Johns v. CR Bard et al
Filing
445
OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS MOTION TO COMPEL PRODUCTION ECF No. 423 AND DENYING AS MOOT DEFENDANTS MOTION TO STRIKE DR. NAGY ECF No. 26 . This was also docketed in 2:18-md-2846. Signed by Judge Edmund A. Sargus and Magistrate Judge Kimberly A. Jolson on 6/4/2021. (cmw)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION
IN RE: DAVOL, INC./C.R. BARD,
INC., POLYPROPYLENE HERNIA
MESH PRODUCTS LIABILITY
LITIGATION
Case No. 2:18-md-2846
JUDGE EDMUND A. SARGUS, JR.
Magistrate Judge Kimberly A. Jolson
This document relates to:
Johns v. CR Bard, et al.
Case No. 2:18-cv-1509
OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO
COMPEL PRODUCTION (ECF No. 423) AND DENYING AS MOOT
DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO STRIKE DR. NAGY (ECF No. 26)
Defendants C.R. Bard, Inc. and Davol, Inc. filed two motions related to the role of
Dr. Tamas Nagy, DVM, Ph.D., DACVP, as an expert witness: a motion to strike Dr.
Nagy as an expert witness and a motion to compel Plaintiff Steven Johns to produce Dr.
Nagy’s photomicrographs, score sheets, and notes associated with Dr. Nagy’s review of
Defendants’ histopathology slides from an pre-clinical animal study. For the following
reasons, Defendants’ motion to strike is denied as moot and their motion to compel
is granted.
I.
Background 1
This case is the first bellwether trial, selected from thousands of cases in this multidistrict
litigation, alleging “that defects in defendants’ polypropylene hernia mesh products can lead to
complications when implanted in patients, including adhesions.” (No. 2:18-md-02846, ECF No.
The Court assumes that the parties and other interested readers are familiar with the history of
this case. For a more complete factual background, the reader is directed to the Court’s summary
judgment opinion and order. In re Davol, Inc./C.R. Bard, Inc., Polypropylene Hernia Mesh Prods. Liab.
Litig., Nos. 2:18-md-2486, 2:18-cv-01509, 2020 WL 5223363, at *1–6 (S. D. Ohio Sept. 1, 2020).
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1 at PageID #1–2.) This includes the Ventralight ST, the device implanted in Plaintiff. The
Ventralight ST is a prescription medical device used for hernia repairs. In re Davol, Inc./C.R.
Bard, Inc., 2020 WL 5223363, at *1. The Food and Drug Administration cleared it for use through
the premarket notification § 510(k) process in 2010 and later cleared it for use with the Echo
Positioning System in 2011. It is a multicomponent device made of a mesh, which consists of
polypropylene, polyglycolic acid fibers, and a bioresorbable hydrogel barrier called “Sepra
Technology” (“ST”). The ST-coated side of the mesh is placed against organs, such as the bowels,
while the uncoated polypropylene side is placed against the fascia because the uncoated side
maximizes tissue attachment and thus supports the hernia repair. Id. at *1–2.
Plaintiff brings this action to recover for injuries sustained as a result of the implantation
of Defendants’ allegedly defective Ventralight ST device. Plaintiff claims that Defendants knew
that polypropylene is unsuitable for permanent implantation in the human body. Id. at *4. The
crux of Plaintiff’s claims is that the ST coating on the Ventralight ST resorbs too quickly. This
leads to the exposure of bare polypropylene to internal organs and tissues, increasing the risk of
potential complications. Plaintiff alleges that this occurrence led to omental adhesions after his
laparoscopic hernia repair surgery in 2015. The following claims remain for trial: design defect,
under negligence and strict liability theories; failure to warn, under negligence and strict liability
theories; breach of express warranty; breach of implied warranty; breach of implied warranty of
merchantability; negligent misrepresentation; and punitive damages. Id. at *6–25.
On December 4, 2019, Dr. Nagy was designated as a specially retained expert
witness. (ECF No. 423-4 at PageID #22412.) Shortly thereafter, Dr. Nagy reviewed the
histopathology slides from Defendants’ pre-clinical animal studies.
(ECF No. 292 (Case
Management Order No. 24).) On December 30 and 31, 2019, Dr. Nagy reviewed the slides, took
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photomicrographs of the slides, used a score sheet to facilitate his review of the slides, and took
notes on his findings. (ECF No. 423-2 at PageID #22388, pp. 28–29.) On January 7, 2020,
Plaintiff’s counsel indicated via email that Dr. Nagy would not offer opinion testimony based on
his review of the slides. (ECF No. 424-2 at PageID #22434.) It is undisputed that Dr. Nagy did
not submit an expert report encompassing this initial review of the slides/photomicrographs.
Accordingly, Defendants filed a motion to strike Dr. Nagy as an expert on this basis. (ECF No.
26.) Defendants contend that despite Plaintiff’s representations that Dr. Nagy will not offer
opinion testimony, Plaintiff has not withdrawn Dr. Nagy. (Id. at PageID #176.)
On June 8, 2020, the Court permitted Dr. Nagy to serve as an expert rebuttal witness to
Defendants’ expert Dr. Badylak. (ECF No. 157 at PageID #9515.) Specifically, Dr. Nagy could
respond to Dr. Badylak’s opinion that the ST coating was present on the slides. (Id.) Dr. Nagy rereviewed the slides and submitted his rebuttal expert report on July 1, 2020. (ECF No. 423-1 at
PageID #22352.) His deposition began on January 20, 2021 and was continued pending the
resolution of this dispute. (ECF No. 423-2 at PageID #22381, 22401.) In sum, the parties dispute
whether Dr. Nagy was properly redesignated as a consulting, non-testifying expert, but they do not
dispute that after this Court’s June 8, 2020 order, Dr. Nagy was designated as an expert witness
permitted to rebut Dr. Badylak’s ST-related findings on the slides/photomicrographs.
II.
Motion to Compel
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B)(ii) requires disclosure of “the facts or
data considered by the witness in forming” his opinions if the witness must provide a
written report, i.e. the witness may give expert testimony. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B)(ii).
“The deposition-discovery rules,” such as Rule 26, “are to be accorded a broad and liberal
treatment.” Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 507 (1947). A party is entitled to access
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to “all materials reviewed or considered by the expert, whether or not the expert report
ultimately refers to those materials as a basis for his or her opinions.” United States v.
Am. Elec. Power Serv. Corp., Nos. 2:99-cv-1182, 2:99-cv-1250, 2006 WL 3827509, at
*1 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 28, 2006). In this circuit, courts have interpreted “considered” in Rule
26(a)(2)(B)(ii) expansively, concluding that “considered” includes “anything received,
reviewed, read, or authored by the expert, before or in connection with the forming of his
opinion, if the subject matter relates to the facts or opinions expressed.” Euclid Chem.
Co. v. Vector Corrosion Techs., Inc., No. 1:05 CV 80, 2007 WL 1560277, at *4 (N.D.
Ohio May 29, 2007) (footnotes omitted); see also In re Com. Money Ctr., Inc., Equip.
Lease Litig., 248 F.R.D. 532, 536 (N.D. Ohio 2008). 2 Ambiguities are resolved in favor
of discovery. W. Res., Inc. v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., No. 00-2045-CM, 2012 WL 181494,
at *16 (D. Kan. Jan. 31, 2002) (citing B.C.F. Oil Refin., Inc. v. Consol. Edison Co., 171
F.R.D. 57, 62 (S.D.N.Y. 1997)). “The burden of showing that an expert did not consider
certain documents in forming his opinion rests with the party resisting the disclosure.”
Coda Dev. S.R.O. v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., No. 5:15-CV-01572-SL, 2020 WL
8675391, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Oct. 30, 2020) (quoting Thieriot v. Jaspan Schlesinger
Hoffman LLP, No. CV 07-5315 TCP AKT, 2011 WL 4543308, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Sept.
29, 2011)).
The parties focus their briefing on whether Dr. Nagy was designated as a testifying
expert witness when he took photomicrographs of the slides and created his score sheets
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Although the 2010 amendments to Rule 26(a)(2)(B), specifically the inclusion of “facts or data,”
were “meant to limit disclosure to material of a factual nature by excluding theories or mental impressions
of counsel,” “the word ‘considered’ is unchanged, thus cases interpreting its meaning remain valid.”
Coda Dev. S.R.O. v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., No. 5:15-CV-01572-SL, 2020 WL 8675391, at *2
(N.D. Ohio Oct. 30, 2020) (citations omitted).
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and notes, but it is unnecessary to address this question to resolve the motion to compel
because Dr. Nagy considered the facts and data in these materials while forming his expert
rebuttal opinion. It is undisputed that Dr. Nagy re-reviewed the photomicrographs of the
slides and that the photomicrographs are discoverable facts and/or data. (ECF No. 423-2
at PageID #22390, p. 37.) Dr. Nagy’s score sheets and notes contain facts and data that
Dr. Nagy considered in forming his rebuttal opinion as well. Dr. Nagy testified that he
duplicated Defendants’ scoring system from their studies to confirm Defendants’
“histological findings” during his review. (ECF No. 423-2 at PageID #22387, p. 24;
22392, p. 42.) He also agreed that his score sheets and notes “characterize[d] what [he]
saw” on the slides. (ECF No. 423-2 at PageID #22387, p. 23.) It appears that the visual
qualities of the slides, as captured in the photographs taken via microscope, are the
pertinent facts and data here. Dr. Nagy’s efforts, then, to capture his visual observations
are also facts and data. Moreover, Dr. Nagy “considered” his score sheets and notes
because he “authored” them “before” he formed his opinion, and the subject matter of his
score sheets and notes, the visual qualities of the photomicrographs, relates to the subject
matter of his rebuttal opinion, other visual qualities of the photomicrographs. Euclid
Chem., 2007 WL 1560277, at *4. This is consistent with the Advisory Committee’s note
to the 2010 amendments that “the expert's testing of material involved in litigation, and
notes of any such testing, would not be exempted from discovery by this rule.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 26, advisory committee notes to 2010 amendments; see also Republic of Ecuador
v. Hinchee, 741 F.3d 1185, 1191 (11th Cir. 2013.)
Plaintiff argues that Dr. Nagy’s score sheets and notes are not facts or data as
required by Rule 26(a)(2)(B)(ii) and that his interpretation and commentary on the slides
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that are entitled to work-product privilege. (ECF No. 424 at PageID #22425 & n.2.)
Plaintiff relies on Damgaard v. Avera Health, No. 13-2192 (RHK/JSM), 2015 WL
4993701, at *5 (D. Minn. June 18, 2015), for the position that an expert’s comments
warrant work-product protection, but this case is inapplicable. Damgaard addressed
comments made by the plaintiff’s lawyer’s paralegal, leading the court to conclude that
the comments “constitute[d] the opinion work product of Damgaard’s lawyers.” 2015
WL 4993701, at *5. Damgaard does not stand for the proposition that an expert’s thought
processes are categorically undiscoverable. In any case, Dr. Nagy characterized his notes
as visual observations, not as those capturing his mental processes.
The visual
examination is the testing process that Dr. Nagy used to complete his review and the Court
fails to see how else the presence of absence of certain characteristics of the slides could
be captured. Accordingly, the notes and sheets contain facts and data.
Plaintiff also asserts that Dr. Nagy did not consider his score sheets and notes while
forming his rebuttal opinion because the specific objective of Dr. Nagy’s initial review of
the photomicrographs, the degree of the inflammatory response in the tissue, is unrelated
to the subject matter of the second review, the absence or presence of the ST coating.
(ECF No. 424 at PageID #22425.) This contradicts Dr. Nagy’s own rebuttal report in
which he addresses inflammatory responses in relation to the presence of the ST coating.
For instance, Dr. Nagy challenges Dr. Badylak’s conclusion that “the area beneath the
PGA layer contains hydrogel” because edema fluid was present. (ECF No. 423-1 at
PageID #22337.) Dr. Nagy claims that this conclusion is suspect because Dr. Badylak
did not consider whether the presence of the fluid was due to an inflammatory response.
(Id.) Thus, the presence of inflammation would be a factor in Dr. Nagy’s rebuttal opinions
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addressing the presence of the ST coating. This meaningfully undermines Plaintiff’s
assertion that Dr. Nagy’s score sheets and notes are “completely irrelevant to his expert
opinion” “because they were on a completely different topic.” (ECF No. 424 at PageID
#22425.) At best, it is ambiguous whether Dr. Nagy considered his score sheets and notes,
requiring disclosure of the documents.
Importantly, Defendants need not simply accept Plaintiff’s assertion that Dr. Nagy
did not consider the score sheets and notes. B.C.F. Oil, 171 F.R.D. at 62. Even when an
expert states that he did not consider certain materials in forming his opinions, federal
courts have concluded that such an assertion “does not control.” Id.; Coda, 2020 WL
8675391, at *3; Am.’s Collectibles Network, Inc. v. Sterling Com. (Am.), Inc., No. 3:09cv-143-TRM-HBG, 2017 WL 2602980, at *3 (E.D. Tenn. Apr. 18, 2017). And Plaintiff,
the party resisting discovery of Dr. Nagy’s score sheets and notes, carries the burden to
affirmatively show that Dr. Nagy did not consider these materials. In this instance, there
is not an assertion from Dr. Nagy that he did not consider his score sheets and notes in
forming his rebuttal opinions. He states that he did not need to re-score his score sheets
on his second review of the photomicrographs. (ECF No. 423-2 at PageID #22391, p. 39.)
His statement does not say that his score sheets or related notes in forming his opinion.
Plaintiff provides no evidence to the contrary.
Plaintiff raises three other counterarguments, but none prevail. First, Plaintiff
argues that Dr. Nagy only considered his score sheets and notes when he initially
reviewed the slides as a consulting witness, and so those materials are undiscoverable
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(4)(B). (ECF No. 424 at PageID #22422.)
Rule 26(b)(4)(D) specifies that parties may not seek discovery of “facts known or
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opinions held by an expert who has been retained or specially employed by another party
in anticipation of litigation or to prepare for trial and who is not expected to be called as
a witness at trial.” Accordingly, a non-testifying consulting witness is generally immune
from discovery. In re Welding Fume Prods. Liab. Litig., 534 F Supp. 2d 761, 767 (N.D.
Ohio 2008). This is true even when a testifying expert is redesignated as a non-testifying
consulting expert. R.C. Olmstead, Inc. v. CU Interface, LLC, 606 F.3d 262, 272–73
(2010). Plaintiff’s reliance on this Rule is unavailing.
Even crediting Plaintiff’s contention that Dr. Nagy was a consulting witness
initially, Plaintiff does not demonstrate that the privilege outlined by Rule 26(b)(4)(D)
applies to Dr. Nagy. See In re Com. Money Ctr., 248 F.R.D. at 539 (“It is well-settled
that the party asserting a privilege bears the burden of establishing it.”). The proponent
of a dual-hat expert, i.e. an expert that is both a consulting and testifying expert, may still
claim that materials are privileged under Rule 26(b)(4)(D), “but only over those materials
generated or considered uniquely in the expert’s role as consultant.” Id. at 538 (quoting
SEC v. Reyes, No. C 06-04435 CRB, 2007 WL 963422, at *2 (N.D. Cal. March 30,
2007)); see also Yeda Rsch. & Dev. Co. v. Abbott GMBH & Co. KG, 292 F.R.D. 97, 108
(D.D.C. 2013). “In dual-hat expert cases, the term ‘considered’ in Rule 26(a)(2)(B)
should be construed expansively in favor of the party seeking discovery” and ambiguity
as to whether the expert “considered” the materials should be resolved in favor of
discovery. Yeda, 292 F.R.D. at 108–09(quoting Monsanto Co. v. Aventis Cropscience,
214 F.R.D. 545, 547 (E.D. Mo. 2002)). As discussed above, the subject matter of Dr.
Nagy’s score sheets and notes are related to the subject matter of his rebuttal report. It
makes sense to conclude that Dr. Nagy considered his score sheets and notes in forming
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his rebuttal opinion. He “cannot be expected to draw a mental line in the sand between
information gleaned” in an earlier, consulting context and information later learned as a
testifying expert when the subject matter is so similar.
Id. at 115 (“It would be
impracticable to ask such a Herculean task of dual-hat experts, or even of experts
generally; that is why courts eschew a subjective standard for whether a testifying expert
has ‘considered ‘facts or data,’ and why courts construe the dual-expert rule in favor of
the party seeking discovery.” (citations omitted).) In both instances, Dr. Nagy was tasked
with a visual examination of the slides. Therefore, Dr. Nagy’s score sheets and notes
were not “unique” to his initial review of the photomicrographs.
Second, Plaintiff contends that Dr. Nagy’s mental impressions are protected even
if he is a testifying expert, relying on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3) and
26(b)(4)(C). The Court disagrees. Rule 26(b)(3)’s work-product protection applies to
attorney work product and generally does not extend to experts because “expert discovery
is a special category specifically regulated by Rule 23(b)(4).” Steven S. Gensler & Lumen
N. Mulligan, 1 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rules and Commentary, Rule 26,
Westlaw (database updated Feb. 2021) (“[N]othing in the 2010 amendments altered the
existing understanding that work-product protection under Rule 26(b)(3) does not extend
to expert materials generally.”). And Rule 26(b)(4)(C) protects communications between
an expert and a party’s attorney, but “the ‘protection does not extend to an expert’s own
development of the opinions to be presented.” Deere & Co. v. FIMCO, Inc., No. 5:15CV-105-TBR-LLK, 2016 WL 11269254, at *3 (W.D. Ky. Dec. 5, 2016) (quoting In re
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Prod. Liab. Litig., 293 F.R.D. 568, 577 (S.D.N.Y
2013)). As other courts have concluded, “the driving purpose of the 2010 amendments
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[to Rule 26] was to protect opinion work product—i.e., attorney mental impressions
conclusions, opinions, or legal theories—from discovery.”
Republic of Ecuador v.
Mackway, 742 F.3d 86, 870 (9th Cir. 2014) (emphasis added). Characterizing Dr. Nagy’s
materials as his mental impressions does transform the materials into work product
protected from discovery. Plaintiff does not argue that his counsel’s opinions are reflected
in Dr. Nagy’s score sheets or notes. Dr. Nagy’s score sheets and notes contain “factual
ingredients,” and thus they are discoverable. Wenk v. O’Reilly, No. 2:12-cv-474, 2014
WL 1121920 at *4 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 20, 2014).
Third, Plaintiff argues that Dr. Nagy’s score sheets and notes are not discoverable
because they are expert report drafts protected by Rule 26(b)(4)(B). (ECF No. 424 at
PageID #22426.) An expert’s draft reports are not discoverable, but an expert’s notes are.
Wenk, 2014 WL 1121920, at *5. Courts have considered “smaller writings” as drafts if
they were “made with the purpose of incorporating them into the eventual draft.” Gensler,
supra, Rule 26. Indeed, the purpose of the rule against discovery for an expert’s draft
reports is “not to shield the expert’s reasoning process from discovery, but to guard
against the disclosure of attorney work product and to facilitate the communication
process between attorney and expert.” Wenk, 2014 WL 1121920at *6. There is no
indication that Dr. Nagy made his score sheets and notes with the intention that they
would be incorporated into later drafts or that Dr. Nagy and Plaintiff’s counsel discussed
Dr. Nagy’s score sheets and notes in a manner that would disclose any attorney work
product were Plaintiff to produce the materials. Plaintiff asserts that Dr. Nagy testified
that his score sheets and notes were drafts, but Plaintiff provides no deposition citation
and the Court cannot find a statement from Dr. Nagy that his score sheets and notes were
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draft reports.
For these reasons, Plaintiff must produce Dr. Nagy’s photomicrographs of the
slides, as well as Dr. Nagy’s score sheets and notes. The Court expressly reserves
judgment regarding the admissibility of the photomicrographs, score sheets, and notes. 3
III.
Motion to Strike
Defendants also move to strike Dr. Nagy as an expert. (ECF No. 26.) Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 26(a)(2) governs the disclosure of expert testimony. The parties must make their
expert disclosures “at the times and in the sequence that the court orders.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(a)(2)(D). If a party fails to provide information as required by Rule 26(a) they cannot use that
information at trial “unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 37(c)(1).
Defendants argue that because Plaintiff did not serve an expert report for Dr. Nagy
by January 15, 2020, he must be stricken as an expert. (ECF No. 26 at PageID #174.)
However, in the time since Defendants filed their motion to strike, Plaintiff served Dr.
Nagy’s rebuttal report, and Plaintiff does not dispute that Dr. Nagy is now a testifying
rebuttal expert. ECF No. 424 at PageID #22420.) Accordingly, Defendants’ motion is
denied as moot.
IV.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ motion to compel (ECF No. 423) is
GRANTED and Defendants’ motion to strike Dr. Nagy (ECF No. 26) is DENIED AS
MOOT. Plaintiff shall produce the photomicrographs, score sheets, and notes within ten
days of the entry of this order.
In Defendants’ reply in support of their motion to strike Dr. Nagy as an expert, they argue that
the photomicrographs Dr. Nagy took of the slides are inadmissible. (ECF No. 82 at PageID #5784.)
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IT IS SO ORDERED.
6/4//2021
DATE
s/Edmund A. Sargus, Jr.
EDMUND A. SARGUS, JR.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
s/Kimberly A. Jolson
KIMBERLY A. JOLSON
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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