Wilkins et al v. Daniels et al
Filing
32
ORDER denying 3 Motion for TRO. Signed by Judge George C Smith on 12-20-12. (ga)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION
TERRY WILKINS, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
-v-
Case No.: 2:12-cv-1010
JUDGE SMITH
Magistrate Judge Kemp
DAVID T. DANIELS, et al.,
Defendants.
OPINION AND ORDER
This case involves a constitutional challenge to the Ohio Dangerous Wild Animals and
Restricted Snakes Act, Ohio Revised Code §§ 935.01 – 935.99. This matter is before the Court
on Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction (Doc. 3).
The briefing has been completed and an evidentiary hearing was held December 10-12, 2012.
The parties agree that all the necessary facts and evidence, as well as the applicable law, are
before the Court, and that this action is ripe for full adjudication on its merits. After review of
the parties’ arguments, the Court has agreed to consolidate the evidentiary hearing with a trial on
the merits pursuant to Rule 65(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. For the reasons that
follow, Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary/Permanent
Injunction is DENIED.
I.
BACKGROUND
After consideration of the parties’ submissions, the admissible evidence, and the
applicable law, the Court makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law as required
by Rule 52 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.1
A.
The Plaintiffs
The Plaintiffs in this case are all owners of multiple breeds of exotic animals and are
seeking relief from enforcement of the Ohio Dangerous Wild Animals and Restricted Snakes Act
(“the Act”). Plaintiff Cyndi Huntsman owns “Stump Hill Farm,” an exotic animal education
center in Massillon, Ohio. Stump Hill Farm is a non-profit organization dedicated to educating
the public about rare and endangered animal species in captivity and in the wild. Stump Hill
Farm is a federally licensed, USDA-inspected facility that also provides rescue and care to
animals in need. Its goal is to raise public awareness that will aid the preservation of animals
that are disappearing from the wild. The farm cares for a total of 49 animals, such as white
tigers, lemurs, leopards, lions, bears, monkeys, chimpanzees, and baboons. The farm’s animals
have appeared on television shows with Jack Hanna, Maury Povich, David Letterman, Good
Morning America, The Howie Mandel Show, Roseanne Barr, Woodrow the Woodsman, The
Fox 8 Morning Show, Critter Gitters, The National Wildlife Federation, Rachel Ray, Jay Leno &
many others; and they have been used in photo shoots for Vogue, Cosmo, Cosmo Girl, Esquire,
Ladies Home Journal & Celebrity Living. The farm owns and cares for the “Massillon Tiger”
that serves as the mascot for Massillon High School. (Compl. ¶¶ 13-18).
Plaintiff Huntsmen testified that she has thirty-two years of hands-on experience with the
types of animals subject to this Act. She believes that none of the exceptions to a ban on the
1
To the extent that any conclusion of law is deemed to be a finding of fact, it is adopted
as such; and likewise, any finding of fact that is deemed to be a conclusion of law is so adopted.
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animals applies to her. She does not agree with the political views of the Association of Zoos
and Aquariums (“AZA”) or the Zoological Association of America (“ZAA”), nor does she want
to microchip2 her animals, which is required to seek a Wildlife Shelter Permit. She
acknowledged that she has registered all 36 of her animals that are subject to the Act and has
purchased microchips for each of them, but she has not implanted the chips into the animals.
Plaintiff Huntsmen expressed concern for the safety of all of her animals if required to implant
them with microchips. She discussed two specific animals that are very old, an African serval
and an African lion. According to her treating veterinarian, subjecting them to anesthesia to
implant a microchip could endanger their lives. Dr. Jo Anne Green who testified for Plaintiffs
confirmed that it would be “malpractice” to put the serval and lion under anesthesia (Tr. at 59).
She further opined that “it would be cruel and unjustified to anesthesize these animals for the
sole purpose of putting in a PIT tag.” (Tr. at 61).
Plaintiff Huntsmen estimates the value of her property to be around $73,400 based on the
ages of the animals and whether they are breedable. (Tr. at 32). After this Act was
implemented, she now estimates the value of her property to be zero because she can no longer
sell any of her animals, nor can she move her animals to be able to do the photo shoots, TV
shows, and similar events. (Tr. at 33-35). Plaintiff Cyndi Huntsmen further testified that it is
not economically feasible to meet the requirements to seek a permit under the Act to be able to
retain her animals. She estimates the costs to be $116,290 to accommodate the provisions of the
Act. (Tr. at 33-36).
2
The Act specifically references a microchip, however, testimony regarding this
procedure also called it a PIT tag.
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Plaintiff Terry Wilkins is a resident of the State of Ohio who owns a retail store in
Columbus, Ohio, “Captive Born Reptiles,” which has been in the business of selling reptiles and
amphibians since 1994. Mr. Wilkins has worked with reptiles and amphibians since the 1960s,
having traveled to over 19 countries and collected over 100 species of over 1,000 reptiles and
amphibians, including exceptionally rare breeds and endangered species, such as bog turtles,
green anacondas, and St. Lucian Island Boas. Mr. Wilkins took a herpetology course while
enrolled at The Ohio State University. He has previously been qualified as an expert witness on
the subject of breeding and caring for reptiles and amphibians and provided some expert
testimony in this case. For conservation and humanitarian purposes, Mr. Wilkins does not take
and resell animals that have been captured from the wild; he only sells animals that are born and
bred in captivity. Mr. Wilkins wishes to retain his business and his captive-born species of
animals, many of which are now regulated under the Act. (Compl. ¶¶ 7-12). Mr. Wilkins
currently possesses 29 reticulated pythons, 15 alligators, 10 Burmese pythons, 8 green
anacondas, and 3 African rock pythons that are subject to this Act. (Tr. at 200). He does not
hold any licenses, nor is he a member of AZA or ZAA. His opinion of these organizations is that
they are “hindrances to the propagation of endangered species worldwide. Their programs aren’t
consistent with the preservation of these animals.” (Tr. at 203).
Plaintiff Wilkins describes that the cost of complying with the regulations set forth in the
Act exceeds the commercial value of the animals, rendering it economically infeasible to retain
possession of the animals. Mr. Wilkins wishes to retain and breed his animals, rather than
sterilize them. He testified that to be able to meet the State’s requirements for cages, he “would
be required to build caging that would be about six times the sizes of my current caging” and
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“wouldn’t fit inside my retail stores” (Tr. at 220). He further opined based on his training,
experience and work in the field of herpetology, that bigger cages are not better for snakes,
“[y]ou would kill the animals putting them in those cages.” “These animals are ambush
predators. This animal does not go hunting for its food like a wolf or tiger or bear, what have
you. They wait for the food to come to them. That animal’s home range is going to encompass
the territory that it needs to catch the food it needs to catch, to breed when it needs to breed,
what have you. The home range of a lot of these animals amounts to a few feet.” (Tr. at 22021). Additionally, in over-sized cages, there is a problem keeping the reptiles hot and humid.
(Tr. at 221).
Additionally, he opined that microchipping is dangerous to animals, specifically his
reptiles in that it could cause them to go sterile. (Tr. at 216-17). He further described how
dangerous and difficult it would be to insert the 14 gauge needle with the microchip into a baby
alligator. He stated that “there is not much room on that animal to put that tag up underneath the
skin. So, you are going to end up going inside the ribcage, inside of the tail, and that’s a 14gauge needle.” (Tr. at 213).
Plaintiff Mike Stapleton is the owner of Paws and Claws Animal Sanctuary in Prospect,
Ohio which provides tiger and bear rescue from closing zoos, other sanctuaries that are
overcrowded or closing, and from private owners who can no longer care for them. He is
currently caring for 11 animals, including 6 black bears and 5 tigers. (Compl. ¶¶ 19-21). He is
not a breeder or seller, nor does he make any profit from his animals. (Tr. at 146). Mr. Stapleton
testified that he registered his animals with the State and has implanted microchips in his
animals. (Tr. at 146-148). He personally injected his animals with the microchips without using
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anaesthesia because they trust him. However, he would not have recommended that anyone else
do this. Mr. Stapleton expressed concern that he registered his animals and planned to keep
then, but the caging standards set forth in the emergency rules came out after he registered.
Now, he does not believe there is any way he can meet the new standards that have been
promulgated under the law. (Tr. at 147). He further stated that despite the fact that the standards
for the AZA or ZAA are less stringent, he would not join those organizations because they want
to tell him how to take care of his animals. (Tr. at 150).
Plaintiff Sean Trimbach is the owner of Best Exotics LLC in Medway, Ohio, an Ohio
Department of Natural Resources (“ODNR”), USDA-licensed “alternative livestock farm” which
breeds, raises, and sells exotic animals. Best Exotics currently has a Syrian brown bear, 2
ringtail lemurs, an African serval, and 113 venomous and constrictor snakes. (Am. Compl. ¶¶
26-28). His business is not open to the public. (Tr. at 192). Mr. Trimbach testified that his
animals that are subject to the Act were microchipped by a veterinarian. Two of his animals, the
bear and the serval, were anesthetized to insert the microchip. (Tr. at 194-95). He described
that all his animals are young to middle age and in good health. (Tr. at 195). He testified that he
is not a member of the ZAA or ZAZ and would prefer not to be. (Tr. at 192). He further
testified that under the Act, the carnivore portion of his business will be completely shut down
and the reptile end will be able to function to a point. (Tr. at 196).
Plaintiff Cyril Viestra of Wilkesville, Ohio, personally owns tigers, hyenas, a bobcat and
a spider monkey. (Tr. at 163). He testified that he is an associate member of ZAA and AZA,
which involves paying dues, but he is not a full member because he has not sought accreditation.
He described his property and where his animals are kept, including an island facility for his
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spider monkey. Mr. Viestra’s property is not open to the public and does not generate any
money from his animals. He testified that his spider monkey has a microchip, however, he is
concerned with microchipping his hyenas because “they’re very nervous animals and their skin
is much different than that of other animals.” (Tr. at 167-68).
Plaintiff Robert Sawmiller of Wapakoneta, Ohio, is a wildlife exhibitor who hold licenses
with ODNR and USDA. He has bears, cougars, wolves, and a lynx that are subject to the Act.
(Tr. at 116). Mr. Sawmiller has registered all of his wild animals subject to the Act. He
included a microchip number assigned to each animal, but he has not inserted the microchips.
(Tr. at 132-33). He has been an exotic animal owner for over 20 years and has extensive
experience with them. (Id.). He runs Wildlife on Wheels, that travels around the United States
doing fairs, festivals and corporate events. He also does school and nursing home shows free of
charge. His annual profits are typically in the $70,000 range, but this year should be around
$110,000.
Mr. Sawmiller displayed many pictures of people (adults and children) holding various exotic
animals. He testified that this Act will completely put him out of business. (Tr. at 127).
Additionally, he said it would be impossible for him, as an exhibitor, to be a member of either
ZAA or AZA–unless he limits his exhibit to only schools, he would not qualify. (Tr. at 121).
Mr. Sawmiller testified that he currently has a bear that is 22 years old and a wolf that is
15 years old and like Ms. Huntsmen, he is concerned for their safety if forced to submit them to
anaesthesia to microchip these animals. Also, Mr. Sawmiller currently has a bear named Chloe
that he received from a woman who decided to give up the bear after determining she could not
meet the requirements under the Act. He testified that Chloe has not transitioned well and will
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not eat. He would like to transport her back to her original owner, but he stated that he now
cannot transfer the bear under the Act. (Tr. at 128-30).
Plaintiff Steve Frantz of Smithville, Ohio, currently owns five rattlesnakes and has had
venomous snakes for about thirty years. He owns these snakes strictly as a hobby; he does not
generate any income from them. (Tr. at 154). He is an associate member of the ZAA and AZA
for educational purposes. (Tr. at 155-56). He further testified that if he were required to PIT tag
his snakes, he could not find a veterinarian who would do venomous snakes. (Tr. at 157-58).
Defendant-Intervenor The Humane Society of the United States (“Humane Society”)3 is a
non-profit organization with more than 488,000 members and supporters in the State of Ohio,
and is dedicated to preventing animal cruelty, promoting conservation, and eliminating the
public safety threats posed by dangerous wild animals possessed by unqualified persons; as such,
the Humane Society was an active proponent of the Act challenged by Plaintiffs.
B.
The Ohio Dangerous Wild Animals and Restricted Snakes Act
In June 2012, the Ohio General Assembly enacted, and Governor Kasich signed, the
Ohio Dangerous Wild Animals and Restricted Snakes Act. The legislation is designed to
regulate the acquisition, purchase, sale, and/or transfer of animals identified in Ohio Revised
Code § 935.01(C) as a “dangerous wild animal.”4 The Ohio Department of Agriculture and its
Director, David Daniels are charged with enforcement of the Act.
3
The Humane Society moved to intervene in this case on November 27, 2012 (Doc. 9).
Plaintiffs opposed the Motion. The Court granted the Intervenor’s Motion on December 3, 2012
(Doc. 22).
4
When referencing dangerous wild animals in this Opinion and Order, the Court is
referring to the dangerous wild animals identified in this section and covered by this Act.
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The Act provides that all individuals and facilities possessing dangerous wild animals
prior to September 5, 2012, must register with the Ohio Department of Agriculture by November
5, 2012. See Ohio Rev. Code § 935.04. In order to maintain an adequate database and track
these exotic animals, the Act requires that each registered dangerous wild animal be
microchipped at the time of registration. See Ohio Rev. Code § 935.04(D). Beginning January
1, 2012, the Act generally prohibits a person from possessing a dangerous wild animal as defined
in the Act. See Ohio Rev. Code § 935.01(C) (defining “dangerous wild animal”); Ohio Rev.
Code § 935.02 (prohibiting possession of dangerous wild animal). The Act contains numerous
exceptions to which the prohibition in section 935.02 does not apply. The following categories
of entities are exempt: facilities accredited by the AZA or the ZAA; research facilities as defined
in the federal Animal Welfare Act; research facilities accredited by the Association for the
Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International; a circus; a wildlife
sanctuary; a wildlife rehabilitator permitted by Ohio Department of ODNR; a person issued a
permit by ODNR pursuant to O.R.C. § 1533.08 for scientific or educational use; a person issued
a permit by ODNR pursuant to O.R.C. § 1531.25 for native threatened species; a veterinarian
providing temporary care; a person transporting a dangerous wild animal or restricted snake
through the state; an education institution displaying a dangerous wild animal as a sports mascot;
a mobility impaired person possessing certain primate species; a deaf person possessing certain
primate species; and a blind person possessing certain primate species. See Ohio Rev. Code §
935.03(B).
A person that possesses a dangerous wild animal and plans to continue to possess the
animal after January 1, 2014, may obtain a wildlife shelter permit. See Ohio Rev. Code §
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935.05. The permit applicant is required to provide: (1) his/her name, date of birth, address, and
other relevant identifying information; (2) the name and address of the location where each
dangerous wild animal will be confined; (3) a description of each dangerous wild animal,
including the scientific and common names, the name that the applicant has given the animal, the
animal’s sex, age, color, and weight, and any distinguishing marks or coloration that would aid
in the identification of the animal; (4) the identification number of the microchip that is
implanted in each dangerous wild animal and the frequency of the passive integrated transponder
contained in the microchip as required in 935.04; (5) proof of financial responsibility; (6) proof
that the applicant has at least two years of experience in the care of the species of dangerous wild
animals that are the subject of the application, or in the alternative the applicant must pass a
written examination regarding the care of dangerous wild animals; (7) a plan of action to be
undertaken should a dangerous wild animal escape; (8) proof that the applicant has established a
veterinarian-client relationship as described in O.R.C. § 4741.04 with regard to each dangerous
wild animal; (9) an application fee; and (10) any additional information required in the rule.
Additionally, Ohio Revised Code § 935.06(A) requires compliance with standards of care
for the animals, including an acreage requirement for certain dangerous wild animals, and
sterilization of each male animal unless medically contraindicated as determined by a
veterinarian.
Once a permit is submitted, it must be reviewed within 90 days. If the permit is denied,
the Director must notify the applicant of the grounds for denial and the right to adjudication
under Ohio Revised Code Section 119. See Ohio Rev. Code § 935.06.
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The Director is also charged with ensuring compliance with the Act and the rules5
promulgated thereunder. See Ohio Rev. Code § 935.17. If the Director determines that a
violation of Chapter 935 or the rules has occurred, the Director may suspend or revoke any
permit issued under Chapter 935. See Ohio Rev. Code § 935.13. Just as with the application
process, any person adversely affected by an order of suspension or revocation of a permit may
request an administrative hearing under Section 119.
If an animal does not have a permit, or otherwise fall under an exception under the Act,
the Director shall seize the animal and/or order it transferred. See Ohio Rev. Code 935.20(A)(3),
(B), and (E). In doing so, the government may impose all costs of the action of seizing an
animal, including temporary care of the animal, upon the owner. See Ohio Rev. Code 935.20(E).
The Act does provide if an owner is not able to obtain a permit, or otherwise meet an exception,
the owner must: (1) transfer, within 30 days, all animals that the person possesses to a humane
society, wildlife sanctuary, rescue facility, or zoo per Ohio Revised Code § 935.06(F); and (2)
pay all costs associated with the transfer of the animal, per Ohio Revised Code § 935.06(F).
Pursuant to the Act, the Director may also assess a civil penalty against any person the
Director determines is not in compliance with Chapter 935 or the promulgated rules. Any person
assessed a civil penalty has the opportunity for an administrative hearing under Section 119. See
Ohio Rev. Code § 935.24(B).
5
Temporary rules for the housing and care of dangerous wild animals were signed into
law by Governor John Kasich on November 27, 2012 in Executive Order 2012-18K. The rules
were written and adopted in accordance with the Act and were approved by the Dangerous and
Restricted Animals Advisory Board at its October 31, 2012 meeting.
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C.
Witness Testimony
In addition to the individual Plaintiffs whose testimony is discussed above, Plaintiffs’
counsel presented the following witnesses: William Coburn, owner of Safari Adventures and
Wild Acres Ranch in Sandusky, Ohio; Dr. Jo Ann Green, D.V.M. and accredited with the
USDA; Polly Britton, legislative agent for the Ohio Association of Animal Owners, and Scott
Zody, Chief of the Division of Wildlife in the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. On
rebuttal, Plaintiffs called John Moore, who was the caretaker of the animals at the Thompson
farm in Zanesville, Ohio, to rebut the testimony of Defendants’ witness, Sheriff Lutz.
Mr. Coburn testified that he has been in the exotic animal business since he graduated
from college. He was previously an AZA zoo director in a facility in northern Ohio. He is the
current director and owner of a ZAA-accredited facility. He testified regarding his relationship
with the AZA and ZAA. He described that the AZA is made up mostly of municipality-run
facilities, that are generally large. And the ZAA is comprised of mostly private owners. (Tr. at
9). He generally described the extensive application requirements and membership. He also
described that both organizations require high levels of animal care, veterinary medicine,
education, research, and conservation. (Tr. at 10-11). Mr. Coburn also opined that “the
standards the State has adopted or brought forward are more strict, more difficult to comply with.
It would take a larger influx – if you are not already meeting the standards – of financial input to
meet these standards.” (Tr. at 11).
Dr. Jo Anne Green, Plaintiffs’ expert witness, runs her own veterinary clinic and serves
as a veterinarian for two exotic animal parks in Oklahoma. She has been a practicing
veterinarian for 15 years and is also accredited by the USDA. (Tr. at 52). Dr. Green testified
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regarding the microchipping procedure, noting that it involves inserting a 14 gauge needle under
the animal’s skin, “which is quite painful.” (Tr. at 55). She describes that many of these animals
subject to the Act may require anesthesia to complete this microchipping procedure. She opined
that subjecting an animal to anesthesia for the purposes of microchipping is “not a simple
process at all” and is a “dangerous procedure.” (Tr. at 55).
Dr. Green examined some of Plaintiff Huntsmen’s animals, including an older African
serval and a 16 year old African lion, and opined that “it would be cruel and unjustified to
anesthetize those animals for the sole purpose of putting in a PIT tag. They are not going
anywhere. They are on the USDA inventory. If anything was to happen to those animals, she
would have a paper trail as to exactly where those animals went. She has a history of both of the
animals. She knows where they came from and how long they have been there. I don’t see any
reason to PIT tag those animals.” (Tr. at 61).
Dr. Green expressed concern that the serval was geriatric and had not had previous blood
work done. Typically, “we can do a pre-anesthetic blood work panel, so we kind of know what
state the kidneys, the liver, the hearts and the lungs are in before we touch the animal with
anesthesia. I would consider it malpractice to put this serval under anesthesia. She probably
would not survive the event.” (Tr. at 59). With respect to the lion, it too was older and “lions,
particularly, are difficult anesthetic patients. I would not be willing to put that animal under
anesthesia.” (Tr. at 60).
Polly Britton, legislative agent for the Ohio Association of Animal Owners (“OAAO”),
which is “a grassroots organization of people with an interest in owning animals of any type,
whether they’re exotic or domestic.” (Tr. at 94). She testified that it is the OAAO’s position
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that their animals are “our private property, bought and paid for and cared for by our members.”
She noted that philosophies of members of the OAAO disagree with those of the AZA and ZAA.
(Tr. at 94-95). She further testified regarding the difference in caging standards required by the
ZAA and the temporary rules under the Act. She referenced a document she prepared comparing
the standards. (See Bates 00646; Tr. at 97-98). She noted specifically the difference in caging
requirements for hyenas, “under the emergency rules, there is a 5,000 square feet versus the
ZAA standards of 600 square feet.” (Tr. at 99). Ms. Britton was on the governor’s task force
that discussed these emergency rules and explained that the purpose behind these stringent
requirements was “they would be so strict that owners could not, or would not, be able to keep
their animals.” (Tr. at 99).
Mr. Zody, Chief of the Division of Wildlife within the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources testified regarding the issuance of a Wildlife Rehabilitation Permit, one of the
exemptions under the Act. (Tr. at 226-27). He described that under Ohio law, the Chief is
delegated with the authority over native wildlife and “we have certain permits that can be issued
to private individuals or non-profits to possess native wildlife.” (Tr. at 227). Some native
wildlife that are on the dangerous list of the Act include: black bear, timber rattlesnake, eastern
massasauga rattlesnake, copperhead snake and bobcat. (Id.). He described two levels of permits
that individuals could request, including a level one which may involve someone finding an
orphan baby racoon and they want to care for it; and a level two, which requires more education
and training, that allows individuals to care for larger animals, such as a coyote or deer. The
rehabilitation permit is “designed only for the temporary holding of injured or orphaned species
with a goal of either re-releasing those animals back into the wild or if an animal is too severely
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injured or imprinted by humans to where it can’t be re-released, it would have the possibility of
being euthanized or if it is not too severely injured, but it still can’t be released back into the
wild, then that animal could then be transferred to the holder of an Education Permit.” (Tr. at
228).
Defendants presented the following witnesses: Dr. Randall Junge, D.V.M., VicePresident of Animal Health, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium and The Wilds; Dr. Paul Stull,
D.V.M., Assistant Chief, Division of Animal Health, Ohio Department of Agriculture; Dr. Tony
Forshey, D.V.M., Chief, Division of Animal Health, Ohio Department of Agriculture; and
Matthew J. Lutz, Sheriff of Muskingum County, Ohio.
Dr. Junge oversees animal health for the Columbus Zoo and The Wilds. He testified that
he has experience with most all the dangerous wild animals specifically listed in the Act (Ohio
Rev. Code § 935.01(C)(1) - (20) and (L)(1)-(4)) either in his current position or in his previous
position in Missouri. (Tr. at 253-56). Dr. Junge testified about the microchipping or PITtagging procedure, including displaying a microchip and the syringe used to insert the microchip.
(See Defs Exhs. 228 and 229). Dr. Junge routinely microchips all animals, with the exception of
fish. (Tr. at 257-59). However, Dr. Junge stated “I would never anesthetize an animal
specifically for microchipping.” (Tr. at 262). But, “if an animal has been anesthetized for a
procedure or an examination and if it does not have a microchip, it would be done at that time.”
(Id.).
Dr. Junge described that for animals that are microchipped without anesthesia, “it is not a
painful procedure.” (Tr. at 262). He has not noticed anything traumatic happen to an animal
during this procedure. (Id.). Further, he has not observed where animals have suffered sterility
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or any serious injury as a result of having a PIT tag placed under their skin. (Tr. at 266). Dr.
Junge also explained his experience with the use of anesthesia and deciding what type to
administer “usually relates to the animal type. For instance, if an animal is large and dangerous,
it will be anesthetized by injection because that’s administered with a dart. The animal – we
don’t have to physically restrain the animal to potentially injure it or ourselves. . . . We would
use just injectable anesthesia for short procedures, something that was less than 30 minutes. If
their procedure needed to be prolonged longer than that, for instance, if the animal needed
extensive surgery, then it would go into gas anesthesia.” (Tr. at 266-68).
Dr. Junge opined that the benefits to microchipping are providing “undisputable
identification. Many animals are clearly differentiated by their appearance or their behavior or
their size. But in many cases, there may be animals that aren’t clearly identifiable, and the
microchip, then, makes that conclusive.” (Tr. at 280). He further testified that the dangerous
wild animals listed in the Act, such as alligators, bears, tigers, lions, and snakes, pose a threat to
human life. (Tr. at 281-84).
Dr. Junge, when questioned by the Court, stated that he has anesthetized geriatric
animals. He stated “[w]e anesthetize geriatric animals regularly, not just for microchipping but
for routine exams. So anesthesia of a geriatric animal takes more care and more consideration,
but it is not contra-indicated.” (Tr. at 299).
Dr. Stull, with the Ohio Department of Agriculture, testified that he was a practicing
veterinarian for 45 years, working in one of the largest practices in Ohio, with thirty percent of
his practice on exotic animals. He is considered the leading expert on exotic animals within the
Division of Agriculture. (Tr. at 308). Based on his experience, he stated that “microchipping
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animals advances the interests of public protection, public health, animal health and animal
welfare. (Tr. 310-11). Further, “microchipping provides a means of traceability for any animal
that’s microchipped, be it an exotic animal, a dangerous wild animal, a domestic livestock
animal, a horse, a dog or a cat or whatever. And being able to trace where an animal has been,
where it is and where it might go is critical in disease control. We have been fortunate in this
country that we have done a really good job of that, and we don’t have too many problems. And
much of that is due to traceability.” (Tr. at 311).
Dr. Stull has personally implanted microchips in animals subject to this Act and has not
observed any problems with microchipping. (Tr. at 310-12). He stated, “I have microchipped
many animals who didn’t even notice anything was happening” such as ferrets, dogs, and cats.
(Tr. at 312-13). He did acknowledge that he has observed some animals in distress if trying to
anesthesize and/or microchip, specifically chimpanzees at the Tampa zoo. (Tr. at 313).
Dr. Stull also discussed his experience with the use of anesthetic on many animals in his
practice, including animals covered by this Act, such as venomous snakes, alligators, felines, and
primates. He opined, like Dr. Junge, that the type of anesthesia depends on the animal. (Tr. at
314-16). He notes that he has anesthetized geriatric animals and that it may cause you to use
different anesthetic protocol, but if there is no other physical problem, then anesthesia is ok. (Tr.
at 324).
Dr. Stull countered Dr. Green’s testimony that some of Plaintiff Huntsmen’s animals
should not be anesthetized because of age. He opined that age and arthritis are not sufficient
reasons not to subject an animal to anesthesia. (Tr. at 326). However, he did not personally
examine these animals.
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Dr. Stull testified regarding the emergency rules adopted by the State that address the
care of animals, housing, environment, nutrition, medicine and other health related parameters.
He described that the rules are a result of committees formed by a wide variety of experts,
including veterinarians, individuals with expertise in this area, and exotic animal owners. (Tr. at
326-28).
Dr. Stull stated that he is familiar with AZA and ZAA, in that he was a former member of
AZA and is currently an associate member of ZAA, joining this year. (Tr. at 330). He described
that he is a member for educational purposes, “to get their literature, get on their website and that
sort of thing and learn as much about them as I could.” (Id.).
Dr. Stull was questioned about all the exemptions under the Act and opined that the State
has some assurance that under these exceptions, individuals will be meeting “at least some sort
of basic level of care that they have to meet for the safety of the animals.” (Tr. at 332). He
further opined concerning the risks that wild animals may pose to the public, such as diseases
that animals can transmit to humans, including rabies, herpes B, salmonella, and zoonotic
diseases. Additionally, many of these wild animals can pose a fatal threat to humans. He stated
that “any wild animal is unpredictable.” (Tr. at 333-36).
Dr. Stull acknowledges that there is no medical waiver provision to object to the
microchipping requirement. And when asked if there is a possibility that an animal could not be
anesthetized for purposes of microchipping, he said, “I don’t know for sure. I would have to
examine that animal.” (Tr. at 398).
Dr. Stull did acknowledge that there are alternatives to microchipping to identify animals,
including tatooing, implant wires, color-coded polymers, ear tagging, and photographs. (Tr. at
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433-34). But he stated that “tatoos fade” and “ear tags are not uncommonly removed, either on
purpose or accidentally.” (Tr. at 434). He stated that although alternatives were considered,
“[i]t’s generally agreed among all the experts in the industry, across a wide spectrum, everything
from laboratory animals to wild animals, biologists working in the field, veterinarians in private
practice, other interested parties, it’s pretty much agreed that the state of the art, as it is now, is
that microchipping is the best way to go.” (Tr. at 438-39). He further testified that just like with
vaccinations, a doctor of veterinary medicine should administer the implantation of the
microchip. (Tr. at 438-39).
When questioned about the difference in the Act about the opt out provision for
sterilization, but none for microchipping, he opined that sterilization is a surgical procedure and
“in terms of the aggressiveness of the treatment that has to be given to the animal or the
procedure that the animal is subjected to,” there is no comparison as to how that compares to
implanting a microchip under the animal’s skin subcutaneously. (Tr. at 433-44).
Sheriff Matthew Lutz, Muskingum County Sheriff, testified regarding the incident at the
home of Terry Thompson in Zanesville, Ohio, on October 18, 2011. He described in detail the
incident that ensued as a result of the release of 56 dangerous wild animals, including the need to
have to shoot most of the animals in order to protect the public. He stated that this was his only
experience with a massive exotic animal release, but he did have previous experience with the
Thompson farm. He did acknowledge that no one was injured as a result of this incident. (Tr. at
357-58). He further stated that he does not know whether we can prevent such an incident from
ever happening again, but he believes that the Act “would make it better for the public safety to
handle a response like this.” (Tr. at 355). Specifically, he opined that under the Act, “it gives
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you a set of guidelines and restrictions. . . such as inventory lists, containment fences, routine
scheduled visits, things we didn’t have back in October of 2011, that would help in response to
public safety.” (Tr. at 356).
Dr. Forshey, Chief of the Division of Animal Health with the Ohio Department of
Agriculture testified that he is generally responsible for supervising the statutory requirements of
the Act, including inspections, animal disease control, etc. (Tr. at 448). He admitted that he is
not an expert with exotic animals, but Dr. Stull his assistant chief is his advisor with respect to
exotic animals. (Id.).
Dr. Forshey provided general background information regarding the enactment of the Act
at issue in this case. The Act required registration of all dangerous wild animals subject to the
Act by November 5, 2012. (Tr. at 450). He described a fairly extensive outreach and education
process to notify individuals of the new registration requirements set by the Act. (Tr. at 450).
He described that individuals had from September 5, 2012, until November 5, 2012, to register
their animals, which included implanting a microchip into each of them. (Tr. at 451). He noted
that some individuals have informed the Department of Agriculture that “they were having some
trouble finishing up the microchipping requirement or some complications about scheduling and
those kinds of things.” (Tr. at 458). And he said that “[w]e want to help people in any way we
can to help them to become compliant with the law. And, so if they were having trouble getting a
veterinarian scheduled or that sort of thing, we would give them timelines and work with them to
become compliant.” (Tr. at 458). He stated that there were approximately 18-20 incomplete
forms that they worked with those individuals to get them into compliance. (Id.). He
acknowledged that there is no waiver provision from the microchipping. (Tr. at 481).
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Dr. Forshey testified that the Department of Agriculture has created a database of all
owners of these dangerous wild animals subject to the Act from the information provided by the
owners on the registration form. He stated that this data is important so the Department can trace
the animal and see where the animal came from, how it has been cared for, the treating
veterinarian, etc. (Tr. at 463).
Dr. Forshey also discussed that there was an ad hoc committee comprised of
veterinarians, zoos, USDA, global federations, etc. established to evaluate nutrition, care,
housing, etc. of animals that ultimately led to the temporary care standards. He stated that those
standards were then brought before the dangerous wild animal advisory board, put in rule form,
and adopted on November 27, 2012. (Tr. at 464-65). He stated that the time period to comply
with these standards is 90 days. (Tr. at 465).
Dr. Forshey described that the Department of Agriculture’s role in enforcing this Act will
be to conduct investigations by inspectors and vets in the field, and if a violation is found, to
issue a notice of violation. The animal owner will be offered a section 119 hearing to contest the
violation. This investigation and enforcement will not begin until January 1, 2014. (Tr. at 47274).
Dr. Forshey stated that the Act does not compel animal owners wishing to retain their
animals to join AZA or ZAA. He suggested that if an individual wants to retain ownership of
animals, obtain a permit. (Tr. at 475).
Plaintiffs called John Moore, on rebuttal, to discuss the incident at the Thompson farm in
Zanesville. He knew Terry Thompson for 20 years and was the caretaker of the animals for the
last five years. (Tr. at 492). He described that he was called on the evening of October 18,
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2011, by Marion Thompson, Terry’s wife, asking him to go check on reports of a lion loose on
their property. (Tr. at 493). When he arrived at the property, he observed a number of the
animals were already shot. (Tr. at 494). He stated that the animals that he saw were “just
milling around” and were “confused.” (Tr. at 495-96). He further stated that some were
“sunbathing” and were not exhibiting any violent behavior. (Tr. at 497). He further described
that one lioness was still in her cage, so he shut the door and locked it. (Tr. at 498). He stated
that he told the deputies that he could put some of the animals back, at least the 12 baby tigers
and lions because they were trained to walk with a leash. (Tr. at 501). He stated that the
deputies asked him to start putting together a list of what animals were there, how many of each
species, names, etc. He described that he thought “now we’re getting somewhere; we’re really
going to at least put some of them away.” Then, “the next thing, a truck load of deputies come in
with assault rifles and stuff. And that’s when it all took off.” (Tr. at 502). He described them
shooting at a lion that was just laying there and also shooting at animals that were still in cages,
including the lion he had locked up. (Id.). Mr. Moore stated that he told Sheriff Lutz, “look, we
could put some of these animals back.” But that the Sheriff said, “it’s a public-safety thing, you
know.” (Tr. at 504).
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Plaintiffs move this Court for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction
pursuant to Rule 65(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 65(b) permits a party to
seek injunctive relief to prevent immediate and irreparable injury. A temporary restraining order
is an extraordinary remedy whose purpose is to preserve the status quo. The factors considered
in granting a temporary restraining order or a preliminary injunction and permanent injunction
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are similar in nature. In the Sixth Circuit, it is well-settled that the following factors are to be
considered in determining whether a temporary restraining order is necessary:
(1) Whether the movant has shown a strong or substantial likelihood or
probability of success on the merits; (2) Whether the movant has shown
irreparable injury; (3) Whether the issuance of a preliminary injunction [TRO]
would cause substantial harm to others; and (4) Whether the public interest would
be served by granting injunctive relief.
Leary v. Daeschner, 228 F.3d 729, 736 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing McPherson v. Michigan High Sch.
Athletic Ass'n, 119 F.3d 453, 459 (6th Cir. 1997) ( en banc ), quoting Sandison v. Michigan High
Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 64 F.3d 1026, 1030 (6th Cir.1995)). These four considerations are not
required elements of a conjunctive test, but are rather factors to be balanced. Michigan Bell Tel.
Co. v. Engler, 257 F.3d 587, 592 (6th Cir. 2001) (no single factor is determinative.);
Monongahela Power Co. v. Schriber, 322 F.Supp.2d 902, 918 (S.D. Ohio 2004).
The decision whether or not to issue a preliminary injunction falls within the sound
discretion of the district court. See Friendship Materials, Inc. v. Michigan Brick, Inc., 679 F.2d
100, 102 (6th Cir. 1982). Plaintiffs are entitled to a permanent injunction only upon showing
after a trial on the merits “(1) a continuing irreparable injury if the court fails to issue the
injunction, and (2) the lack of an adequate remedy at law.” Kallstrom v. City of Columbus, 136
F.3d 1055, 1067 (6th Cir. 1998) (citing Dayton Christian Sch., Inc. v. Ohio Civil Rights Comm’n,
766 F.2d 932, 961 (6th Cir. 1985). Moreover, Plaintiffs must establish their case by clear and
convincing evidence. Damon’s Rests., Inc. v. Eileen K. Inc., 461 F. Supp.2d 607, 621 (S.D. Ohio
Aug. 30, 2006). To meet this burden, the movant’s evidence “must more than outweigh the
[opposing] evidence,” but must also “persuade the court that its claims are highly probable.” Id.
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III.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs, exotic animal owners, initiated this case against Defendants, enforcers of the
Act, seeking to enjoin enforcement of the Act based on the following alleged constitutional
violations: (1) violation of the First Amendment right of association by compelling Plaintiffs to
join and fund private organizations such as the AZA or ZAA; (2) violation of their procedural
due process rights because the Act does not provide a procedure for objecting to or obtaining an
exemption from microchipping their animals; and (3) the microchipping requirement is a taking
without compensation in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Plaintiffs desire to avoid seizure and
retain possession of their business and animals without (1) threatening their health through
microchipping them; (2) being forced to join a private organization whose views they disagree
with; (3) paying to the state fees and fines that exceed the value of the animals and business.
The Court will address each of these claims in turn.
A.
First Amendment – Freedom of Association
Plaintiffs allege that to “retain their property rights in their animals,” the Act “forc[es]
Plaintiffs to associate with and fund the speech and activities [of] the AZA or the ZAA in
violation of the First Amendment.” (Compl. ¶ 78). The First Amendment to the United States
Constitution specifically provides: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the
press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a
redress of grievances.”
The United States Supreme Court has “sustained First Amendment challenges to
allegedly compelled expression in two categories of cases: True ‘compelled-speech’ cases, in
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which an individual is obliged personally to express a message he disagrees with, imposed by the
government; and ‘compelled-subsidy’ cases, in which an individual is required by the
government to subsidize a message he disagrees with, expressed by a private entity.” Johanns v.
Livestock Marketing Ass’n, 544 U.S. 550, 557 (2005).
Neither of these types of cases apply to the case at bar. Contrary to Plaintiffs’
allegations, the Act does not force membership in either the ZAA or the AZA. Rather, one
exception to the ban on dangerous wild animals is to meet the accreditation requirements of
organizations like the AZA or ZAA. In addition to this exception, there are thirteen other
exceptions including: facilities accredited by the AZA or the ZAA; research facilities as defined
in the federal Animal Welfare Act; research facilities accredited by the Association for the
Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International; a circus; a wildlife
sanctuary; a wildlife rehabilitator permitted by ODNR; a person issued a permit by ODNR
pursuant to Ohio Rev. Code § 1533.08 for scientific or educational use; a person issued a permit
by ODNR pursuant to Ohio Rev. Code § 1531.25 for native threatened species; a veterinarian
providing temporary care; a person transporting a dangerous wild animal or restricted snake
through the state; an education institution displaying a dangerous wild animal as a sports mascot;
a mobility impaired person possessing certain primate species; a deaf person possessing certain
primate species; and a blind person possessing certain primate species. See Ohio Rev. Code §
935.03(B). Just because Plaintiffs may not qualify for any of the other exemptions does not
mean that the Act compels Plaintiffs to qualify for the exemption for accredited zoological
organizations by joining the AZA or the ZAA.
The most likely exception for persons wanting to retain their wild animals is to seek a
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wildlife shelter permit and Plaintiffs are not required to join any organization to obtain this
permit. However, Plaintiffs argue that seeking the permit is not a viable alternative because one
requirement to obtain the permit is registration and implanting a microchip into the animals.
Plaintiffs contend that this is harmful to the animals.6 Plaintiffs argue that they have “no other
choice” but to join the AZA or the ZAA rather than submit to the registration of their animals
(Pls.’ Mot. at 4). Regardless of the safety of the microchipping, options are provided under the
Act. Plaintiffs’ choice is self-imposed and not compelled by the Act.7
Defendant-Intervenor states, and the Court agrees that this Act is a “far cry” from the
compelled speech in the cases cited by Plaintiffs, such as Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U.S. 705, 714
(1977), and West Virginia Bd. of Ed. v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943). (Intervenor’s Response
at 10). “There is nothing in this case approaching a Government-mandated pledge or motto that
the [Plaintiffs] must endorse.” Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc.,
547 U.S. 47, 62 (2006) (referencing two seminal compelled speech cases, which involved
“forcing a student to pledge allegiance” and “forcing a Jehovah’s Witness to display the motto
‘Live Free or Die’” on his license plate).
The Court acknowledges Plaintiffs’ concern in the discrepancies in the caging and
general care requirements between what individuals have to meet under the Act’s emergency
rules and what members of the ZAA have to meet. Testimony from Polly Britton, the legislative
6
The safety of microchipping will be discussed in relation to Count II, the due process
claim.
7
Intervenor Humane Society makes a notable analogy: “Plaintiffs’ argument is akin to
someone challenging a state law prohibiting the possession of narcotics on the grounds that the
statute’s exemption for licensed physicians somehow requires them to go to medical school.”
(Intervenor’s Response at 8).
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agent for the Ohio Association of Animal Owners highlighted these discrepancies and generally
described the new emergency rules as very stringent, whereas the requirements for the ZAA are
much less stringent. She prepared a document (Bates # 00646), comparing the differences. (Tr.
at 97-99). Ms. Britton served on the task force appointed by Governor Kasich to discuss the
possible regulations. She referenced statements by Ohio Department of Agriculture officials
during the task force meetings that the intent of rules is that “they would be so strict that owners
could not, or would not, be able to keep their animals.” (Tr. at 99). Despite the concern over the
affect that these rules will have, whether intended or unintended, again, Plaintiffs do have
options under the Act to retain their animals. They must meet various regulations to do so, albeit
some very stringent requirements, but nonetheless Plaintiffs do have options. There is no
compulsory association under this Act. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to
establish that the Act compels speech or association in violation of Plaintiffs’ First Amendment
rights.
B.
Fourteenth Amendment – Due Process
Plaintiffs argue that the Act fails to afford adequate procedural due process in accordance
with the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 16, Article I of the
Ohio Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause generally prohibits state
and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps
being taken to ensure fairness. Section 1, Article 1 of the Ohio Constitution provides: “All men
are, by nature, free and independent, and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those
of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and
seeking and obtaining happiness and safety.” Additionally, Section 19, Article I states “Private
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property shall ever be held inviolate, but subservient to the public welfare.” (Emphasis added).
The requirements of procedural due process apply only to the deprivation of interests
encompassed by the Fourteenth Amendment’s protection of liberty and property. Bd. of Regents
v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 569 (1972). “Property interests are not created by the Constitution.” Id.
at 577. “Rather, they are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or
understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law. . ..” Id. “In order to
establish a procedural due process claim, a plaintiff must show that (1) he had a life, liberty, or
property interest protected by the Due Process Clause; (2) he was deprived of this protected
interest; and (3) the state did not afford him adequate procedural rights prior to depriving him of
the property interest.” Waeschle v. Dragovic, 576 F.3d 539, 544 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
1.
Property Interest Implicated
Plaintiffs assert primarily that the requirement for microchipping and secondarily, that
the sterilization of each male animal to obtain a permit, does not afford adequate due process.
Plaintiffs challenge that there is no procedure for objecting to this microchipping requirement,
despite the danger that it poses to the animal. (Pls’ Mot. at 13-14).
In making this argument, Plaintiffs contend that their animals are private property and
therefore they have a fundamental right to own and possess their private property under Ohio
law, citing Toledo v. Tellings, 114 Ohio St.3d 278 (2007) (“It is undisputed that citizens enjoy
the right to own dogs”); and State v. Anderson, 57 Ohio St.3d 168 (1991) (“To many, a pet dog is
as important and as loved as *** human members of the family”). In Ohio, these “venerable
rights associated with property” are not confined to the mere ownership of property. Rather, the
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Supreme Court recently acknowledged that “[t]he rights related to property, i.e., to acquire, use,
enjoy, and dispose of property, are among the most revered in our law and traditions.” Norwood
v. Horney, 110 Ohio St.3d 353, 361-61 (2006). Plaintiffs also reference cases implicating
property uses by businesses. The Ohio Supreme Court has acknowledged “the right to do
business is a right equally sacred to free speech.” Eastwood Mall v. Slanco, 68 Ohio St.3d 221
(1994).
The Court acknowledges Plaintiffs argument that the Ohio Supreme Court has recognized
a special relationship between humans and dogs. However, such property rights are not without
limitation. The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that “dogs are private property to a
qualified extent,” in that they are “subject to the state police power” and might be destroyed or
otherwise dealt with, as in the judgment of the legislature is necessary for protection of its
citizens.” City of Toledo, 114 Ohio St.3d 278 (2007). Courts have held that ownership of a dog
does not implicate a fundamental constitutional right. See Am. Canine Found. v. City of Aurora,
618 F. Supp.2d 1271, 1278 (2009); see also Colorado Dog Fanciers, Inc. v. City and County of
Denver, 820 P.2d 644, 651 (Colo. 1991). In Colorado Dog, the court held that “dogs are
accorded qualified property status and are subject to the proper exercise of police power for the
protection of the public’s health, safety, and welfare.” Id. at 653 (citing Stone v. Mississippi, 101
U.S. 814, 818 (1879)).
Defendants assert, and the Court agrees, that Plaintiffs cannot claim an “entitlement” to
possession of a dangerous wild animal where the ownership of such animals is prohibited or
otherwise restricted. Defendants reference several cases out of Connecticut, Iowa, and
California where restrictions on animal ownership withstand constitutional challenges. (Defs’
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Response at 12). See Kent v. Polk Cty. Bd. of Supervisors, 391 N.W. 2d 220, 225-26 (Iowa
1986) (ban on dangerous animals and denial of permit did not violate procedural due process and
did not deprive owner of property interest in lion); see also Concerned Dog Owners of Calif. v.
City of Los Angeles, 194 Cal. App.4th 1210, 1230 (2011) (no constitutional right to keep dog or
cat unaltered from spaying or neutering). Specifically, in Pinto v. Connecticut Dept. of Envir.
Protection, 1988 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4375 (D. Conn., March 24, 1988), the Court found that
Plaintiffs have no legitimate claim of entitlement to the possession of the tiger under state law
because [it] prohibits the possession of tigers in Connecticut altogether.”
Similarly, and for purposes of the case at bar, Plaintiffs have a limited property interest in
their exotic animals or dangerous wild animals (as described in the Act), such that a fundamental
constitutional right is not implicated. Accordingly, based on the limited property interest
involved, in order to withstand scrutiny under the Due Process Clause, the Act must bear a
rational relationship to a legitimate legislative goal or purpose. See Exxon Corp. v. Governor of
Maryland, 437 U.S. 117, 124 (1978). “In areas of social and economic policy, a statutory
classification that neither proceeds along suspect lines nor infringes fundamental constitutional
rights must be upheld. . . if there is any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a
rational basis for the classification.” FCC v. Beach Communication, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313
(1993).
2.
Rational Basis
Plaintiffs bear the burden of proof to show beyond a reasonable doubt that there is no
rational basis for this Act. See Harrah Ind. Sch. Dist. v. Martin, 440 U.S. 194, 198 (1979)
(statutes that do not encroach upon fundamental rights “[are] endowed with a presumption of
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legislative validity, and the burden is on [the challenger] to show that there is no rational
connection” between the enactment and a legitimate government interest.”); see also Craigmiles
v. Giles, 312 F.3d 220, 223-24 (6th Cir. 2002). Plaintiffs’ primary argument is that the Act
requires implantation of a microchip in each animal without any consideration that some animals
may not physically be able to withstand the microchipping process, and there is no opportunity
to be heard on this issue. Plaintiffs contend that forced implantation of the microchip into the
animal, against the will of the owner, constitutes a permanent physical invasion of the owners’
property. Plaintiffs presented testimony from Dr. Jo Anne Green, a licensed veterinarian from
Oklahoma, that the animal owners’ concern with the microchipping process is justified. (Tr. at
63). Dr. Green specifically referenced two of Plaintiff Huntsmen’s animals that she personally
examined: an African serval and an African lion. She opined that the serval is very old and has
not had any previous blood work done (as compared to domestic pets that can have a “preanesthetic blood work panel” done to know what state the kidneys, liver, hearts and lungs are in
before giving that animal anesthesia). She concluded that “it would be malpractice to put this
serval under anesthesia. She probably would not survive that event.” (Tr. at 59).
Similarly, with respect to the lion, it is 16 years old, weighing approximately 400 to 600
pounds, if not more. She stated that “lions, particularly, are difficult anesthetic patients. I would
not at all be willing to put that animal under anesthesia.” (Tr. at 60). Finally, she concluded that
“I believe it would be cruel and unjustified to anesthetize those animals for the sole purpose of
putting in a PIT tag. They are not going anywhere. They are on the USDA inventory. If
anything was to happen to those animals, she would have to have a paper trail as to exactly
where those animals went. She has a history of both of the animals. She knows where they
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came from and how long they have been there. I don’t see any reason to PIT tag those animals.”
(Tr. at 61).
Even Defendants own witness, Dr. Junge with the Columbus Zoo, opined “I would never
anesthetize an animal specifically for microchipping.” (Tr. at 262). Rather, the microchipping
could be done when an animal is anesthetized for another reason. (Id.).
Despite this compelling testimony regarding the concern over the microchipping process
and especially the potential harm to geriatric animals, Plaintiffs have failed to establish that there
is no rational basis for this Act. To pass rational basis scrutiny, ordinances need not be
supported by scientific studies or empirical data; nor need they be effective in practice. Rather,
“[i]t is enough that there is an evil at hand for correction, and that it might be thought that the
particular legislative measure was a rational way to correct it.” Kutrom Corp. v. City of Center
Line, 979 F.2d 1171, 1174 (6th Cir. 1992) (quoting Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483,
487-88 (1955)); see also Craigmiles, 312 F.3d at 224 (“[W]e will be satisfied with the
government’s ‘rational speculation’ linking the regulation to a legitimate purpose . . . .”)
(quoting FCC v. Beach Comm’cns, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313 (1993)).
Defendants and the Intervenor have sufficiently set forth a legitimate government
purpose behind the enactment of this Act–to protect animal welfare and public safety from
threats posed by certain dangerous wild animals. Defendants presented testimony that these wild
animals subject to the Act are dangerous and the Act is necessary to protect the general public
from these wild animals. (See e.g., Tr. at 333-36, Dr. Stull stated “[a]ny wild animal is
unpredictable”). Counsel for Defendants summed up this case stating “[w]e have people that are
the owners of private property, personal property that are unhappy with the legislative choices
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that have been made by the Ohio Legislature to try to advance certain legitimate – indeed
compelling – public interests, that are protecting public health and public safety, that are
protecting animal health and animal safety.” (Tr. at 520-21).
Defendants reference the United States Supreme Court case of Andrus v. Allard, 444 U.S.
51 (1979), in support of their argument that it would be a practical impossibility for government
to function if it was unable to regulate private property or had to compensate people every time a
public law somehow impacted the use of private property. (Defs’ Response at 18-19; see also
Tr. at 526). Use of private property may be regulated in the public interests if it is done so in a
constitutional manner. Defendants argue, and the Court agrees, that the regulation of Plaintiffs’
property in this case has been done in a constitutional manner.
The evidence shows that some of the Plaintiffs have made a deliberate choice not to fully
comply with the registration requirements of the Act, which includes implanting the animals
with a microchip. There are, however, many registrants that have submitted registrations, have
complied with the registration process and are working through the process to obtain a permit
that the Act allows under certain conditions for them to retain these animals and to continue to
derive benefit from the animals. (Tr. at 458).
Plaintiffs argue that at the very least, before they are required to implant a microchip into
their animals, they should be permitted a hearing. Plaintiffs reference the Mathews test, which
requires the Court to consider “the private interest that will be affected by the official action”;
“the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest, through the procedures used, and the
probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards”; and “the government’s
interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the
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additional or substantive procedural requirements would entail.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S.
319, 333 (1976).
“[T]here can be no dispute that an animal owner has a substantial interest in maintaining
his rights in a seized animal. . . . Animal owners [ ] have a substantial interest in their ‘mere’
pets.” Siebert v. Severino, 256 F.3d 648, 660 (7th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Louisville Kennel Club, Inc. v. Louisville/Jefferson Cnty. Metro Gov’t, 2009 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 92328, at *10 (W.D. Ky. Oct. 2, 2009) (interpreting other sections of the LMCO chapter
on animals to hold that “pet owners clearly have a property interest in their animals” and that
“the government is not permitted to deprive an animal owner of his property without due process
of law”).
There is no question that “[d]ue process requires notice of the charges and a meaningful
opportunity to contest the evidence.” Morrison v. Warren, 375 F.3d 468, 473 (6th Cir. 2004).
“Notice, of course, is one of the most fundamental aspects of due process.” Flaim v. Med. Coll.
of Ohio, 418 F.3d 629, 638 (6th Cir. 2005). There is no dispute that if a violation of the Act
occurs, the animal owner is provided notice and an opportunity to be heard at a Section 119
hearing8 before an animal may be seized. Therefore, despite Plaintiffs’ arguments to the
contrary, the Act does have a procedure for objecting to or arguing for an exemption from the
microchipping requirement. Or, at the very least, they will have an opportunity to provide an
equitable defense to seizure of their property. Defendants’ witness Dr. Forshey discussed this
procedure, “once we issued a notice of violation, they would have the opportunity for a 119
8
See Ohio Rev. Code §§ 935.20, 935.24; see generally Ohio Rev. Code § 119.
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hearing; have 30 days to respond to that.” (Tr. at 474).
It may seem more practical to have a hearing, or at the very least a procedure to object to
the microchipping requirement at the time of registration, similar to that associated with the
sterilization procedure. However, before any animals will be seized, the owners do have a right
to a Section 119 hearing. Therefore, there is no constitutional violation of Plaintiffs’ due process
rights.
Counsel for the Intervenor even acknowledged that “if in the event that there was an
animal where anesthesia was too risky and there was no other way to microchip that animal, if
there were a citation for that being a violation of the law, at the time of the enforcement
proceeding, that would be an equitable defense to that issue.” (Tr. at 535-36) (emphasis added).
Therefore, Plaintiffs will be afforded a hearing, at which time they can defend why a specific
animal was not microchipped. Presumably, based on the testimony, if an animal must be
anesthetized to insert a microchip and subjecting the animal to anesthesia would be detrimental
to that animal’s health, then that is an equitable defense to a violation of the Act. The Act is
silent as to any opt-out provision to the microchipping requirement and should the State find a
need for such provision, it could be implemented by the Director with his rule making authority,
rather than legislative action to amend the statute. It is clear that the State envisioned the
possibility that a microchip may be detrimental to an animal’s health as set forth in Ohio Revised
Code § 935.18(B), which specifically states, “Except for a microchip removed for purposes of a
medical emergency by a veterinarian that is qualified to provide veterinary care to the dangerous
wild animal, no person shall knowingly remove a microchip.”
In addition to the Section 119 hearing, Defendants argue that the Act “affords adequate
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procedural due process” because “[i]ndividuals currently in possession of dangerous wild
animals were provided five months from enactment (June 5, 2012) and two months from the
September 5, 2012 effective date of the Act to comply with the microchipping and registration
deadline (November 5, 2012).” “The Act also provides adequate notice by clearly identifying
which animals are covered by the Act, thus minimizing the risk that an animal would be
erroneously microchipped. It is unclear what hearing process the State could provide before
microchipping to further minimize the risk of an erroneous deprivation.” (Defs.’ Response at
14).
The Court is empathetic to the Plaintiffs’ situation in this case and especially to the
difficulties faced in completing the microchipping requirement. Although Defendants argued
that the five months to implant the microchip was sufficient, there was testimony to the contrary.
Dr. Stull testified that a veterinarian should be the one to insert the microchip. (Tr. at 438-39).
Therefore, the animal owners would have to find a veterinarian willing to perform the procedure
and get it scheduled in a short time. Defendants own witness, Dr. Junge, even testified that “I
would never anesthetize an animal specifically for microchipping.” (Tr. at 262). Therefore, if an
animal would need to be anesthetized to insert the microchip, it would be best to wait until the
animal is having another procedure done, such as a teeth cleaning or vaccinations, and insert the
microchip at that time.
In light of the testimony and evidence before the Court and the fact that the investigation
and enforcement provisions of the Act do not begin until January 1, 2014, the Court finds that so
long as the animals are microchipped by January 1, 2014, they should not be found to be in
violation of the registration and microchipping requirement. To be clear, the Court has not
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found a constitutional violation, but finds the Act ambiguous as to whether the microchipping
deadline should be strictly applied. In fact, Defendants’ witness Dr. Forshey, Chief of the
Division of Animal Health with the Department of Agriculture, testified that some individuals
notified the Department that “they were having trouble getting a veterinarian scheduled or that
sort of thing.” (Tr. at 458). The Department was working with those individuals, allowing them
extra time, to get them into compliance. (Id.). Defendants have in essence acknowledged that
strict enforcement of the November 5, 2012, microchipping requirement was waived. Therefore,
since the Department has allowed for some leeway as to this requirement, all applicants should
be given the same consideration.
After reviewing all the arguments of the parties and hearing the evidence presented at
trial, the Court concludes that there is sufficient evidence to establish a rational basis between
the Act regulating possession of dangerous wild animals and the State of Ohio’s legitimate
interest in protecting the health and safety of the City’s residents. Therefore, Plaintiffs have
failed to prove that Defendants have violated their due process rights under the Ohio and United
States Constitution.
C.
Fifth Amendment – Taking Without Compensation
Plaintiffs assert that application and enforcement of the Act effects a taking without
compensation in violation of the U.S. Constitution.9 The Takings Clause of the Fifth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides: “[N]or shall private property be taken for public
use, without just compensation.” The United States Supreme Court has described two distinct
9
The Court notes that Defendants raise the issue of whether Plaintiffs’ takings claims
should be dismissed for failure to seek compensation through state remedies. For the purpose of
its analysis of Plaintiffs’ takings claims, the Court assumes that these claims are ripe for review.
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classes of takings cases. Yee v. City of Escondido, 503 U.S. 519, 522 (1992). Where the
government authorizes or requires the physical occupation of property (or actually takes title),
the takings clause generally requires compensation. Id. (citing Loretto v. Teleprompter
Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419, 426 (1982)). Where the government merely regulates the
use of property, however, compensation is required only if considerations such as the purpose of
the regulation or the extent to which it deprives the owner of the economic use of the property
suggest that the regulation has unfairly singled out the property owner to bear a burden that
should be borne by the public as a whole. Id. at 522-23 (citing Penn Central Transportation Co.
v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 123-25 (1978)). Thus, a “taking” may occur either by physical
invasion or by regulation. Furthermore, the Court notes that “[r]eal property, tangible property,
and intangible property, all may be the subject of takings claims.” Conti v. United States, 291
F.3d 1334, 1338-39 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citing Lucas v. S.C. Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1019
(1992), Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto Co., 467 U.S. 986, 1003-04 (1984), and Andrus v. Allard, 444
U.S. at 65).
In evaluating a takings claim, courts apply a two-part test. See Coalition for Gov’t
Procurement v. Fed. Prison Indus., Inc., 365 F.3d 435, 481 (6th Cir. 2004). First, the court must
examine whether the claimant has established a cognizable “property interest.” Id. Second,
where a cognizable property interest is implicated, the court must consider whether a taking
occurred. Id. As discussed above, in reference to Plaintiffs’ due process claim, limited or
qualified property rights exist in connection with the ownership of dangerous wild animals.
Therefore, for the purpose of this decision, the Court will focus its analysis on whether the Act
effects a taking.
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Plaintiffs assert two takings claims. First, Plaintiffs allege that the forced implantation of
microchips in their dangerous wild animals constitutes a permanent physical occupation of their
property. Second, Plaintiffs allege that the Act completely deprives them of all economic
beneficial use of their dangerous wild animals, constituting a regulatory taking. Defendants
argue that the requirement that all registered dangerous wild animals be implanted with
microchips is not a permanent physical occupation for the purpose of the application of the
Takings Clause. Defendants also argue that the Act does not result in a regulatory taking
because the requirements of the Act do not deprive Plaintiffs of all economic use or value of
their dangerous wild animals. The Court will address Plaintiffs’ takings claims in turn.
1.
Invasion of Property as Taking
“[O]ne of the most essential sticks in the bundle of rights that are commonly
characterized as property” is the “right to sole and exclusive possession—the right to exclude
strangers, or for that matter friends, but especially the Government.” College Savings Bank v.
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Ed. Expense Bd., 527 U.S. 666, 673 (1999) (quoting Kaiser
Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164, 176 (1979)); Hendler v. United States, 952 F.2d 1364,
1374 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (emphasis in original) (citation omitted). Consequently, a “permanent
physical invasion, however minimal the economic cost it entails, eviscerates the owner’s right to
exclude others from entering and using her property-perhaps the most fundamental of all
property interests.” Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 544 U.S. 528, 539 (2005). Here, Plaintiffs
allege that their exclusive right to exclude others as to their possession of dangerous wild
animals is compromised by the microchipping requirement. Microchipping is a “permanent
physical invasion” that “eviscerates the owner’s right to exclude others from entering and using
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her property.” (Compl. ¶ 118).
Under the Act, if a dangerous wild animal owner does not qualify for an exemption under
Ohio Revised Code § 935.04, the owner must have registered and microchipped the dangerous
wild animal by November 5, 2012. Then, in order to retain possession of the animal, the owner
must obtain either a wildlife shelter permit or a wildlife propagation permit. See Ohio Rev. Code
§ 935.04(D) and (E). Plaintiffs characterize this requirement as a governmental physical
invasion of property, subject to the Takings Clause. Plaintiffs cite Loretto, supra, and State ex
rel. Gilbert v. City of Cincinnati, 928 N.E.2d 706 (Ohio 2010), in support of their physical taking
claim. These cases, however, do not further Plaintiffs’ physical taking claim.
In Loretto, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the traditional rule that a permanent physical
occupation of property authorized by the government is a taking, and found a physical taking
occurred when the government required landlords to allow cable provides to install equipment
on their property. Id. at 435. In Gilbert, the Ohio Supreme Court found that repeated flooding
of private property from government-owned sewer and water management systems constitutes a
taking. Id. at 713-14. In contrast, the case at bar involves a statute that requires the implantation
of an identification device into Plaintiffs’ dangerous wild animals in order for them to retain
possession of this personal property. The procedure is undoubtedly at least minimally invasive
to the animal, but this requirement is a function of government regulation of dangerous wild
animals, not governmental physical appropriation or invasion. Microchipping has almost no
impact on an animal owner’s use, enjoyment, or possessory interests.10 Courts have held that a
10
As discussed with respect to the due process claim, there is concern that Plaintiffs’
property could be fatally harmed if forced to insert a microchip into a geriatric animal because of
the risk involved with anesthesia. However, that is the exception. The evidence showed that
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spaying and neutering requirement for animals, which is arguable a more invasive procedure
than microchipping, did not effect a physical taking of property. American Canine Foundation
v. Sun, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90004 (N.D. Calif., Nov. 27, 2007) (requirement to spay and
neuter dogs “regulates the use of dogs” and does not deprive owners of economic use). Further,
a permanent, physical taking does not result if an owner may keep an animal, even under
restricted use. See City of Aurora, 618 F. Supp.2d at 1279 (restriction on pit bulls “does not
result in a taking of physical property if a dog owner may keep the dog by obtaining a license
and complying with the minimum standards for keeping the dog”). Because there is no
governmental physical invasion of property, Plaintiffs’ physical taking claim fails. Plaintiffs’
allegations under the Takings Clause are more appropriately analyzed as a possible regulatory
taking because the government is regulating the use of Plaintiffs’ property.
2.
Regulatory Taking
The Supreme Court has observed that “government regulation-by definition-involves the
adjustment of rights for the public good. Often this adjustment curtails some potential for the
use or economic exploitation of private property. To require compensation in all such
circumstances would effectively compel the government to regulate by purchase.” Andrus, 444
U.S. at 65. The Andrus Court further noted: “‘Government hardly could go on if to some extent
values incident to property could not be diminished without paying for every such change in the
general law.’” Id. (citing Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 413 (1922), and Penn
Central, supra, 438 U.S., at 124). “The Takings Clause, therefore, preserves governmental
power to regulate, subject only to the dictates of ‘justice and fairness’ . . . There is no abstract or
generally, implantation of a microchip is a minimally invasive procedure.
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fixed point at which judicial intervention under the Takings Clause becomes appropriate.
Formulas and factors have been developed in a variety of settings . . . Resolution of each case,
however, ultimately calls as much for the exercise of judgment as for the application of logic.”
Andrus, 444 U.S. at 65 (citing Penn Central, 438 U.S. at 123-28).
A “property owner necessarily expects the uses of his property to be restricted, from time
to time, by various measures newly enacted by the State in legitimate exercise of its police
powers[.]” Lucas, 505 U.S. at 1027. As to personal property, the U.S. Supreme Court provided
this guidance: “And in the case of personal property, by reason of the State’s traditionally high
degree of control over commercial dealings, he ought to be aware of the possibility that new
regulation might even render his property economically worthless (at least if the property’s only
economically productive use is sale or manufacture for sale).” Id. In other words, “the owner of
any form of personal property must anticipate the possibility that new regulation might
significantly affect the value of his business.” Holliday Amusement Co. of Charleston v. South
Carolina, 493 F.3d 404 (4th Cir. 2007) (citing Lucas, 505 U.S. at 1027-28). Thus, for the
purpose of regulatory taking analysis, a distinction exists between personal and real property.
The keen observation in Lucas regarding personal property rings especially true as it
relates to exotic animals owned as personal property because they are living creatures that pose
unique threats to people, and thereby reasonably may be subject to onerous government
regulation. See Sentell v. New Orleans & C.R. Co., 166 U.S. 698, 704 (1897) (noting that dogs
are “subject to the police power of the state, and might be destroyed or otherwise dealt with, as
in the judgment of the legislature is necessary for the protection of its citizens.”); Nicchia v. New
York, 254 U.S. 228, 230 (1920) (“Property in dogs is of an imperfect or qualified nature and they
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may be subjected to peculiar and drastic police regulations by the state without depriving their
owners of any federal right.”).
The Ohio General Assembly enacted sweeping legislation regulating the possession,
transfer, and care of dangerous wild animals and restricted snakes. This regulation of the use of
property derives from the state’s police power and its “high degree of control over commercial
dealings.” See Ohio Edison Co. v. Power Siting Comm., 383 N.E.2d 588, 592 (1978) (defining
“police power legislation” as that “designed to protect public health, safety and welfare”); Lucas,
505 U.S. at 1027-28. It is common knowledge that the animals covered under the Act are
inherently dangerous, as they are not normally domesticated and pose unique threats to human
life due to their physical and temperamental characteristics, including their strength, speed, and
unpredictability. As such, it is within the prerogative and function of the Ohio General
Assembly, within constitutional parameters, to decide whether and how best to regulate such
matters as the possession, care, and transfer of these animals.
The Court has heard extensive testimony regarding the costs that will be borne by
Plaintiffs as it relates to the operation of the Act and the regulations thereunder concerning such
matters as fees, caging requirements, and restrictions as to the ability to exhibit, breed, and sell
these animals. For example, Ms. Huntsmen testified that she will have to expend $116,290 to
comply with the Act, and that the value of her animals will decrease from $73,400 to zero. (Tr.
at 32-36). Mr. Wilkins described how he would not be able to meet the caging requirements in
view of the square footage of his store, and that the breeding and selling restrictions of the Act as
to the covered animals will significantly decrease his profits. (Tr. at 220-21). And Mr.
Sawmiller described how the Act will cause the cessation of his business because he can no
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longer exhibit his covered animals at fairs, festivals, and corporate events. (Tr. at 127).
Even though operation of the Act undoubtedly will increase the cost of ownership of
dangerous wild animals and will devalue businesses or otherwise hinder economic activity to the
detriment of certain dangerous wild animal owners, these circumstances do not effectuate a
taking under the U.S. Constitution. See Holliday Amusement Co. of Charleston, Inc., supra.
Additionally, the imposition of fees in connection with the Act are reasonable in view of the
administrative obligations of Defendants in the enforcement of the Act. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’
regulatory takings claim fails.
As a final matter, the Court notes that is sympathetic to the exotic animal owners who
will not be able to retain possession of their beloved animals as a result of the operation of the
Act, and it recognizes that this circumstance may lead to the severance of strong bonds between
the animals and their owners. Additionally, imposition of the Act likely will have a negative
impact on certain business owners. This is a consequence of the adjustment of rights as the
legislature reasonably deems appropriate, in its effort to protect the public from dangers
associated with the possession of exotic animals. However, it is inconsequential whether
Plaintiffs, and for that matter the Court, agree with none, some, or all of the constitutionally
permissible policy decisions of the Ohio General Assembly. Because Plaintiffs have not
demonstrated any constitutional infirmity as it relates to the Act, their claims fail.
D.
Preliminary/Permanent Injunction Factors
As set forth above, Plaintiffs have not established a likelihood or actual success on the
merits. Given that Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate a constitutional violation, the Court is
unable to conclude that Plaintiffs are suffering from irreparable harm.
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While the protection of constitutional rights is always a public interest, there has been no
violation of constitutional rights here. The Court has expressed concern with respect to the
dangers facing some animals if forced to be anesthetized. However, the ultimate interest
implicated in this case is the public interest. While the named Plaintiffs may be responsible
dangerous wild animal owners, there are some that are not. Defendants have highlighted in their
briefing and during the hearing a number of incidents involving wild animals harming people.
The Court heard testimony regarding the incident in Zanesville, Ohio in September 2011, where
56 exotic animals were released. The Court acknowledges that there was conflicting testimony
on how best to handle the animals, especially considering that they were not acting violently.
However, the Sheriff was faced with the responsibility of protecting the public. Had there been
an inventory of the animals immediately accessible, that is now available under the Act, the
incident may have been handled differently.
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IV.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining
Order and Preliminary and Permanent Injunction. Final judgment shall be entered in favor of
Defendants.
The Clerk shall remove Document 3 from the Court’s pending motions’ list.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/ George C. Smith
GEORGE C. SMITH, JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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