Taylor v. Mecklenburg County Sheriff's Office et al
Filing
9
ORDER denying 8 Motion for Preliminary Injunction. Plaintiffs free speech and due process claims survive initial review under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e). IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT the Clerk is directed to mail summons forms to Plaintiff for Plaintiff to fill out and return for service of process on Defendants. Once the Court receives the summons forms, the Clerk shall then direct the U.S. Marshal to effectuate service on Defendants. Signed by Chief Judge Frank D. Whitney on 12/1/17. (Pro se litigant served by US Mail.)(clc)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
CHARLOTTE DIVISION
3:17-cv-208-FDW
RAHEEM TAYLOR,
Plaintiff,
vs.
MECKLENBURG COUNTY SHERIFF’S
OFFICE, et al.,
Defendants.
________________________________________
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
ORDER
THIS MATTER is before the Court on initial review of the Complaint, (Doc. No. 1), and
Plaintiff’s Motion for Temporary Restraining Order/ Preliminary Injunction, (Doc. No. 8). He is
proceeding in forma pauperis. (Doc. No. 7).
I.
BACKGROUND
Pro se Plaintiff Raheem Taylor, an inmate at the Mecklenburg County Jail, has filed civil
rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. He names as Defendants: the Mecklenburg County
Sheriff’s Office (“MCSO”); Mecklenburg County Sheriff Irwin Carmichael; Mecklenburg County
Jail Mailroom Staff Hayden; Grievance Coordinator C.Y. Petway; and Sergeant J.W. Keese.
Construing the Complaint liberally and accepting the allegations as true, Plaintiff began
subscribing to Prison Legal News (“PLN”), which provides information and news stories regarding
case law development and issues surrounding prison conditions of confinement, in June 2016. He
discovered in January 2017, that the PLN issues from November and December 2016, and January
2017, had been summarily rejected by the prison without any valid penological interest and without
notice of the rejection to either Plaintiff or the publisher. Defendants have failed to provide Plaintiff
1
with any rational basis to support their blanket ban on PLN, and merely state that prior issues of
PLN contained unacceptable content. They are suppressing PLN to suppress its legal/political
content which supports the rights of incarcerated individuals and contains commentary critical of
penal institutions’ practices and policies throughout the United States. Defendants engaged in a
deliberate effort to disguise their animus towards PLN by providing vague responses when
Plaintiff asked them to identify the specific material or subject-matter that is incompatible with the
Mecklenburg County Sheriff’s Office penological and/or rehabilitative objectives. The censorship
was due to Defendants’ personal prejudice rather than any legitimate interest. Plaintiff’s inability
to remedy the censorship was exacerbated by Defendants’ failure to adopt, implement, and publish
a procedural framework providing for notice when a publication is rejected, explanation for the
specific basis upon which the publication was found objectionable, and a reasonable opportunity
to appeal the rejection through established internal procedures. Sheriff Carmichael, who is the
chief decision-maker for MCSO, was made aware of the circumstances surrounding the nondelivery of PLN and failed to take any steps to remedy the wrongdoing of MCSO staff, thereby
allowing the censorship to persist. Defendants’ actions violated free speech and due process.
He seeks declaratory judgment, injunctive relief, compensatory and punitive damages, and
any further relief the Court deems just, equitable, and appropriate.
On September 22, 2017, Plaintiff filed a letter to the Court requesting a preliminary
injunction/ temporary restraining order to prevent Defendants from banning, censoring, or
otherwise obstructing delivery of PLN pending final resolution of this § 1983 action. (Doc. No.
8). He claims that he continues to be denied numerous copies of PLN, often without notice.
II.
PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION/ TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER
A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy afforded before trial at the discretion
2
of the district court. Pashby v. Delia, 709 F.3d 307, 319 (4th Cir. 2013). It is an extraordinary
remedy that is never awarded as of right. Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24
(2008). In each case, courts “must balance the competing claims of injury and must consider the
effect on each party of the granting or withholding of the requested relief.” Amoco Prod. Co. v.
Village of Gambell, 480 U.S. 531, 542 (1987). “[C]ourts of equity should pay particular regard
for the public consequences in employing the extraordinary remedy of injunction.” Winter, 555
U.S. at 24. To obtain a preliminary injunction, a plaintiff must establish (1) that he is likely to
succeed on the merits; (2) that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary
relief; (3) that the balance of equities tips in his favor; and (4) that an injunction is in the public
interest. Id. at 20; Di Biase v. SPX Corp., 872 F.3d 224, 229 (4th Cir. 2017).
Reviewing Plaintiff’s motion based on the above factors, Plaintiff is not entitled to a
temporary restraining order or a preliminary injunction. In support of his motion, Plaintiff states
that he has been denied numerous issues of PLN, often without notice. However, Plaintiff fails to
explain how he is being irreparably harmed during the pendency of the instant action. Nor does
he show that he is likely to prevail in this action. Plaintiff has simply not shown that he is entitled
to a temporary restraining order or a preliminary injunction, and his motion will therefore be
denied.
III.
INITIAL REVIEW STANDARD
A “court shall dismiss [a prisoner's] case at any time if the court determines that ... the
action or appeal ... fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. §
1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). A complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim “unless ‘after
accepting all well-pleaded allegations in the plaintiff's complaint as true and drawing all reasonable
factual inferences from those facts in the plaintiff's favor, it appears certain that the plaintiff cannot
3
prove any set of facts in support of his claim entitling him to relief.’” Veney v. Wyche, 293 F.3d
726, 730 (4th Cir. 2002) (quoting Edwards v. City of Goldsboro, 178 F.3d 231, 244 (4th Cir.
1999)). In its frivolity review, a court must determine whether the Complaint raises an indisputably
meritless legal theory or is founded upon clearly baseless factual contentions, such as fantastic or
delusional scenarios. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327-28 (1989).
A pro se complaint must be construed liberally. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520
(1972); see also Smith v. Smith, 589 F.3d 736, 738 (4th Cir. 2009) (“Liberal construction of the
pleadings is particularly appropriate where … there is a pro se complaint raising civil rights
issues.”). However, the liberal construction requirement will not permit a district court to ignore
a clear failure to allege facts in his complaint which set forth a claim that is cognizable under
federal law. Weller v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 901 F.2d 387 (4th Cir. 1990). A pro se complaint must
still contain sufficient facts “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level” and “state a claim
to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 570 (2007);
see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) (the Twombly plausibility standard applies to all federal
civil complaints including those filed under § 1983). This “plausibility standard requires a plaintiff
to demonstrate more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Francis v.
Giacomelli, 588 F.3d 186, 193 (4th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). He must
articulate facts that, when accepted as true, demonstrate he has stated a claim entitling him to relief.
Id.
IV.
(1)
DISCUSSION
Free Speech
The First Amendment states that “Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom
of speech….” U.S. Const. Amend I. The First Amendment applies to the states through the
4
Fourteenth Amendment. See Everson v. Bd. of Educ., 330 U.S. 1, 15 (1947). A prison inmate
retains those First Amendment rights that are not inconsistent with his status as a prisoner or with
the legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system. Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S.
396, 412 (1974); Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89-91 (1987); Pittman v. Hutto, 594 F.2d 407, 410
(4th Cir. 1979). When a prison restriction infringes upon an inmate’s First Amendment rights, the
alleged infringement “must be evaluated in the light of the central objective of prison
administration, safeguarding institutional security.” Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 547 (1979)
(citing Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners’ Labor Union, 433 U.S. 119, 129 (1977)).
In deciding whether a defendant’s actions can be sustained as reasonably related to
legitimate penological interests, the court must consider the following four factors: (1) whether
there is a valid, rational connection between the regulation and the legitimate penological interest;
(2) whether there are alternative means of exercising the right in question that remain open to
prisoners; (3) the impact accommodation of the asserted constitutional right would have on guards
and other inmates and on the allocation of prison resources; and (4) whether ready alternatives
exist which accommodate the right and satisfy the penological interest. See Turner, 482 U.S. at
89-90. Substantial deference is accorded to the professional judgment of prison administrators,
who bear a significant responsibility for defining the legitimate goals of a corrections system and
for determining the most appropriate means to accomplish them. Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S.
126, 132 (2003). The burden is not on the State to prove the validity of prison regulations, but on
the prisoner to disprove it. Id. Any regulation of speech must not be any more encompassing than
necessary to further the penological interested involved. See Montcalm Publishing Corp. v. Beck,
80 F.3d 105, 108 (4th Cir. 1996) (citing Martinez, 416 U.S. at 424).
Plaintiff alleges that the Defendants violated his right to free speech by censoring a
5
publication to which he subscribed without the support of any legitimate penological objective.
This claim is not clearly frivolous and is sufficient to pass initial review.
(2)
Due Process
The Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause provides that no person shall be
deprived of “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. Amend XIV. Where
a state employee’s random, unauthorized act deprives an individual of property, either negligently
or intentionally, the individual is relegated to his state post-deprivation process, so long as the
State provides an adequate post-deprivation remedy. Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517 (1984);
Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527 (1981), overruled on other grounds by Daniels v. Williams, 474
U.S. 327 (1986)). The Parratt-Hudson doctrine is limited to cases involving “a random and
unauthorized act by a state employee, . . . not a result of some established state procedure.” Logan
v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 435-36 (1982). When the challenge is to an “established
state procedure,” or when the deprivation is inflicted by a state official who is empowered to work
deprivations and provide process where it is predictable when those deprivations might occur, the
availability of a post-deprivation judicial hearing normally does not satisfy procedural due process.
Id.; Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113 (1990). The Parratt-Hudson doctrine does not apply when a
municipal officer acts pursuant to a municipal policy or custom. Woodard v. Andrus, 419 F.3d 348
(5th Cir. 2005); Matthias v. Bingley, 906 F.2d 1047 (5th Cir. 1990).
Under North Carolina law, an action for conversion will lie against a public official who
wrongfully deprives an owner of his property by an unauthorized act. Gallimore v. Sink, 27
N.C.App. 65, 67, 218 S.E.2d 181, 182 (1975). North Carolina’s post-deprivation remedies are
adequate. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-291; see Wilkins v. Whitaker, 714 F.2d 4, 6 (4th Cir. 1983) (due
process satisfied where North Carolina tort law provides an adequate avenue for relief for state
6
prisoner).
Plaintiff appears to allege that Defendants withheld issues of a publication to which he
subscribed without notice or an opportunity to appeal. It is unclear at this juncture whether the
Defendants’ alleged actions were random or unauthorized, or the result of a Jail procedure.
Therefore, Plaintiff’s due process claim is not clearly frivolous and will be permitted to proceed at
this time.
V.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, herein, Plaintiff’s motion for a temporary restraining
order/preliminary injunction is denied, however, his Complaint passes initial review on the free
speech and due process claims.
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED that:
1.
The Motion for Temporary Restraining Order/ Preliminary Injunction, (Doc. No.
8), is DENIED.
2.
Plaintiff’s free speech and due process claims survive initial review under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(e).
3.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT the Clerk is directed to mail summons
forms to Plaintiff for Plaintiff to fill out and return for service of process on
Defendants. Once the Court receives the summons forms, the Clerk shall then direct
the U.S. Marshal to effectuate service on Defendants. The Clerk is respectfully
instructed to note on the docket when the forms have been mailed to Plaintiff.
Signed: December 1, 2017
7
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?