Bradshaw v. Colvin
Filing
25
ORDER not adopting 18 Memorandum and Recommendations; granting Pltf's 12 Motion for Summary Judgment; denying Deft's 16 Motion for Summary Judgment; vacating ALJ decision and remanding under sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for a new hearing. Signed by District Judge Richard Voorhees on 1/20/17. (ejb)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
STATESVILLE DIVISION
CASE NO. 5:14-CV-00005-RLV-DCK
DEREK S. BRADSHAW,
Bradshaw,
v.
CAROLYN W. COLVIN, ACTING
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL
SECURITY,
Defendant.
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ORDER
THIS MATTER IS BEFORE THE COURT on Plaintiff’s Objections to the
Memorandum and Recommendation (the “M&R”) of Magistrate Judge David C. Keesler. (Doc.
19). The M&R recommends that Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 12) be denied,
that Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 16) be granted, and that the final decision
of the Commissioner be affirmed. (See Doc. 18 at 4-17). Subsequent to Plaintiff filling his
objections to the M&R, this Court ordered the parties to file supplemental briefs on whether the
recent decision in Mascio v. Colvin, 780 F.3d 632 (4th Cir. 2015), requires sentence four remand
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). (Doc. 21). The parties have submitted their supplemental briefs
(Docs. 23, 24) and this matter is now ripe for disposition. In light of the decision in Mascio, the
M&R (Doc. 18) is NOT ADOPTED, Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 12) is
GRANTED, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 16) is DENIED, and this matter
is hereby REMANDED under sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for a new hearing to be held in
a manner consistent with this order.
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I.
BACKGROUND
The M&R accurately and substantially recounts the procedural and factual history. (See
Doc. 18 at 1-3). Therefore, this Order incorporates the M&R’s statement of the procedural and
factual history. Nonetheless, in light of the issues raised in the supplemental briefs on Mascio, the
Court will provide an overview of the procedural and factual history, highlighting those aspects of
said history relevant to the Mascio issues.
Plaintiff Derek S. Bradshaw filed an application for disability insurance benefits, alleging
a disability onset date of March 1, 2010. (Tr. 21, 56, 141). Bradshaw premised his application on
a primary diagnosis of discogenic and degenerative disorder of the back and a secondary diagnosis
of affect/mood disorder, being depression. (Tr. 23-24, 56). The Commissioner of Social Security
(“Commissioner” or “Defendant”) denied Bradshaw’s application. (Tr. 21, 79-86). On May 16,
2016, Bradshaw appeared before Administrative Law Judge Wendell M. Sims (“ALJ Sims”) for a
hearing. (Tr. 21, 34-55).
At the hearing, Bradshaw testified to the following. In June 2007, Bradshaw underwent
L5/S1-D decompression and discectomy surgery and remained out of work for one year following
surgery to give the disc time to regenerate. (Tr. 23, 25, 39). Bradshaw stated that, upon returning
to his work as a drywall hanger, he was unable to do work above his head or to bend down to do
work down low and that he could not carry worksite materials. (Tr. 39-40, see also Tr. 25).
Bradshaw alleged that, since surgery, he has experienced continual pain in his legs, primarily his
right leg, and numbness in his right foot. (Tr. 40-41; see also Tr. 23). Bradshaw contended that
his pain level averaged a seven out of ten, that oral pain medication made his pain “tolerable,” and
that steroid injections in his back resulted in short-term improvements to his mobility but that the
injections did not provide significant or lasting pain relief. (Tr. 25, 42, 47). Bradshaw testified
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that, as a result of his pain and foot numbness, he could not bend over, could not sit or stand for
more than thirty minutes at a time, could only lift five pounds while sitting, and could only walk
100 feet at a time. (Tr. 25, 43, 46). The pain and numbness further prevented Bradshaw from
engaging in most of his pre-surgery hobbies with the exception of fishing, which he did while
seated in a chair and only if accompanied by another individual who could carry his tackle box.
(Tr. 25-26, 45). Bradshaw testified that, since his date of disability, he only drives a little bit, does
not perform household chores because he is unable to bend over, and that his one attempt to mow
the lawn on a riding mower resulted in a significant flare up of his back pain that left him bedridden
for a day and a half. (Tr. 25-26, 42-44). Neither Bradshaw’s counsel nor ALJ Sims asked
Bradshaw any questions about his depression. (See Tr. 34-55).
ALJ Sims issued a decision denying Bradshaw’s claim for benefits. (Tr. 21-29). At Step
One, ALJ Sims concluded that Bradshaw had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since his
alleged disability onset date. (Tr. 23). At Step Two, ALJ Sims concluded that Bradshaw’s lumbar
degeneration disc disease with radiculopathy qualified as a severe impairment. (Tr. 23-24). ALJ
Sims, however, concluded that Bradshaw’s alleged impairment of depression was not severe. (Tr.
24). At Step Three, ALJ Sims concluded that Bradshaw’s lumbar degeneration disc disease with
radiculopathy did not meet any of the listings in 20 C.F.R. § 404. Id. ALJ Sims established a
residual functional capacity of light work with (1) a “sit/stand option where he sits for 30 minutes
at a time and stands as needed,” (2) a physical restriction for only frequent climbing, balancing,
and stooping, and (3) a restriction “to avoid concentrated exposure to hazards.” Id. ALJ Sims
then evaluated Bradshaw’s credibility. (Tr. 25-27). First, ALJ Sims concluded that Bradshaw’s
statements about “the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of [his] symptoms are not credible
to the extent they are inconsistent with the above residual functional capacity assessment.” (Tr.
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25). Second, ALJ Sims discussed how some of Bradshaw’s allegations compared to the records
from his pain clinic visits and to his daily activities. (Tr. 26-27). For purposes of Step Four, ALJ
Sims relied on the residual functional capacity assessment to conclude that Bradshaw was unable
to perform his past relevant work as a drywall hanger. (Tr. 28). At Step Five, ALJ Sims concluded
that Bradshaw was not disabled because his residual functional capacity and transferable job skills
were sufficient to allow him to gain employment as a parking lot attendant, a marker/labeler, or a
sorter. (Tr. 28-29).
The Appeals Council denied Bradshaw’s request for review of ALJ Sims’s decision. (Tr.
1-7). Bradshaw commenced this action and the parties filed cross motions for summary judgment,
which were referred to Magistrate Judge David C. Keesler. (See Docs. 1, 12, 16). In his motion
for summary judgment, Bradshaw raised three assignments of error: (1) ALJ Sims erred at Step
Three by not adequately explaining why Bradshaw’s discogenic and degenerative disorder of the
back did not met or equal Listing 1.04A; (2) ALJ Sims did not follow 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2)
and improperly rejected the opinion of Bradshaw’s treating physician; and (3) when discounting
Bradshaw’s claim of depression at Step Two, ALJ Sims failed to employ the Psychiatric Review
Technique (“PRT”), as called for by 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a. (Doc. 13 at 12-23). On Bradshaw’s
first assignment of error, the M&R concluded that ALJ Sims’s Step Two and Step Four analyses
of Bradshaw’s medical records provided the reasoning necessary to support the Step Three
determination that Bradshaw’s discogenic and degenerative disorder of the back did not met or
equal a Listing. (Doc. 18 at 7-10). On Bradshaw’s second assignment of error, the M&R
concluded that ALJ Sims did not err because ALJ Sims largely adopted the opinion of Bradshaw’s
treating physician, discarding only those portions of the opinion that were internally inconsistent.
Id. at 10-14. On Bradshaw’s third assignment of error, the M&R noted Bradshaw’s failure to
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allege a mental impairment at his administrative hearing and his failure to identify evidence that
supports a diagnosis of a mental impairment. Id. at 16-17. Based on these omissions, the M&R
concluded that ALJ Sims adequately discussed Bradshaw’s depression but that any failure to
employ the PRT was harmless. Id. at 17.
Bradshaw objected to all three of the M&R’s conclusions. (Doc. 19 at 2-8). Before
considering Bradshaw’s objections to the M&R, this Court sua sponte ordered the parties to file
supplemental briefs on “whether the ruling in Mascio [v. Colvin, 780 F.3d 632 (4th Cir. 2015),]
requires sentence four remand pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for rehearing or other administrative
proceedings.” (Doc. 21). In his supplemental brief, Bradshaw argues that ALJ Sims (1) failed to
perform the function-by-function analysis required by Mascio where the medical consultant
included a limitation for pushing and pulling in the lower extremities but ALJ Sims did not explain
why he did not include this limitation; and (2) erred by using boilerplate language when assessing
Bradshaw’s credibility, signaling that ALJ Sims relied on the residual functional capacity to assess
Bradshaw’s allegations of disabling pain and mobility limitations. (Doc. 23 at 1-7). In response
to Bradshaw’s first supplemental argument, the Commissioner contends that ALJ Sims’s
discussion of the medical records, specifically discussion of Bradshaw’s normal gait, station,
muscle tone, muscle strength, and range of motion in the knees and ankles, explains why ALJ Sims
did not include a push and pull limitation in the residual functional capacity. (Doc. 24 at 2-6). In
response to Bradshaw’s second supplemental argument, the Commissioner contends that ALJ
Sims did not use boilerplate language when assessing Bradshaw’s credibility and then discusses
the lack of record evidence supporting Bradshaw’s alleged mental impairment. Id. at 8-10.
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II.
DISCUSSION
A.
Standards of Review
1.
Standards Governing Court Review of Commissioner’s Final
Decision
Pursuant to the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and § 1383(c)(3), this Court’s
review of a final decision of the Commissioner is limited to: (1) whether substantial evidence
supports the Commissioner’s decision, Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 390, 401 (1971), and
(2) whether the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Hays v.
Sullivan, 907 F.2d 1453, 1456 (4th Cir. 1990). “The findings of the Commissioner . . . as to any
fact, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Thus, if
this Court finds that the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards and that her decision is
supported by substantial evidence, the Commissioner’s determination may not be capriciously
overturned.
While substantial evidence is not a “large or considerable amount of evidence,” Pierce v.
Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988), it is “more than a scintilla and it must do more than create
a suspicion of the existence of a fact to be established.” Smith v. Heckler, 782 F.2d 1176, 1179
(4th Cir. 1986) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). Critically, “[t]he substantial
evidence standard ‘presupposes a zone of choice within which the decisionmakers can go either
way, without interference by the courts. An administrative decision is not subject to reversal
merely because substantial evidence would have supported an opposite decision.’” Dunn v.
Colvin, 607 F. App’x 264, 266 (4th Cir. 2015) (ellipsis omitted) (quoting Clarke v. Bowen, 843
F.2d 271, 272-73 (8th Cir. 1988)).
“In reviewing for substantial evidence, the court should not undertake to re-weigh
conflicting evidence, make credibility determinations, or substitute its judgment for that of the
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[Commissioner].” Mastro v. Apfel, 270 F.3d 171, 176 (4th Cir. 2001) (brackets and internal
quotation marks omitted). Consequently, as long as the judgment is explained and supported by
substantial evidence, this Court must accept the Commissioner’s decision, even if this Court would
reach an opposite conclusion or weigh the evidence differently if it were conducting a de novo
review of the record. See Hays, 907 F.2d at 1456. Therefore, the issue before this Court is not
whether Bradshaw is disabled, but whether the ALJ’s finding that he is not disabled is explained
and supported by substantial evidence and that such decision was reached based upon a correct
application of the relevant law.
2.
Standard Governing Review of Objections to M&R
To assist it in its review of the Commissioner’s denial of benefits, a court may “designate
a magistrate judge to conduct hearings . . . and to submit . . . proposed findings of fact and
recommendations for the disposition [of motions for summary judgment.]”
28 U.S.C.
§ 636(b)(1)(B). A magistrate judge makes only a recommendation as to the final disposition of a
matter. The recommendation has no presumptive weight and the responsibility to make a final
determination remains with this Court. Mathews v. Weber, 423 U.S. 261 (1976). Accordingly,
the Court must conduct “a careful review of the Magistrate Judge’s Memorandum and
Recommendation as well as a de novo review of those issues specifically raised” in the objections.
See Lemken v. Astrue, 2010 WL 5057127, at *1 (W.D.N.C. Dec. 6, 2010) (Voorhees, J.); see also
28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) (“A judge of the court shall make a de novo determination of those portions
of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.”).
Once such a review is complete, “the Court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the
findings or recommendation made by the magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
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B.
Credibility Determination
Before determining at Step Four whether a claimant can perform his past relevant work,
the ALJ must conduct a residual functional capacity assessment. Mascio, 780 F.3d at 635.
Residual functional capacity is defined as “‘an administrative assessment of the extent to which
an individual’s medically determinable impairment(s), including any related symptoms, such as
pain, may cause physical or mental limitations or restrictions that may affect his or her capacity to
do work-related physical and mental activities.’” Id. at 639 (quoting Social Security Ruling
(“SSR”) 96-8p, 61 Fed. Reg. 34,474, 34,475 (July 2, 1996)) (emphasis in original). In assessing a
claimant’s residual functional capacity, the ALJ “‘must first identify the individual’s functional
limitations or restrictions and assess his or her work-related abilities on a function-by-function
basis, including the functions’ listed in the regulations.” Id. at 636 (quoting SSR 96-8p, 61 Fed.
Reg. at 34,475 (July 2, 1996)). Furthermore, an ALJ’s “residual functional capacity ‘assessment
must include a narrative discussion describing how the evidence supports each conclusion, citing
specific medical facts (e.g., laboratory findings) and nonmedical evidence (e.g., daily activities,
observations).’” Id. (quoting SSR 96-8p, 61 Fed. Reg. at 34,478). Finally, the ALJ’s “residual
functional capacity ‘assessment must be based on all of the relevant evidence in the case record’ .
. . includ[ing] ‘effects of symptoms, including pain, that are reasonably attributed to a medically
determinable impairment.’” Id. at 639 (quoting SSR 96-8p, 61 Fed. Reg. at 34,477) (emphasis in
original).
Because the ALJ must consider all relevant evidence, including testimony by the claimant
about limitations from alleged symptoms and pain, when making the residual functional capacity
assessment, the ALJ must compare the claimant’s alleged functional limitations to other evidence
in the record before reaching and stating a conclusion regarding the claimant’s residual functional
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capacity. See id. This, in turn, requires the ALJ to assess the claimant’s credibility before
determining the claimant’s residual functional capacity. See id.; see also Monroe v. Colvin, 826
F.3d 176, 187-88 (4th Cir. 2016).
In Mascio, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit confronted the
following language assessing the claimant’s credibility:
After careful consideration of the evidence, the undersigned finds that the
claimant's medically determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to
cause the alleged symptoms; however, the claimant's statements concerning the
intensity, persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms are not credible to the
extent they are inconsistent with the above residual functional capacity assessment.
Mascio, 780 F.3d at 639 (emphasis added). The Mascio Court noted the boilerplate nature of this
language and held that the ALJ erred when discussing the claimant’s credibility because the
boilerplate language “‘gets things backwards’ by implying ‘that ability to work is determined first
and is then used to determine the claimant’s credibility.’” Id. (quoting Bjornson v. Astrue, 671
F.3d 640, 645 (7th Cir. 2012)); see also Monroe, 826 F.3d at 188. Although ALJ Sims did not
have the benefit of Mascio at the time he issued his decision, his decision, contrary to the
Commissioner’s contention, uses the identical boilerplate language deemed erroneous in Mascio.
(Tr. 25). Accordingly, ALJ Sims erred when discussing Bradshaw’s credibility.
Not all errors in discussing a claimant’s credibility necessitate vacating an ALJ opinion
and remanding for a new hearing. See Mascio, 780 F.3d at 639-40. If the ALJ “properly analyze[s]
credibility elsewhere” in his decision, the separate analysis of the claimant’s credibility renders
the ALJ’s erroneous use of the aforementioned boilerplate language harmless.
Id.
When
considering whether the ALJ properly analyzed the claimant’s credibility elsewhere, the district
court must determine if the non-residual functional capacity reasons the ALJ provided for
discrediting the claimant’s testimony explain the extent to which the ALJ credited and discredited
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the claimant’s testimony—i.e., which of the allegations and statements testified to by the claimant
the ALJ credited and discredited. See id. at 639-40; see also Monroe, 826 F.3d at 188-90. Put
another way, the ALJ’s discussion of the claimant’s credibility in light of the other evidence in the
record must establish an “‘accurate and logical bridge’” to the ALJ’s decision to credit or discredit
each aspect of the claimant’s testimony that is relevant to the claim for benefits. See Monroe, 826
F.3d at 189 (quoting Clifford v. Apfel, 227 F.3d 863, 872 (7th Cir. 2000)). Once an ALJ employs
the erroneous boilerplate language at issue in Mascio, the ALJ’s post boilerplate selective
recitation and discussion of the claimant’s testimony or tacit adoption of some of the claimant’s
allegations and statements without elaboration on the reason(s) for why only some allegations and
statements were adopted will not satisfy the threshold for a district court to find the use of the
boilerplate language harmless. McQueen v. Colvin, 2016 WL 4148348, at *5 (M.D.N.C. Aug. 4,
2016).
After employing the boilerplate language at issue in Mascio, ALJ Sims summarized some
of the medical findings from Bradshaw’s 2010 and 2011 doctor visits, compared notes from his
pain clinic visits to his testimony about the pain he experienced, and discussed Bradshaw’s daily
activities. (Tr. 26-27). In so doing, ALJ Sims noted that Bradshaw’s allegations were “not
consistent” with the notes from his pain clinic visits or with his daily activities. Id. Specifically,
ALJ Sims’s decision states that Bradshaw’s daily activities were inconsistent with his “allegations
that he has disabling pain, cannot stand for longer than 30 minutes to an hour, cannot walk more
than 100 feet, and cannot lift more than five pounds.” Id. While a post-boilerplate credibility
assessment of this nature might avoid the need for a remand in some cases, several considerations
leave this Court unconvinced that ALJ Sims’s post-boilerplate credibility discussion was not
unduly influenced by the residual functional capacity assessment. Cf. Armani v. Comm’r, Soc.
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Sec. Admin., 2015 WL 2062183 at *2 (D. Md. May 1, 2015) (vacating ALJ decision based on
ALJ’s use of boilerplate credibility determination at issue in Mascio and court’s inability to
“conclude that the improper implication arising therefrom was dispelled by an otherwise proper
credibility analysis”).
First, and foremost, Bradshaw stated three times during his testimony that he was unable
to bend over or do work down low because of his back condition. (Tr. 38-39, 43). In concluding
that Bradshaw was capable of frequent stooping, it appears that ALJ Sims largely discredited
Bradshaw’s testimony about being unable to bend over. However, ALJ Sims did not tie any of his
discussion of Bradshaw’s doctor visits, pain clinic visits, or daily activities to Bradshaw’s ability
to bend over or stoop. (See Tr. 25-27). Further, it is not obvious to the Court that anything in the
ALJ’s discussion of Bradshaw’s doctor visits, pain clinic visits, or daily activities necessitates the
conclusion, or even allows for the inference, that Bradshaw could stoop frequently over the course
of an eight-hour work day, five days a week. Accordingly, when the Court removes ALJ Sims’s
reliance on the residual functional capacity assessment from ALJ Sims’s credibility analysis, the
Court is left to guess why ALJ Sims largely discredited Bradshaw’s testimony about being unable
to bend over or do work down low.
Second, it is not apparent why ALJ Sims concluded that the daily activities identified in
his decision actually conflict with several of Bradshaw’s allegations that ALJ Sims discredited.
While Bradshaw’s July 2010 report that he could lift twenty pounds is obviously inconsistent with
Bradshaw’s testimony that he can only lift five pounds, neither his ability to lift twenty pounds nor
his ability to fish from a chair, do some weeding, or operate a riding lawn mower intuitively
discredits Bradshaw’s allegations of disabling pain, an inability to stand for longer than thirty
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minutes, and an inability to walk more than 100 feet at a time.1 It is all the more difficult to bridge
this gap in ALJ Sims’s decision where the decision notes that Bradshaw’s weeding and lawn
mowing activities resulted in flare ups of his symptoms. (Tr. 26). Third, where it appears that
ALJ Sims at least partially credited Bradshaw’s testimony about his pain and noted that
Bradshaw’s self-reported a pain level of six of ten after receiving injections, it is not apparent to
the Court why ALJ Sims subsequently discredited Bradshaw’s allegation of disabling pain. 2
Fourth, and finally, the Commissioner’s inaccurate argument that ALJ Sims did not employ the
boilerplate language at issue in Mascio, followed by her extraneous discussion of Bradshaw’s
alleged mental disability (see Doc. 24 at 8-10), does nothing to assist the Court in its harmless
error analysis or, otherwise, resuscitate ALJ Sims’s unfavorable credibility determination
regarding Bradshaw’s allegations about his physical limitations. In light of these considerations,
the Court is unable to conclude that ALJ Sims’s residual functional capacity assessment did not
bleed into his assessment of Bradshaw’s credibility. While there may be good reasons to discredit
some, or all, of Bradshaw’s allegations on remand, ALJ Sims’s use of the boilerplate language
rejected in Mascio cannot be said to be harmless. Accordingly, the Court VACATES ALJ Sims’s
decision and REMANDS this matter under sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for a new hearing.3
1
Notably, none of the daily activities discussed by ALJ Sims require an individual to stand for longer than thirty
minutes or walk more than 100 feet at a time, no less do so repetitively over the course of an eight-hour work day,
five days a week.
2
ALJ Sims appears to have partially relied on Bradshaw’s testimony that pain medication made his pain “tolerable.”
(Tr. 26). It is not clear, however, what Bradshaw meant when he said his pain was “tolerable” with medication and
the word “tolerable” provides little specificity regarding Bradshaw’s ability to perform certain functions or work,
especially where ALJ Sims seemingly credited Bradshaw’s self-report that his pain level only reduced from eight of
ten to six of ten and that the pain injections provided variable results. See id.; see also Beck v. Astrue, 2011 WL
4455861 (D.N.H. Sept. 23, 2011) (collecting cases concluding that words and phrases like “doing well” and “stable”
are not indicative of the claimant’s actual state absent consideration of the context the words or used in and the
claimant’s prior medical history).
3
Having concluded that the error with respect to determining Bradshaw’s credibility requires remand, it is unnecessary
for the Court to address Bradshaw’s remaining assignments of error or objections to the M&R. However, with respect
to Bradshaw’s third assignment of error in his motion for summary judgment (see Doc. 13 at 21-23), the Court notes
the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit’s recent published decision addressing an ALJ’s
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III.
DECRETAL
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED THAT:
(1)
The M&R (Doc. 19) is NOT ADOPTED;
(2)
Bradshaw’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 12) is GRANTED;
(3)
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 16) is DENIED; and
(4)
The ALJ decision below is VACATED and this matter is REMANDED under
sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for a new hearing.
Signed: January 20, 2017
responsibility to apply the PRT and follow 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a. See Patterson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., ___
F.3d ___, 2017 WL 218855 (4th Cir. Jan. 19, 2017).
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