HATCH et al v. DEMAYO et al
Filing
63
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER signed by JUDGE LORETTA C. BIGGS on 11/15/2018. Moving Defendants' pleading entitled, "Motion for Reconsideration of the Court's Ruling on their Motion to Dismiss and Alter native Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings," (ECF No. 45 ), is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. The motion is DENIED to the extent Moving Defendants seek modification of the Court's September 29 Order denying Moving Defendants' motion to dismiss Plaintiffs' Complaint, and to the extent that it seeks judgment on the pleadings in favor of Moving Defendants. The motion is GRANTED to the extent that the Court has corrected the failure in its September 29 Memorandum Opin ion to apply the Central Hudson analysis to Moving Defendants' speech to determine whether the DPPA's restriction on such speech is constitutionally permissible. This error, however, does not alter the ultimate ruling in the September 29 Order. (Daniel, J)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
JONATHAN HATCH, MARK DVORSKY, and
SHATERIKA NICHOLSON, on behalf of
themselves and others similarly situated,
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Plaintiffs,
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v.
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MICHAEL A. DEMAYO, individually; THE LAW
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OFFICES OF MICHAEL A. DEMAYO, P.C.;
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LAW OFFICES OF MICHAEL A. DEMAYO,
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L.L.P.; JASON E. TAYLOR, individually; LAW
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OFFICES OF JASON E. TAYLOR, P.C.;
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BENJAMIN T. COCHRAN, individually;
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HARDISON & COCHRAN, PLLC; CARL B.
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NAGLE, individually; NAGLE & ASSOCIATES,
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P.A.; JOHN J. GELSHENEN, individually; DAVIS & )
GELSHENEN LLP; MARK I. FARBMAN,
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individually, MARK FARBMAN, P.A.; TED A.
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GREVE, individually; TED A. GREVE &
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ASSOCIATES, P.A.; CHRISTOPHER T. MAY,
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individually and ESTWANIK AND MAY, P.L.L.C;
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Defendants.
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1:16CV925
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
LORETTA C. BIGGS, District Judge.
Plaintiffs initiated this action alleging that the above-named Defendants violated the
Driver’s Privacy Protection Act (“DPPA”), 18 U.S.C. § 2721, et seq. (ECF Nos. 1, 5.)
Defendants subsequently filed two motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint
(the “Complaint”), (ECF Nos. 21, 23), each of which were denied by this Court in its Order
entered September 29, 2017 (“September 29 Order”), (ECF No. 35).
Filed
contemporaneously with the Court’s September 29 Order was a memorandum of law wherein
the Court discussed the basis for its Order (“September 29 Memorandum Opinion”). (Id.).
Before the Court is a pleading filed by Moving Defendants1 captioned “Moving Defendants’
Motion for Reconsideration of the Court’s Ruling on their Motion to Dismiss and Alternative
Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings.” (ECF No. 45.) Though captioned in the alternative,
these are two independent motions housed in the same pleading.2 For the reasons set forth
below, Moving Defendants’ motion to reconsider will be granted in part and denied in part,
and Moving Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings will be denied.
I.
BACKGROUND
The Court incorporates by reference the factual background set forth in its September
29 Memorandum Opinion, (ECF No. 35).
II.
LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Rule 54(b) (Motion to Reconsider)
Under Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the “district court retains
the power to reconsider and modify its interlocutory judgments . . . at any time prior to final
judgment when such is warranted.” Am. Canoe Ass’n v. Murphy Farms, Inc., 326 F.3d 505, 514–
15 (4th Cir. 2003); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) (“[A]ny order . . . that adjudicates fewer than all the
claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties . . . may be revised at any time
before the entry of a judgment.”). “Said power is committed to the discretion of the district
1
The following Defendants have joined in the instant motion: Mark I. Fabman and Mark Farbman,
P.A. (See ECF No. 45.)
2
This Court’s Local Rule 7.3(a) requires that “[e]ach motion shall be set out in a separate pleading.”
LR 7.3(a).
2
court” and may be exercised as justice requires. Am. Canoe Ass’n, at 515. The Fourth Circuit
has held that Rule 54(b) motions “are not subject to the strict standards applicable to motions
for reconsideration of a final judgment,” under Rule 59(e). Id. at 514. Nonetheless, courts in
this Circuit have frequently looked to the standards under Rule 59(e) for guidance in
considering motions for reconsideration under Rule 54(b).3 Accordingly, reconsideration
under Rule 54(b), like Rule 59(e), “is appropriate on the following grounds: (1) to account for
an intervening change in controlling law; (2) to account for newly discovered evidence; or (3)
to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice.” South Carolina v. United States, 232
F. Supp. 3d 785, 793 (D.S.C. 2017). Although Rule 54(b) motions for reconsideration are held
to a less stringent standard than motions under Rule 59(e), such motions “should not be used
to rehash arguments the court has already considered” or “to raise new arguments or evidence
that could have been raised previously.” Id. at 793.
B. Rule 12(c) (Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings)
Under Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[a]fter the pleadings are
closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for judgment on the
pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). Such a motion is analyzed “under the same standards as a
motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).” Occupy Columbia v. Haley, 738 F.3d 107, 115 (4th Cir.
2013). Like a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, “[a] Rule 12(c) motion tests only the sufficiency of the
complaint and does not resolve the merits of the plaintiff’s claims or any disputes of fact.”
Drager v. PLIVA USA, Inc., 741 F.3d 470, 474 (4th Cir. 2014). Unlike when deciding a Rule
3
See, e.g., South Carolina v. United States, 232 F. Supp. 3d 785, 792–93 (D.S.C. 2017); Cezair v. JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A., No. DKC 13-2928, 2014 WL 4955535, at *1 (D. Md. Sept. 30, 2014); Ruffin v. Entm’t
of the E. Panhandle, No. 3:11-CV-19, 2012 WL 1435674, at *3 (N.D.W. Va. Apr. 25, 2012).
3
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the Court, when deciding a motion for judgment on the pleadings,
may consider the Answer. Alexander v. City of Greensboro, 801 F. Supp. 2d 429, 433 (M.D.N.C.
2011). The factual allegations contained in the Answer “are taken as true only where and to
the extent they have not been denied or do not conflict with the complaint.” Jadoff v. Gleason,
140 F.R.D. 330, 331 (M.D.N.C. 1991). Because the plaintiff is not required to reply to the
Answer, “all allegations in the [A]nswer are deemed denied.” Id. at 332. The defendant cannot
therefore “rely on allegations of fact contained only in the [A]nswer, including affirmative
defenses, which contradict Plaintiffs’ complaint.” Id.
A court should grant a motion for judgment on the pleadings “only . . . if, after
accepting all well-pleaded allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint as true and drawing all
reasonable factual inferences from those facts in the plaintiff’s favor, it appears certain that
the plaintiff cannot prove any set of facts in support of his claim entitling him to relief.”
Edwards v. City of Goldsboro, 178 F.3d 231, 244 (4th Cir. 1999).
III.
DISCUSSION
A. Motion for Reconsideration
1. The DPPA’s applicability to Defendants’ alleged conduct
In their motion, Moving Defendants first argue that reconsideration “is appropriate
because the DPPA does not regulate private actors who do not obtain personal information
directly from a state DMV.” (ECF No. 46 at 5.) According to Moving Defendants, this Court
cannot ascribe “DPPA liability to Moving Defendants when they did not obtain the challenged
information from a state DMV.” (Id. at 8.) This argument, which was previously raised by
Moving Defendants throughout the parties’ extensive briefing on the motions to dismiss, was
4
fully considered and addressed by the Court in its September 29 Memorandum Opinion. (See
ECF No. 35 at 15–16.) Moving Defendants present no new argument which could not have
been presented in the original briefing. “It is improper to file a motion for reconsideration
simply to ask the Court to rethink what the Court has already thought through—rightly or
wrongly.” Wiseman v. First Citizens Bank & Tr. Co., 215 F.R.D. 507, 509 (W.D.N.C. 2003)
(internal quotation marks omitted); see also Broadvox-CLEC, LLC v. AT & T Corp., 98 F. Supp.
3d 839, 850 (D. Md. 2015) (“Notably, a motion for reconsideration is not a license for a losing
party[ ] . . . to get a second bite at the apple.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Hinton v.
Henderson, No. 3:10cv505, 2011 WL 2142799, at *1 (W.D.N.C. May 31, 2011) (“[A] [Rule 54(b)]
motion to reconsider is not proper where it only asks the Court to rethink its prior decision,
or presents a better or more compelling argument that the party could have presented in the
original briefs on the matter.” (internal citations and quotation marks omitted)).
Thus, because Moving Defendants simply restate an argument previously considered
and rejected by the Court with respect to the issue of whether the DPPA applies to their
alleged conduct, and further, because Moving Defendants have failed to establish any basis
under Rule 54(b) for reconsideration of this issue, the Court will deny Moving Defendants’
motion for reconsideration related to this issue.
2. First Amendment / Commercial Speech
Moving Defendants next argue that the Court committed a clear error of law in arriving
at its conclusion in the September 29 Memorandum Opinion that the First Amendment did
not apply to the speech at issue. (See ECF No. 46 at 2.) Moving Defendants contend that the
Court failed to consider the “content” of Defendant’s speech, as required by Central Hudson
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Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York, 447 U.S. 557 (1980). (ECF No. 46
at 2, 9–11.)
Moving Defendants further argue that “the Court focused on whether
Defendants’ speech allegedly violated the DPPA,” and should have instead “considered the
lawfulness of the transaction proposed by Defendants’ commercial speech.” (Id. at 10 (citing
Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio, 471 U.S. 626, 638 (1985).) Moving
Defendants are correct—this was error. The Court will, therefore, reconsider its analysis of
whether the First Amendment is applicable to Defendants’ speech.
Here, the speech at issue is attorney advertising, (ECF No. 35 at 21), which, as stated
in the September 29 Memorandum Opinion, (id.), is a form of commercial speech, Shapero v.
Ky. Bar Ass’n, 486 U.S. 466, 472 (1988) (“Lawyer advertising is in the category of
constitutionally protected commercial speech.” (citing Bates v. State Bar of Ariz., 433 U.S. 350,
383 (1977)). “[C]ommercial speech is ‘usually defined as speech that does no more than
propose a commercial transaction.’” Greater Balt. Ctr. for Pregnancy Concerns, Inc. v. Mayor & City
Council of Baltimore, 721 F.3d 264, 284 (4th Cir. 2013) (en banc) (quoting United States v. United
Foods, Inc., 533 U.S. 405, 409 (2001)); see Cent. Hudson, 447 U.S. at 561 (defining commercial
speech as “expression related solely to the economic interests of the speaker and its audience”).
Such speech is entitled to First Amendment protection when it is not false, misleading, nor
related to unlawful activity. See id. at 563–64; see also Zauderer, 471 U.S. at 638 (explaining that
the First Amendment does not protect speech that “proposes an illegal transaction” or
“concern[s] unlawful activities”); see also Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm’n on Human
Relations, 413 U.S. 376, 388–89 (1973) (explaining that the State may prohibit commercial
speech related to illegal activity).
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Although commercial speech is protected by the First Amendment, “the Constitution
. . . accords a lesser protection to commercial speech than to other constitutionally guaranteed
expression.” Cent. Hudson, 447 U.S. at 562–63. Specifically, “under Central Hudson, a restriction
on commercial speech must withstand ‘intermediate scrutiny’ in order to survive a First
Amendment challenge.”4 Educ. Media Co. at Va. Tech, Inc. v. Insley, 731 F.3d 291, 297 (4th Cir.
2013) (quoting Cent. Hudson, 447 U.S. at 573)). Thus, in considering Moving Defendants’ First
Amendment challenge to the DPPA’s restrictions as applied to their alleged conduct,5 the
Court must apply the Central Hudson test. Under this test, Plaintiffs, as the party seeking to
uphold the DPPA’s restriction on Moving Defendants’ commercial speech, must “carr[y] the
burden of justifying it.” Bolger v. Youngs Drug Prods. Corp., 463 U.S. 60, 71 n.20 (1983).
In Central Hudson, the Supreme Court articulated the following four-part intermediate
scrutiny test to determine the constitutionality of restrictions on commercial speech:
4
In their motion, Moving Defendants argue, in a footnote, that “Sorrell [v. IMS Health Inc., 564 U.S.
552 (2011),] requires that ‘heightened scrutiny’ be applied to content-based burdens on protected
expression—regardless of whether the expression is also considered ‘commercial speech.’” (ECF No.
45 at 4 n.1 (quoting Sorrell, 564 U.S. at 565–66).) However, in Sorrell, the Court did not abrogate the
Central Hudson test for restrictions on commercial speech. See Sorrell, 564 U.S. at 572 (citing Central
Hudson in its description of the elements of a commercial speech inquiry). Rather, the Supreme Court
acknowledged “that restrictions on protected expression are distinct from restrictions on economic
activity,” and it reiterated the longstanding principle of First Amendment jurisprudence that contentand speaker-based regulation of protected speech is subject to strict scrutiny. Id. at 566–67 (“The
First Amendment requires heightened scrutiny whenever the government creates ‘a regulation of
speech because of disagreement with the message it conveys.’” (quoting Ward v. Rock Against Racism,
491 U.S. 781, 791 (1989)). The Court further determined that the Vermont law at issue in Sorrell
“impose[d] a burden based on the content of speech and the identity of the speaker.” Id. at 567. Thus,
the Court found that because the Vermont law “[was] designed to impose a specific, content-based
burden on protected expression[,]. . . [i]t follow[ed] that heightened judicial scrutiny [was] warranted.”
Id. at 565.
5
Plaintiffs have alleged that Defendants knowingly obtained, used and disclosed personal information
from a motor vehicle record in violation of the DPPA. (ECF No. 5 ¶¶ 77–88.)
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(1) to receive any First Amendment protection, commercial
speech “must concern lawful activity and not be misleading”;
(2) the asserted government interest must be “substantial” to
justify the restriction;
(3) the restriction must “directly advance[ ] the governmental
interest asserted;” and
(4) the restriction must not be “more extensive than is necessary
to serve that interest.”
Central Hudson, 447 U.S. at 566.
The Fourth Circuit has held that “Central Hudson applies to both facial and as-applied
challenges” to the constitutionality of a law. Educ. Media, 731 F.3d at 298. A party asserting a
facial challenge “may demonstrate that no set of circumstances exists under which the law
would be valid,” or “that the law is overbroad because a substantial number of its applications
are unconstitutional, judged in relation to the statute’s plainly legitimate sweep.” Id. at 298 n.5
(internal quotation marks omitted). In contrast, where, as here, a party asserts an as-applied
challenge, such a challenge is “based on a developed factual record and the application of a
statute to a specific [party].” Id. (quoting Richmond Med. Ctr. for Women v. Herring, 570 F.3d 165,
172 (4th Cir. 2009) (en banc). “[T]o assess an as-applied challenge, the court must have
substantial record evidence with which to evaluate the claim.” United States v. Sherman, 797 F.
Supp. 2d 709, 711 (W.D. Va. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). See H.B. Rowe Co. v.
Tippett, 615 F.3d 233, 243 (4th Cir. 2010) (“Where substantial record evidence exists as to the
application of the challenged statutory scheme, a court has the concrete facts necessary to
assess such an as-applied challenge.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
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The parties do not appear to contest the first Central Hudson factor—that the content
of the commercial speech at issue is not misleading and concerns lawful activity. In the
absence of a developed record, however, the Court cannot, at this stage of the litigation,
determine whether, as applied to Moving Defendants’ alleged conduct, the DPPA satisfies the
remaining Central Hudson factors. Plaintiffs’ claim is, therefore, not subject to dismissal, at this
time, on First Amendment grounds. See RCP Publ’ns Inc. v. City of Chicago, 204 F. Supp. 3d
1012, 1019 (N.D. Ill. 2016) (finding that “[w]ithout a more developed record,” determining
whether a city ordinance was an unconstitutional restriction on speech in violation of the First
Amendment could not be resolved at the motion to dismiss stage). Accordingly, the ruling by
this Court in its September 29 Order denying Moving Defendants’ motion to dismiss the
Complaint on these grounds is unchanged and shall remain in full force and effect.
B. Alternative Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
Moving Defendants also argue, in the alternative, that “the arguments raised [in their
motion for reconsideration and supporting brief] also support entry of judgment on the
pleadings.” (ECF No. 45 at 2 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c); ECF No. 46 at 4 (citing Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(c).) On a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the Court must determine whether,
considering the pleadings, which now include Moving Defendants’ Answer,6 Moving
Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Smith v. McDonald, 562 F. Supp.
829, 842 (M.D.N.C. 1983) (finding that “[t]he test applicable for judgment on the pleadings is
6
Following entry of the Court’s September 29 Order, Moving Defendants filed an Answer. (ECF
No. 40.) The Answer includes affirmative defenses which, as previously stated, cannot be considered
by the Court. See Jadoff, 140 F.R.D. at 332 (“For the purposes of [a Rule 12(c)] motion, Defendant[s]
cannot rely on allegations of fact contained only in the answer, including affirmative defenses, which
contradict Plaintiffs’ complaint.”).
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whether or not . . . the case can be decided as a matter of law”), aff’d, 737 F.2d 427 (4th Cir.
1984), aff’d, 472 U.S. 479 (1985).
Here, the Answer filed by Moving Defendants does not raise any new, uncontested
facts which alter the findings and conclusions of law discussed above, as well as those
discussed in the Court’s September 29 Memorandum Opinion. Nor does consideration of
Moving Defendants’ Answer entitle them, at this juncture, to judgment as a matter of law on
any of Plaintiffs’ claim. The Court will, therefore, deny Moving Defendants’ alternative
motion for judgment on the pleadings.
IV.
CONCLUSION
The Court concludes that Moving Defendants’ motion to reconsider the September 29
Order will be denied to the extent that it seeks modification of the Order entered. The motion
to reconsider will be granted, however, to the extent that it seeks correction of the Court’s
failure, in its September 29 Memorandum Opinion, to apply the Central Hudson analysis to
Moving Defendants’ speech to determine whether the DPPA’s restriction on such speech is
constitutionally permissible.
Finally, Moving Defendants’ motion for judgment on the
pleadings will be denied.
For the reasons stated herein, the Court enters the following:
ORDER
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Moving Defendants’ pleading entitled, “Motion
for Reconsideration of the Court’s Ruling on their Motion to Dismiss and Alternative Motion
for Judgment on the Pleadings,” (ECF No. 45), is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED
IN PART. The motion is DENIED to the extent Moving Defendants seek modification of
10
the Court’s September 29 Order denying Moving Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’
Complaint, and to the extent that it seeks judgment on the pleadings in favor of Moving
Defendants.
The motion is GRANTED to the extent that the Court has corrected the failure in its
September 29 Memorandum Opinion to apply the Central Hudson analysis to Moving
Defendants’ speech to determine whether the DPPA’s restriction on such speech is
constitutionally permissible. This error, however, does not alter the ultimate ruling in the
September 29 Order.
This, the 15th day of November, 2018.
/s/ Loretta C. Biggs
United States District Judge
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