Noble v. The Young Men's Christian Association of Central Ohio et al

Filing 49

OPINION AND ORDER granting in part and denying in part ECF No. 41 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. With respect to Columbus City Schools, the Motion is GRANTED and the claims against it are dismissed in the entirety. With respect to the Colum bus Board of Education, the Motion is GRANTED on Count III, VI, and VII only. With respect to Cynthia Ball in her individual capacity, the Motion is DENIED. The Clerk is DIRECTED to terminate Columbus City Schools from this case. Signed by Judge Edmund A. Sargus on 2/17/2021. (cmw)(This document has been sent by regular mail to the party(ies) listed in the NEF that did not receive electronic notification.)

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 1 of 18 PAGEID #: 274

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION

CHRISTOPHER NOBLE,
Plaintiff,
Case No. 2:19-cv-5094
Judge Edmund A. Sargus, Jr.
Magistrate Judge Chelsey M. Vascura

v.
THE YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN
ASSOCIATION OF CENTRAL OHIO,
et al.,
Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on Defendants’, Columbus Board of Education (the
“Board”), Columbus City Schools, and Cythia Ball (“Ball” or “Principal Ball”) (Collectively
“Defendants”), Motion for Judgement on the Pleadings. (ECF No. 41). Plaintiff has responded in
opposition, (ECF No. 44), to which Defendants have replied. (ECF No. 45). For the reasons stated
below, the Motion, (ECF No. 41), is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
I.

Statement of Facts
It was the summer of 1998. Plaintiff was eight years old. (Compl. at ⁋ 17). At the time

Plaintiff was a student at Fair Alternative Elementary School, and he was participating in various
classes, summer programs, camps and field trips. (Id.). These events were part of a program called
“YEAR 2000”, which was put on and sponsored by all Defendants in this case. (Id. at ⁋ 18).
Defendant Ralph Bowman (“Bowman”) was either a teacher or aide with responsibility for
children. (Id.). “He had grooming and/or recruiting propensities that were known to all
Defendants.” (Id.). “In other words, all Defendants knew he would get close to young children in

1

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 2 of 18 PAGEID #: 275

inappropriate or questionable ways.” (Id.). The Board “had a custom and/or practice of not
investigating and/or hiding grooming behaviors of their employees[,]” (Id. at ⁋ 4), as did the
principal, Cynthia Ball. (Id. at ⁋ 6). Ball in particular “protected Bowman.” (Id.).
On July 24, 1998, Plaintiff and the other children were scheduled to visit a library near Fair
Alternative Elementary. (Id. at ⁋ 20). However, Bowman stopped Plaintiff and instead brought
Plaintiff to his elementary-school office for snacks. (Id. at ⁋ 21). From there Bowman took Plaintiff
to his house across the street and raped him. (Id. at ⁋ 22). Bowman then returned Plaintiff to the
school. (Id.). Upon being reunited with his parents later that day, Plaintiff told them what had
happened and he was taken to the hospital. (Id. at ⁋ 23). “A police report was also made that same
day.” (Id.).
Plaintiff alleges that at best, Ball and the Board were willfully ignorant of Bowman raping
Plaintiff, and at worst, they not only knew what was happening, they gave it their consent. (Id. at
⁋ 22). None of the Defendants made their own reports to the authorities, (Id. at ⁋ 24), and no full
investigation was ever conducted by Columbus City Schools or the Board. (Id. at ⁋ 26).
II.

Procedural Background
On October 17, 2019, Plaintiff filed suit against The Young Men’s Christian Association

of Central Ohio (the “YMCA”), Ralph Bowman, the Columbus Board of Education, Columbus
City Schools, Cynthia Ball, John Bickley, 1 and Visions Unlimited Academy. 2 (Compl. at 1–2, ECF
No. 2). Plaintiff’s Complaint includes seven claims against the various Defendants. In Count I,
Plaintiff accuses “[a]ll Defendants” of “childhood sexual abuse.” (Id. at ⁋ 32). Plaintiff also accuses
all Defendants of negligent hiring, retention, and supervision (Count II); intentional infliction of

John Bickley was the CEO of the YMCA in 1998. (Id. at ⁋ 7).
Visions Unlimited Academy was an Ohio non-profit corporation that employed Bowman and helped to put on the
various events during the summer of 1998. (Id. at ⁋ 8).
1
2

2

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 3 of 18 PAGEID #: 276

emotional distress (Count III); negligence (Count V); negligence per se (Count VI); and the
violation of due process (Count VII). (Compl. at 11–14, 16–18, ECF No. 2). Plaintiff further
accuses Columbus City Schools and the Board of violating Title IX of the Education Amendments
of 1972, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688, (“Title IX”) (Count IV). (Id at 15). Defendants removed the
case to this Court on November 19, 2019. (ECF No. 1). Then, On September 8, 2020, Columbus
City Schools, the Board, and Cynthia Ball moved for judgement on the pleadings. (ECF No. 41).
That motion is now ripe for review.
III.

Statement of Law
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that “after the pleadings are closed—but

early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for judgment on the pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(c). The standard of review for a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings is identical
to the standard for a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Sensations, Inc. v. City of Grand
Rapids, 526 F.3d 291, 295 (6th Cir. 2008). To state a claim upon which relief may be granted,
Plaintiffs must satisfy the pleading requirements set forth in Rule 8(a). Rule 8(a)(2) requires a
pleading to contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief,” and in order “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id.
Furthermore, “[a]lthough for purposes of a motion to dismiss [a court] must take all the factual
allegations in the complaint as true, [it is] not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched
as a factual allegation.” Id. at 677–79 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555) (internal quotations

3

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 4 of 18 PAGEID #: 277

omitted). “Rule 8 marks a notable and generous departure from the hyper-technical, code-pleading
regime of a prior era, but it does not unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with
nothing more than conclusions.” Id. at 678–79.
IV.

Analysis
Defendants submit that they are entitled to judgement on the pleadings on all Counts, and

that this Court should dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint against them in its entirety. They argue that
(A) Columbus City Schools is not capable of being sued, (B) the Complaint is insufficiently
pleaded, and (C) the Board and Ms. Ball are immune to the claims Plaintiff raises against them.
Defendants also posit that as a matter of law Plaintiff cannot recover punitive damages.
A. Columbus City Schools
Defendants argue that as a school district, Columbus City Schools is not sui juris. (Mot. at
3, ECF No. 41). This Court has consistently held that “under Ohio law, a school district does not
exist and is not sui juris.” Estate of Olsen v. Fairfield City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 341 F. Supp.3d
793, 799 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 21, 2018) (internal citations omitted). “Instead, it is the board of
education of the school district that is the body politic and corporate which is capable of suing and
being sued.” Id. (citing O.R.C. § 3313.17); see also Thompson v. Bd. of Educ., No. 3:12-cv-287,
2013 WL 6001626, at *3 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 12, 2013). Plaintiff has sued Columbus City Schools
and the Columbus Board of Education. The Board, not the school district itself, is the proper party
capable of being sued. E.g., Estate of Olsen, 341 F. Supp. 3d at 799.
B. Sufficiency of the Pleadings
Defendants next submit that Plaintiff has alleged legal conclusions that are unsupported by
specific factual allegation. (Mot. at 6, ECF No. 41). Defendants first make this argument generally,
and then they direct it to various Counts of the Complaint. (See id. at 6–11, 13, 15). The argument

4

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 5 of 18 PAGEID #: 278

is raised against Count II, IV, V, and VI. (Mot. at 7, 9, 10, ECF No. 41). It is also raised against
Count VII, but in a manner that is often tied up with the issue of immunity, and so that argument
will be addressed further below during the discussion on immunity.
1. Negligent Hiring, Retention, and Supervision
Defendants assert that Count II, negligent hiring, retention, and supervision, should be
dismissed against the Board. (Mot. at 7, ECF No. 41). This claim has five elements: “(1) the
existence of an employment relationship; (2) the employee’s incompetence; (3) the employer’s
actual or constructive knowledge of such incompetence; (4) the employee’s act or omission
causing plaintiff’s injuries; and (5) the employer’s negligence in hiring or retaining the employee
as the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury.” Linder v. Am. Nat’l Ins. Co., 798 N.E.2d 1190, 1197
(Ohio App. Ct. 2003); see also Zanni v. Stelzer, 880 N.E.2d 967, 969 (Ohio App. Ct. 2007).
Defendants argue that Plaintiff failed to sufficiently plead the first element against the Board, and
the third element against all Defendants. (Mot. at 7, ECF No. 41).
On numerous occasions Plaintiff alleges that the Board employed Bowman during the
relevant time period, thus satisfying the first element—an employment relationship. (Compl. at
⁋⁋ 3, 4, 9, 18, 35). For example, Plaintiff alleges that he was attending a summer program operated
by the Defendants “at which Bowman was a teacher and/or aide . . . .” (Compl. at ⁋ 18). This
allegation is further bolstered by the allegation that Bowman took Plaintiff to his office at the
elementary school. (Id. at ⁋ 21). Defendants argue that Bowman could not have been an employee
because it was summertime, but that argument is premature. At this stage in the proceedings the
Court accepts the allegations of an employment relationship as true.
Plaintiff has also sufficiently pleaded the third element of his negligent hiring, retention,
and supervision claim—actual or constructive knowledge of Bowman’s incompetence. Plaintiff

5

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 6 of 18 PAGEID #: 279

alleged that Bowman “had grooming and/or recruiting propensities that were known to all
Defendants,” and that Defendants knew Bowman would “get close to young children in
inappropriate or questionable ways.” (Compl. at ⁋ 18). Accepting as true that Defendants knew
about this behavior, the Court can infer that Defendants had at least constructive knowledge that
Bowman posed a danger of child sexual-abuse and was thus incompetent for employment working
with children.
While Defendant observes that Plaintiff has not pointed to any “specific ‘facts’” to support
this claim, (Reply at 4, ECF No. 45), Plaintiff’s Complaint is not required to allege “‘specific facts’
beyond those necessary to state his claim and the grounds showing entitlement to relief.” Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007) (quotation omitted). Plaintiff’s Complaint need only
give Defendants “fair notice of what the … claim[s] [are] and the grounds upon which [they]
rest[].” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (per curiam). The Court has reviewed the
Complaint and concludes that the allegations therein are sufficient. And while the allegations are
sufficient regardless, it is notable that the incident occurred over two decades ago and Plaintiff was
only eight years old at the time. Requiring any greater specificity than this would effectively close
the doors to the courthouse on not just Plaintiff, but many who are similarly situated.
2. Title IX
Defendants next challenge the sufficiency of Plaintiff’s pleading that the Board violated
Title IX. The statute provides that “[n]o person . . . shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from
participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education
program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance . . . .” 20 U.S.C.S. § 1681(a) (LexisNexis
1998). It is well established that the sexual abuse of a student by a teacher is a form of
discrimination on the basis of sex. Franklin v. Gwinnett Cty. Pub. Schs., 503 U.S. 60, 75 (1992).

6

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 7 of 18 PAGEID #: 280

To be entitled to damages, a plaintiff must show that (1) an official with authority to take corrective
actions had “actual knowledge” of the discrimination but failed to adequately respond, and (2) the
response amounted to “deliberate indifference to discrimination.” Gebser v. Lago Vista
Independent Sch. Dist., 524 U.S. 274, 290 (1998). Defendants challenge the sufficiency of
Plaintiff’s Complaint with respect to the first element, actual knowledge. (Mot. at 9, ECF No. 41).
Plaintiff alleged that when Bowman raped him, “[t]his was either known to the other
Defendants and they failed to do anything about it, consented to it and/or they were willfully
ignorant of this.” (Compl. at ⁋ 22, ECF No. 2). Viewed in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff,
this is an allegation of not only knowledge, but consent on the part of the Board. That allegation
satisfies the element of actual knowledge.
3. Negligence
Defendants posit that Plaintiff has not sufficiently pleaded his negligence claim (Count V).
However, Defendants themselves devote only one paragraph to addressing this claim. (Mot. at 10,
ECF No. 41). In that paragraph Defendants attempt to incorporate their prior arguments by
reference, but the closest any of Defendants’ prior arguments come to addressing Count V is their
argument with respect to Count II, negligent hiring, retention, and supervision, which this Court
rejected. Defendants have not otherwise put flesh to the bones of their Count V argument, and this
Court will not do so for them. See Brenay v. Schartow, 709 Fed. App’x. 331, 337 (6th Cir. 2017)
(“Our system is an adversarial one, and it is up to the parties to spar with each other on each and
every issue.”). Defendants’ argument is not well taken.

7

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 8 of 18 PAGEID #: 281

4. Negligence Per Se
Defendants next argue that Plaintiff’s claim of negligence per se (Count VI) is
insufficiently pleaded. Defendants raise this argument with respect to the Board and Ball, but, as
will be elaborated upon in more detail below, the Board has immunity on this claim. This Court
will therefore analyze the sufficiency of Count VI here with respect to Ball only.
Plaintiff points to Ohio’s child abuse reporting statute, Ohio Revised Code § 2151.421, as
the basis for his claim that Ball is liable for negligence per se. (Compl. at ⁋ 77, ECF No. 2). That
statute provides that no school employee or school authority who “knows or suspects that a child
. . . has suffered or faces a threat of suffering any physical or mental . . . injury . . . that reasonably
indicates abuse or neglect of the child, shall fail to immediately report that knowledge or suspicion
. . . .” Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2151.421(A) (LexisNexis 1998). Defendants argue that Plaintiff has
not alleged that Ball knew or suspected Plaintiff was at risk of abuse from Bowman, but this Court
has already found that Plaintiff sufficiently alleged Defendants, including Ball, knew of the abuse.
(See Compl. at ⁋⁋ 6, 22, ECF No. 2). Defendants also appear to argue that Ball cannot be held
liable under the statute because a police report was made on the day Plaintiff was raped. (See Mot.
at 11, ECF No. 41).
If one person reports her suspicions of child abuse, she has satisfied her own duty, but she
has not also satisfied the duty of every other person with knowledge of the abuse. Though Plaintiff
alleges that a police report was filed, he also alleges that Ball was not involved with the filing of
that or any report. (Compl. at ⁋⁋ 23–24, ECF No. 2). The statute imposes the duty on an individual
basis. It does not expressly include an exception where an unassociated person has already reported
that person’s knowledge or suspicion of the abuse. Defendants have not explained why the filing
of a police report by an unassociated person would relieve Ball of her own duty to report her own

8

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 9 of 18 PAGEID #: 282

knowledge of the abuse. Accordingly, the Court is unconvinced that Ball is entitled to dismissal
of Count VI against her.
C. Immunity & Count VII against the Board
Defendants raise a number of immunity defenses against Plaintiff’s claims. Defendants
argue that the Board is entitled to political subdivision immunity against four of Plaintiff’s statelaw claims, (Counts II, III, V, and VI), and that Ball is entitled to political subdivision immunity
against two of those claims (Count III and V). Regarding Plaintiff’s claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
(Count VII), Defendants argue that Ball is entitled to qualified immunity. Defendants also argue
that the Board cannot be held liable on Count VII, and though that assertion does not involve
immunity, the Court will address it in this section to avoid scattering the discussion of § 1983.
1. Political Subdivision Immunity and the Board
Defendants assert that the Board is protected by political subdivision immunity. Under
Ohio law, application of political subdivision immunity requires a three-tiered analysis. Colbert v.
Cleveland, 790 N.E.2d 781, 783 (Ohio 2003). At tier one, courts determine if the political
subdivision was performing governmental or property functions, in which case immunity attaches.
Id.; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2744.02(A)(1) (LexisNexis 1998). If immunity attaches, then at tier
two, courts determine whether any of the five exceptions to immunity listed in § 2744.02(B) apply.
Colbert, 790 N.E.2d at 783. If any of the exceptions apply, then courts move to tier three and
examine § 2744.03, which may yet provide the political subdivision with a defense against
liability. Id.
The parties do not dispute that the Board is a political subdivision, and Plaintiff asserts that
the YEAR 2000 program was a proprietary function. (Resp. at 14, ECF No. 44). Thus, by
Plaintiff’s own terms tier one is satisfied, immunity attaches, and the analysis turns to tier two—

9

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 10 of 18 PAGEID #: 283

the exceptions to immunity. Defendants make no arguments with respect to tier three, so the Court
will not proceed beyond tier two of the analysis. (See, e.g., Mot. at 8, ECF No. 41).
a. Count II and V
First, Defendants assert that the Board has political subdivision immunity against Counts
II and V—negligent hiring, retention, and supervision; and negligence—because these claims do
not fit into any of the five exceptions to immunity. (Mot. at 7–8, 10, ECF No. 41). Defendants do
not further elaborate. (See id.). Plaintiff responds that he is not required to affirmatively
demonstrate an absence of immunity at this stage in the proceedings because judgement on the
pleadings should be denied so long as the complaint does not clearly establish immunity. (Resp.
at 13–14, 19, ECF No. 44). He further asserts that he has alleged facts supporting an absence of
immunity. (Id. at 14). In reply, Defendants assert Plaintiff’s complaint does clearly establish
immunity. (See Reply at 4, ECF No. 45). According to Defendants, the facts that Plaintiff has
alleged are no more than labels and legal conclusions devoid of reference to any specific acts. (Id.).
At this point in the proceedings, this Court cannot say as a matter of law that the Board is
entitled to political subdivision immunity on Counts II or V. Defendants have asserted that none
of the exceptions to immunity apply, but they have not supported that assertion with an
explanation. Instead, Defendants revamped their insufficiency argument. (See Reply at 4, ECF No.
45). Yet the second exception to political subdivision immunity may apply. That exception
provides that a political subdivision may be held liable for the negligence of its employees when
they are carrying out the “proprietary functions” of the political subdivision. Ohio Rev. Code Ann.
§ 2744.02(B)(2) (LexisNexis 1998). Defendants have not explained in their motion why the
summer program should not be viewed as proprietary, nor have they even asserted that it was
instead governmental. Therefore, dismissal is not warranted.

10

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 11 of 18 PAGEID #: 284

b. Count III
Next, Defendants assert that the Board has political subdivision immunity against Count
III, intentional infliction of emotional distress, because political subdivisions are immune from
intentional tort claims. (Mot. at 8, ECF No. 41). Plaintiff responds that he has pleaded numerous
exceptions, such as the exceptions stated in §§ 2744.02(B)(2) and (B)(5). (Resp. at 17, ECF
No. 44). However, the first four exceptions to political subdivision immunity do not apply to
intentional torts. The fifth exception also does not apply because in 1998, Ohio’s child abuse
reporting statute did not yet expressly impose liability for failure to report such abuse.
Ohio courts consistently interpret §§ 2744.02(B)(1)–(4) to apply only to negligence claims
and not claims of intentional torts. See, e.g., Thornton v. City of Cleveland, 176 Ohio App. 3d 122,
126 (Ohio Ct. App. 2008). This interpretation grew out of Wilson v. Stark County Department of
Human Services, where the Ohio Supreme Court observed that “[t]here are no exceptions to
immunity for the intentional torts of fraud and intentional infliction of emotion distress as alleged
in this case.” 639 N.E.2d 105, 107 (Ohio 1994). Ever since, appellate courts across Ohio have
consistently concluded that political subdivisions are immune from intentional tort claims. E.g.,
Featherstone v. City of Columbus, 2006-Ohio-3150, ⁋ 11 (Ohio Ct. App. 2006). The Ohio Supreme
Court later elaborated that “[u]nlike sections R.C. 2744.02(B)(1) through (4), R.C. 2744.02(B)(5)
is not limited to negligent actions.” Cramer v. Auglaize Acres, 865 N.E.2d 9, 14 (Ohio 2007)
(emphasis added). Therefore, this Court turns to whether the § 2744.02(B)(5) exception applies.
Section 2744.02(B)(5) allows for a political subdivision’s immunity to be revoked through
other sections of the Ohio Revised Code, so long as liability is “expressly imposed” by that other
section. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §2744.02(B)(5) (LexisNexis 1998). However, it cautions that
“[l]iability shall not be construed to exist under another section of the Revised Code merely

11

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 12 of 18 PAGEID #: 285

because that section imposes a responsibility or mandatory duty upon a political subdivision . . .
or because that section uses the term ‘shall’ in a provision pertaining to a political subdivision.”
Id. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violated Ohio Revised Code § 2151.421, Ohio’s child abuse
reporting statute, and submits that they are thus divorced from their immunity by §2744.02(B)(5).
(Resp. at 17, ECF No. 44).
In 1998, Ohio’s child abuse reporting statute did not include an express provision of
liability. See generally Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2151.421 (LexisNexis 1998). And though today
the statute does include such an expressive provision, Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2151.421(N)
(LexisNexis 2021), the Ohio Supreme Court has held that it does not apply retroactively. 3 See Roe
v. Planned Parenthood Sw. Ohio Region, 912 N.E.2d 61 (Ohio 2009) (Syllabus at ⁋ 2). 4 Accord,
McCoy v. Bd. of Educ., 515 Fed. App’x. 387, 395 (6th Cir. 2013) (“Section 2151.421 . . . does not
expressly impose civil liability that fits within the parameters of section 2744.02(B)(5). The newlyadded section . . . , which would otherwise allow for the imposition of civil liability, was enacted
too late to apply to the facts of the present case.”).
As such, none of the five exceptions apply to Plaintiff’s claim for intentional infliction of
emotional distress, and the Board is entitled to immunity from liability on Count III.
c. Count VI
Plaintiff alleges that by violating Ohio’s child abuse reporting statute, Ohio Revised Code
§ 2151.421, Defendants were negligent per se. (Compl. at 16–17, ECF No. 2). The Board is entitled

3

The liability provision was first codified as provision (M) but is now codified as provision (N) and otherwise remains
unchanged. Compare Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2151.421(M) (LexisNexis 2008) with Ohio Rev. Code Ann.
§ 2151.421(N) (LexisNexis 2021) (effective until March 31, 2021).
4
Prior to 2012, the “syllabus of an opinion issued by the Supreme Court [was] the law of the case . . . .” World
Diamond v. Hyatt Corp., 699 N.E.2d 980, 985 (Ohio Ct. App. 1997). Since 2012, the syllabus and the rest of the
opinion of the Ohio Supreme Court is the law of the case. Ohio S.Ct. Rep.Op.R. 2.2.

12

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 13 of 18 PAGEID #: 286

to immunity as set forth immediately above. Supra Part.IV.C.1.b. Therefore, judgment on the
pleadings is proper on Count VI for the Board.
2. Political Subdivision Immunity and Principal Ball

Defendants assert that Counts III and V against Ball should be dismissed because she is
entitled to immunity under Ohio Revised Code § 2744.03(A)(6). (Mot. at 14, ECF No. 41).
Defendants are uncertain whether Plaintiff has sued Ball in her official capacity, individual
capacity, or both, but argue that she is entitled to immunity in both capacities. (Id.). To the extent
that the claims are directed against Ball in her official capacity, the analysis mirrors that which has
already been applied to the claims against the Board. See Lambert v. Clancy, 927 N.E.2d 585, 591
(Ohio 2010) (suit against officials in their official capacity is viewed as a suit against the political
subdivision, and the three tiered analysis applies). In her individual capacity, however, Ball is
plausibly not entitled to immunity because Plaintiff has adequately pleaded that Ball acted with
malice, bad faith, and/or in a wanton or reckless manner, eliminating her immunity.
When an employee is sued in her individual capacity courts do not apply the three-tiered
analysis. See id. at 233–34. Instead the employee is “immune from liability” unless (a) the
employee’s acts or omissions were “manifestly outside the scope of the employee’s employment
or official responsibilities;” (b) the employee’s acts or omissions were done “with malicious
purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner;” or (c) liability is “expressly imposed”
upon the employee by another section of the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio Rev. Code Ann.
§ 2744.03(A)(6)(a)–(c) (LexisNexis 1998).
Plaintiff adequately pleads that Ball acted with malice, bad faith, and/or wantonly or
recklessly. Viewed in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, Ball knew that Bowman groomed
and sexually abused Plaintiff. (Compl. at ⁋⁋ 6, 22, ECF No. 2). She took no action as an educator

13

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 14 of 18 PAGEID #: 287

in response to child abuse in her school. (Id. at ⁋⁋ 6, 24). Ball provides no countervailing authority
that an educator does not behave wantonly or recklessly when she suspects child abuse is occurring
but fails to act, or that an educator does not behave malicious by failing to intervene to stop child
abuse when she knows it is happening. Thus, § 2744.03(A)(6)(b) plausibly applies and Ball is not
entitled to immunity.
3. 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Plaintiff brings a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim that Defendants violated his right to due process
and against sex-based discrimination. Section 1983 provides:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom or
usage, of any State . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United
States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights,
privileged, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to
the party injured in an action at law . . . .
42 U.S.C. § 1983. Essentially, Plaintiff must show (1) a deprivation of his rights, (2) by a person
acting under color of law. Id.
As a preliminary matter, Defendants argue that these claims should be dismissed because
Bowman was not employed by them during the summer of 1998, and thus could not have been
acting under color of law. As already discussed, Plaintiff has adequately alleged that Bowman was
employed by the Board that summer.
Defendants next proceed to separate arguments for the Board and for Ball.
a. Municipal Liability for the Board
Defendants submit that Plaintiff has not pleaded sufficient facts to support a finding of
municipal liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In this instance, the Court agrees.
Local governing bodies such as school boards are persons under § 1983, and as such they
may be held liable for injuries inflicted as a result of their policies or customs. Monell v. Dep’t of

14

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 15 of 18 PAGEID #: 288

Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 669, 694 (1978). “A ‘custom’ for purposes of Monell liability must
‘be so permanent and well settled as to constitute a custom or usage with the force of law.” Doe v.
Claiborne County, 103 F.3d 495, 506 (6th Cir. 1996) (quoting Monell, 436 at 691). In a child sex
abuse case, a custom can be established through inaction, in which case the Plaintiff must establish:
(1) the existence of a clear and persistent pattern of sexual abuse by school
employees;
(2) notice or constructive notice on the part of the School Board;
(3) the School Board’s tacit approval of the unconstitutional conduct, such that
their deliberate indifference in their failure to act can be said to amount to an
official policy of inaction; and
(4) that the School Board’s custom was the “moving force” or direct causal link in
the constitutional deprivation.
Id. at 508 (citing City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388–89 (1989)).
Plaintiff fails to plead any factual allegations satisfying these four elements. Plaintiff
asserts that the Board had “an official policy of inaction” and recites the four aforementioned
elements nearly verbatim in his Complaint. (Compl. at ⁋⁋ 84–86, ECF No. 86). For example, he
asserts that “[t]here was a clear and persistent pattern of sexual abuse by school employees.” (Id.
at ⁋ 84). He also asserts that the Board “had a custom and/or practice of not investigating and/or
hiding grooming behaviors of their employees . . . .” (Id. at ⁋ 4). But in his Complaint Plaintiff
fails to note any other instances of sexual abuse and that in response to these instances the Board
took no action. These allegations are insufficient to demonstrate a pattern of inaction in response
to child sexual abuse on the part of the Board.
b. Qualified Immunity for Ball
Turning from the Board to Principal Ball, Defendants assert that Ball is entitled to qualified
immunity in her official and individual capacities. (Mot. at 15, at ECF No. 41). A claim against

15

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 16 of 18 PAGEID #: 289

Ball in her official capacity is a claim against the municipality, meaning qualified immunity does
not attach and the analysis above applies. Doe v. Claiborne County, Tenn., 103 F.3d 495, 509 (6th
Cir. 1996) (citing Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165–66). Thus, Plaintiff fails to state a claim
against Ball in her official capacity. This leaves Plaintiff’s claim against Ball in her individual
capacity, specifically whether she is entitled to qualified immunity.
The Sixth Circuit has cautioned that “it is generally inappropriate for a district court to
grant a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss on the basis of qualified immunity.” Wesley v. Campbell, 779
F.3d 421, 433 (6th Cir. 2015). Accord, Courtright v. City of Battle Creek, 839 F.3d 513, 518 (6th
Cir. 2016). That proposition applies equally to a motion for judgement on the pleadings. While
entitlement to qualified immunity is “a threshold question to be resolved at the earliest point
possible,” Vakilian v. Shaw, 335 F.3d 509, 516 (6th Cir. 2003), “that point is usually summary
judgement . . . .” Wesley, 779 F.3d at 433–34. At the pleadings stage, the burden is on Plaintiff to
“alleg[e] facts making out a plausible claim that [Ball’s] conduct violated a constitutional right
that was clearly established at the time of the violation.” Gavitt v. Born, 835 F.3d 623, 641 (6th
Cir. 2016). Plaintiff has met that burden.
Plaintiff asserts that Ball and the other Defendants violated his right to be free from sexual
abuse at the hands of public-school employees, which is a subset of the right to personal security
and bodily integrity found within the substantive component of the Due Process Clause. See Doe
v. Claiborne County, Tenn., 103 F.3d 495, 506 (6th Cir. 1996). Through his Complaint Plaintiff
alleged that Ball knew of Bowman’s grooming propensities and knew or should have known that
Bowman was grooming Plaintiff, but “protected Bowman.” (Compl. at ⁋⁋ 6, 18, 22). And, though
Plaintiff includes this next allegation with two alternatives, he alleged that Defendants, including

16

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 17 of 18 PAGEID #: 290

Ball, knew that Bowman raped Plaintiff and “consented” to it. (Id. at ⁋ 22). At the pleading stage,
the Court accepts these allegations as true.
Accepting the allegations as true, it is plausible that Ball’s consent would mean that she
took part in the violation of Plaintiff’s clearly established constitutional rights. In this Circuit, it is
settled that “a schoolchild’s right to bodily integrity manifestly embraces the right to be free from
sexual abuse at the hands of a public school employee.” Doe v. Claiborne County, Tenn., 103 F.3d
495, 506 (6th Cir. 1996). It bears repeating the words of the Sixth Circuit:
To be sure, the magnitude of the liberty deprivation that sexual abuse inflicts upon
the victim is an abuse of governmental power of the most fundamental sort; it is an
unjustified intrusion that strips the very essence of personhood. If the “right to
bodily integrity” means anything, it certainly encompasses the right not to be
sexually assaulted under color of law. This conduct is so contrary to fundamental
notions of liberty and so lacking of any redeeming social value, that no rational
individual could believe that sexual abuse by a state actor is constitutionally
permissible under the Due Process Clause.

Id. at 506–07. If Ball not only protected Bowman, but even consented to his raping of Plaintiff,
Ball could be considered an active participant in the sexual abuse. Therefore, Plaintiff has
sufficiently shown that Ball is plausibly not entitled to qualified immunity.
D. Punitive Damages
In his prayer for relief Plaintiff has requested punitive damages on all Counts. Defendants
assert that as a matter of law Plaintiff cannot recover punitive damages. (Mot. at 16, ECF No. 41).
It appears from the diction and context that Defendants are making this argument for the Board.
(See id. (“Defendant is clearly a political subdivision”)). From the citations it further appears they
are only making this argument with respect to the State law claims (Counts I, II, III, V, and VI)
and the Due Process claim (Count VII). (See id.). The Due Process claim, as well as Count III and
VI arising under State law, have now been dismissed against the Board.

17

Case: 2:19-cv-05094-EAS-CMV Doc #: 49 Filed: 02/17/21 Page: 18 of 18 PAGEID #: 291

Under Ohio law punitive damages “shall not be awarded” in an action against a political
subdivision. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2744.05(A) (LexisNexis 1998). Therefore, Plaintiff cannot
recover punitive damages against the Board on the State law claims. The Court does not read
Defendants’ argument to extend beyond that, and thus will not address the applicability of punitive
damages to the other claims.
V.

Leave to Amend
Finally, Plaintiff has alternatively requested leave to amend his Complaint to “cure the

alleged deficiencies and to clarify the allegations.” (Resp. at 2, ECF No. 44). His request is
insufficient as he did not attach a proposed amended complaint or elaborate upon how he would
cure his Complaint. Rather, the request amounts to a “mere passing suggestion[.]” Swanigan v.
FCA US LLC, 938 U.S. 779, 789–790 (6th Cir. 2019) (concluding that the district court did not
abuse its discretion by denying plaintiff’s “perfunctory” request to amend his complaint). The
request is DENIED.
VI.

Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, Defendants’ Motion for Judgement on the Pleadings, (ECF

No. 41), is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. With respect to Columbus City Schools,
the Motion is GRANTED and the claims against it are dismissed in the entirety. With respect to
the Columbus Board of Education, the Motion is GRANTED on Count III, VI, and VII only.
With respect to Cynthia Ball in her individual capacity, the Motion is DENIED. The Clerk is
DIRECTED to terminate Columbus City Schools from this case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

2/17/2021
DATE

s/Edmund A. Sargus, Jr.
EDMUND A. SARGUS, JR.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
18