $250 hourly (2014-15).7
ACLU-NC: $71,362.50.
3
All references are to the CM-ECF docket numbers. When the filed document has paragraph
numbers, the Court has referenced those for specificity. Where there are no paragraph numbers,
the Court has referenced the page number appended by the CM-ECF system.
4
(Doc. 178-17 at ¶¶ 15-16, 21). Ms. Anderson also requests attorneys’ fees for a small
number of hours spent on case-related travel at the reduced rate of $275 hourly. (Id. at ¶ 25).
5
(Id. at ¶¶ 3, 12, 21). Ms. Rikelman also requests attorneys’ fees for a small number of
hours spent on case-related travel at the reduced rate of $275 hourly. (Id. at ¶ 25).
6
(Id. at ¶ 21; Doc. 178-23 at 3). In her affidavit, Ms. Rikelman requests 91.4 hours for Ms.
Sokoler’s work. (Doc. 178-17 at ¶ 17). However, Ms. Sokoler’s time sheet indicates a total of
91.35 hours. (Doc. 178-23 at 3). The Court will use the smaller figure.
7
(Doc. 178-17 at ¶¶ 18, 21).
5
-
Katherine Parker: 174.6 hours at $250 hourly (2011-12).8
Christopher Brook: 98.1 hours at $250 hourly (2012-15).9
Emily-Mary Brown (paralegal): 25.5 hours at $125 hourly (2011-14).10
ACLU Reproductive Freedom Project: $109,600.
- Andrew Beck: 274 hours at $400 hourly (2011-15).11
Planned Parenthood: $135,355.
- Helene Krasnoff: 89.1 hours at $550 hourly plus 18 travel hours at $275
hourly (2011-12). 12
- Diane Salgado: 199.5 hours at $400 hourly plus 8 travel hours at $200
hourly (2012-15).13
O’Melveny: $212,110.
- Walter Dellinger: 61.2 hours at $550 hourly (2011-15).14
- Aaron Metlitsky: 262.5 hours at $400 hourly (2011-15).15
- Laura Conn: 152.5 hours at $250 hourly (2011-12).16
- Leah Godesky: 141.3 hours at $250 hourly (2012-15).17
B. DEFENDANTS’ OBJECTIONS TO THE FEE REQUESTS
The defendants contend that the hours spent are unreasonable in light of an alleged
lack of complexity of the case, the work performed, and the number of timekeepers.
8
(Doc. 178-16 at ¶¶ 7, 16).
9
(Doc. 178-9 at ¶¶ 7, 17).
10
(Doc. 178-6 at 2).
11
(Doc. 178-1 at ¶ 12).
12
(Doc. 178-8 at ¶ 17).
13
(Id. at ¶ 16).
14
(Doc. 178-15 at ¶¶ 16, 27).
15
(Id. at ¶¶ 17, 27).
16
(Id. at ¶¶ 18, 27).
17
(Id. at ¶¶ 19, 27).
6
Additionally, the defendants contend that the hourly rates are unreasonable. They also
challenge the documentation the plaintiffs provided in support of their fee request and
make a number of objections to specific time entries. (See Doc. 179).
IV.
ANALYSIS
There is no dispute that the plaintiffs were the “prevailing party.” See § 1988(b);
Tex. State Teachers Ass’n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 792-93 (1989);
Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S.
598, 604 (2001) (“[E]nforceable judgments on the merits . . . create the material alteration
of the legal relationship of the parties necessary to permit an award of attorneys’ fees.”)
(internal quotations omitted); see also Stuart v. Huff, 834 F. Supp. 2d 424 (M.D.N.C.
2011) (granting preliminary injunction) (Doc. 39); Stuart v. Loomis, 992 F. Supp. 2d 585
(M.D.N.C. 2014) (granting summary judgment for the plaintiffs and permanent injunctive
relief) (Docs. 163, 164); Stuart v. Camnitz, 774 F.3d 238 (4th Cir. 2014) (affirming
judgment) (Doc. 170); Walker-McGill v. Stuart, 135 S. Ct. 2838 (2015) (mem.) (denying
certiorari).
Accordingly, the Court begins by calculating the “lodestar” figure: “In calculating
a reasonable fee under § 1988, a court starts by multiplying the number of hours
reasonably spent on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate.” Plyler v. Evatt, 902
F.2d 273, 277 (4th Cir. 1990) (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433); see discussion supra.
7
A. NUMBER OF HOURS
1. Reasonableness of Hours Generally
The fee applicant bears the burden of documenting the appropriate hours
expended. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437. Here, the plaintiffs submitted six declarations along
with nearly one-hundred pages of billing records. (See exhibits to Doc. 178). All records
but those of NC-ACLU’s paralegal were contemporaneously recorded. (Id.)18 The
submissions credibly indicate that the attorneys excluded a number of time entries and
timekeepers from their request to avoid unnecessary and duplicative entries, as well as
some work for which they might have been entitled to recover fees. (See, e.g., Doc. 17817 at ¶ 20 (affirming that the CRR request excludes time entries for senior attorneys who
advised on the case, junior attorneys who completed discrete projects, work on the fee
application and opposition to the motion for intervention, and all work by paralegals);
178-8 at ¶ 11 (affirming the exclusion of Planned Parenthood time entries for one
attorney-consultant, work on the fee application and opposition to the motion for
intervention, and all work by paralegals); 178-15 at ¶ 28 (affirming that the O’Melveny
request excludes hundreds of hours of attorney, summer associate, and paralegal time)).19
18
The time record for Emily-Mary Brown, the NC-ACLU paralegal, is in a different format
from the records submitted by the NC-ACLU attorneys and does not always break down tasks by
date. (Doc. 178-6).
19
Mr. Brook and Ms. Godesky are the only attorneys to include time spent on the fee
application. (See Docs. 178-5 at 1-2; 178-12 at 4-5). The plaintiffs would have been justified in
including all their time spent on this fee application in the request. See Daly, 790 F.2d at 1080
(“Time spent defending entitlement to attorney’s fees is properly compensable in a § 1988 fee
award.”).
8
In total, the plaintiffs seek compensation for 2475.7 attorney hours and 25.5 paralegal
hours for the four-year litigation. (See exhibits to Doc. 178).
Speaking generally, this is a reasonable amount of time to spend on a case
involving significant and novel constitutional issues and requiring work on a preliminary
injunction and a modification thereto, discovery, cross-summary judgment motions, four
hearings before a United States District Judge, an appeal to the United States Court of
Appeals for the Fourth Circuit that included oral argument, a petition for certiorari to the
United States Supreme Court, and a fee application. Before litigation over attorneys’ fees
began, the docket of this court alone reflected 172 entries, which does not cover the
events in the appellate courts. In this court, the plaintiffs filed nine substantive motions,20
most of which required preparation of a brief in support, review of a brief in opposition,
and preparation of a reply brief. The State filed two substantive motions,21 each of which
required review and a responsive brief. The plaintiffs also filed two supplemental briefs
in response to orders from the court, as well as a detailed statement of undisputed facts.
They presented evidence from twelve experts, each of whom had to be consulted
regarding Rule 26 disclosures and preparation of reports. The defendants presented
evidence from one expert, whom the plaintiffs deposed.
20
Docs. 8, 42, 51, 76, 102, 105, 128, 150, 177. In counting the substantive motions, the
Court did not include housekeeping matters, such as motions to extend time. Nor did the Court
include the motion to intervene, since, for the reasons discussed, infra, the plaintiffs may not
recover attorneys’ fees from the defendants for time spent on intervention.
21
Docs. 50, 117.
9
The legal issues were complex and required substantial research even for
constitutional lawyers with extensive experience in reproductive rights and First
Amendment law. The few decisions on the First Amendment rights of healthcare
providers tend to be fact-specific and to arise in different contexts and within different
statutory schemes, not all of which involve compelled speech.22 Compelled speech cases,
particularly those involving other professionals and regulated entities, had to be studied,
see Stuart, 992 F. Supp. 2d at 593-96 (summarizing compelled speech standards of
review, commercial speech cases, and regulatory cases), and several important decisions
in the area were decided while this case was pending.23 The case raised issues of North
Carolina informed consent law, health care regulation, the professional speech doctrine,
and standing, each of which has an extensive body of potentially applicable law.
Moreover, after the preliminary injunction was issued, the plaintiffs were faced with the
task of convincing the Court not to follow an unfavorable decision from the Fifth Circuit
about a similar statute. See Tex. Med. Providers Performing Abortion Servs. v. Lakey,
667 F.3d 570, 580 (5th Cir. 2012). The likelihood of appellate proceedings was high
from the beginning of the case. (See Doc. 178-15 at ¶ 4).
22
Ms. Salgado was involved in some of these cases. (See Doc. 178-8 at ¶ 5).
23
E.g., Agency for Int’l Dev. v. All. for Open Soc’y Int’l, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 2321 (2013);
Greater Balt. Ctr. for Pregnancy Concerns v. Mayor & City Council of Balt., 721 F.3d 264 (4th
Cir. 2013); Moore-King v. Cty of Chesterfield, 708 F.3d 560 (4th Cir. 2013); Centro Tepeyac v.
Montgomery Cty., 722 F.3d 184 (4th Cir. 2013); Pickup v. Brown, 728 F.3d 1042, 1054-55 (9th
Cir. 2013), superseded on denial of reh’g en banc, 740 F.3d 1208 (Jan. 29, 2014).
10
Development of a factual record was also very important, both to distinguish the
case from Lakey and to prove the plaintiffs’ case. While the State chose not to undertake
substantial discovery, that did not relieve the plaintiffs of the obligation to present
evidence supporting each element of their claim and to rebut each defense the State
raised. The reasonableness of devoting resources to the development of a factual record
was borne out by this Court’s decision, which referred to the factual record over 150
times, (see Doc. 163), and by the Fourth Circuit’s reliance on affidavits and medical
group advisory opinions in the record. See, e.g., Stuart, 774 F.3d at 251-52.
Three lawyers unaffiliated with any plaintiff independently reviewed the time
records and offered opinions that the number of hours was reasonable. (See Docs. 17810; 178-18; 178-19). These lawyers are each experienced with constitutional and civil
rights litigation against governmental entities.24 This credible testimony from
experienced, independent lawyers provides additional evidence that the number of hours
spent on the case as a whole was reasonable.
In addition to this general overview of the time spent on the case as a whole, the
Court has evaluated the amount of time spent on each phase of the case. The litigation
can be divided roughly into phases: preliminary injunction, discovery, summary
judgment, Fourth Circuit appeal, petition for certiorari, and fee application. The hours
24
One is a partner in a large law firm in Washington, D.C., with significant experience in
reproductive rights litigation and familiarity with the hourly rates of D.C. and New York City
lawyers. (Doc. 178-10). One is a partner in a reputable North Carolina firm who is familiar with
the work of Ms. Parker and Mr. Brook and with the North Carolina legal market. (Doc. 178-18).
The third is admitted to practice in all three federal district courts in North Carolina and has also
worked on a constitutional case with Ms. Parker and Mr. Brook. (Doc. 178-19).
11
spent on each phase were very reasonable, even modest in some phases, for the amount
of work done.
To illustrate just one of those phases by way of example, plaintiffs’ counsel is
seeking to recover for approximately 350 hours spent on the case while it was on
appeal.25 An appendix had to be prepared and housekeeping matters such as court
admissions handled. Familiarity with the district court opinion was a necessity; that
opinion was over forty-one pages long and contained citations to approximately forty
United States Supreme Court cases, twenty-two circuit court decisions, a number of
North Carolina appellate decisions, and fourteen treatises and law review articles, not to
mention statutes, regulations, other court decisions, and factual references to the record.
(Doc. 163). The research the plaintiffs’ attorneys completed at the district court stage had
to be updated, and arguments made by the defendants in their brief had to be assessed and
addressed.26 The defendants’ brief was over thirty pages long and cited to twenty-two
cases and twenty other authorities, not all of which were included in the district court
opinion. (Docket 14-1150, Doc. 36). The plaintiffs’ appellate brief was over fifty pages
25
The defendants filed notice of appeal on February 17, 2104, (Doc. 165), and the Fourth
Circuit affirmed on December 22, 2014. (Doc. 171). The Court reviewed the time entries for all
attorneys between these two dates in arriving at this approximation.
26
The record reflects that Ms. Sokolor at CRR and Ms. Godesky at O’Melveny did a good
bit of the research and preparation of first drafts, each spending approximately forty-five hours
on their specific tasks. (Docs. 178-23 at 3; 178-11 at 20-22). Mr. Metlitsky spent approximately
ninety hours researching, writing, and editing the brief, (Docs. 178-11 at 6-8; 178-12 at 1), and
Ms. Rikelman spent about eighty hours. (Doc. 178-21 at 6-7). Mr. Metlitsky affirms that Mr.
Dellinger worked on the appeal, (Doc. 178-15 at ¶ 23), but the time records he submitted show
he is not seeking to be paid for this time. (Doc. 178-11 at 1-2).
12
long. (Docket 14-1150, Doc. 51). Once the case was set for oral argument, counsel had
to be prepared to address questions about the facts, the record, North Carolina informed
consent law, standing, compelled speech, professional speech, regulation of health care
providers, due process rights, reproductive rights cases, compelled listening, and more.27
Three hundred and fifty hours is a modest amount of time for such a major
undertaking. See E.E.O.C. v. Freeman, __ F.Supp.3d __, __, 2015 WL 5178420 at *15
(D. Md. September 3, 2015) (summarizing cases holding that 320 hours and 420 hours
are reasonable amounts to spend on an appeal and approving a fee application where 450
hours were spent on an appeal.) The Court’s review of the time spent on other phases of
the case confirms that the plaintiffs have been similarly restrained in the number of hours
included in their request for fees.
The defendants produced no affidavits or other information in support of their
contention that the number of hours spent was unreasonable. Rather, they maintain that
the issues in the litigation “were not novel or even all that complex.” (Doc. 179 at 2).
The defendants assert the statute challenged in this litigation was so “strikingly similar”
to the Texas statute at issue in the Lakey case that, “the plaintiffs in this case should have
been able to take their legal research, briefs, expert affidavits and knowledge from the
27
Mr. Metlitsky spent approximately eight hours assisting Ms. Rikelman with her
preparation for oral argument, (Doc. 178-12 at 1), on which she spent approximately sixty hours.
(Doc. 178-21 at 7). Mr. Beck, Mr. Brook, and Ms. Salgado each spent between sixteen and
twenty-nine hours assisting with various housekeeping tasks and providing other support, such as
conferring and strategizing about the brief and oral argument, editing the brief, and honing
arguments. (Docs. 178-2 at 4; 178-5 at 3-4; 178-8 at 30-31).
13
Lakey case and use them in this case without starting from scratch or reinventing the
wheel.” (Id. at 2-3).
No doubt the involvement of the CRR attorneys in the Lakey case saved the
plaintiffs time at the beginning of this litigation,28 but a cookie-cutter complaint and
preliminary injunction briefing would have been inappropriate. The statutes were not
identical, and the drafting of the complaint had to account for these distinctions. The two
cases arose in different jurisdictions, so the Lakey briefing had to address Fifth Circuit
precedent and a Texas regulatory scheme, while the briefing in this case concerned
Fourth Circuit and North Carolina law.
Moreover, the two cases completely diverged shortly after the preliminary
injunction stage. The Lakey complaint was filed on July 21, 2011, and a preliminary
injunction was entered on August 30, 2011.29 This case was filed a month later, and a
preliminary injunction was issued on October 25, 2011. (Docs. 1, 40). On January 10,
2012, the Fifth Circuit reversed the Lakey district court,30 and less than a month later the
district court entered summary judgment for the defendants.31 The Lakey case was over
before the pretrial discovery conference was held in this case. (See Doc. 68).
28
The Court’s review of the time spent during the preliminary injunction phase indicates that
the total amount was moderate, given the short time frame within which counsel had to work and
the complicated nature of the case. See also discussion infra at pp. 28-29.
29
806 F. Supp. 2d 942, 947 (W.D. Tex. 2011), vacated in part, 667 F.3d 570 (5th Cir. 2012).
30
667 F.3d 570 (5th Cir. 2012).
31
No. A–11–CA–486–SS, 2012 WL 373132 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 6, 2012).
14
After the preliminary injunction stage, Lakey made the plaintiffs’ job here more
difficult, not less; they now had to deal with a published circuit court opinion holding that
a similar statute did not raise substantial First Amendment concerns.32 This warranted
more attention to the development of a thorough factual record with appropriate expert
testimony and to identifying legal authority that supported their position. As noted supra,
the case involved the intersection of a number of areas of law, with a good deal of
uncertainty as to the appropriate degree of scrutiny to be applied to the compelled speech
at issue. In fact, the Fourth Circuit opened its analysis by noting that the law surrounding
government regulation of speech, and judicial scrutiny thereof, is complicated. Stuart,
774 F.3d at 244-45. The defendants’ argument that Lakey made this case simple is not
supported in fact.
At each stage of the litigation, the State vigorously opposed the plaintiffs. A
defendant “cannot litigate tenaciously and then be heard to complain about the time
necessarily spent by the plaintiff in response.” City of Riverside, 477 U.S. at 580 n.11
(quotations and citations omitted). While a close and careful review of the
reasonableness of time spent on a case is appropriate, it is improper to “engage in an ex
post facto determination of whether attorney hours were necessary to the relief obtained.”
Grant v. Martinez, 973 F.2d 96, 99 (2nd Cir. 1992).33
32
See 667 F.3d at 580.
33
Accord Woolridge v. Marlene Indus. Corp., 898 F.2d 1169, 1177 (6th Cir. 1990),
abrogated on other grounds, Buckhannon, 532 U.S. 598; Dennis v. Chang, 611 F.2d 1302, 1308
(9th Cir. 1980).
15
The Court is not persuaded by the State’s unsupported contentions that plaintiffs’
counsel spent too much time on the case.
2. Reasonableness of Efforts to Avoid Undue Duplication
Beyond this general overview of time spent in toto and on specific phases of the
litigation, the Court has also reviewed the individual time entries from each lawyer to
ensure that the amount of time was reasonable and that there was not undue duplication.
See Daly, 790 F.2d at 1079.
“There is nothing inherently unreasonable about a client having multiple attorneys,
and they may all be compensated if they are not unreasonably doing the same work and
are being compensated for the distinct contribution of each lawyer.” Norman v. Hous.
Auth. of Montgomery, 836 F.2d 1292, 1302 (11th Cir. 1988); accord, Anchondo v.
Anderson, Crenshaw & Associates, 616 F.3d 1098, 1105 (10th Cir. 2010); ACLU of
Georgia v. Barnes, 168 F.3d 423, 431 (11th Cir. 1999); Elderberry of Weber City, LLC v.
Living Centers- Southeast, 2014 WL 3900389 at *5 (W.D. Va. Aug. 11, 2014)
(“Reduction of hours is not warranted simply because a client has multiple attorneys”).
While there were a number of attorneys working on this case over time, the various
attorneys divided up responsibilities for the work required during the various phases of
the case in a reasonable way. For example:
-
Ms. Anderson and then Ms. Rikelman took on lead counsel duties. Ms.
Anderson prepared the case for filing, argued the plaintiffs’ initial motions
before this Court, researched and developed the arguments supporting those
motions, and identified and worked with expert witnesses. (Doc. 178-17 at ¶
16). Ms. Rikelman argued the motion for summary judgment before this Court
and at the Fourth Circuit. (Id. at ¶ 3). She also took the lead in developing the
arguments supporting the plaintiffs’ First Amendment claim. (Id.)
16
-
Mr. Beck was responsible for first drafts of a number of motions, briefs, and
discovery documents. (Docs. 178-1 at ¶ 2; 178-2 at 2-4). He thereafter
consulted with other attorneys as the case continued, as was reasonable given
his familiarity with the facts and record, and appeared at the summary
judgment hearing in connection with the motion to exclude. (Docs. 178-2 at 4;
159 at 40-42).
-
Ms. Krasnoff took the lead drafting the preliminary injunction briefing on
vagueness and reviewed and edited certain of Mr. Beck’s work. (Doc. 178-8 at
10-13).
-
Ms. Salgado was responsible for the deposition of the defendants’ expert
witness. (Id. at 27). Thereafter she took over responsibility for vagueness
legal arguments from Ms. Krasnoff and coordinated edits to the briefing
opposing the State’s summary judgment motion. (Id. at 28-29). Once the
appellate process began, she coordinated with potential amicus and assisted
with legal research. (Id. at 30-32).
-
Ms. Parker did much of the factual and legal research as well as background
and coordination work leading up to the filing of the lawsuit. (Doc. 178-5 at
14-17). She had significant client contact related to the motion to modify the
preliminary injunction and was the point person for initial discussions with
potential witnesses. (Id. at 10-17).
-
Mr. Brook communicated and coordinated with opposing counsel about
development of a court-requested joint statement of undisputed facts and other
matters. (Doc. 178-5 at 4-6). During the summary judgment and appellate
stages, he spent small but regular amounts of time discussing the case with cocounsel, (id. at 3-5), as was appropriate since he was the only North Carolina
lawyer involved in the case. His time on the cert petition was minimal, (id. at
3), and he took the lead on the fee request legal research. (Id. at 1-2).
-
Mr. Metlitsky took a lead role in drafting the plaintiffs’ supplemental brief in
support of their summary judgment motion, the brief opposing the defendants’
appeal, and the brief opposing certiorari. (Doc. 178-15 at ¶ 24). Given his
experience with appellate practice, including working on dozens of briefs filed
with the U.S. Supreme Court, (id. at ¶ 8), these tasks were appropriate.
-
Mr. Dellinger consulted with the other plaintiffs’ attorneys on strategic
litigation decisions and oversaw O’Melveny work opposing the State’s efforts
to overturn the district court decision in the Fourth Circuit and by way of
petition for certiorari. (Id. at ¶ 23).
17
Time spent coordinating, editing, and conferring was reasonable, given the
different aspects of the case the attorneys worked on and their different areas of valueadded expertise.34 Hudson v. Pittsylvania Cty., Va., No. 4:11CV00043, 2013 WL 4520023, at
*7 (W.D. Va. Aug. 26, 2013) (holding that “[re]lying on co-counsel to review and edit pleadings
is the type of division of responsibility that reflects each counsel's distinct contribution to the
case, and is not impermissible ‘duplication’ that must be avoided”), aff'd, 774 F.3d 231 (4th Cir.
2014). With very few exceptions, discussed infra, the individual entries reflect a
reasonable amount of time spent on reasonable tasks.
The defendants assert that a “much smaller team of attorneys could have litigated
this case,” and that the State should not have to pay attorneys’ fees for work that
“constituted overstaffing and mis-staffing.” (Doc. 179 at 4; see also id. at 13). As noted,
there is nothing inherently objectionable about dividing up work between and among a
team of attorneys as opposed to having one or two lawyers do all the work. Norman, 836
F.2d at 1302. The defendants cite no case for the proposition that a prevailing party can
only recover for the time of a small number of attorneys.
Indeed, spreading out the work makes sense. The evidence establishes that the
plaintiffs’ attorneys all had other responsibilities beyond this case,35 and having several
lawyers familiar with the case means there is always someone available to take the
34
The attorneys’ qualifications are further discussed infra at pp. 33-34, 38-40.
35
The declarations of the various attorneys for the plaintiffs make clear, directly or
indirectly, that they all had responsibilities other than this litigation during the relevant time
frame. (See, e.g., Docs. 178-8 at ¶ 4; 178-9 at ¶ 15; 178-15 at ¶¶ 8, 10, 11; 178-17 at ¶¶ 4, 8).
18
laboring oar when the need arises.36 It also allows for tasks to be divided up so that work
is done in a timely fashion. Moreover, while ACLU-NC represented all plaintiffs, (see
Doc. 1 at 29), other lawyers represented smaller subsets of plaintiffs, thus bringing with
them knowledge and perspective from their individual clients. (Id. at 29-30). As
discussed supra, the defendants’ assertions that this litigation was not complex are belied
by the record, and a complex case requires more hands than a simple case. Finally, as
discussed supra, review of the record shows that the lawyers divided up the tasks in a
reasonable way and that redundant time was excluded from the time records.37 When the
record reflects efficient cooperation between counsel, reimbursement of attorneys’ fees is
appropriate. See Anchondo, 616 F.3d at 1105 n.6.
The quality of the legal work also bears consideration and supports the division of
labor by plaintiffs’ counsel. The lawyers prosecuting this case did excellent work, and
excellent work takes time. There is no way one or two lawyers could have done the
amount of work required to prosecute the case and defend the judgment. Lawyers who
take the time necessary to develop an adequate factual record and provide quality briefs
to the court should not be penalized when it comes time to award attorneys’ fees.
36
While the discovery and summary judgment briefing schedule in this case went fairly
smoothly and allowed the lawyers to plan their schedules, the Court imposed additional
requirements on short notice, (see, e.g., Doc. 142), that required immediate and significant
attention. The plaintiffs had no control over when this Court or the appellate court would issue
decisions or whether the decisions would be appealed, providing further uncertainty over
scheduling and staffing.
37
This is most clearly shown by the request for only 25.5 hours of paralegal time for the
entire case, (Docs. 178-6 at 2; 178 at 18), an amount obviously significantly less than the case
required.
19
3. Hours That Will Be Excluded
The Court finds that the plaintiffs are not entitled to fees for a small number of the
hours for which they seek recovery.
a. Intervention Motion
In this Circuit “intervention-related fees and expenses . . . are not recoverable
under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 by a prevailing plaintiff against a losing defendant.” Rum Creek
Coal Sales, Inc. v. Caperton, 31 F.3d 169, 178 (4th Cir. 1994). While most of the
plaintiffs’ attorneys omitted from their time sheets any hours spent opposing intervention
in the lawsuit, (see, e.g., Docs. 178-17 at ¶ 20; 178-8 at ¶ 11), Ms. Parker included a few
such entries on her joint time sheet with Mr. Brook, (Doc. 178-5 at 7-11), as did Mr.
Beck, (Doc. 178-2 at 2), and Mr. Dellinger. (Doc. 178-11 at 1).38 The plaintiffs may not
recover fees for the hours spent on the motion to intervene.
Ms. Parker39 recorded three entries in 2012 reflecting time spent exclusively on the
motion to intervene: 0.70 hours on January 25, 0.20 hours on February 29, and 0.20 hours
on March 29. (Doc. 178-5 at 8-10). That time, 1.1 hours, will be excluded. Her time
sheet reflects additional time that was partially spent on the motion to intervene and on
other tasks. On November 9, 2011, Ms. Parker spent 0.40 hours on the motion to
38
Defendants object to paying attorneys’ fees for this work. (Doc. 179 at 12).
39
The time entries for Ms. Parker and Mr. Brook are contained in one document, which does
not specify which attorney did what work. (Doc. 178-5). As it appears that Mr. Brook came on
board when Ms. Parker left the NC-ACLU in May 2012, (see Docs. 178-9 at ¶ 4; 178-20), the
Court infers that all time before May 2012 was spent by Ms. Parker and all time after May 2012
was spent by Mr. Brook.
20
intervene and other tasks, (id. at 11); on November 29, 2011, she spent 0.40 hours on the
motion to intervene and unrelated tasks, (id. at 11); she spent 0.60 hours on April 23,
2012, on correspondence related to the joint appendix for the appeal by the intervenors
and unrelated correspondence, (id. at 7); and the next day, she spent 0.20 hours on the
joint appendix and another task. (Id.) While some of this work was not related to the
motion to intervene, the Court cannot tell how long these unrelated tasks took. As the
burden is on the plaintiff to establish that the hours were reasonable, the Court will
exclude all of the time, 1.6 hours, for these dates. See Morris v. Wachovia Sec. Inc., 448
F.3d 268, 283 (4th Cir. 2006) (affirming denial of fees where bills were inadequate to
allow court to “allocate the time spent on each claim”). The total excluded from Ms.
Parker’s requested hours is 2.7 hours.
Mr. Beck similarly included time related to the motion to intervene: 3.3 hours on
November 9, 2011, 1 hour on November 21, 2011, and 0.6 hours on December 18, 2011.
(Doc. 178-2 at 2). This time, totaling 4.9 hours, will be excluded from his requested
hours. It also appears that Mr. Dellinger spent an hour reading an appellate brief in
connection with the motion to intervene. (Doc. 178-11 at 1 (reflecting one hour spent on
“review of CA4 brief” on April 2, 2012, a time when nothing on the merits was before
the Fourth Circuit and the appeal by the movants desiring to intervene was before the
Fourth Circuit)). This hour will be excluded.
Finally, the Court will exclude 2.9 hours spent by Ms. Conn on November 9,
2011, to “participate in call with B. Anderson; review filing documents; discuss case with
J. Baker”. (Id. at 9). The motion to intervene and related documents were filed the day
21
before, (see Docs. 45-48), and the Court cannot tell whether Ms. Conn was reviewing
those documents or the State’s motion to dismiss filed on November 9. (See Doc. 50).
This time will be excluded.
b. Other Miscellaneous Exclusions
The Court will also exclude four of Ms. Salgado’s time entries: “making travel
arrangements for Bowes dep,” (Doc. 178-8 at 27 (entry dated July 26, 2012)), and three
entries related to a Planned Parenthood merger and name change. (Id. at 31, 32 (entries
dated January 5 and 15, 2015, and May 8, 2015)).40 The travel entry concerns non-legal
work, and clerical or secretarial tasks should not be billed at an attorney rate, even if an
attorney performs them. See Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 275, 288 n.10 (1989); Lipsett
v. Blanco, 975 F.2d 934, 940 (1st Cir. 1992). The other entries involved an internal
Planned Parenthood merger that had nothing to do with this case. The Court will reduce
Ms. Salgado’s hours by 1.7 hours reflecting these four entries.
The Court will also exclude 1.2 hours Ms. Conn spent in April 2012 for what is
described as “correspond regarding experts” and “correspond regarding expert witness.”
(Doc. 178-11 at 10).41 There is no explanation of with whom she was corresponding—
the expert? opposing counsel? co-counsel?—or to what end, nor do time entries of other
40
The defendants objected to the travel arrangements entry and two of the merger entries,
(Doc. 179 at 11), but not the third similar entry on May 8, 2015. (See Doc. 178-8 at 32).
41
The defendants do not object to these entries, but they are similar to others the defendants
assert are vague or fragmentary. (See Doc. 179 at 7-8).
22
lawyers from that time frame provide context to allow the court to figure out the nature of
the work. The Court is unable to determine that this effort was not duplicative.
Finally, the Court will exclude the paralegal time for attending the August 23,
2013, summary judgment hearing. (See Doc. 178-6 at 1). While it is ordinarily
appropriate in a document-heavy case for a legal assistant to attend a summary judgment
hearing to facilitate quick access to documents about which the Court may have
questions, in this case the parties stipulated to the relevant facts and three lawyers were
already in attendance. (See Minute Entry for August 23, 2013). The Court will exclude
three hours of paralegal time.
4. Hours Allowed Over Defendants’ Objections
The defendants object to the documentation the plaintiffs provided in support of
their fee request, as well as object to a number of specific time entries. The Court has
reviewed these objections along with the corresponding plaintiff time sheets, and, as
noted supra at pp. 20-23, some of these objections have merit. Some half-dozen
objections appear to be clerical mistakes by the defendants, as the plaintiffs do not seek to
recover for time spent on the dates set forth by the defendants as objectionable.
(Compare, e.g., Doc. 179 at 9 (objecting to entry for Katherine Parker and Christopher
Brook dated January 10, 2013); and Doc. 178-5 at 6). Otherwise, and for the reasons
stated, infra, the Court overrules the objections.42
42
The analysis of specific time entries that follows is illustrative of the review the Court has
undertaken of all challenged time entries.
23
a. “Hearsay” Hours
The defendants contend that the Court should not award fees for any time spent by
any lawyer at O’Melveny other than Mr. Metlitsky or for Ms. Krasnoff’s time because
the affidavits from Mr. Metlitsky and Ms. Salgado are hearsay as to what other attorneys
in their offices did. (Doc. 179 at 2, 10). As with their other objections, the defendants
cite no legal authority supporting their assertion that time records are inadmissible unless
authenticated by each individual attorney whose time is reflected,43 (see Doc. 179), and
the Court is aware of none. See Rypinski v. Chevrolet Motor Div. of Gen. Motors Corp.,
Civ. A. No. 95–2256, 1996 WL 432475 at *2 (E.D. Pa. July 22, 1996) (recommending
award of attorneys’ fees supported by affidavit based on counsel’s “knowledge,
information and belief”); cf. Morris, 448 F.3d at 283 (affirming denial of fee award
where the fee affidavit failed to adequately describe the work done).
In any event, Mr. Metlitsky and Ms. Salgado attest to personal knowledge of the
business practices concerning timekeeping where they work, and such testimony is not
hearsay. (Docs. 178-15 at ¶¶ 2, 20-22; 178-8 at ¶¶ 1-2). Each offered testimony
sufficient to authenticate the timesheets as business records. Mr. Metlitsky’s affidavit
makes it clear that the O’Melveny time records were contemporaneously kept in the same
manner the firm keeps time records for paying clients, and it is also obvious that he knew
43
Hughes v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., No. 1:12CV717, 2014 WL 906220, at *1 n.1 (M.D.N.C.
Mar. 7, 2014) (“A party should not expect a court to do the work that it elected not to do.”); see
generally, Spath v. Hayes Wheels Int’l-Ind., Inc., 211 F.3d 392, 397 (7th Cir. 2000) (“[I]t is not
this court’s responsibility to research and construct the parties’ arguments.”) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
24
about the work done by other O’Melveny attorneys since he was the responsible lawyer.
(Doc. 178-15 at ¶¶ 8, 20). Ms. Salgado’s declaration similarly states that Planned
Parenthood attorneys kept time records contemporaneously. (Doc. 178-8 at ¶ 2). The
defendants have proffered no reason why the Court should not find credible the sworn
testimony of Mr. Metlitsky and Ms. Salgado that these records were kept
contemporaneously and in the ordinary course of business.44
The Supreme Court has cautioned that “[a] request for attorneys’ fees should not
result in a second major litigation.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437. What is required is that
billing records are sufficiently detailed that the Court may determine whether the hours
requested were reasonably expended. Id. The plaintiffs’ evidence meets this purpose,
and the defendants’ evidentiary objections to these two affidavits are overruled.
b. Bundled Time Entries
The defendants object to time entries where multiple tasks are “bundled” together.
(Doc. 179 at 9-10). They ask the Court “to strike all such bundled time entries . . . where
one or more of the bundled items of work is unreasonable and insufficient for one reason
or another to justify a fee award.” (Id. at 9).
Though counsel for the prevailing party need not “record in great detail how each
minute of his time was expended,” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437 n.12, “bundling” different
tasks into one time entry can cause problems, inter alia, where a party does not prevail on
44
Additionally, the “general thoroughness” of the plaintiffs’ billing records is worth
emphasizing. See Spell v. McDaniel, 616 F. Supp. 1069, 1087 n.25 (E.D.N.C. 1985), aff’d in
part and vacated in part on other grounds, 824 F.2d 1380 (4th Cir. 1987).
25
all claims, if the nature of the description makes it difficult for a reviewing court to
identify excessive hours, or if the time entries group tasks that are appropriately paid by
the losing party with tasks that are not. See, e.g., Morris, 448 F.3d at 283; Erickson v.
City of Topeka, 239 F. Supp. 2d 1202, 1206-07 (D. Kan. 2002).
With the exception of some bundling that occurred in connection with time spent
on the motion to intervene, see discussion supra at 20, no such difficulties arise with the
challenged entries here. The entries the defendants challenge as “bundled,” (see Doc. 79
at 9-10), viewed individually and in the context of entries by the same attorney and by
other attorneys within the same time frame, do not reflect the expenditure of
unreasonable amounts of time, considering the specific tasks detailed. See Aventis
CropScience, N.V. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, Inc., No. 1:00CV463, 2010 WL 2306677 at
*7 (M.D.N.C. June 8, 2010) (finding, “considering the time and labor required and the
complexity of the legal questions presented, that the amounts of time expended in the
allegedly vague [‘block’] entries . . . were reasonable”).
For example, the defendants object to paying for 1.25 hours of Ms. Rikelman’s
time on March 22, 2012, described as “correspond with Dr. Lyerly re expert report; t/c w/
Dr. Stuart & B. Anderson,” (Doc. 178-21 at 3), and for three hours of her time on
November 26, 2012, for “[e]diting due process, vagueness, and severability sections of SJ
opp brief; correspond with co-counsel; editing motion to strike.” (Id. at 4; see also Doc.
179 at 9). All of these tasks were reasonably undertaken and an hour and a quarter is a
very modest time for these tasks taken as a whole.
26
The defendants also object to the “bundled” time entries of the ACLU-NC
paralegal, Ms. Brown. (Doc. 179 at 14). Ms. Brown’s time sheet indicates that she spent
five hours over a fifteen-month period on the following: “Maintain and update pleadings,
telephone conferences with Case Manager and court personnel,” and one hour over a onemonth date range on: “Telephone conferences with Case Manager and Other Court
Personnel.” (Doc. 178-6 at 1). While a better practice would have been to note more
specifically the dates, times, and tasks performed, see Rum Creek, 31 F.3d at 180, the
amount of time Ms. Brown recorded for these tasks is quite small and is not
unreasonable.45
c. Vague or Fragmentary Time Entries
The defendants also object to a number of specific time entries as “fragmentary,
incomplete, and thus ambiguous.” (Doc. 179 at 7-9, 11-12). They assert that terse time
entries such as “[d]iscussions and analysis” and “[r]eview case law” make it “impossible
for the reader to evaluate or know what documents or cases the timekeeper was reviewing
or what the relevance or necessity of the work was.” (Id. at 7).
As the Fourth Circuit has noted, time entries like these are not ideal. “We have
frequently exhorted counsel to describe specifically the tasks performed.” Rum Creek, 31
F.3d at 180. Nonetheless, a prevailing party can recover fees for such time if the hours
45
In their brief, the defendants also object to the time Ms. Brown spent to file documents
with the court, and assert that it does not take half an hour to file court documents electronically.
(Doc. 179 at 14). However, they provide no evidence to support that claim, and speculative
statements in a brief are insufficient to overcome evidence from several lawyers that the time
Ms. Brown spent on the specified tasks was reasonable. (See Doc. 178-9 at ¶ 9; Doc. 178-18 at ¶
12; Doc. 178-19 at ¶ 13).
27
were necessary to prosecute the case and a court can be confident there was not
unacceptable duplication. Id. Here, in context and to a reader familiar with the timeline
of the litigation, the entries to which the defendants object are not so incomplete or vague
as to preclude recovery.
For example, the defendants object to 31.6 hours of Ms. Anderson’s time in
August, September, and October 2011 spent on miscellaneous case preparation. (Docs.
179 at 8, 11; 178-22 at 3-7). As the plaintiffs’ time sheets and affidavits reflect, Ms.
Anderson had primary responsibility for preparing the case for filing, arguing the motion
for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction, developing the plaintiffs’
arguments early in the case, and identifying and working with expert witnesses. (See
Docs. 178-17 at ¶ 16; 178-22 at 3-7). The entries from other plaintiffs’ attorneys shows
that Ms. Parker was the only other attorney devoting significant time to the case in these
months, and that she focused primarily on client contact.46 Ms. Anderson was lead
counsel on a nascent constitutional lawsuit working to coordinate factual and legal
research, draft and revise a complaint and a motion for a preliminary injunction supported
46
Ms. Parker logged about 135 hours, or an average of about 11 hours per week, from
August 1, 2011, until the time the preliminary injunction issued, mostly working with potential
plaintiffs and undertaking legal and factual research supporting the complaint and motion for a
preliminary injunction. (Doc. 178-5 at 12-16). Ms. Krasnoff began working at the end of
August 2011 and focused on drafting the vagueness section of the preliminary injunction brief
and reviewing and revising the complaint and declarations for a total of about fifty hours. (Doc.
178-8 at 10). Mr. Beck worked less than twenty-five hours before the preliminary injunction on
coordination with co-counsel, getting up to speed on the complaint and declarations, and drafting
the due process portion of a brief. (Doc. 178-2 at 2). The O’Melveny timekeepers came on
board in mid-October and logged only a handful of hours. (See Docs. 178-15 at ¶ 2; 178-11 at 1,
3, 9).
28
by four expert declarations, and ramp up a team of attorneys to assist under significant
time pressure because of the upcoming effective date of the statute. From the time she
became involved in the case on August 1 until the entry of the preliminary injunction on
October 25, Ms. Anderson essentially worked full-time on the case, spending
approximately 350 hours. This is a reasonable amount of time for the filing of the case
and the preliminary injunction motion, and the lack of detail in the description of 31.6 of
these hours does not make them unreasonable.
Similarly, the defendants object to some of Ms. Conn’s time. (See Doc. 179 at 7).
For example, the defendants object to 1.8 hours Ms. Conn spent on October 18, 2011, to
“participate in call with A. Metlitsky; review reply brief; correspond with B. Anderson at
CRR.” (Doc. 178-11 at 9). Mr. Metlitsky’s time record for that same day reflects that
the discussion with Ms. Conn took half an hour, (id. at 3), not an unreasonable length of
time to discuss the preliminary injunction hearing that occurred the day before. (See
Minute Entry for October 17, 2011); see Chapman v. Ourisman Chevrolet Co., 2011 WL
2651867 at *16 (D. Md. July 1, 2011) (noting that it may be appropriate to award fees for
“periodic conferences of defined duration held for the purpose of work organization,
strategy and delegation of tasks”). Even if Ms. Conn took all of the remaining 1.3 hours
reviewing the ten-page reply brief, (Doc. 36), that is a necessary task and a reasonable
amount of time for the task. The defendants also object to 1.2 hours Ms. Conn spent on
October 25, 2011, to “correspond with B. Anderson; review court decision.” (Doc. 17811 at 9). It is difficult to understand why it would not be reasonable for Ms. Conn to
spend 1.2 hours reviewing the Court’s nineteen-page decision on the preliminary
29
injunction issued that day, (Doc. 39), as a thorough understanding of it would be
necessary to future work. While these and some other entries on her time report are less
detailed than might be desirable in a perfect world, they are well within the range of
specificity required, see Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437 n.12, and the Court has been able to
determine the nature of the work from Ms. Conn’s other time entries, time entries of
other attorneys from the same time frame, and from a review of what was happening in
the case. With limited exceptions detailed elsewhere in this Order,47 Ms. Conn’s work
was adequately described.
d. Basic Legal Research Objections
The defendants object to the nature and amount of legal research the plaintiffs’
attorneys conducted. They assert that the Court should not award any attorneys’ fees for
what they characterize as “basic legal research” on issues on which the plaintiffs’
attorneys “claim to already possess so much knowledge and expertise.” (Doc. 179 at 4).
The defendants have identified several dozen time entries they assert represent such basic
legal research. (Id. at 5-6).
A review of these entries demonstrates that the plaintiffs’ time spent on research
was not unduly basic and was reasonable. For instance, Ms. Rikelman’s time entries
from October 2012, some of which the defendants challenge, (id.), reflect that she took
the lead on drafting the First Amendment section of the summary judgment opposition
47
See discussion supra at p. 21 (excluding 2.9 hours of Ms. Conn’s time for lack of clarity as
to whether work was done on motion to intervene or motion to dismiss) and p. 22 (excluding 1.2
hours of Ms. Conn’s time for lack of detail).
30
brief. (See Doc. 178-21 at 4). The entries the defendants challenge indicate Ms.
Rikelman spent seven hours on October 15-16 drafting the First Amendment section of
the opposition brief and reviewing materials cited by the State in its summary judgment
brief. (Id.) This task was not so “basic” that Ms. Rikelman should be expected to
produce it off the top of her head with no work; even an attorney well versed in a
particular area of law should spend some time reviewing the case law cited by her
opponent for the purpose of tailoring her arguments and addressing specific concerns.
Ms. Rikelman appears to have spent relatively little time on that exercise, especially
considering that the State’s brief supporting its summary judgment motion was nearly
thirty pages long and cited some forty authorities. (See Doc. 118).48
The defendants also object to virtually all of the time Mr. Metlitsky spent
researching and drafting the appellate brief and the brief opposing the petition for
certiorari as work too basic for an experienced attorney. (See Docs. 179 at 5; 178-11 at
7-8; 178-12 at 1-2). The defendants do not object specifically to the time Mr. Metlitsky
spent revising either brief. Before briefs can be revised they must be drafted, and
“counsel are not forbidden from receiving fees for background research if the research is
48
Furthermore, time entries by other attorneys, including more junior attorneys, show that
they were occupied with other matters during October 2012, demonstrating that the plaintiffs met
their obligation to exclude redundant hours, see Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, and that Ms. Rikelman
was not duplicating basic work conducted by others. See, e.g., Doc. 178-2 at 3 (Mr. Beck’s time
entries reflect work on the severability issue for the summary judgment opposition brief.); Doc.
178-8 at 28-29 (Ms. Salgado worked on vagueness and standing issues for the opposition brief.);
Doc. 178-5 at 6-7 (reflecting that Mr. Brook did virtually no work on the brief); Doc. 178-11 at
5, 16-17 (reflecting that the O’Melveny attorneys worked on the plaintiffs’ summary judgment
brief, rather than the opposition brief)).
31
(1) relevant and (2) reasonable in terms of time for the scope and complexity of the
litigation.” Spell v. McDaniel, 616 F. Supp. 1069, 1098 (E.D.N.C. 1985), aff’d in part
and vacated in part on other grounds, 824 F.2d 1380 (4th Cir. 1987). The time Mr.
Metlitsky spent researching and drafting both briefs was reasonable.49
5. Conclusion as to Hours Worked
The Court finds that the following hours were reasonably spent on this litigation:
49
See pp. 12-13, supra, for further discussion of the time spent during the appellate stage of
litigation. Mr. Metlitsky spent less than sixty hours researching and drafting the opposition to
certiorari. (See Doc. 178-12 at 1-2). The time entries from the other plaintiffs’ attorneys reflect
that Mr. Metlitsky did the lion’s share of the work on this task. (See, e.g., Docs. 178-2 at 4; 1788 at 32; 178-5 at 3; 178-21 at 7-8; 178-24 at 3).
32
Ms. Anderson:
431.6
Mr. Beck:
269.1
Ms. Rikelman:
447.2
Ms. Krasnoff:
107.1
Ms. Sokoler:
91.35
Ms. Salgado:
205.8
Ms. Schneller:
26.75
Mr. Dellinger:
60.2
Ms. Parker:
171.9
Mr. Metlitsky:
262.5
Mr. Brook:
98.1
Ms. Conn:
148.4
Ms. Brown:
22.5
Ms. Godesky:
141.3
Total:
2483.8
B. HOURLY RATES
The second step of calculating the lodestar figure involves determining the hourly
rate to be applied. See, e.g., Plyler, 902 F.2d at 277 (4th Cir. 1990). “[T]he burden rests
with the fee applicant to establish the reasonableness of a requested rate.” Id. (citing
Blum, 465 U.S. at 895 n.11).
The default rule is that the appropriate hourly rate is the market rate in the district
where the case was tried. Rum Creek, 31 F.3d at 175.50 A prevailing plaintiff may justify
an award of extra-community hourly market rates if “the complexity and specialized
nature of a case . . . mean that no attorney, with the required skills, is available locally,
50
The defendants contend that as most of the plaintiffs’ attorneys work for nonprofits, the
State should not “have to pay a free market, private practice hourly rate” for their work. (Doc.
179 at 13). It is well settled that “reasonable fees” are “calculated according to the prevailing
market rates in the relevant community, regardless of whether plaintiff is represented by private
or nonprofit counsel.” Blum, 465 U.S. at 894-895; Blanchard, 489 U.S. at 94-95. The
defendants cite no authority for their contention that market rates are an incorrect basis for the
fee awards.
and the party choosing the attorney from elsewhere acted reasonably in making the
choice.” Id. at 179 (quoting Nat’l Wildlife Fed. v. Hanson, 859 F.2d 313, 317 (4th Cir.
1988) (internal quotations omitted).
1. Middle District of North Carolina Market Rates
For the two North Carolina lawyers who worked on this case, Ms. Parker and Mr.
Brook, the plaintiffs seek an hourly rate of $250. (Doc. 178-9 at ¶¶ 17-18). Both attorneys
have extensive experience in North Carolina courts and in constitutional law generally.
Ms. Parker had eleven years of legal experience when the lawsuit commenced, primarily
in civil rights litigation and media and commercial litigation. (Docs. 178-16 at ¶¶ 2, 4;
178-20 at 1). Mr. Brook, who began working on the lawsuit when he became legal
director of the ACLU-NC in May 2012, had over six years of experience practicing law
at that time and now has over ten. (Doc. 178-9 at ¶¶ 2-4). Both lawyers opined that the
$250 hourly rate they request is equal to or less than the prevailing market rate in this
district for an attorney of their skill, experience, and reputation. (Docs. 178-9 at ¶¶ 1718; 178-16 at ¶¶ 17-18). Additionally, Ms. Parker, who worked in private practice both
before and after her role in the litigation, declared that $250 is the hourly rate she would
charge to a paying client for the type of work she performed in this case. (Doc. 178-16 at
¶ 16). The determination of whether a requested rate is representative of the prevailing
market rate “is best guided by what attorneys earn from paying clients for similar services
in similar circumstances.” Rum Creek, 31 F.3d at 175.
Courts typically require the reasonableness of the hourly rate to be justified by
more than the attorney’s own affidavit. “To inform and assist the court in the exercise of
34
its discretion, the burden is on the fee applicant to produce satisfactory evidence—in
addition to the attorney’s own affidavits—that the requested rates are in line with those
prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable
skill, experience and reputation.” Blum, 465 U.S. at 895 n.11.
Here, the plaintiffs have presented such evidence in the form of declarations from
Jonathan Sasser, a partner at Ellis & Winters, LLP, (Doc. 178-18), and Mark Sigmon,
another attorney admitted to federal practice in North Carolina. (Doc. 178-19). Both are
unaffiliated with this case and have been involved in other litigation with Ms. Parker and
Mr. Brook. See n. 24 supra. They have opined that the ACLU-NC attorneys are skilled,
experienced, and well qualified to perform the work in this case. (Docs. 178-18 at ¶¶ 4-5;
178-19 at ¶¶ 4-5). Likewise, both have opined that the prevailing market rate for these
attorneys in the Middle District of North Carolina is equal to or more than the $250
hourly requested. (Docs. 178-18 at ¶¶ 15-16; 178-19 at ¶¶ 15-16). The defendants have
submitted no contrary evidence. The plaintiffs have met their burden to establish that the
$250 hourly rate is more than reasonable for Ms. Parker and Mr. Brook.
The plaintiffs also submitted evidence that the $125 hourly rate requested for the
ACLU-NC paralegal, Ms. Brown, was reasonable and in line with the prevailing market
rate in this district for a paralegal. (See Docs. 178-9 at ¶ 19; 178-16 at ¶ 19; 178-18 at ¶
17; 178-19 at ¶ 17). Mr. Brook and Ms. Parker testified by affidavit that they delegated
tasks to Ms. Brown, which lowered the cost of the litigation because those tasks would
otherwise have fallen to attorneys. (Docs. 178-9 at ¶ 9; 178-16 at ¶ 9). Time spent by
paralegals and legal assistants can be included in attorney fee awards and should be billed
35
according to market practices. See Jenkins, 491 U.S. at 287-88 (“By encouraging the use
of lower cost paralegals rather than attorneys wherever possible, permitting market-rate
billing of paralegal hours encourages cost-effective delivery of legal services and, by
reducing the spiraling cost of civil rights litigation, furthers the policies underlying civil
rights statutes.”) (quotations and citation omitted). The Court will award attorneys’ fees
for Ms. Brown’s work at a rate of $125 an hour.
2. Extra-Community Attorney Rates
a. Reasonableness of Choosing Extra-Community Counsel
Ms. Parker’s and Mr. Brook’s affidavits establish that ACLU-NC would have
been unable to prosecute this case without additional resources and more experienced
attorneys. (See Docs. 178-9 at ¶ 15; 178-16 at ¶ 14 (“The ACLU-NC never had more
than two attorneys licensed and practicing in North Carolina during the course of this
litigation. This individual or these two attorneys were responsible for all civil libertyrelated legal matters implicating the mission of the ACLU-NC in our office. None of
these attorneys had particular expertise in abortion-related provisions impacting
physicians’ First Amendment Rights.”)). They also explained the several reasons it
would have been difficult to obtain attorneys in North Carolina willing to undertake the
representation. (Docs. 178-9 at ¶¶ 11-14; 178-16 at ¶¶ 10-13).
This evidence was echoed by the unaffiliated North Carolina attorneys. Mr.
Sasser declared he is “familiar with the work of the ACLU-NC and can state these are
sizable responsibilities, especially in recent years. Given ACLU-NC’s limited resources
and experience as well as the complexity and duration of this litigation, it is my opinion
36
that the ACLU-NC could not have handled this litigation without further expert litigation
assistance.” (Doc. 178-18 at ¶ 18; accord Doc. 178-19 at ¶ 18). He agreed with ACLUNC counsel that most attorneys in North Carolina would not have accepted the
representation in the subject case. (Doc. 178-18 at ¶ 10). Mr. Sigmon concurred and also
affirmed that there is a “paucity of pro bono counsel” willing to take labor-intensive civil
rights cases in North Carolina. (Doc. 178-19 at ¶¶ 8, 9).
The plaintiffs’ uncontroverted evidence from their counsel and from attorneys
independent of this litigation is that it would have been difficult to find a North Carolina
lawyer who would have accepted pro bono representation in this case and that there was
no available counsel in North Carolina with the skills, experience, and resources
necessary to take on a case of this complexity and specialized nature on a pro bono basis.
(See Docs. 178-9 at ¶ 16 (expressing unawareness of attorneys in the North Carolina
market with a similar level of expertise in reproductive rights constitutional challenges as
the attorneys retained at CRR, Planned Parenthood, and the ACLU’s Reproductive
Freedom Project); 178-18 at ¶ 10; 178-19 at ¶ 11; 178-10 at ¶ 6). This uncontroverted,
credible evidence supports the conclusion that the complexity and specialized nature of
the case meant local counsel was not available and that the plaintiffs acted reasonably in
choosing attorneys in D.C. and New York. Rum Creek, 31 F.3d at 179. The Court so
finds.
The defendants assert that the plaintiffs have offered insufficient evidence that
other North Carolina attorneys would not have been willing to undertake the case pro
bono. (Doc. 179 at 12). The defendants appear to contend that the proffered affidavits
37
are insufficient because they do not include testimony stating that the plaintiffs tried to
engage specific North Carolina attorneys who turned down the work. (Doc. 179 at 12).
However, the defendants do not cite any legal authority suggesting that such testimony is
required.
Certainly there are many experienced civil rights attorneys in North Carolina, and
no doubt some of them could have competently handled the case, given enough time.
However, there is no evidence that there were any experienced constitutional lawyers in
the state who were as familiar with the confluence of reproductive rights and First
Amendment law as the out-of-state attorneys hired by the plaintiffs, much less that there
were two or three such lawyers, which is the minimum it would have taken to staff this
case at the partner level. Nor is there any evidence that these hypothetical lawyers would
have taken on such a labor-intensive pro bono representation. The State’s speculation to
the contrary is not persuasive. Moreover, at least one experienced constitutional lawyer
in North Carolina charges paying clients an hourly rate of $625, (Doc. 178-18 at ¶ 14), so
it is not clear it would have saved money to hire such lawyers, had they been available;
the highest hourly rate the plaintiffs seek for partner-level work is $550.
The plaintiffs were likewise reasonable in choosing the individual extracommunity attorneys who participated in the litigation. Rum Creek, 31 F.3d at 179. All
the out-of-state attorneys who worked on this case at a partner level have extensive
experience in constitutional litigation and were well qualified to make a contribution to
the prosecution of the case in district court and to the defense of the judgment in the
appellate courts.
38
Ms. Anderson had thirty years of legal experience as of 2011 and has litigated
numerous reproductive rights cases, often as lead counsel. (Doc. 178-17 at ¶ 15). Ms.
Rikelman had about fifteen years of legal experience focused on complex litigation,
reproductive rights law, and First Amendment law at the time she began work on the
lawsuit. (Id. at ¶¶ 5-7, 9). She also had experience challenging mandatory ultrasound
laws in other cases; at the time this litigation began, CRR was the only organization that
had previously litigated similar challenges. (Id. at ¶ 10). In 2011, Ms. Krasnoff had
fourteen years’ legal experience, primarily in litigating reproductive rights challenges, as
well as experience in the Middle District of North Carolina. (Doc. 178-8 at ¶¶ 9-10, 13).
When O’Melveny became involved in the litigation in October 2011, Mr. Metlitsky had
six years of legal experience, including a clerkship with Supreme Court Chief Justice
John Roberts, and he spent significant time on constitutional law appellate litigation.
(Doc. 178-15 at ¶¶ 2, 8). Mr. Dellinger has previously served as head of the Office of
Legal Counsel and as U.S. Solicitor General, has argued numerous cases before the U.S.
Supreme Court, and has written scores of Supreme Court briefs in more than forty years
of practice. (Doc. 178-15 at ¶ 7).51
51
The defendants object to the use of the O’Melveny attorneys, asserting that engaging them
was unnecessary because all the plaintiffs’ attorneys had substantial experience with complex
constitutional cases. (Doc. 179 at 3-4). The defendants further object to the fact that the firm
assigned two senior attorneys to the case, Mr. Dellinger and Mr. Metlitsky. (Id. at 4). None of
the other attorneys who worked on the case had clerked for a Supreme Court justice or served as
Solicitor General of the United States, and thus Mr. Dellinger and Mr. Metlitsky each brought
valuable experience to the table. Moreover, a careful review of the submitted time sheets shows
that the plaintiffs met their duty to exercise “billing judgment” by excluding “hours that are
excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434; see also Norman,
836 F.2d at 1302. The O’Melveny attorneys took a lead role in researching and drafting certain
39
The less experienced lawyers also brought valuable and varied backgrounds to the
table. At the time she began work on the lawsuit in 2012, Ms. Salgado had six years of
experience practicing law, all as counsel for Planned Parenthood, and had worked on
numerous cases challenging statutes impacting reproductive health care. (Doc. 178-8 at
¶¶ 4-6). Mr. Beck clerked for two different federal judges, and since the inception of the
lawsuit in 2011 his work for the ACLU has focused exclusively on reproductive rights
litigation. (Doc. 178-1 at ¶¶ 4-6). Ms. Sokoler and Ms. Schneller, who worked at CRR
at different times, each had two years of legal experience when they began work on the
case, and Ms. Sokoler had completed two federal clerkships. (Docs. 178-17 at ¶¶ 17-18).
Mr. Metlitsky was assisted by associate Ms. Conn from 2011-12 and counsel Ms.
Godesky from 2012 to the present. (Doc. 178-15 at ¶¶ 10-11). Each had three years of
experience practicing law at the time she began work on the litigation. (Id.) Ms.
Godesky has served as the lead O’Melveny associate on several complex federal
litigation cases. (Id. at ¶ 11). As noted supra, these attorneys participated in the
litigation in ways consistent with and appropriate for their level of experience; it is
reasonable to assign relatively new lawyers to work on legal research, prepare first drafts,
deal with logistical matters and coordination, and provide final cite-checks of briefs.
briefs appropriate to their experience and expertise, (see Doc. 178-15 at ¶ 24), and the evidence
does not reveal duplication by the other attorneys. Furthermore, Mr. Dellinger donated the
majority of his time spent on the case. (Id. at ¶ 23). Retaining the O’Melveny attorneys before
the appellate or Supreme Court stage was reasonable, as the way a case is litigated in the first
instance can affect its viability on appeal.
40
The plaintiffs have demonstrated that it was reasonable to hire attorneys from
CRR, Planned Parenthood, the ACLU’s Reproductive Freedom Project, and O’Melveny.
b. Reasonableness of Extra-Community Rates
The plaintiffs have submitted uncontradicted evidence to show that the hourly rate
requested for each attorney is reasonable—indeed, modest—for the applicable extracommunity legal markets and, as to the O’Melveny attorneys, less than the firm charges
paying clients. Actual rates charged in those markets are higher, and some considerably
higher, than the plaintiffs seek for their work on this litigation.
According to uncontradicted testimony from Kimberly Parker, a partner at Wilmer
Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP based in Washington, D.C., paying clients in the
D.C. and New York markets pay $385-690 per hour for attorneys with less than five
years of experience, $650-855 for attorneys with five to eight years of experience, and
$655-1255 for attorneys with nine or more years of experience. (Doc. 178-10 at ¶¶ 4, 811). Actual rates charged by O’Melveny are very similar. (Doc. 178-15 at ¶¶ 12-15).
Furthermore, the hourly rates the plaintiffs seek here are lower than market rates in the
D.C. area per the Laffey matrix. (See Doc. 178-7).52
To summarize the evidence:
52
The Laffey matrix was established by the D.C. courts to assess presumptively reasonable
local market rates for D.C.-based attorneys and is updated periodically. Robinson v. Equifax
Information Services, LLC, 560 F.3d 235, 244 (4th Cir. 2009); see Covington v. District of
Columbia, 57 F.3d 1101, 1109 (D.C. Cir. 1995); see generally Salazar v. District of Columbia,
__ F.3d __, __ , 2015 WL 9258954 at *4-6 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 18, 2015) (discussing Laffey matrix
updates). In another context, the Fourth Circuit has noted that the Laffey matrix “is a useful
starting point to determine fees, [but] not a required referent.” Newport News Shipbldg. & Dry
Dock Co. v. Holiday, 591 F.3d 219, 229 (4th Cir. 2009).
41
Attorney
Experience
(years)
D.C., New York
Market Rates53
Laffey Matrix
Rates54
Rate
Requested
Mr. Dellinger
45 +
$655-1255
$796
$550
Ms. Anderson
30 +
$655-1255
$796
$550
Ms. Rikelman
15-18
$655-1255
$661
$550
Ms. Krasnoff
14 +
$655-1255
$661
$550
Mr. Metlitsky
6-10
$650-1255
$406-586
$400
Ms. Salgado
6-9
$650-855
$406-586
$400
Mr. Beck
4-8
$385-855
$406-586
$400
Ms. Godesky
3-6
$385-855
$331-406
$250
Ms. Conn
3
$385-690
$331
$250
Ms. Sokoler
2
$385-690
$331
$250
Ms. Schneller
2
$385-690
$331
$250
53
These numbers are from Kimberly Parker’s testimony. (Doc. 178-10 at ¶¶ 4, 8-11). The
O’Melveny attorneys offered additional evidence of the actual rates they charge to paying
clients, which are somewhat lower than the top of Ms. Parker’s range but still well higher than
the rates requested here. (Doc. 178-15 at ¶¶ 16-19). For example, Mr. Dellinger charges paying
clients between $990 and $1225, (id. at ¶ 16), significantly more than $550. The Court has
considered this evidence as well, even though it is not included in the chart for logistical reasons.
54
The rates indicated are those for the year beginning June 1, 2015. (E.g., Doc. 178-7). The
Laffey matrix rates are adjusted annually and typically rise, so the 2015 rates for each level of
experience are slightly higher than the corresponding 2011 rates. The Fourth Circuit has noted
that “[u]sing current market rates [rather than rates in effect at the time the services were
performed] to calculate the lodestar may counterbalance the delay in payment as well as simplify
the task of the district court.” Daly, 790 F.2d at 1081 (quotations omitted). “Delay necessarily
erodes the value of a fee that would have been reasonable if paid at the time the services were
rendered.” Id.
42
This evidence establishes without contradiction that the hourly rates the plaintiffs
seek are reasonable, and the Court so finds.
The defendants assert that Mr. Beck of the ACLU’s Reproductive Rights Project
was too inexperienced to be reimbursed at a rate of $400 per hour. First, the defendants
inaccurately assert that Mr. Beck had not practiced law before he began working on this
case. (See Doc. 179 at 15). Mr. Beck’s affidavit makes it clear that he had worked for a
year practicing law with the ACLU after three years spent clerking for two federal
judges. (Doc. 178-1 ¶¶ 4-6). Thus, at the inception of this case in 2011, Mr. Beck had
four years of legal experience.55 His work at the ACLU to date has focused exclusively
on reproductive rights litigation. (Doc. 178-1 at ¶¶ 4-6). Mr. Beck graduated with
honors from a top law school and is admitted to the bar of five circuit courts. (Id. at ¶ 4).
He has experience with challenging laws restricting access to reproductive healthcare
involving the First Amendment—the very issues involved in this litigation. (Id. at ¶ 6).
At the beginning of the case, he had double the years of legal experience of the CRR
attorneys for whom the plaintiffs request $250/hour.56 His time sheets indicate he was
55
Clerkships are relevant in evaluating an attorney’s legal experience, see, e.g., Blum, 465
U.S. at 899 n.15; Serricchio v. Wachovia Securities, LLC, 706 F.Supp.2d 237, 256 (D. Conn.
2010); Wise v. Kelly, 620 F. Supp. 2d 435, 449 (S.D.N.Y. 2008), and the Laffey matrix calculates
the “years out of law school” beginning from June 1 of each year, reflecting the date by which
law students graduate. (E.g., Doc. 178-7 at 2).
56
Mr. Beck had only one more year of experience than the two O’Melveny attorneys for
whom the plaintiffs seek $250/hour. However, O’Melveny’s paying clients paid between $495
and $750 per hour for those attorneys’ time during the relevant periods. (Doc. 178-15 at ¶¶ 1819). The fact that all of O’Melveny’s attorneys have requested lower rates than would have been
justified by the evidence does not affect the reasonableness of Mr. Beck’s requested rate.
43
performing work appropriate for his experience level.57 An hourly rate of $400 per hour
for Mr. Beck is well within the $385-690 range for lawyers with less than five years’
experience and is reasonable.58
3. Defendants’ Additional Evidentiary Objection
The defendants make a cursory argument asking the Court to disregard
unspecified parts of the affidavits of the three lawyers unaffiliated with this litigation.
Their argument in full follows:
The State further asks that the Court disregard those portions of [the three
affidavits] which show on their faces that they are not based on the affiant’s
personal knowledge, or that they are based on hearsay or that parts of them
are simply verbatim copies of part(s) of one or another of the other
declarations submitted by the plaintiffs in support of their fee petition.
(Doc. 179 at 15). The defendants do not identify which parts of the multi-page
declarations, even by paragraph, they think the Court should disregard, nor do they cite
any legal authority or provide any analysis in support of their argument.
The Court appreciates that the plaintiffs bear the burden of proof, but such broad
and non-specific objections are not helpful to the Court. Nor is the Court required to do
the legal work needed to support a cursory argument when counsel declined the
opportunity. See note 43, supra. In any event, the affidavits establish that the declarants
are knowledgeable about hourly rates in the relevant market and have the professional
57
The first drafts Mr. Beck worked on included a motion to modify the preliminary
injunction, the initial discovery disclosures, the statement of facts for the summary judgment
brief, and a motion to exclude certain affidavits. (Doc. 178-2 at 2-4).
58
See chart, supra pp. 41-42.
44
experience needed to offer expert opinions about the reasonableness of the hours and
fees. It would be impossible for a lawyer who did not participate in the case to have
“personal knowledge” of the time spent on the case, yet, as noted supra, the case law
strongly encourages such opinion testimony. The fact that the affidavits track the
language of the cases concerning attorney fees simply shows that the lawyers were aware
of the appropriate standard the Court would apply.59
4. Conclusion as to Hourly Rates
The Court finds that the proposed hourly rates for work done by plaintiffs’
counsel are reasonable under the circumstances and are well within or lower than market
rates in North Carolina, as to Ms. Parker, Mr. Brook, and their legal assistant, and in
Washington, D.C., and New York City, as to the remaining attorneys.
V.
CONCLUSION
In evaluating the reasonableness of the time spent and hourly rates requested, the
Court has considered the time and labor expended; the novelty and difficulty of the
questions presented; the skill required to properly perform the legal services rendered; the
attorneys’ opportunity costs in prosecuting this litigation; the time limitations imposed by
the circumstances; the weight of the matter in controversy and the results obtained; the
experience, reputations, and abilities of the attorneys; the undesirability of the case within
the legal community; the nature and length of the professional relationships; and the
59
The Court assumes the defendants are not contending that these three officers of the court
are being untruthful. To the extent the defendants so insinuate, the Court rejects the inference as
unsupported by any evidence and unwarranted.
45
hourly rates generally charged in the prevailing markets.60 Taking those things into
account, and upon careful review of the evidence in light of the Court’s experience with
the case, the Court in its discretion finds that the defendants should pay the plaintiffs’
reasonable attorneys’ fees in the total amount of $1,027,090, as follows:
ACLU-NC is entitled to $70,312.50 in fees, reflecting 171.9 hours worked by Ms.
Parker at a rate of $250 hourly, 98.1 hours worked by Mr. Brook at a rate of $250 hourly,
and 22.5 hours worked by Ms. Brown at a rate of $125 hourly.
CRR is entitled to $503,927.50 in fees, reflecting 431.6 hours worked by Ms.
Anderson at a rate of $550 hourly or $275 hourly for non-working travel time, 447.2
hours worked by Ms. Rikelman at a rate of $550 hourly or $275 hourly for non-working
travel time, 91.35 hours worked by Ms. Sokoler at a rate of $250 hourly, and 26.75 hours
worked by Ms. Schneller at a rate of $250 hourly.61
ACLU’s Reproductive Freedom Project is entitled to $107,640 in fees, reflecting
269.1 hours worked by Mr. Beck at a rate of $400 hourly.
Planned Parenthood is entitled to $134,675 in fees, reflecting 89.1 hours worked
by Ms. Krasnoff at a rate of $550 hourly, 18 travel hours by Ms. Krasnoff at a rate of
$275 hourly, 197.8 hours worked by Ms. Salgado at a rate of $400 hourly, and 8 travel
hours by Ms. Salgado at a rate of $200 hourly.
60
Neither party submitted any evidence of attorneys’ fees awarded in similar cases.
61
The defendants have not objected to the reduced travel rate or the way CRR calculated the
travel hours. While the breakdown for travel time is not explicit in Ms. Rikelman’s affidavit or
time sheets, the Court has reviewed the time sheets and done the algebra to confirm the travel
time was reasonable.
46
O’Melveny is entitled to $210,535 in fees, reflecting 60.2 hours of work by Mr.
Dellinger at a rate of $550 hourly, 262.5 hours of work by Mr. Metlitsky at a rate of $400
hourly, 148.4 hours of work by Ms. Conn at a rate of $250 hourly, and 141.3 hours of
work for Ms. Godesky at a rate of $250 hourly.
The Court also awards $16,226.47 in expenses. The expenses break down as
follows: $5,144.80 to CRR; $1,916.98 to ACLU; $2,245.09 to Planned Parenthood; and
$6,919.60 to O’Melveny.
It is ORDERED that the motion for attorneys’ fees and expenses is GRANTED
and the defendants shall pay the following amounts to the following plaintiffs within
ninety days:
1. To ACLU-NC: $70,312.50
2. To CRR: $509,072.30
3. To ACLU: $109,556.98
4. To Planned Parenthood: $136,920.09
5. To O’Melveny & Myers: $217,454.60
This the 25th day of January, 2016.
__________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
47
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