Zickes v. Cuyahoga County et al
Filing
64
Opinion & Order signed by Judge James S. Gwin on 9/16/16. The Court, for the reasons set forth in this order, grants defendant Bryan Smith's motion to exclude testimony, denies plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, and grants defendants' motions for summary judgment. (Related Docs. 51 , 52 , 53 , and 57 ) (D,MA)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
------------------------------------------------------:
JOSEPH ZICKES,
:
:
Plaintiff,
:
:
vs.
:
:
CUYAHOGA COUNTY et al.,
:
:
Defendants.
:
:
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CASE NO. 1:15-CV-1865
OPINION & ORDER
[Resolving Docs. 51, 52, 53, 57]
JAMES S. GWIN, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE:
On September 11, 2015, Plaintiff Joseph Zickes filed a complaint against Defendants
Bryan Smith and Michael Carroll.1 He alleges violations of his First Amendment rights. Plaintiff
Zickes filed an amended complaint on November 3, 2015.2
On July 18, 2016, Plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment against Defendant
Bryan Smith.3 Defendants Smith and Carroll filed cross motions for summary judgment the same
day.4 Defendant Smith also filed a motion to exclude supporting evidence in Plaintiff’s summary
judgment motion.5
For the reasons below, this Court GRANTS Defendant Smith’s motion to exclude
testimony, DENIES Plaintiff Zickes’ motion for summary judgment, and GRANTS Defendant
Smith’s and Defendant Carroll’s motions for summary judgment.
1
Doc. 1. Plaintiff Zickes’ complaint also included Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and/or Fourteenth Amendment
claims. All that remain are Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim and related constructive discharge claim under the
First Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Doc. 36. Plaintiff’s complaint also named Cuyahoga County, Cuyahoga
County Executive, and Lucy Rodriguez as defendants. These defendants have since been dismissed. Docs. 36, 49.
2
Doc. 15.
3
Doc. 51. Defendant Smith opposed. Doc. 58. Plaintiff replied. Doc 59.
4
Docs. 52, 53. Plaintiff opposed. Doc. 56. Defendants jointly replied. Doc. 60.
5
Doc. 57. Plaintiff opposed. Doc. 61. Defendant Smith replied. Doc. 62.
Case No.15-CV-1865
Gwin, J.
I.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Zickes formerly worked for the Cuyahoga County Sheriff’s Department. Zickes
claims Defendants forced him into early retirement after he engaged in protected speech
associated with union activities.
Plaintiff Zickes was assigned to the Juvenile Justice Center (“JJC”) in October 2011.6
Defendant Lieutenant Bryan Smith was in charge of the JJC at that time.7
In November 2011, Zickes was elected steward of the Ohio Patrolmen’s Benevolent
Association (“OBPA”), the bargaining unit for the Sheriff Department deputies.8
According to Zickes, Defendant Smith then began pressuring Zickes to lobby OPBA
bargaining unit members to transfer their sick time to Lieutenant Miguel Carabello, a sick
member of the lieutenants’ bargaining unit who had used all of his sick time.9 Zickes refused to
donate his own sick time or lobby others to do so.
Defendant Smith responds that he was unaware of Zickes’ involvement with the sicktime donation bargaining, as a leader or otherwise, and that he did not know of Zickes’ personal
position on the issue.10 Zickes only told Smith that the union was against sharing sick time.11
In response to Plaintiff Zickes’ opposition to sick-time donation, Zickes claims that
Defendant Smith began to retaliate against and harass him.
Alleged Retaliation and Adverse Employment Actions
Among other incidents, Zickes says that in January 2012, Defendant Smith singled him
out and reprimanded him for arriving late to work.12 Smith denies singling Zickes
6
Doc. 51 at 2.
Doc. 53 at 1.
8
Doc. 15 ¶ 14.
9
Id. at ¶ 18.
10
Doc. 58 at 2.
11
Doc. 53 at 2.
12
Doc. 51 at 5.
7
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Gwin, J.
out,13 and states that he told Zickes that Zickes needed to clock in and arrive on time.14
In March 2012, Plaintiff Zickes was disciplined for writing Defendant Smith’s name
beneath the word “target” on a memo posted on the union bulletin board.15 Union Director
Deputy Jerome Wilcoxson wrote the memo, which appears to address uniting deputies and
responding to “supervisors that like to ‘target’ Deputies” with a more productive approach.16
Plaintiff also posted a Plain Dealer article on the bulletin board, entitled “Arrogant Boss?
Sit Tight, He’ll Get His, Research Shows.” Plaintiff received a written reprimand and was subject
to suspension for these acts. Although Plaintiff states that he “faced punishment up to a 30-day
suspension” 17 for the incident, it does not appear that he was suspended. Instead, Plaintiff
Zickes ultimately received oral counseling for his behavior.18
Defendant Smith argues that Zickes’ notation distorted Wilcoxson’s message, and that
apart from photographing the bulletin board and forwarding the photos to an independent
detective, he played no role in Zickes’ discipline.19
Plaintiff Zickes was also reprimanded for using JJC jury rooms to eat lunch.20 Defendant
Smith states that after Defendant Sergeant Michael Carroll told all deputies not to use jury rooms
for personal use, Plaintiff Zickes continued to do so.21 Defendant Carroll reported Zickes, but he
was not disciplined.22
13
Doc. 58 at 4.
Doc. 53 at 2.
15
Doc. 51 at 5.
16
See id. at 7.
17
Id. at 5.
18
Doc. 53 at 4.
19
Doc. 58 at 4-6.
20
Doc. 51 at 8.
21
Doc. 53 at 4.
22
Id.
14
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Gwin, J.
In August 2012, the County Sheriff’s office investigated Zickes for misusing his gas
card.23 While Zickes claims he was singled out, Defendant Smith argues that all gas cards
assigned to the Sheriff’s Department were audited at that time.24 When Zickes moved from the
sheriff’s office to the JJC, he was no longer entitled to a gas card.25 The County thus requested
an audit to ensure Zickes was not using the card, and took no other steps after the audit showed
no use of the card.26
In September 2012, a JJC employee named Lucy Rodriguez initiated an Inspector
General investigation against Zickes for harassing her.27 Rodriguez was Defendant Smith’s
girlfriend, and Zickes claims that Smith approved and encouraged her complaint against
Zickes.28 Zickes further claims that the Inspector General investigation was baseless, took longer
than necessary, and concealed hidden motives.29
Defendant Smith admits that he quickly reviewed Rodriguez’s complaint as a favor to
her, but did not suggest or encourage her to file with the Inspector General.30 Smith further states
that he has nothing to do with how long an independent agency’s investigation takes.31
In January 2013, Plaintiff initiated a grievance against Defendant Carroll for allegedly
making inappropriate comments to a female union member.32 Defendants Smith and Carroll are
friends, and Zickes argues that Smith would not initially allow Zickes to attend the grievance
hearing against Carroll.33 However, Zickes admits that he was allowed to attend the hearing.34
23
Doc. 51 at 9.
Doc. 58 at 6-7.
25
Id.
26
Id.
27
Doc. 51 at 9.
28
Id.
29
See id.
30
Doc. 58 at 7-8.
31
Id. at 8.
32
Doc. 15 at 8.
33
Id.
34
Doc. 56 at 10.
24
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In February 2013, Defendant Carroll did not immediately approve use of compensatory
time for late arrivals caused by a snow storm.35 Carroll argues that he simply waited for approval
from the County Executive before making a decision, and approved the use of compensatory
time for Zickes and others later the same day.36
In March 2013, Defendant Carroll changed deputies’ hours from 8:00 am – 4:00 pm to
9:00 am – 5:00 pm. Zickes claims this change was in retaliation for his circulating petitions
requesting that lieutenants such as Defendant Smith be removed from the union.37 Carroll argues
that the change was due to budget choices and was also widely applicable to many deputies.38
In November 2014, Plaintiff Zickes decided to retire early. He says he retired early due
to stress from the alleged retaliation and harassment.39
Procedural History
On September 11, 2015, Plaintiff Zickes filed a complaint against Defendants Bryan
Smith and Michael Carroll.40 On July 18, 2016, he filed a motion for summary judgment on his
First Amendment and constructive discharge claims against only Defendant Bryan Smith.41
Defendants Carroll and Smith both filed cross motions for summary judgment the same day.42
In his motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff Zickes argues that his refusal to lobby the
bargaining unit to transfer sick time is a matter of public concern and therefore receives certain
protections under the First Amendment.43 In support of that proposition, Plaintiff cites to a sworn
35
Doc. 15 at 8.
Doc. 52 at 10.
37
Doc. 56 at 10.
38
Doc. 52 at 11.
39
Doc. 15 at 10.
40
Doc. 1. Zickes amended his complaint on November 3, 2015. Doc. 15.
41
Doc. 51. Defendant Smith opposed. Doc. 58. Plaintiff replied. Doc. 59.
42
Docs. 52, 53. Plaintiff opposed. Doc. 56. Defendants Smith and Carroll filed a joint reply. Doc. 60.
43
Doc. 51 at 12-17.
36
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affidavit by Cleveland Police Patrolmen’s Association President Robert Beck as expert
testimony.44 Defendant Smith has filed a motion to exclude Robert Beck’s testimony.45
II.
LEGAL STANDARD
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, “[s]ummary judgment is proper when ‘there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.’”46 The moving party must first demonstrate that there is an absence of a genuine dispute as
to a material fact entitling it to judgment.47 Once the moving party has done so, the non-moving
party must set forth specific facts in the record—not its allegations or denials in pleadings—
showing a triable issue.48 The existence of some doubt as to the material facts is insufficient to
defeat a motion for summary judgment.49 But the Court views the facts and all reasonable
inferences from those facts in favor of the non-moving party.50
When parties present competing versions of the facts on summary judgment, a district court
adopts the non-movant’s version of the facts unless the record before the court directly contradicts
that version.51 Otherwise, a district court does not weigh competing evidence or make credibility
determinations.52
44
Id. at 15.
Doc 57.
46
Killion v. KeHE Distribs., LLC, 761 F.3d 574, 580 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 56(a)).
47
See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).
48
See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
49
Id. at 586.
50
Killion, 761 F.3d at 580 (internal citation omitted).
51
See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007).
52
Koren v. Ohio Bell Tel. Co., 894 F. Supp. 2d 1032, 1037 (N.D. Ohio 2012) (citing V & M Star Steel v. Centimark
Corp., 678 F.3d 459, 470 (6th Cir. 2012)).
45
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III.
DISCUSSION
A. Plaintiff Zickes is not entitled to summary judgment.
a. Plaintiff Zickes’ speech is not of public concern.
Plaintiff Zickes argues that he was retaliated against in violation of his First Amendment
rights. Zickes argues that (1) his speech concerning donation of sick time and (2) his union bulletin
board postings are both matters of public concern.53 If the speech is of public concern, Plaintiff
argues that Defendants violated his First Amendment rights when they retaliated against him for
said speech.54 Alternatively, Defendants Smith and Carroll argue that Plaintiff’s speech concerns
internal personnel matters.55 This Court agrees with Defendants.
In order to make out a First Amendment retaliation claim, an employee plaintiff must show
that “(1) he engaged in constitutionally protected activity, (2) defendants’ adverse action caused
him to suffer an injury that would likely chill a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to
engage in the activity, and (3) the adverse action was motivated, at least in part, as a response to
his exercise of his constitutional rights.”56 To qualify as constitutionally protected speech, a public
employee must speak “as a citizen on a matter of public concern.”57 Whether a public employee’s
speech is a “matter of public concern . . . is a matter of law for the court to decide.”58 If the speech
is not a matter of public concern, “the employee’s claim must fail.”59
Speech is of “‘public concern’ if it involves issues about which information is needed or
appropriate to enable the members of society to make informed decisions about the operation of
53
Doc. 51 at 14-16.
Id. at 17.
55
Doc. 53 at 9-13.
56
Van Compernolle v. City of Zeeland, 241 F. App’x 244, 248 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Farhat v. Jopke, 370 F.3d 580,
588 (6th Cir.2004)).
57
Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 418 (2006).
58
Van Compernoll, 241 F. App’x at 249 (citing Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 418).
59
Id.
54
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their government.”60 Matters of public concern “are to be contrasted with internal personnel
disputes or complaints about an employer’s performance.”61 To determine whether speech is of
public concern, courts can consider “the focus of the speech; the point of the speech in question;
to what purpose the employee spoke; the intent of the speech; or the communicative purpose of
the speaker.”62 “[T]he proper inquiry is not what might be ‘incidentally conveyed’ by the speech .
. . references to an arguably public matter do not elevate the speech to a matter of ‘public concern’
where the ‘focus’ or ‘point’ of the speech advances only a private interest.”63
As addressed below, neither category of Plaintiff Zickes’ speech is of public concern.
i. Plaintiff’s speech concerning sick time donation is not of public
concern.
The Court first addresses whether Plaintiff’s affidavit from Cleveland Police Patrolmen’s
Association President Robert Beck64 is admissible as expert testimony. Defendants argue that Beck
offers inadmissible expert testimony as to whether Plaintiff’s speech regarding the donation of sick
time is of public concern.65 This Court agrees.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that affidavits supporting or opposing
summary judgment must be made on personal knowledge and set forth facts that would be
admissible in evidence.66
Van Compernolle, 241 F. App’x at 249 (citing Farhat, 370 F.3d at 590).
Brandenburg v. Housing Authority of Irvine, 253 F.3d 891, 898 (6th Cir. 2001).
62
Van Compernolle, 241 F. App’x at 249 (citing Farhat, 370 F.3d at 592).
63
Id. (citing Farhat, 370 F.3d at 592-93) (emphasis in original).
64
Doc. 51-1. Beck opined: “It is alleged that Zickes, in refusing to allow Lieutenant Bryan Smith to coerce, threaten,
or intimidate Zickes and other members of the OPBA Sheriff Deputy Union to donate their sick time to the
Lieutenants concerned and protected the public because it prevented the potential for retaliation against individual
deputies and the deputies’ families by keeping in place for these deputies an adequate amount of sick time in case of
an on-the-job injury. For example, if a deputy was coerced to donate his sick time and he got severely injured on the
job, 30 days after his sick time expired, he is no longer on paid status and he is without that sick time he donated.
Now he and his family’s medical benefits would be severed from the County. Then, at that point in time, the deputy
has to rely on the public to pay for any unexpected health emergencies for him or his family. The deputy, his family,
and the public would be directly affected by this sick time trading.” Id. at ¶15.
65
Doc 57.
66
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2).
60
61
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Federal Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admissibility of expert testimony.67 Under
Rule 702, testimony based on specialized knowledge is admissible if it “will assist the trier of
fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.”68 Additionally, the testimony
must be (1) “based upon sufficient facts or data,” (2) “the product of reliable principles and
methods,” and (3) the witness must have “applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts
of the case.”69 To qualify as an expert witness, the expert must be qualified “by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education.”70
Here, Mr. Beck’s testimony is not supported by “sufficient data or facts.” He admits that
he relies only on Plaintiff’s first amended complaint and conversations with Plaintiff and his
counsel in forming his opinion.71 Further, Mr. Beck has not demonstrated use of “reliable
principles and methods” or application of any such methods to the facts of this case.
Perhaps more importantly, Mr. Beck makes a legal as opposed to factual conclusion. He
states that if a deputy fails to maintain adequate sick time and suffers an injury, the public may be
forced to pay for his or her care.72 Thus, according to Mr. Beck, the donation of sick time
“concern[s] and protect[s] the public,” meaning it is a matter of public concern. 73 Plaintiff Zickes
also provides “[d]eclarations of 13 deputies who [have] unequivocally state[d] that Zickes was
protecting the public and his union association was a matter of public concern.”74
67
Fed. R. Evid. 702.
Id.
69
Id.
70
Id.
71
Doc. 51-1 ¶7-8.
72
Id. at ¶15.
73
Id.
74
Doc. 61 at 3.
68
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Mr. Beck’s and 13 other deputies’ opinions are inadmissible on this issue. Experts are not
entitled to give legal conclusions; whether Plaintiff Zickes’ speech is a matter of public concern is
a legal question.75 The Court therefore does not consider Mr. Beck’s testimony in its analysis.
This Court finds that Plaintiff Zickes’ speech is not of public concern. His opposition to
donating sick time—and any efforts to convince other deputies not to donate—concern the internal
operation of the Sheriff’s department. Zickes argues that because his position on sick time donation
is union-related and that he meant to “protect[] the broader deputies and public,” the public concern
test is satisfied.76 This argument fails.
Under Sixth Circuit law, “an employee’s speech, activity, or association, merely because
it is union-related, does not touch on a matter of public concern as a matter of law.”77 Attempting
“to provide a voice for [] fellow officers in department operations”78 does not catapult an opinion
to the level of constitutionally protected speech.
Plaintiff Zickes also relies on a letter from Human Resources Director Elise Hara in
support of his argument.79 In her letter, Hara stated that the “Sheriff’s Department is the
caretaker of the public’s safety . . . [and they are to] commit[] themselves to the efficient and
effective of [sic] delivery of safety services.”80 Zickes argues that this letter acknowledges that
“everything the sheriff’s deputies [do] affect[s] the public.”81
Ms. Hara’s statement does not support Plaintiff. First, the statement is taken out of
context. The statement was part of a disciplinary letter—Ms. Hara was not purporting to speak to
whether Zickes’ speech concerns a matter of public import.
Van Compernoll, 241 F. App’x at 249 (citing Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 418).
Doc. 51 at 16-17.
77
Van Compernolle, 241 F. App’x at 250 (citing Boals v. Gray, 775 F.2d 686, 693 (6th Cir.1985)).
78
Id.
79
Doc. 51 at 17.
80
Doc. 51-18.
81
Doc. 56 at 8.
75
76
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Second, Ms. Hara’s statement, as construed by Plaintiff Zickes, makes a legal conclusion.
It is similar to the Beck affidavit that this Court has ruled inadmissible.
Lastly, this statement is in direct opposition to the law. Not everything a public
employee does or says is of public concern. “To presume that all matters which transpire within
a government office are of public concern would mean that virtually every remark . . . would
plant the seed of a constitutional case.”82 The Supreme Court has squarely rejected this
possibility.83
Thus, Zickes’ speech regarding sick time donation is not a matter of public concern.
ii. Plaintiff’s postings on the union bulletin board are not of public
concern.
For much the same reason, Plaintiff Zickes’ bulletin-board speech is not of public concern.
Again, Zickes argues that his written comments and the article he posted are union-related and
therefore of public concern. The law says otherwise.84
Regardless, Plaintiff Zickes’ “communicative purpose”85 appears to be expressing his
personal dissatisfaction with Defendant Smith, not advancing union issues.86 And “where the
‘focus’ or ‘point’ of the speech advances only a private interest,” a tangential relationship to “an
arguably public matter” does not make the speech of public concern.87
82
Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 149 (1983).
Id.
84
Van Compernolle, 241 F. App’x at 250 (citing Boals, 775 F.2d at 693) (finding that employee speech is not
necessarily of public concern “merely because it is union-related”)).
85
Van Compernolle, 241 F. App’x at 249 (citing Farhat, 370 F.3d at 592).
86
Union Director Deputy Jerome Wilcoxson wrote the memo posted on the bulletin board in an attempt to
“encourage harmony and coordination between the deputy sheriffs and management and to increase morale.” Doc.
58-14. In contravention of that goal, Zickes wrote Defendant Smith’s name beneath the word “target” on the memo
and posted an article entitled “Arrogant Boss? Sit Tight, He’ll Get His, Research Shows.”
87
Id. (citing 370 F.3d at 592-93).
83
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“[W]hile the First Amendment invests public employees with certain rights, it does not
empower them to ‘constitutionalize the employee grievance.’”88 Because neither Zickes’ sick-time
speech nor his bulletin-board speech are of public concern, his claim “must fail.”89
iii. Even if Plaintiff could show his speech was of public concern, he has
failed to show that the speech caused any adverse employment action
caused by Defendants.
Even if Plaintiff could meet the public-concern test, his First Amendment retaliation claim
still fails.
First, it is unclear that much of what Plaintiff experienced rises to the level of adverse
employment actions. To show an adverse employment action, Zickes “must establish that he has
suffered a ‘materially adverse’ change in the terms or conditions of employment because of the
employer’s actions.”90 Almost none of the incidents Zickes reports as retaliation involve
“materially adverse” change. For example, receiving “oral counseling,” being momentarily kept
from a grievance hearing before ultimately being allowed to attend, and being reported for
improperly using jury rooms but receiving no discipline are not sufficiently adverse employment
actions.
Second, Defendants did not cause the acts that may constitute adverse employment actions.
For example, Plaintiff Zickes points to the Inspector General’s investigation as an adverse
employment action. Despite resulting in only a written reprimand, the investigation could be an
adverse employment action due to its length and many stages.91
88
Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 420 (citing Connick, 461 U.S. at 154).
Van Compernoll, 241 F. App’x at 249 (citing Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 418).
90
Allen v. Michigan Dep’t of Corr., 165 F.3d 405, 410 (6th Cir. 1999) (citing Kocsis v. Multi–Care Management, Inc.,
97 F.3d 876, 885 (6th Cir. 1996)).
91
See Doc. 53 at 5-6 (describing the initial investigation, recommendation to human resources, appeal, and
arbitration in the investigation).
89
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But Defendants are not responsible for this investigation. The Inspector General is an
independent entity.92 And its investigation was triggered by Lucy Rodriguez’s complaint, who has
been dismissed from this case. Defendant Smith’s review of Rogriguez’s complaint before she
filed does not equate to his responsibility for the initial investigation, let alone its length.
Because Plaintiff Zickes fails to show his speech was of public concern or that Smith
caused it to lead to adverse employment actions, his claim fails.
b. No reasonable juror could find that Plaintiff Zickes was constructively
discharged from his employment.
Plaintiff Zickes argues that he was constructively discharged when he retired due to the
“stress and emotional toll” of the aforementioned incidents. The record does not support this claim.
To show constructive discharge, Plaintiff Zickes must show that “(1) the employer
deliberately created intolerable working conditions, as perceived by a reasonable person, (2) the
employer did so with the intention of forcing the employee to quit, and (3) the employee actually
quit.”93 “[B]oth the employer’s intent and the employee’s objective feelings must be examined.”94
Under the first prong of the test, courts ask “[w]hether a reasonable person would have
[felt] compelled to resign.” 95 This inquiry “depends on the facts of each case, but [courts] consider
the following factors relevant, singly or in combination: (1) demotion; (2) reduction in salary; (3)
reduction in job responsibilities; (4) reassignment to menial or degrading work; (5) reassignment
to work under a [female] supervisor; (6) badgering, harassment, or humiliation by the employer
Cuyahoga County Code § 204.01 (establishing the Cuyahoga County Inspector General’s mission to “investigate
fraud, corruption, waste, abuse, misfeasance, malfeasance, and nonfeasance without interference or pressure from
any other Public Official or Employee”) (emphasis added).
93
Regan v. Faurecia Auto. Seating, Inc., 679 F.3d 475, 481–82 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Savage v. Gee, 665 F.3d
732, 739 (6th Cir. 2012)).
94
Id.
95
Id. (citing Saroli v. Automation & Modular Components, Inc., 405 F.3d 446, 451 (6th Cir. 2005)).
92
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calculated to encourage the employee’s resignation; or (7) offers of early retirement or continued
employment on terms less favorable than the employee’s former status.”96
Of the three prongs of the test, Plaintiff Zickes has shown only that he retired. As
discussed above, many if not all of the alleged retaliation incidents in this case do not rise to the
level of “adverse employment actions.” A reasonable person would not feel compelled to resign
because he had to wait for approval of compensatory time until later the same day he requested
it,97 or because his shift, along with many other deputies, was altered by one hour. 98
More importantly, Zickes offers no evidence that presents a genuine dispute of whether
Defendants Smith and Carroll intended to create intolerable work conditions. Any actions by
Defendants Smith and Carroll appear to be responsive to Plaintiff Zickes’ prior actions, such as
arriving late to work or eating lunch where he was not permitted to eat.
Accordingly, as a matter of law, Plaintiff Zickes was not constructively discharged.
B. Defendants Bryan Smith and Michael Carroll are entitled to summary judgment.
a. Defendants Smith and Carroll have qualified immunity.
Defendants Smith and Carroll argue that that Plaintiff’s claims also fail because they are
entitled to qualified immunity. This Court agrees.
“The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials ‘from liability for civil
damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’”99 To determine whether qualified
immunity applies, the court looks to whether the plaintiff (1) presents facts that make out a
96
Id.
Doc. 52-1 at 212-216, Zickes deposition (recognizing that the County Executive announced, on the day of the
storm, that compensatory time for late arrivals would be allowed).
98
Id. at 254 (recognizing that other deputies also had their hours changed).
99
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009) (citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)).
97
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violation of “a clearly established constitutional right,” and if so, (2) “whether the right at issue
was ‘clearly established’ at the time of defendant’s alleged misconduct.”
As discussed above, Plaintiff Zickes cannot show a violation of his First Amendment
rights. Nor can Zickes show that he was constructively discharged.
Plaintiff Zickes relies on Kiessel v. Oltersdorf100 in arguing that Defendants Smith and
Carroll are not entitled to qualified immunity. In Kiessel, the defendants retaliated against plaintiffs
for writing a letter—published in a newspaper—alleging that defendant sheriffs had been illegally
eavesdropping on employees’ conversations.101 The Sixth Circuit found plaintiffs’ letter to be of
public concern.102 Therefore, any subsequent retaliation violated plaintiffs’ clearly established
First Amendment rights, and qualified immunity was unavailable.103
The facts in Kiessel are markedly different than the facts here. There, plaintiffs alleged that
“government officials broke the law,” which is a matter of public concern in the Sixth Circuit.104
Quite differently here, Plaintiff Zickes’ speech concerned an internal personnel matter and his
personal dissatisfaction with Defendants Smith and Carroll. Zickes’ speech was not of public
concern. Thus, there is no First Amendment violation. Accordingly, Defendants Smith and Carroll
are entitled to qualified immunity, and therefore summary judgment, on both claims.
459 F. App’x 510 (6th Cir. 2012).
Id. at 512.
102
Id. at 514.
103
Id. at 515.
104
Id. at 514 (citing See v. City of Elyria, 502 F.3d 484, 493 (6th Cir. 2007); Lucas v. Monroe County, 203 F.3d 964,
974 n.5 (6th Cir. 2000); Marohnic v. Walker, 800 F.2d 613, 616 (6th Cir. 1986)).
100
101
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IV.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons above, this Court GRANTS Defendant Smith’s motion to exclude
testimony, DENIES Plaintiff Zickes’ motion for summary judgment, and GRANTS Defendant
Smith’s and Defendant Carroll’s motions for summary judgment.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: September 16, 2016
s/
James S. Gwin
JAMES S. GWIN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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