WOOLARD et al v. CARRIER CORPORATION et al
Filing
157
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER signed by JUDGE LORETTA C. BIGGS on 5/21/2020; that the Motions for Summary Judgment filed by Defendants Fisher Controls International LLC, Schneider Electric Systems USA, Inc., Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, and Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (Delaware), (ECF Nos. 126 ; 128 ; 130 ; 135 ), are GRANTED. Plaintiffs' claims against each of the Defendants named herein are hereby DISMISSED. (Hicks, Samantha)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
LARRY WOOLARD and ANNE WOOLARD, )
)
Plaintiffs,
)
)
v.
)
)
CARRIER CORPORATION, et al.,
)
)
Defendants.
)
1:18CV410
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
LORETTA C. BIGGS, District Judge.
Plaintiffs Larry and Anne Woolard initiated this asbestos-related personal injury action
against fourteen defendants. (ECF No. 75.) As alleged in the amended complaint, Mr.
Woolard was exposed to a myriad of asbestos-containing products and equipment “while
working as an HVAC apprentice, mechanic[,] and supervisor for Weyerhaeuser Paper Mill in
the cities of New Bern and Plymouth, North Carolina” between 1965 and 1978. (Id. ¶ 17(d).)
He was diagnosed with mesothelioma—a cancer caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers—
on or around March 18, 2018. (Id. ¶ 16.)
Before the Court are motions for summary judgment filed by Defendants Fisher
Controls International LLC, Schneider Electric Systems USA, Inc., Chicago Bridge & Iron
Company, and Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (Delaware) (collectively, the “Moving
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Defendants”).1 (ECF Nos. 126; 128; 130; 135.) For the reasons stated below, all four motions
will be granted.
I.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute is “genuine” if the evidence would permit a reasonable jury to find
for the nonmoving party, and “[a] fact is material if it might affect the outcome” of the
litigation. Jacobs v. N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, 780 F.3d 562, 568 (4th Cir. 2015) (quotations
omitted). The role of the court at summary judgment is not “to weigh the evidence and
determine the truth of the matter” but rather “to determine whether there is a genuine issue
for trial.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986). Accordingly, the court must
“resolve all factual disputes and any competing, rational inferences in the light most favorable”
to the nonmoving party. Rossignol v. Voorhaar, 316 F.3d 516, 523 (4th Cir. 2003) (quoting
Wightman v. Springfield Terminal Ry. Co., 100 F.3d 228, 230 (1st Cir. 1996)).
Where the nonmovant will bear the burden of proof at trial, the party seeking summary
judgment bears the initial burden of “pointing out to the district court . . . that there is an
absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 325 (1986). If the moving party carries this burden, then the burden shifts to the
nonmoving party to point out “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). In so doing, “the
1
The amended complaint asserts five claims against the Moving Defendants: (1) negligence; (2)
product liability—inadequate design or formulation; (3) breach of implied warranty; (4) willful and
wanton conduct; and (5) failure to warn. (Id. ¶¶ 27–68.)
2
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nonmoving party must rely on more than conclusory allegations, mere speculation, the
building of one inference upon another, or the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence.” Dash
v. Mayweather, 731 F.3d 303, 311 (4th Cir. 2013). Instead, the nonmoving party must support
its assertions by “citing to particular parts of . . . the record,” or by “showing that the materials
cited do not establish the absence . . . of a genuine dispute.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); see Celotex,
477 U.S. at 324.
II.
DISCUSSION
To prevail in an asbestos-related product-liability action under North Carolina law,2 a
plaintiff must establish that he was “actually exposed to the alleged offending products.” See
Wilder v. Amatex Corp., 336 S.E.2d 66, 68 (N.C. 1985). Consistent with that requirement, the
Fourth Circuit has further held that a North Carolina asbestos plaintiff “‘must prove more
than a casual or minimum contact with the product’ containing asbestos in order to hold the
manufacturer of that product liable.” See Jones v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 69 F.3d 712, 716
& n.2 (4th Cir. 1995) (applying the threshold causation standard outlined in Lohrmann v.
Pittsburgh Corning Corp., 782 F.2d 1156, 1162–63 (4th Cir. 1986), to a North Carolina case).
Instead, to support a reasonable inference of substantial causation from circumstantial
evidence, a plaintiff must introduce “evidence of exposure to a specific product on a regular
basis over some extended period of time in proximity to where the plaintiff actually worked.”
2
As a federal court sitting in diversity, this Court is bound to apply the choice-of-law rules of the state
in which it sits. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941). “In tort actions, North
Carolina courts adhere to the rule of lex loci and apply the substantive laws of the state in which the
injuries were sustained.” Johnson v. Holiday Inn of Am., 895 F. Supp. 97, 98 (M.D.N.C. 1995); Boudreau
v. Baughman, 368 S.E.2d 849, 854 (N.C. 1988) (“This Court has consistently adhered to the lex loci rule
in tort actions.”). Mr. Woolard’s alleged exposure to Moving Defendants’ products occurred in North
Carolina, as did the diagnosis of his mesothelioma. Accordingly, the Court will apply North Carolina’s
substantive law.
3
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Id. (quotations omitted). Federal courts have long used this “frequency, regularity, and
proximity” test—the “Lohrmann test”—to evaluate proximate causation in asbestos cases
arising under North Carolina law.
Plaintiffs appear to argue that a modified version of the Lohrmann test should be applied
in cases involving mesothelioma, as “an occupational history of brief or low level exposure is
sufficient” to cause the disease. (See, e.g., ECF No. 150 at 12.) However, this Court recently
rejected that argument, see Connor v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., No. 1:17CV127, 2018 WL 6514842, at
*3 n.5 (M.D.N.C. Dec. 11, 2018), and does so again here.3
In the main, Moving Defendants contend that, based on the evidence produced during
discovery, Plaintiffs cannot meet the threshold causation requirements for actionable asbestos
exposure described above. (See, e.g., ECF Nos. 126 at 1; 128 at 1; 130 at 1–2; 135 at 1.) Because
the relevant evidence varies according to defendant, the Court will address each of the
summary judgment motions separately.
A. Fisher Controls International LLC
The Court begins with Defendant Fisher Controls International LLC’s (“Fisher”)
motion for summary judgment. (ECF No. 126.) Fisher contends that the record contains “no
evidence that [Mr. Woolard] was exposed to any asbestos for which Fisher could be held liable,
much less exposure at a level sufficient to satisfy North Carolina causation requirements.”
3
Federal courts routinely apply the “frequency, regularity, and proximity” test—as specifically set forth
in Lohrmann and Jones—in mesothelioma cases arising under North Carolina law. See, e.g., Haislip v.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 86 F.3d 1150 (table), 1996 WL 273686, at *2 (4th Cir. May 23, 1996) (per
curiam); Finch v. BASF Catalysts LLC, No. 1:16-CV-1077, 2018 WL 4101828, at *4 (M.D.N.C. Aug.
22, 2018); Starnes v. A.O. Smith Corp., No. 1:12-CV-360-MR-DLH, 2014 WL 4744782, at *3 (W.D.N.C.
Sept. 23, 2014); Jandreau v. Alfa Laval USA, Inc., No. 2:09-91859-ER, 2012 WL 2913776, at *1 n.1
(E.D. Pa. May 1, 2012).
4
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(ECF No. 127 at 1.) It is Plaintiffs’ burden to show that the record contains facts from which
a reasonable jury could conclude that Mr. Woolard was “actually exposed” to Fisherattributable asbestos, as required by Wilder, and that this exposure occurred with sufficient
frequency, regularity, and proximity to satisfy the Lohrmann test. See Young v. Am. Talc Co., No.
1:13CV864, 2018 WL 9801011, at *3 (M.D.N.C. Aug. 3, 2018). The Court concludes that
Plaintiffs have failed to carry this burden.
The record shows that Mr. Woolard worked at the Weyerhaeuser mill in Plymouth,
North Carolina beginning in 1965; first as a mechanic’s helper, then as a full-fledged mechanic.
(See ECF No. 151-1 at 7, 31–32.) Around 1972, he transferred to Weyerhaeuser’s mill in New
Bern, where he continued working as a mechanic. (Id. at 38.) In “[s]omething like” 1974 or
’75, Mr. Woolard was promoted to a supervisory position. (Id.) He worked as “a manager
over the instrument and electrical shop” until he left Weyerhaeuser in 1978. (Id. at 7, 38.)
Generally speaking, Mr. Woolard “did a lot of valve work” during his time as a
mechanic with Weyerhaeuser. (Id. at 7.) If a valve’s gasket started to leak, Mr. Woolard or
another mechanic would “take [the] unit apart,” scrape off the faulty gasket with a chisel (“they
were usually stuck to the metal”), and install a replacement gasket. (Id. at 7–8.) Depending
on the type of gasket—some were made of asbestos, others were not—this process could
produce “a lot of dust,” which Mr. Woolard inhaled. (See id. at 7–8.) Mr. Woolard was also
responsible for replacing or reinforcing leaky packing around valves. (Id. at 9.) The packing
“sometimes” contained asbestos, and its removal “sometimes” created dust. (Id. at 9–10.)
A number of different brands of valves were used at the Weyerhaeuser mills, Fisher
among them. (Id. at 8.) According to Mr. Woolard, “[m]ost of [the Fisher valves]” at the mills
5
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were large “globe valves, [with] flanges on each end,” though the “smaller ones would maybe
be a thread connection.” (Id. at 71–72.) Mr. Woolard recalls that he “worked on several Fisher
valves” in Plymouth, and some in New Bern. (Id. at 71.) Specifically, he remembers replacing
flange gaskets on Fisher valves attached to large digesters. (Id. at 73.)
Taken together, this evidence shows two things: (a) that Mr. Woolard was exposed to
asbestos through his work on certain valve gaskets and packing, and (b) that some of the valves
he worked on were Fisher valves. What Plaintiffs have failed to establish, however, is a
connection between the mills’ Fisher valves and Mr. Woolard’s asbestos exposure. In fact, as
explained below, the record is devoid of evidence showing that any Fisher-affiliated products
at the mills contained asbestos.4
Plaintiffs assert that “[u]p until 1988, Fisher manufactured valves containing asbestos
components.” (ECF No. 151 at 5.) This fact is not in dispute. However, if Plaintiffs mean
to suggest that all or even most Fisher valves produced before 1988 contained asbestos, such
that it might be reasonable to infer that the Fisher valves at the mills did, too, that inference is
not supported by the record. Rather, upon close inspection, the evidence cited by Plaintiffs
merely shows that “[p]rior to 1988, some of [Fisher’s] valves . . . incorporated asbestoscontaining components,” and whether a valve included asbestos or not “depended solely on
the application and customer request.” (ECF No. 151-3 at 3 (emphasis added).)
4
Plaintiffs also argue that Fisher should be held liable for injuries caused by asbestos-containing
replacement parts used in connection with its valves. (See ECF No. 151 at 12–15.) However, there is
no evidence in the record that Fisher valves required asbestos-containing parts to operate, that Fisher
recommended the use of asbestos components with its valves, or that any replacement parts used with
Fisher valves at the mills—whether manufactured by Fisher or a third party—contained asbestos.
6
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Of course, it is possible that Weyerhaeuser purchased valves from Fisher containing
asbestos components. However, the record is wholly inconclusive on this point. With respect
to valve packing, sales receipts and invoices show that Fisher valves that were shipped to
Weyerhaeuser during the years Mr. Woolard worked there included “TFE packing.” (See, e.g.,
ECF No. 151-5 at 5, 8.) A Fisher products handbook from the time—which Plaintiffs cite to
in support of their claims—describes a variety of packing called “TFE-Impregnated
Asbestos.” (ECF No. 151-4 at 9.) However, that very same handbook also lists a form of
packing called “TFE V-Ring,” which did not contain asbestos. (Id. at 8.) The Weyerhaeuser
sales records do not indicate which of the two forms of TFE packing was ordered. Moreover,
an affidavit from Fisher’s Program Manager for Engineering Codes and Standards states that
“non-asbestos containing Teflon packing was the most commonly used packing in Fisher
valves in the 1965 to 1978 timeframe.” (ECF No. 127-4 ¶¶ 2–3.) Plaintiffs have offered no
additional evidence showing that the TFE packing listed in the sales records contained
asbestos, or that the statement from Fisher’s representative is disputed.
The evidence that Fisher gaskets may have contained asbestos is similarly lacking.
Although Plaintiffs’ brief asserts that “Woolard believed he was exposed to asbestos dust he
breathed during his work removing and replacing gaskets . . . on Fisher valves,” (see ECF No.
151 at 4), Mr. Woolard’s actual testimony to that effect is general in nature and does not refer
to any specific brand of valve—Fisher or otherwise:
Q: Now, we have talked about valves, we have talked about . . .
gaskets on valves.
A: Uh-huh.
Q: And you believe you were exposed to asbestos in those ways,
right?
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A: That would be my guess, yes.
Q: Well —
A: But I’m not guessing. I know that that dust was there —
Q: Right.
A: — as I scraped it up and breathed. Breathing it in would do
exactly what happened to me.
(ECF No. 151-1 at 10.) As noted above, only some valve gaskets at the mills contained
asbestos (and therefore generated the dust Mr. Woolard mentioned), whereas others did not.
(See id. at 8.) Without more, Mr. Woolard’s testimony, which describes a general exposure
untethered to any specific product, is insufficient to show that the gaskets used in connection
with Fisher valves contained asbestos.
Nor can Plaintiffs rely on their experts’ testimony to demonstrate actual exposure. In
their response brief, Plaintiffs state that “expert industrial hygienist Kenneth Garza testified
that Woolard had significant asbestos exposure . . . from Fisher valves.”5 (ECF 151 at 6.)
However, that is a mischaracterization. A review of Mr. Garza’s testimony reveals that his
opinion as to Fisher was formulated in response to hypothetical questioning:
Q: If the evidence in this case is that Mr. Woolard worked hands-on
with and also around Fisher valves . . and removed asbestoscontaining packing [and gaskets] . . . on a regular basis, do you
have an opinion as to whether or not that type of exposure would
have been significant to Larry Woolard, that type of asbestos
exposure?
A: I would consider that significant.
5
Plaintiffs also cite to the expert reports of Drs. John Maddox and Edwin Holstein, (ECF No. 151 at
6–7), who both opine that Mr. Woolard developed mesothelioma due, in part, to asbestos exposure
incurred at the Weyerhaeuser mills, (see ECF Nos. 151-10 at 2, 4; 151-11 at 8–9). However, as it relates
to Fisher, specifically, and the issue of actual exposure, these reports add nothing beyond the facts
discussed above.
8
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(ECF No. 152-20 at 97–98 (emphasis added).) According to Mr. Garza, had Mr. Woolard
been regularly exposed to Fisher-attributable asbestos, that exposure would have “increase[d]
the risk of mesothelioma.” (Id. at 98.) The evidence in the record, however, simply does not
support the premise that Mr. Woolard was regularly exposed to Fisher-attributable asbestos.
In short, Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that Mr. Woolard was “actually exposed”
to Fisher-attributable asbestos during his time with Weyerhaeuser. See Wilder, 336 S.E.2d at
68. Accordingly, Fisher is entitled to summary judgment on all of Plaintiffs’ claims against it.
B. Schneider Electric Systems USA, Inc.
Next, the Court turns to Defendant Schneider Electric Systems USA, Inc.’s
(“Foxboro”) motion for summary judgment.6 (ECF No. 128.) In their amended complaint,
Plaintiffs allege that Mr. Woolard was exposed to Foxboro-attributable asbestos while working
as a mechanic at Weyerhaeuser. (See ECF No. 75 ¶ 17(d).) However, Plaintiffs have failed to
come forward with any record evidence showing that Mr. Woolard encountered Foxboro
products—whether asbestos-containing or not—at the mills.
Mr. Woolard did not mention Foxboro at all during his deposition, and there is no
indication that his general testimony covers instrument features specific to (and therefore
capable of identifying) Foxboro products. A second fact witness, Robert Barnes—who
worked with Mr. Woolard from 1974–78—did recall seeing Foxboro machinery at the New
Bern Mill. (See ECF No. 152-2 at 4–5, 17.) However, Mr. Barnes never actually witnessed
Mr. Woolard working around a Foxboro valve. (Id. at 17–18.) Instead, Mr. Barnes merely
stated his belief that Mr. Woolard must have worked on Foxboro valves “before he became
6
Formerly known as Invensys Systems, Inc., and as The Foxboro Company.
9
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[a manager],” presumably because Foxboro was the brand name Mr. Barnes “used to hear
mainly” about at the mill. (Id. at 18.) That testimony is too vague and speculative to establish
actual exposure. Cf. Connor, 2018 WL 6514842, at *5–6 (holding that testimony that decedent
“would have been” around asbestos removal was too vague to withstand summary judgment).
However, even assuming that Mr. Woolard had some interaction with Foxboro valves, Mr.
Barnes’s testimony offers no evidence from which one could determine the frequency or
regularity of that exposure. The evidence is therefore insufficient to satisfy either Wilder or
Lohrmann; accordingly, the Court will grant Foxboro’s motion for summary judgment.
C. Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
The Court now turns to Defendant Chicago Bridge & Iron Company’s (“CB&I”)
motion for summary judgment. (ECF No. 130.) The record shows that seven digesters built
by CB&I were purchased for use at Weyerhaeuser’s New Bern mill in 1968. (See ECF Nos.
132-4 at 1; 144-1 at 23–24.) CB&I did not outfit those digesters with any asbestos-containing
materials; when they left CB&I’s hands, they were entirely asbestos free. (ECF Nos. 134-5 ¶
5; 144-1 at 75.) However, Mr. Woolard believes that asbestos-containing valves, gaskets,
packing, and insulation—manufactured and supplied by entities other than CB&I—were used
in conjunction with the digesters.7 (See ECF No. 150-1 at 67.) Per his testimony, Mr. Woolard
worked directly with gaskets and valves attached to the digesters, (see id. at 73), and was exposed
to dust from the digesters’ insulation as a bystander, (id. at 12–13).
7
Asbestos-abatement plans obtained from Weyerhaeuser appear to confirm that the digesters and
their connecting lines were insulated with asbestos-containing thermal material. (See ECF Nos. 15013 at 94; 150-15.)
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North Carolina’s appellate courts have not yet spoken on whether a defendantmanufacturer can be held liable for injuries arising from the use of a third party’s asbestoscontaining component in connection with its product. This Court has previously reasoned
that Lohrmann’s requirement that a plaintiff come forward with “evidence of exposure to a
specific product” precludes a finding of causation based solely on exposure to third-party
asbestos. See Young, 2018 WL 9801011, at *4 (citing Lohrmann, 782 F.2d at 1162–63).
Relatedly, the Western District has interpreted North Carolina’s products liability statute as
barring liability for mesothelioma caused by third-party components substituted into a
defendant’s product. See Harris v. Ajax Boiler, Inc., No. 1:12-cv-00311-MR-DLH, 2014 WL
3101941, at *6 (W.D.N.C. July 7, 2014). However, contrary to those decisions, Plaintiffs argue
that “North Carolina’s appellate courts would more likely adopt” the view that CB&I is liable
for “exposures to asbestos-containing parts associated with its digesters”—even those CB&I
did not manufacture, sell, or distribute—so long as “it was foreseeable and intended that
asbestos materials would be used with [CB&I’s] equipment.” (See ECF No. 150 at 16.)
Even under Plaintiffs’ preferred standard, the record is devoid of evidence showing
that it was “foreseeable and intended” that asbestos-containing insulation, gaskets, valves, or
packing would be used with CB&I’s digesters at the New Bern mill. In an affidavit, CB&I’s
claims manager has stated that “[a]sbestos-containing materials . . . were not required or
needed for the digesters to operate properly” and, further, that CB&I did not “specify, require,
or recommend asbestos-containing materials . . . be used on the digesters, or on anything that
might have some relation to the digesters.” (ECF No. 134-5 ¶¶ 7–8.) Plaintiffs have not
produced any evidence showing otherwise.
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In sum, there is no evidence that CB&I’s digesters at the New Bern Mill contained
asbestos, and to the extent asbestos-laden third-party components were used in connection
with the digesters, there is no evidence that such use was intended by CB&I or reasonably
foreseeable. Accordingly, CB&I is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
D. Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (Delaware)
Finally, the Court addresses the summary judgment motion made by Defendant
Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (Delaware) (“CB&I (DE)”). (ECF No. 135.) CB&I (DE)—
distinct and separate from CB&I—“was created to hold corporate type employees . . . [such
as those working in] the legal department, accounts payable, accounts receivable, [and]
accounting . . . that would be utilized by a variety of companies” in the broader “CB[&]I
family.” (ECF No. 145-1 at 7.) In support of its motion, CB&I (DE) contends that it “did
not have anything whatsoever to do with the seven digesters that were at the Weyerhaeuser
New Bern [mill],” or, for that matter, any other products Mr. Woolard may have encountered.
(See ECF No. 145 at 3.)
Plaintiffs seem to have recognized that CB&I (DE) has no place in this suit; they have
not filed a response brief, and the motion appears uncontested. Because there were no
products attributable to CB&I (DE) at any of Mr. Woolard’s worksites, CB&I (DE) is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. Thus, its motion will be granted.
III.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have failed to introduce
evidence of Mr. Woolard’s exposure to asbestos-containing products attributable to
Defendants Fisher, Foxboro, or CB&I “on a regular basis over some extended period of time
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in proximity to where [Mr. Woolard] actually worked”—if such exposure occurred at all. See
Jones, 69 F.3d at 716; Lohrmann, 782 F.3d at 1162–63. Further, there is a complete lack of
evidence in the record showing that CB&I (DE) is liable. Plaintiffs have thus failed to establish
causation as to each of these named Defendants, and, therefore, each is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law on all of Plaintiffs’ claims against them.
For the reasons stated herein, the Court enters the following:
ORDER
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the Motions for Summary Judgment filed by
Defendants Fisher Controls International LLC, Schneider Electric Systems USA, Inc.,
Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, and Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (Delaware), (ECF
Nos. 126; 128; 130; 135), are GRANTED. Plaintiffs’ claims against each of the Defendants
named herein are hereby DISMISSED.
This, the 21st day of May 2020.
/s/Loretta C. Biggs
United States District Judge
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