-TPK Doe, et al v. State of Ohio, et al

Filing 600

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS re 597 Joint MOTION for Settlement Final Approval: The Magistrate Judge RECOMMENDS that the Parties JointMotion for Final Approval of the Settlement Agreement and Plaintiffs 588 Motion for Attorneys Fees and Costs be GRANTED along with FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS. Objections to R&R due by 2/26/2020. Signed by Magistrate Judge Norah McCann King on 2/12/2020. (er)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION
John Doe, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
Case No.: 2:91-cv-00464
JUDGE MICHAEL H. WATSON
Magistrate Judge King

v.
State of Ohio, et al.
Defendants.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

The parties to this litigation have entered into a Settlement Agreement (see Doc. 584) and
have filed for final approval of that Settlement Agreement (Doc. 597). The Court granted
preliminary approval of the Settlement on November 15, 2019 and ordered notice to be provided
to class members in the method described in the Court’s Order (Doc. 585). Plaintiffs also filed a
Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs on December 5, 2019 (Doc. 588) with supplemental
materials filed on February 4, 2020 (Doc. 593). The fairness hearing held on February 11, 2020
was referred to the Undersigned to preside over and to be followed by a report and
recommendation (Doc. 589). The Court heard from the Parties, as well as certain class members
and stakeholders who provided comments regarding the Settlement Agreement. Having
considered the Settlement Agreement, along with the Parties’ arguments in support of final
approval, the comments the Court received from class members and stakeholders, and Plaintiffs’
motion for attorneys’ fees and costs, it is RECOMMENDED that the Court GRANT final
approval of the Settlement Agreement, award attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses in the amount
of $3,000,000.00, and enter final judgment in this case.

I.
A.

BACKGROUND

Procedural History

This case began almost two decades ago. As it developed over the years, the central focus
of the case became whether Defendants were meeting their obligations to provide a “free
appropriate public education” (“FAPE”) under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 et seq., and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
(“Section 504”).
IDEA requires that all students with disabilities “have available to them a free
appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to
meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent
living.” 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A). Section 504 requires that “[a] recipient [of federal financial
assistance] that operates a public elementary or secondary education program or activity …
provide a free appropriate public education to each qualified [ ] person [with a disability] who is
in the recipient’s jurisdiction, regardless of the nature or severity of the person’s [disability].”
34 C.F.R. § 104.33(a).
In 1996, the Court certified a class of: “All children, ages three through 21, currently
enrolled or seeking enrollment, now or in the future, in Ohio’s public school system, who have a
disability . . . , and who require, as a result of their disability, special education and related
services or accommodations that are designed to meet individual educational needs of students
with disabilities as adequately as the needs of nondisabled children are met, and the parents or
guardians of such children.” Doc. 59, PageID# 5445 (Feb. 20, 1996).
The current phase of litigation began in October 2009, after the parties had entered into a
limited Consent Decree (Doc. 168). Plaintiffs asserted at that stage that there are systemic
denials of FAPE in at least 11 urban districts and that Ohio has failed to meet its obligations
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under IDEA and Section 504 to identify and eliminate these systemic violations. The record
reflects extensive discovery, including numerous depositions and expert reports by both sides. In
October 2017, the Parties began an extended mediation, with Columbus attorney Frank Ray
acting as the mediator. Through mediation, the parties came to a settlement of their claims,
memorialized in the Settlement Agreement executed in November 2018.
B.

The Settlement Agreement

The terms of the Agreement are designed to improve special education both across the
State and especially in the 11 Districts. The Parties agreed that the Ohio Department of
Education (“ODE”) will develop a plan (the “State’s Plan”) for a redesigned state support system
for special education, with a particular focus on the 11 Districts. The State’s Plan will be
designed to improve rates of achievement, including least restrictive environment (“LRE”) rates,
for students with disabilities, particularly in the 11 Districts. The State’s Plan must be informed
by several strategies, including:
1.

Measures designed to meet or exceed existing or updated targets for achievement
and LRE;

2.

Increased focus on language and literacy, including early literacy;

3.

Additional professional development;

4.

Activities to improve school climate and support the implementation of positive
behavior interventions and multi-tiered systems of support;

5.

Strategies for improving post-secondary transition services as well as informing
parents that students may continue to receive special education until they reach
age 22 or have met graduation requirements; and

6.

Technical assistance to the 11 Districts to support the development of their own
improvement plans.

The State’s Plan must be developed in consultation with an Advisory Group (the
“Advisory Group”) comprised of at least seven members with a broad range of experience in the
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area of special education. The Advisory Group will assess the State’s progress and determine
whether desired outcomes are being achieved. The State’s Plan must include a mechanism for
modification if desired outcomes are not being achieved.
The Parties’ Settlement Agreement will be implemented over a period of five years and
includes a dispute resolution process that provides for, as necessary and appropriate, resort to the
Court.
C.

Attorneys’ Fees and Costs

During mediation (although after the Parties had reached agreement on substantive terms,
Supplemental Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberg, ¶ 7 (Doc. 593-1), the Parties also agreed to a
resolution of Plaintiffs’ claim for fees and costs. Plaintiffs had initially requested $5,782,214.46
in attorneys’ fees and $612,021.18 in costs for work performed over the nine years of litigation
after entry of the Consent Order. This figure was based on 11,614.85 hours of attorney time and
4,305.6 hours of paralegal time. During mediation, the Parties agreed that Defendants would pay
Plaintiffs $3,000,000 over a period of five years in full satisfaction of Plaintiffs’ claim for
attorneys’ fees and costs. The Parties also agree that this payment would include any future
claim for fees and expenses for Plaintiffs’ attorneys’ work on or with the Advisory Group.
D.

This Court Granted Preliminary Approval

As noted supra, the Court granted preliminary approval of the Settlement Agreement,
directed that notice be provided to members of the Class consistent with the Parties’ proposed
procedure, and set the matter for a final fairness hearing on February 11, 2020 (Doc. 585).
E.

Completion of Parties’ Notice Obligations

On December 2, 2019, ODE posted the Notice on its website and sent the Notice via
email to all Local Education Agencies (“LEA”), State Support Teams (“SST”), and Educational
Service Centers (“ESC”) and requested that each post the Notice on their websites as well as in a

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central location in all buildings open to the public (Doc. 587-2, ¶¶ 3-4). ODE also requested that
school districts send the Notice directly to the parents or students through email, any electronic
portals (for example, parent or student portals used to distribute grades, assignments or forms) or
other means reasonably calculated to reach the parents or students in their district. Id.
Disability Rights Ohio also posted the Notice on its website on November 12, 2019, and
sent the Notice through its Constant Contact listserv and posted the Notice on its Facebook page
on November 13, 2019 (Doc. 587-1, ¶ 3(d)). Disability Rights Ohio also provided the Notice to
all class representatives on November 26, 2019, as well as to all individuals who called and
requested a copy. Id. at ¶ 3(a), (b); (Doc. 597-2, ¶ 11). By the end of the comment period,
Disability Rights Ohio had received 43 telephone calls and e-mails (Doc. 597-2, ¶ 10). Finally,
Disability Rights Ohio provided information, including the Notice, to over fifteen organizations
so that they could, in turn, disseminate the Notice to the individuals whom they serve (Doc. 5871, ¶ 3(c)).
As directed by the Court, the Parties met their notice obligations and provided the
required documentation to the Court by December 5, 2019.
F.

Fairness Hearing on February 11, 2020

The Undersigned held a Fairness Hearing on February 11, 2020. Counsel, Named
Plaintiffs, and other Class Members were present. All counsel supported the final approval of
the Settlement Agreement. The Court also heard from four Class Members or stakeholder who

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had submitted timely comments, three of whom supported the proposed settlement and one of
whom objected. Those comments are discussed below.
II.
A.

APPROVAL OF THE CLASS ACTION SETTLEMENT

The Settlement Agreement Merits Final Approval.

Before finally approving a class action settlement, a District Court must conclude that the
settlement is “fair, reasonable, and adequate.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). In making this
determination, the Court considers the following factors:
(1) the risk of fraud or collusion; (2) the complexity, expense, and
likely duration of the litigation; (3) the amount of discovery engaged
in by the parties; (4) the likelihood of success on the merits; (5) the
opinions of class counsel and class representatives; (6) the reaction
of [ ] class members; and (7) the public interest.
In re Packaged Ice Antitrust Litig., No. 17-2137, 2018 WL 4520931, at *6 (6th Cir. May 24,
2018) (citing Int’l Union, United Auto., Aerospace, & Agr. Implement Workers of Am. v. Gen.
Motors Corp., 497 F.3d 615, 631 (6th Cir. 2007)); see also Poplar Creek Development Co. v.
Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC, 636 F. 3d 235, 244 (6th Cir. 2011) (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted). The Court “enjoys wide discretion in assessing the weight and
applicability of these factors.” Granada Investments, Inc. v. DWG Corp., 962 F. 2d 1203, 120506 (6th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted).
The 2018 amendments to Rule 23 also contain specific factors that federal courts must
consider in determining whether a proposed settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate:
[T]he court may approve [the proposed settlement] only after a
hearing and only on finding that it is fair, reasonable, and adequate
after considering whether:
(A) the class representatives and class counsel have adequately
represented the class;
(B) the proposal was negotiated at arm’s length;
(C) the relief provided for the class is adequate, taking into account:
(i) the costs, risks, and delay of trial and appeal;

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(ii) the effectiveness of any proposed method of distributing relief
to the class, including the method of processing class-member
claims;
(iii) the terms of any proposed award of attorney’s fees, including
timing of payment; and
(iv) any agreement required to be identified under Rule 23(e)(3); and
(D) the proposal treats class members equitably relative to each
other.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). This amendment to the Rule was not intended to “displace” the factors
developed by the Circuit Courts. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) advisory committee’s note to 2018
amendment. Therefore, in considering whether to approve the parties’ proposed settlement, a
District Court in the Sixth Circuit should look to both the factors found in Rule 23 as well as the
Sixth Circuit’s traditional factors. See, e.g., Hays v. Eaton Grp. Attorneys, LLC, No. CV 17-88JWD-RLB, 2019 WL 427331, at *9 (M.D. La. Feb. 4, 2019) (“There is, not surprisingly, overlap
between the 2018 amendment’s fairness, reasonableness and adequacy considerations and those
set out in the . . . [c]ircuit test. This [c]ourt will therefore combine the two in its review and
analysis.”); In re Payment Card Interchange Fee & Merch. Disc. Antitrust Litig., 330 F.R.D. 11,
29 (E.D.N.Y. 2019) (“The [c]ourt first considers the Rule 23(e)(2) factors, and then considers the
[Circuit’s] additional Grinnell factors not otherwise addressed by the Rule 23(e)(2) factors.”).
Each of the factors identified in case law or in Rule 23(e)(2) are discussed below; those factors
that overlap are discussed together.
1.

The Risk of Fraud or Collusion

“Courts presume the absence of fraud or collusion unless there is evidence to the
contrary.” Stanley v. Turner Oil & Gas Properties, Inc., No. 2:16-CV-386, 2018 WL 2928028,
at *5 (S.D. Ohio June 12, 2018) (Deavers, M.J.) (quoting IUE-CWA v. Gen. Motors Corp., 238
F.R.D. 583, 598 (E.D. Mich. 2006)); see also Brent v. Midland Funding, LLC, No. 3:11 CV
1332, 2011 WL 3862363, at *15 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 1, 2011) (“[T]he courts respect the integrity of

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counsel and presume the absence of fraud and collusion in negotiating the settlement, unless
evidence to the contrary is offered.”) (quoting 4 Alba Conte & Herbert B. Newberg, Newberg on
Class Actions § 11.51 (4th ed.2002)) (quotation marks omitted).
Here, the Parties negotiated in good faith—and no facts suggest otherwise. The Parties
have engaged in years of litigation, including extensive discovery, and multiple mediation
sessions. Throughout discovery, the parties vigorously sought out evidence to support their
claims. Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberg, ¶ 15 (Doc. 588-1). The Parties exchanged tens of
thousands of documents during the discovery process pursuant to written discovery requests. Id.
¶ 15. Additionally, Plaintiffs developed evidence from three different expert teams that asserted
systematic denials of FAPE. Id. ¶¶ 16-17. The record amply documents Defendants’ responsive
efforts. See Bronson v. Bd. of Educ. of City Sch. Dist. of City of Cincinnati, 604 F. Supp. 68, 77
(S.D. Ohio 1984) (relevance of negotiations occurring after the case was well-advanced).
Finally, the Parties engaged in fact witness discovery through written requests as well as multiple
depositions of class representatives and class exemplars. Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberg, ¶ 15
(Doc. 588-1).
The Parties participated in multiple mediation sessions before reaching the Settlement
Agreement. The most recent mediation process spanned more than a year and was achieved only
with the assistance of a capable and experienced mediator, Frank Ray, Esq. Supplemental
Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberg, ¶ 7 (Doc. 593-1). See Thompson v. Midwest Found Indep.
Physicians Ass’n., 124 F.R.D. 154, 158-59 (S.D. Ohio 1988) (relevance of extended
negotiations); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(B) (requiring the proposed settlement be
“negotiated at arm’s length”).

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The Parties’ litigation history, including extensive discovery, indicates that the Settlement
Agreement reflects a good-faith compromise, not an act of collusion or fraud. Indeed, as defense
counsel represented at the Fairness Hearing, both Parties were preparing as if this case were
proceeding to trial and the Parties were able to reach agreement only after extensive mediation.
In short, the case has been vigorously contested and litigated.
This factor favors approval of the Settlement Agreement.
2.

The Costs and Risks of Pursuing a Continued Litigated Outcome
Suggest that the Proposed Settlement is a Fair, Reasonable, and
Adequate Result.

Rule 23 requires courts to consider “the costs, risks, and delay of trial and appeal” in
determining whether to approve settlement agreements. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C)(i); see also,
Packaged Ice, 2018 WL 4520931, at *6 (citing Gen. Motors Corp., 497 F.3d at 631). In
considering these factors, courts look to the complexity, expense, and likely duration of the
litigation. Settlement is more likely to be approved if the case has a long history, Bronson, 604
F. Supp. at 77; if the issues involved would require significant trial time to resolve, In re
Cincinnati Policing, 209 F.R.D. 395, 400 (S.D. Ohio 2002); if appeals are likely to further delay
ultimate resolution, e.g., In re Dun & Bradstreet Credit Servs. Customer Litig., 130 F.R.D. 366,
371 (S.D. Ohio 1990); or if the plaintiffs’ circumstances make delay particularly prejudicial, In
re Telectronics Pacing Sys., Inc., 137 F. Supp. 2d 985, 1015 (S.D. Ohio 2001).
Here, the costs and risks of continued litigation weigh in favor of approval. This case
began almost two decades ago, with the current phase of litigation beginning in October 2009
after the parties had entered into a limited consent decree. Litigating this case through trial
would have entailed further delay and additional risk and expense, including the risk of class

9

decertification.1 Approval of the Settlement Agreement thus results in both finality for the Parties
and immediate benefits for class members.
Additionally, the Settlement Agreement is informed by the expert reports developed by
both Plaintiffs and Defendants during discovery. See Declaration of Dr. Thomas Hehir, ¶ 8 (Doc.
597-1, PageID# 10871). Thus, the Settlement Agreement is informed by data and the analyses of
multiple educational experts.
This factor, too, favors approval of the Settlement Agreement.
3.

The Likelihood of Success of the Merits

“The most important of the factors to be considered in reviewing a settlement is the
probability of success on the merits. The likelihood of success, in turn, provides a gauge from
which the benefits of settlement must be measured.” Poplar Creek Dev. Co. v. Chesapeake
Appalachia, L.L.C., 636 F.3d 235, 245 (6th Cir. 2011) (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted).
The primary disputed issue in this action is whether, under Ohio’s current system,
students in Ohio public schools receiving special education services are receiving the required
FAPE within the least restrictive environment. In order to establish their claims, Plaintiffs were
required to establish that the actions of the Defendants resulted in a systemic failure by Ohio to
provide the minimum education required under IDEA and Section 504. If the case were
permitted to continue as a class action, this requirement would have posed a significant
evidentiary burden on Plaintiffs, given the existence of over six hundred traditional districts.
Adding to this complexity, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Endrew F. ex rel. Joseph F.

1

Defendants had moved to decertify the class (Doc. 538) and the Court denied that motion only on the grounds of
mootness, in light of the proposed settlement. Order (Doc. 585, PageID# 9986).

10

v. Douglas Cty. Sch. Dist. RE-1, 137 S. Ct. 988 (2017), which altered the theretofore governing
standard for FAPE, during the pendency of the litigation.
Given the evidentiary burden and the shifting standards related to FAPE, it is not at all
clear that either side would have succeeded on the merits. Both sides shared considerable risk in
moving forward with this case to a decision on the merits. Defendants risked an adverse
judgment that could have offered less flexibility to them than does the Settlement Agreement;
Plaintiffs risked an entirely adverse judgment or a judgment that offered less favorable relief, and
certainly a delay in any relief.
Under these circumstances, the certainty of the benefits provided by the Settlement
Agreement favors approval.
4.

The Class Counsel and Class Representatives Have Adequately
Represented the Class.

Rule 23 requires courts to consider whether “the class representatives and class counsel
have adequately represented the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). Class counsel are qualified,
experienced, and capable of conducting the litigation. Plaintiffs’ counsel consists of lawyers
from Disability Rights Ohio, Steptoe & Johnson LLP (“Steptoe”), and the Bazelon Center for
Mental Health Law (“Bazelon”). Supplemental Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberge, ¶ 3 (Doc. 5931). Steptoe is a national—indeed international—law firm, with vast experience in complex
litigation. Id. ¶ 5. Bazelon has a national practice and a national reputation for expertise in
complex disability rights litigation. Id. Disability Rights Ohio is the state-designated protection
and advocacy system for individuals with disabilities, and the organization’s attorneys involved
in this case have many years of experience in disability rights litigation. Id. ¶ 4. Defendants’
counsel also have many years’ experience in litigation before this Court. In short, all counsel are
fully qualified to represent the interests of their clients in this case.

11

Additionally, the class representatives have vigorously prosecuted the interests of the
class throughout the litigation and settlement negotiations. The named Plaintiffs fully
participated in the litigation, including by responding to written discovery requests, providing
copious records, and attending depositions. Declaration of Jason Johnson (Doc. 597-3);
Declaration of Amy Stinson (Doc. 597-4). During mediation, class representatives were kept
informed of the progress of mediation and had the opportunity to raise with class counsel any
concerns they had. Declaration of Jason Johnson, ¶ 22 (Doc. 597-3); Declaration of Amy
Stinson, ¶ 18 (Doc. 597-4).
This factor, too, weighs in favor of approval of the Settlement Agreement.
5.

The Opinions of Class Counsel and Class Representatives

The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has observed that “court[s]
should defer to the judgment of experienced counsel who [have] competently evaluated the
strength of [their] proofs.” See, e.g., Williams v. Vukovich, 720 F.2d 909, 922-23 (6th Cir. 1983)
(“[T]he deference afforded counsel should correspond to the amount of discovery completed and
the character of the evidence uncovered.”); see also Kritzer v. Safelite Solutions, LLC, No. 2:20CV-0729, 2012 WL 1945144, at *7 (S.D. Ohio May 30, 2012) (citation omitted) (“The Court
gives weight to the belief of experienced counsel that a settlement is in the best interests of the
class.”).
Collectively, Plaintiffs’ counsel has decades of experience in complex federal civil rights
litigation on behalf of people with disabilities. Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberg, ¶ 18 (Doc. 588-1).
State Defendants likewise have experienced counsel with decades of litigation experience. After
significant discovery and arm’s length negotiations, the Parties have reached settlement. These
well-experienced Class Counsel have concluded that this settlement is fair and reasonable and
confers substantial benefits on the class. Class representatives have also approved the Settlement
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Agreement. See Declaration of Jason Johnson, ¶¶ 24, 25 (Doc. 597-3); Declaration of Amy
Stinson, ¶¶ 19, 20 (Doc. 597-4).
This factor also favors approval of the proposed settlement.
6.

Reaction of Class Members

In the Court-ordered Notice, class members were afforded a 60-day period to provide
comments to the Court regarding the Settlement Agreement. The Court received approximately
40 comments from class members or stakeholder from different areas of the State. (Docs. 591-1;
592, 598).2 All but two of the comments favored the Settlement Agreement.3 The favorable
comments include a letter in support from the Ohio Coalition for the Education of Children with
Disabilities (“OCECD”), a leading disability education advocacy organization in Ohio, as well as
a letter in support from the Ohio Poverty Law Center. Moreover, three commenters spoke in
favor of the settlement at the Fairness Hearing held by the Court. One commenter discussed her
hope that this settlement agreement will help current and future families of children with
disabilities have more support and resources. Another commenter was pleased with the
settlement agreement’s focus on inclusive education into general education classrooms. The
third commenter similarly voiced her support for the settlement agreement.
As noted supra, the Court received two timely objections, (Doc. 591-1 at PageID
## 10097–99, 10100-102), and one of those objectors spoke against the Settlement Agreement at
the Fairness Hearing. That objector voiced general agreement with the Settlement Agreement
but noted her concern about opportunity for parental involvement and a need to ensure oversight
of the Multi-Tiered System of Support (“MTSS”) incorporated into the State Plan so as to avoid
delay or denial of individual children’s evaluations for qualifying disabilities. In response to the

2
3

It is significant to note in this regard that the class consists of more than 250,000 individuals.
A third, vaguely-worded objection was filed, but that comment was untimely. (Doc. 596).

13

objector’s comments, Class Counsel and counsel for Defendants observed that the Settlement
Agreement in fact addressed the need for oversight. They also noted the opportunity for parental
involvement in the Advisory Group contemplated in the Settlement Agreement.4
The other written objection appears to have been partially based on a misunderstanding
that the Settlement Agreement would affect only the 11 Target Districts. As counsel stated
during the Fairness Hearing, however, while the Settlement Agreement focuses on the 11 Target
Districts, the State Plan will apply to every school district in the State of Ohio.
The Court has considered all timely submitted comments, including those that did not
contain all requested information. The overwhelming majority of comments were supportive of
the Settlement Agreement, and the comments of organizations with particular expertise in
providing services to students with disabilities also supported the Settlement Agreement. There
is no indication that a significant number of class members have concerns about the Settlement
Agreement, and the Court believes that the parties can address the objectors’ concerns through
implementation of the Settlement Agreement. Accordingly, this factor favors approval of the
Settlement Agreement.
7.

The Public Interest

“Public policy generally favors settlement of class action lawsuits.” Hainey v. Parrott,
617 F.Supp.2d 668, 679 (S.D. Ohio 2007) (citations omitted). In this case, the Settlement
Agreement provides significant relief to the class, including redesign of the state-wide system of
support to school districts to improve outcomes for students with disabilities. The Settlement
Agreement also includes a focus on 11 Districts identified as having the most significant needs.
The Settlement Agreement thereby serves the public interest. The public has a strong interest in

4

Counsel for Disability Rights Ohio also observed that parents may, informally, contribute to implementation and
oversight of the State Plan through communication with that organization.

14

improving education and educational outcomes. The Settlement Agreement is intended to
improve educational outcomes for students with disabilities across the State, which will increase
the skills and qualifications of students entering Ohio’s workforce and institutions of higher
education, as well as improve the prospects for independent living on the part of students with
the most significant disabilities.
In addition, the public is served by the avoidance of the costs and time that would be have
been expended on trial and possible appeal from any judgment entered in this case, and by the
conservation of judicial resources. The Settlement Agreement provides more immediate relief to
class members than would further litigation.
This factor therefore favors approving the Settlement Agreement.
B.

Method of Distributing Relief to the Class

The Court must also consider “the effectiveness of any proposed method of distributing
relief to the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C)(ii). Here, the Settlement Agreement
contemplates the development of a State Plan that will be implemented on a state-wide basis
with a particularized focus on the 11 Districts. The relief obtained through the Settlement
Agreement will benefit all class members. Additionally, all class members retain the right to
pursue IDEA’s procedural safeguards processes (i.e., due process or state complaints) if they
have claims regarding the individual services they receive from their school districts.
This factor favors approval of the Settlement Agreement.
C.

The Settlement Agreement Treats the Class Members Equitably Vis-à-Vis
One Another.

Rule 23 also directs courts to consider whether the class members will be treated
equitably vis-à-vis one another. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(D). Here, the Settlement Agreement
treats class members equitably. The Settlement Agreement contains commitments from the State

15

that will benefit all class members. Its focus on the 11 Districts is appropriate, given the
evidence developed during the litigation identifying those 11 Districts as most in need of
attention, compared to the rest of the State.
This factor favors approval of the Settlement Agreement.
III.

AWARD OF ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS

On December 5, 2019, Plaintiffs’ counsel filed a motion, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
54(d)(2), for approval of the negotiated sum of $3,000,000 in attorneys’ fees and costs. (Doc.
588). As agreed to by the Parties, the award would be paid in annual installments of $600,000
per year for a period of five years. Supplement Declaration of Kirsten Sjoberg, ¶ 11 (Doc. 5931). Pursuant to Rule 23(h), notice of the motion was disseminated to class members as part of
the Notice of the Settlement Agreement. Class members were also afforded the opportunity to
comment on the agreed-upon fee and costs award as well as to be heard on the matter at the
Fairness Hearing. Three class members noted the award in their comments, one specifically
agreeing with the award, one who did not express a view, and one who erroneously interpreted
the award as a fund available to parents of students with disabilities.
Rule 23 authorizes a court to “award reasonable attorney’s fees and nontaxable costs that
are authorized by the parties’ agreement.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h). When evaluating a negotiated
fee award in civil rights cases such as this, a court should give weight to the agreement between
the parties where there are no collusion concerns and there have been months of arms-length
negotiations. See, e.g., Smith v. Ohio Dep’t of Rehab. & Correction, No. 2:08-CV-15, 2012 WL
1440254, at *18–19 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 26, 2012) (approving settlement agreement reached after
three years of litigation and two years of settlement discussions); cf. Gascho v. Global Fitness
Holdings, LLC, 822 F.3d 269, 277 (6th Cir. 2016) (affirming district court’s determination that

16

“two-and-a-half years of litigation, extensive discovery, ongoing settlement negotiations, and
formal mediation session all weighed against the possibility of fraud or collusion”).
For the reasons set out below, the Undersigned RECOMMENDS approval of Plaintiffs’
Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs. Plaintiffs are entitled to attorneys’ fees and costs
pursuant to the Parties’ Settlement Agreement and federal law. Additionally, the amount of fees
and costs sought are reasonable.
A.

Attorneys’ Fees

The Parties have reached agreement on fees. Both IDEA and Section 504 include feeshifting provisions entitling parties who secure relief through a judgment or settlement to an
award of attorneys’ fees.5 In order to recover fees, a party must be a prevailing party. Under
well-settled law, a party prevails when (1) it receives “at least some relief on the merits of [its]
claim,” and (2) there is a “judicially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties.”
Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W. Virginia Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S.
598, 603, 605 (2001) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); Tompkins ex rel. A.T. v.
Troy Sch. Dist., 199 F. App’x 463, 466 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal citations omitted) (IDEA case);
B.H. v. W. Clermont Bd. of Educ., 788 F. Supp. 2d 682, 702 (S.D. Ohio 2011) (internal citations
omitted) (IDEA case).
Here, there is no dispute that Plaintiffs are prevailing parties. Under the Settlement
Agreement, Plaintiffs receive “relief on the merits of [their] claim” and there is a “judicially

5

IDEA, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B)(i)(I) (“In any action or proceeding brought under this section, the court, in its
discretion, may award reasonable attorneys’ fees as part of the costs-- . . . (I) to a prevailing party who is the parent
of a child with a disability.”); Section 504, 29 U.S.C. § 794a (“In any action or proceeding to enforce or charge a
violation of a provision of this subchapter, the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the
United States, a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs.”). Attorneys’ fees are typically awarded as part of the
allowable costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1920. Arlington Cent. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Murphy, 548 U.S. 291, 297-98
(2006) (“This language [‘may award reasonable attorney’s fees as part of the costs’] simply adds reasonable
attorney’s fees incurred by prevailing parents to the list of costs that prevailing parents are otherwise entitled to
recover [set out in 28 U.S.C. § 1920]”.).

17

sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties.” Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc.
v. W. Virginia Dep’t of Health and Human Res. 532 U.S. 598, 603, 605 (2001).
“When awarding attorney’s fees in a class action, a court must make sure that counsel is
fairly compensated for the amount of work done as well as for the results achieved.” Rawlings v.
Prudential-Bache Properties, Inc., 9 F. 3d 513, 516 (6th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). District
courts apply a two-part analysis to assess the reasonableness of an attorney fee petition. See In
re Cardinal Health Inc. Securities Litigation, 528 F. Supp. 2d 752, 760 (S.D. Ohio 2007). First,
the Court must determine the appropriate method to calculate the fees, using either the
percentage of fund or the lodestar approach. Id. Whichever method is utilized, the Sixth Circuit
requires only that awards of attorney’s fees be reasonable under the circumstances. Rawlings, 9
F.3d at 516. Second, the Court must consider six factors to assess the reasonableness of the fee.
See Moulton v. U.S. Steel Corp., 581 F.3d 344, 352 (6th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted); Ramey v.
Cincinnati Inquirer, Inc., 508 F.2d 1188, 1196 (6th Cir. 1974).
Plaintiffs have negotiated an attorney fee award of $3,000,000. Given the facts of this
case, the Undersigned finds that the requested fee is reasonable under a lodestar analysis and
RECOMMENDS that the request be approved.
1.

Lodestar Method

Rule 23(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides a consistent standard for all
awards of attorney’s fees in class action lawsuits and requires federal courts to assure “that the
amount and mode of payment of fees are fair and proper.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h) advisory
committee’s note to 2003 amendment. The Rule recognizes that the nature of the Court’s review
depends on the circumstances of the case and should be guided by applicable case law. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 23(h).

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In reviewing a fee award in a settlement context, a court’s primary concern must be the
reasonableness of the award. Geier v. Sundquist, 372 F.3d 784, 792 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Blum
v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 893 (1984)); see also Fed R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) (class action settlements
should be approved when they meet fair, reasonable, and adequate standard). In cases such as
this, “where litigants are vindicating a social grievance,” district courts should use the lodestar
method rather than the common fund doctrine to determine reasonable attorney’s fees. Geier,
372 F. 3d at 790. The lodestar method should be used even if a dollar value could be assigned to
the relief obtained. Id.
The lodestar method is based on the “number of hours reasonably expended on the
litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433
(1983). There is a strong presumption that the lodestar is the amount plaintiffs should receive as
compensation for attorney time. Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean
Air, 478 U.S. 546, 565 (1986) (“A strong presumption that the lodestar figure—the product of
reasonable hours times a reasonable rate—represents a ‘reasonable’ fee is wholly consistent with
the rationale behind the usual fee-shifting statute . . . .”); Blum, 465 U.S. at 897; Adcock-Ladd v.
Sec’y of Treasury, 227 F.3d 343, 350 (6th Cir. 2000) (“Generally, a ‘strong presumption’ favors
the prevailing lawyer’s entitlement to [their] lodestar fee.”) (internal citations omitted).
“[M]odifications to the lodestar are proper only in certain ‘rare’ and ‘exceptional’ cases,
supported by both ‘specific evidence’ on the record and detailed findings by the lower courts.’”
Adcock-Ladd, 227 F.3d at 350 (quoting Delaware Valley Citizens’ Council, 478 U.S. at 565)
(internal citation omitted); Gibson v. Forest Hills Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 655 F. App’x
423, 443 (6th Cir. 2016) (“[B]inding authority required the district court to more clearly explain
which factors motivated its decision to depart from the lodestar calculation . . . .”).

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2.

Hourly Rates

“It is well-established that a district court has broad discretion to determine what
constitutes a reasonable hourly rate for an attorney.” Am. Broad. Companies, Inc. v. Brunner,
No. 1:04CV750, 2008 WL 11450441, at *10 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 30, 2008) (citations and quotation
marks omitted). To determine the rates at which counsel should be compensated, courts should
look to prevailing market rates in the relevant community for lawyers with comparable skill and
experience.6 Blum, 465 U.S. at 895; Adcock-Ladd, 227 F.3d at 350 (quoting Blum, 465 U.S. at
895) (“A trial court, in calculating the ‘reasonable hourly rate’ component of the lodestar
computation, should initially assess the ‘prevailing market rate in the relevant community.’”)
(emphasis in original).
To avoid litigation over the appropriate “market rate” for non-profit counsel, some
federal courts, including those in the Southern District of Ohio, have identified a set of
presumptive rates to be used in fee-shifting cases. These rates are annually updated based on
inflation. In the Southern District of Ohio, courts have used the rates identified by the Rubin
Committee in 1983, adjusted upward each year by 4% for inflation (“Rubin rates”). See, e.g.,
Gibson v. Forest Hills Sch. Dist., Bd. of Educ., No. 1:11-CV-329, 2014 WL 3530708, at *6 (S.D.
Ohio, July 15, 2014) (“Judges in the Southern District of Ohio have applied the Rubin
Committee rate with a 4% annual cost-of-living allowance to measure the reasonableness of fees
requested.”) (citing Hunter v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections, No. 1:10-CV-820, 2013 WL
5467751, at *17 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 30, 2013)); Schumacher v. AK Steel Corp. Ret. Acc. Pension

6

The same rule applies for attorneys who work for a non-profit, like Disability Rights Ohio, and Bazelon, which
does not typically charge for its services, or if their participation in the case is on a pro bono basis, as is the case
with Steptoe’s lawyers in this litigation. See Blum, 465 U.S. at 894 (“[C]ongress did not intend the calculation of
fee awards to vary depending on whether plaintiff was represented by private counsel or by a nonprofit legal
services organization.”); Eggers v. Bullitt Cty. Sch. Dist., 854 F.2d 892, 899 (6th Cir. 1988) (attorneys for publicly
funded agencies are entitled to fees at fair market value); Lentz v. City of Cleveland, No. 1:04 CV 669, 2011 WL
5360141 at *7 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 7, 2011) (awarding non-profit attorney a rate of $475 per hour).

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Plan, 995 F. Supp. 2d 835, 844 (S.D. Ohio 2014). Courts in the District of Columbia have
established a similar method for calculating reasonable attorneys’ fees, known as “Laffey rates.”
Miller v. Holzmann, 575 F.Supp. 2d 2, 18 n. 29 (D.D.C. 2008).
The Rubin rates are also consistent with rates used by other district courts in the Sixth
Circuit. See In re Sulzer Orthopedics, Inc., 398 F.3d 778, 780 (6th Cir. 2005) (approving rates of
$200-$500/hour); Ne. Coal. for Homeless v. Brunner, No. 2:06-CV-896, 2010 WL 4939946, at
*7 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 30, 2010) (court approved as reasonable, rates ranging from $280$400/hour); Estep v. Blackwell, No. 1:06CV106, 2006 WL 3469569, at *2 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 29,
2006) (court approved rates ranging from $190-$400/hour); Van Horn v. Nationwide Prop. &
Cas. Ins. Co., No. 1:08-CV-605, 2010 WL 1751995, at *4 (N.D. Ohio Apr. 30, 2010) (court
approved rates ranging from $250-$450/hour for attorneys and $110-$150/hour for paralegals);
Jordan v. Michigan Conference of Teamsters Welfare Fund, No. 96-73113, 2000 WL 33321350,
at *6 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 28, 2000) (court approved rates of $275 and $300/hour).
The $6 million originally sought by Plaintiffs was based on the number of hours believed
by Plaintiffs’ counsel to have been reasonably spent on the case, valued at Rubin rates for
Disability Rights Ohio lawyers, and at Laffey rates for District of Columbia-based attorneys:
Disability Rights Ohio
Years
Counsel
Exp.
Rate
Susan
37 $506.44
Tobin
Kristin
29 $506.44
Hildebrant
Kerstin
15 $447.60
Sjoberg
Ronda
12 $447.60
Cress
Jason
11 $447.60
Boylan
Laura
11 $447.60
Osseck

Bazelon Center
Years
Counsel
Exp.
Rate
Ira
40 $613.00
Burnim
Allison
20 $544.00
Barkoff
Lewis
19 $544.00
Bossing
Emily
14 $491.00
Read
Julia
13 $491.00
Graff
Andrew
4 $358.00
Christy

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Steptoe & Johnson LLP
Years
Counsel
Exp.
Rate
Douglas
40 $613.00
Green
Raisa M.
9 $417.00
Daigneault
Jill
8 $417.00
Maguire
Mark
5 $351.00
Murphy

Earnestine
Hargett
Laura
Bordeau
Christine
Retherford
Scott
Winzig
Amanda
Danko

29 $200.00

Alice
Abrokwa

6 $358.00

14 $149.60
6 $149.60
6 $149.60
<5 $149.60

Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberg, ¶ 21 (Doc. 588-1); Declaration of Ira Burnim, ¶ 20 (Doc. 588-2);
Declaration of Douglas Green, ¶ R (Doc. 588-3).
In calculating their lodestar, it was reasonable for Plaintiffs to value counsel’s time
according to the Rubin and Laffey rates. Disability Rights Ohio, unsuccessful in recruiting a
major Ohio law firm as co-counsel, was justified in seeking the assistance of Bazelon and
Steptoe with decades of experience in disability rights and complex litigation. Out-of-market
rates for counsel are appropriate when they have “expertise and national practice.” U.S. ex rel
Lefan v. Gen. Elec. Co., 397 F. App’x 144, 146 (6th Cir. 2010); Louisville Black Police Officers
Org. v. City of Louisville, 700 F.2d 268, 278 (6th Cir.1983 ) (district courts may “look to a
national market . . . or any other market they believe appropriate to fairly compensate particular
attorneys in individual cases”); Swapalease, Inc. v. Sublease Exchange.com, Inc., No. 1:07-CV45, 2009 WL 1119591, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 27, 2009) (special education law, like patent law,
is “a highly specialized field of practice”). The rates Plaintiffs used were those used by federal
courts in counsels’ respective markets as the presumptive market rates in fee-shifting cases. The
rates are reasonable given the amount and nature of the experience of Plaintiffs’ counsel.
Moreover, Plaintiffs have submitted a supporting declaration from an experienced attorney
attesting to the reasonableness of the rates for purposes of calculating Plaintiffs’ lodestar. See
generally Supplemental Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberg (Doc. 593-1).

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Accordingly, the Undersigned concludes that the above listed hourly rates are reasonable.
3.

Number of Compensable Hours.

The lodestar calculation is also based on hours reasonably expended. Dowling v. Litton
Loan Servicing, LP, No. 05-CV-098, 2008 WL 906042, at *2 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 31, 2009), aff’d,
320 F. App’x 442 (6th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). That is, “[p]laintiffs’ attorney should not
recover for hours that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Id. (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). To determine whether hours expended are reasonable, the
Court looks to “whether a reasonable attorney would have believed the work to be reasonably
expended in pursuit of success at the point in time when the work was performed.” Id. at *3
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
[T]he fee applicant bears the burden of establishing entitlement to
an award and documenting the appropriate hours expended. If a
claimant clears this hurdle, the burden shifts to the adverse party to
demonstrate that a particular entry represents frivolous work . . .
Once a plaintiff proffers an itemized and detailed bill, it is wellestablished that conclusory allegations that the hours are excessive
and that counsel employed poor billing judgment do not suffice to
undermine it.
Id. at *3-4 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Class counsel spent 11,614.85 hours of attorney time and 4,305.6 hours for paralegals
litigating this matter since 2009. Supplemental Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberg, ¶ 8 (Doc. 593-1).
In arriving at this number, Plaintiffs exercised billing judgment in identifying the attorney time
for which to seek compensation. In the exercise of such judgment, Plaintiffs excluded all of the
following time:
•

All time prior to October 22, 2009, i.e., the date of the parties’ Consent Decree;

•

Time deemed to be excessive, duplicative, or otherwise unnecessary;

•

Timekeepers who billed fewer than 75 hours;

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•

Time related to securing and implementing the Parties’ previous Consent Decree;
and

•

Time on individual advocacy for the representative Plaintiffs.

Id. at ¶ 9.
In addition, after excluding the above time, Plaintiffs further reduced their time by
reducing travel time by 50% and reducing their total time by 5%, to account for the possibility
that, in exercising billing judgment, Plaintiffs missed some time that might be considered
excessive or duplicative. Id. At the Fairness Hearing, defense counsel reiterated that the fee
request reflects a compromise on the behalf of Plaintiffs’ counsel.
Based on the evidence submitted by Plaintiff, the Undersigned finds that Plaintiffs’
counsel’s hours were reasonably expended in pursuit of Plaintiffs’ claims.
4.

Lodestar Calculation

Class Counsel’s reasonable hours at reasonable rates produce a lodestar of $5,782,214.46,
not including additional work that was necessary in preparing the motions for approval of the
settlement and for the Final Fairness Hearing. Id. at ¶ 8.
Accordingly, the Undersigned concludes that the requested fee award of $3,000,000.00,
inclusive of costs, is more than reasonable under a lodestar analysis. This is particularly true
since, in class action settlements, “[t]he Court may enhance the lodestar with a separate
multiplier that can serve as a means to account for the risk an attorney assumes in undertaking a
case, the quality of the attorney’s work product, and the public benefit achieved.” Mullins v. S.
Ohio Pizza, Inc., No. 1:17-CV-426, 2019 WL 275711, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 18, 2019) (citation
omitted); see also Arledge v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., No. 3:16-CV-386-WHR, 2018 WL 5023950,
at *5 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 17, 2018). The Court is also persuaded of the reasonableness of Plaintiffs’

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request in light of the representation made by Plaintiffs’ counsel at the Fairness Hearing that the
requested amount was proposed by the mediator.
5.

The Ramey Factors

The Sixth Circuit also requires district courts to consider the six “Ramey factors”: (1) the
value of the benefits rendered to the class; (2) society’s stake in rewarding attorneys who
produce such benefits in order to maintain an incentive to others; (3) whether the services were
undertaken on a contingent fee basis; (4) the value of the services on an hourly basis (the lodestar
cross-check); (5) the complexity of the litigation; and (6) the professional skill and standing of
counsel on both sides. Ramey, 508 F.2d at 1196. “There is no formula for weighing these
factors.” In re Cardinal Health, 528 F. Supp. 2d at 764. “Rather, the Court should be mindful
that each case presents a unique set of circumstances and arrives at a unique settlement, and thus
different factors could predominate depending on the case.” Id. (citing Rawlings, 9 F.3d at 516).
On balance, these factors support the requested fee award. First, as discussed above,
Plaintiffs achieved a substantial benefit for the class. Second, an award of fees incentivizes
attorneys to take such cases. Third, the fee award sought represents approximately 52% of Class
Counsel’s lodestar figure. Fourth, this case was both factually and legally complex, as it
concerned issues related to the special education services provided in hundreds of school districts
throughout Ohio, and the case was litigated during a period in which the governing law regarding
in the area was in flux. Finally, the Undersigned has observed that both sides were represented
by skilled attorneys with extensive experience.
B.

Litigation Costs and Expenses

Plaintiffs have also established that they incurred a total of $612,021.18 in costs and
expenses prosecuting this case to date. See Supplemental Declaration of Kerstin Sjoberg (Doc.

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593-1, PageID## 10543 – 10558). Their request for an award of $ 3 million is inclusive of these
costs.
C.

Timing of Payment

The Undersigned also finds that the timing of the payment of the attorneys’ fee and cost
award is reasonable. Defendants will pay $600,000 per year over a period of five (5) years. This
arrangement avoids the burden to Defendants from being required to make a lump sum payment.
IV.

CONCLUSION

For all the foregoing reasons, the Undersigned RECOMMENDS that the Parties’ Joint
Motion for Final Approval of the Settlement Agreement (Doc. 597) and Plaintiffs’ Motion for
Attorney’s Fees and Costs (Doc. 588), be GRANTED and FURTHER RECOMMENDS that
the Court FIND and CONCLUDE as follows:
1. That the proposed settlement is “fair, reasonable, and adequate,” in the best
interest of the Class, and qualifies for approval pursuant to Rule 23(e). The Court
DIRECTS the parties to implement the settlement in accordance with the terms
and conditions of the Settlement Agreement.
2. That the requirements of Rule 23 and due process have been satisfied in
connection with the distribution of notice to the Class.
3. That Plaintiffs should be awarded attorneys’ fees and costs in the amount of
$3,000,000.00, inclusive of attorney fees, costs and expenses, which is a
negotiated amount that is reasonable.
4. Defendants represent that they have notified appropriate state officials pursuant to
the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1715 (“CAFA”).
5. Approve DISMISSAL of this case WITH PREJUDICE. All Released Claims
should be extinguished, discharged, and released against any and all Released
26

Parties, without costs except as provided herein. Class members retain their rights
to pursue an administrative or judicial action claiming that, as to that class
member alone, the class member is not receiving the special education services in
the LRE to which the class member is entitled, under IDEA, Section 504, or Ohio
law.
6. The Court retains jurisdiction over the case to enforce the terms of the Settlement
Agreement, which is incorporated herein by reference, and to resolve any and all
disputes thereunder.
PROCEDURE ON OBJECTIONS
If any party seeks review by the District Judge of this Report and Recommendation, that
party may, within fourteen (14) days, file and serve on all parties objections to the Report and
Recommendation, specifically designating this Report and Recommendation, and the part in
question, as well as the basis for objection. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b).
Response to objections must be filed within fourteen (14) days after being served with a copy.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b).
The parties are specifically advised that the failure to object to the Report and
Recommendation will result in a waiver of the right to de novo review by the District Judge and
waiver of the right to appeal the judgment of the District Court. See, e.g., Pfahler v. Nat’l Latex
Prod. Co., 517 F.3d 816, 829 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that “failure to object to the magistrate
judge’s recommendations constituted a waiver of [the defendant’s] ability to appeal the district
court’s ruling”); United States v. Sullivan, 431 F.3d 976, 984 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that
defendant waived appeal of district court’s denial of pretrial motion by failing to timely object to
magistrate judge’s report and recommendation). Even when timely objections are filed,
appellate review of issues not raised in those objections is waived. Robert v. Tesson, 507 F.3d
27

981, 994 (6th Cir. 2007) (“[A] general objection to a magistrate judge’s report, which fails to
specify the issues of contention, does not suffice to preserve an issue for appeal . . . .”) (citation
omitted).

s/ Norah McCann King
United States Magistrate Judge
February 12, 2020

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