Burrows v. FUYAO GLASS AMERICA INC. et al

Filing 23

DECISION AND ENTRY denying 6 18 Motions to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. Signed by Judge Thomas M. Rose on 12-8-2017. (de)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
WESTERN DIVISION AT DAYTON
DAVID P. BURROWS,
Plaintiff,
v.
CASE NO. 3:17-cv-00186-TMR
JUDGE THOMAS M. ROSE
FUYAO GLASS AMERICA INC., ET. AL.
Defendants.

DECISION AND ENTRY DENYING DEFENDANTS’
MOTIONS TO DISMISS. (DOCS. 6 & 18).

Pending before the Court are Motions to Dismiss from each of the two
Defendants: Fuyao Glass America Inc., (Doc. #6) and Cho Tak Wong (Doc. # 18). Therein,
Defendant Fuyao Glass America Inc. requests that the Court dismiss Counts 1, 2, 3, and 4 against
it, and Defendant Cho Tak Wong requests that the Court dismiss Counts 1, 3, and 4 against him.
These Motions are now fully briefed and ripe for decision. A factual background will be
followed by the applicable legal standard and analysis of the motions to dismiss.
I.

Background

Plaintiff David P. Burrows (“Burrows”) brings a complaint for recovery on claims of
fraud in the inducement, breach of contract, promissory estoppel, defamation, and three (3)
separate, but related discrimination claims. (Doc #1 PAGEID #4).

1 

In August of 2013, then-President of Defendant Fuyao Glass America Inc. (“Fuyao”)
sought to hire Burrows away from his employment with the Dayton Development Coalition
(“Coalition”), as well as from his position as owner and operator of a Cold Stone Creamery
franchise. (Doc. #1 PAGEID #5). Fuyao is a North American subsidiary of Fuyao Group, a
Chinese company. Id. According to Burrows, Co-Defendant, Cho Tak Wong (“Cho”), is the
chairman of Fuyao Group and Fuyao. Id. Due to his position with the Coalition, Burrows had
numerous meetings with Cho related to Fuyao’s selection of the greater Dayton metropolitan
area for expansion. Id.
Burrows insisted he would not leave his employment for parallel pay, but claims he was
instructed by Cho to tell Fuyao “what you want and I will sign it.” Id. Burrows made Fuyao
aware that if he agreed to accept employment, he wanted to be sure he was compensated through
2017. Id. Following these conversations, Cho allegedly approved Burrows’ proposed terms of
employment which were guaranteed to continue through 2017, and included a base pay higher
than the president of Fuyao. (Doc. #1 PAGEID #6). According to Burrows, the term sheet was
signed by Cho, however, Burrows was not given a copy of the signed form. Id.
On July 24, 2015, the term sheet prepared by Burrows was formatted into an employment
contract by Fuyao’s Director of Human Resources, and signed by Fuyao President John
Gauthier. (Ex. A). The terms of the employment contract read:
The following terms and conditions of employment are agreed upon between Chairman
Cho and Mr. David Burrows:
•

Annual salary of $180,000

•
$98,000 minimum in additional annual
compensation through bonus paid.
2 

•
Total annual compensation minimum guaranteed at
$278,000 through 2017 and pro-rated for 2015.
Or, if higher
•
Bonus compensation to be at the same level and
structure as the President and Vice President.
•
Three (3) weeks of annual vacation time, which will
be prorated for 2015
Id. Fuyao’s Human Resources Department extended an express offer of employment to
Burrows which included the previously mentioned employment contract, outlining the
compensation package, as well as information regarding a tentative mid-August 2015 start date,
which was presumably accepted by Burrows. (Ex. B).
On November 14, 2016, during a company meeting, Cho falsely announced Burrows’
resignation from Fuyao. (Doc. #1 PAGEID #7). Two days later, an online news article published
on the Dayton Business Journal’s website stated that Burrows had stepped down from his
position. Id. The author of the article, Tristan Navera, confirmed that the article was written
based upon information received from Fuyao representatives. Id. Cho was quoted directly in the
article stating, “These changes to our senior management team are an important step forward as
we transition from a construction phase into a mass production phase.” (Ex. D).
Burrows claims Cho had no intention of continuing Burrows’ employment past Fuyao’s
construction phase and into its mass-production phase. (Doc#1 PAGEID #8). According to
Burrows, he was replaced by Sunny Yiqun Sun (“Sun”), a Fuyao worker from China. Id.
Allegedly, Sun was unable to continue employment with Fuyao until she worked with Fuyao in
China for a year, which would enable Sun to procure her L-1 visa. Id. at #8, #9. Burrows claims
Cho, while in negotiations with Sun, made reference that her working at Fuyao “would be good
to help her Chinese heritage,” and how “Americans need to listen to Chinese.” (Doc. #1
3 

PAGEID #7). Burrows claims he was terminated by Fuyao without cause and without written
notice. Id.
On November 17, 2016, following Burrows’ alleged resignation, Fuyao’s
Assistant General Counsel informed Burrows that he is not entitled to compensation or any
remuneration for work not performed. (Doc #1 PAGEID #28). Additionally, Fuyao’s Assistant
General Counsel informed Burrows that the form titled “employment contract” amounted to
nothing more than a compensation agreement. Id.
Burrows claims it is Fuyao’s contention that Burrows was an employee at will, and could
be terminated with or without cause at any time. Id. Approximately three weeks into
employment, an employee handbook acknowledgement and receipt was signed by Burrows,
stating:
I have entered into my employment relationship with Fuyao
voluntarily and acknowledge that there is no specific length of
employment. Accordingly, either I or Fuyao can terminate the
relationship at will, with or without cause at any time, so long as
there is not a violation of applicable state or federal laws.
Subsequently, Burrows sued Fuyao and Cho. Burrows’ complaint was originally filed in
the Common Pleas Court of Montgomery County, Ohio claiming:
1.

Fraud in the inducement;

2.

Breach of contract;

3.

Promissory estoppel;

4.

Defamation; and

5.

Three (3) counts of Discrimination

4 

(Doc. #1 PAGEID #4). On May 25, 2017, the case was removed to the U.S District
Court, Southern District of Ohio (Dayton), by Defendants.
On June 14, 2017, Cho filed a motion to quash and to dismiss, arguing that Burrows
failed to effectuate service in accordance with the mandates of the Convention of Services
Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents, as Cho is a resident of the People’s Republic of
China. (Doc. #5 PAGEID # 85). In addition, Cho alleged a violation of insufficient process
under Rule 12(b) (4), on the grounds the summons and complaint were not translated into
Chinese, as required by the Hague Convention. Id. Burrows filed a memorandum in opposition
to Cho’s motion to quash and dismiss, arguing Cho was properly served at his place of business
pursuant to Civ. R. 4.1(1) (Doc. #9 PAGEID #110).
In his reply memorandum, Cho again argues that service was not valid due to Hague
Convention Specifications. However, a proof of service entry dated September 18, 2017,
asserting that Cho was served at the Marriott Hotel in Dayton Ohio was entered on the docket.
(Doc. #14 PAGEID # 161). On June 14, 2017, Fuyao filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed.
R. Civ. P. 12(b) (6), alleging that Burrows failed to state a claim for which relief may be granted.
(Doc. #6 PAGEID #90, 96). Burrows filed a memorandum in opposition to Fuyao’s motion to
dismiss, arguing that relief can be granted for all claims stated. (Doc. #10 PAGEID #114).
Fuyao’s reply memorandum in support of motion to dismiss, argues Burrows’ simultaneous
pursuit of fraud-in-the- inducement tort and his breach of contract claim cannot be based on the
same obligations. (Doc. # 11 PAGEID #135, 136). In addition, Fuyao argues that a promissory
estoppel claim and a breach of contract claim cannot be simultaneously maintained. (Doc. #11
PAGEID # 139).

5 

According to Fuyao, Burrows’ defamation claim fails due to intra-corporate immunity
privilege, and his discrimination claims should not be held to the higher standard for reverse
discrimination claims. (Doc. #11 PAGEID # 143). On October 6, 2017, Cho adopts and
incorporates by reference the motion to dismiss filed by Defendant Fuyao, and all arguments
regarding Counts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the complaint. (Doc. #18 PAGEID #168).
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW-MOTION TO DISMISS
The purpose of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss is to allow a defendant to test whether,
as a matter of law, the plaintiff is entitled to legal relief even if everything alleged in the
complaint is true. Mayer v. Mylod, 988 F. 2d 635, 638 (6th Cir. 1993) (citing Nishiyama v.
Dickson County, Tennessee, 814 F.2d 277, 279 (6th Cir. 1987)). Put another way, "the purpose
of a motion under Federal Rule 12(b)(6) is to test the formal sufficiency of the statement of the
claim for relief; the motion is not a procedure for resolving a contest between the parties about
the facts or the substantive merits of the plaintiff's case." 5B Charles Alan Wright and Arthur R.
Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1356 (3d ed. 2004). Further, for purposes of the motion
to dismiss, the complaint must be construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and its
allegations taken as true. Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 94 S. Ct. 1683, 40 L. Ed. 2d 90
(1974).
To survive a 12(b) (6) motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must provide more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action is not enough. Bell
Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964-65, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007)
(citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286, 106 S. Ct. 2932, 92 L. Ed. 2d 209 (1986)). "[O]nce
a claim has been stated adequately, it may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent

6 

with the allegations in the complaint." Id. at 1969. However, the factual allegations must be
enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level. Bell Atlantic Corp., 127 S.Ct. at 1965
(citing 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1216, p. 235-236 (3d ed.
2004)). The factual allegations in the complaint, even if doubtful in fact, must do something
more than merely create a suspicion of a legally cognizable right. Id.
Also, to survive a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b) (6), "a … complaint must
contain either direct or inferential allegations respecting all the material elements to sustain a
recovery under some viable legal theory." Columbia Natural Resources, Inc. v. Tatum, 58 F. 3d
1101 (6th Cir. 1995). The Court "need not accept as true legal conclusions or unwarranted
factual inferences." Morgan v. Church's Fried Chicken, 829 F. 2d 10, 12 (6th Cir. 1987). Put
another way, bare assertions of legal conclusions are not sufficient. Lillard v. Shelby County Bd.
of Educ., 76 F. 3d 716, 726 (6th Cir. 1996). It is only well-pleaded facts which are construed
liberally in favor of the party opposing the motion to dismiss. Id.
III. ANALYSIS
A.

Fraud in the inducement

Defendants Fuyao and Cho argue that Burrows claim of fraud in the inducement fails
because Burrows cannot simultaneously pursue a fraud in the inducement tort claim based on the
same alleged obligations present in the written contract. (Doc. #6 PAGEID #92-93). “A claim of
fraud in the inducement arises when a party is induced to enter into an agreement through fraud
or misrepresentation.” Kehoe Component Sales, Inc. v. Best Lighting Prods., 933 F. Supp. 2d
974, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 38816, 2013 WL 1165028 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 19, 2013) (citing:
Captiva, Inc. v. Viz Commc'ns, Inc., 85 Fed. Appx. 501, 505 (6th Cir. 2004)) (applying Ohio law,

7 

internal quotations omitted). Fraud can be defined as “any deceit, artifice, trick, or design
involving direct and active operation of the mind, used to circumvent and cheat another.”
McClellan v. Cantrell, 217 F.3d 890 (7th Cir. Ill. July 5, 2000) (citing 4 Collier on Bankruptcy
para. 523.08[1] [e], p. 523-45 (15th ed., Lawrence P. King ed., 2000). Ohio courts have defined
the term “induce” to mean influencing or prevailing upon someone with persuasion or argument.
Simmons v. Sheets, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27502 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 23, 2011).
Proving fraud in the inducement requires showing the defendant knowingly made a
material misrepresentation, with intent to induce reliance of the plaintiff, which in turn, lead to
detriment of the plaintiff due to the misrepresentation. ABM Farms, Inc. v. Woods, 81 Ohio St.3d
498, 502, 1998 Ohio 612, 692 N.E.2d 574 (1998) (citing Beer v. Griffith, 61 Ohio St. 2d 119,
123, 399 N.E.2d 1227 (1980)).
According to Ohio law, the elements of fraud in the inducement are “(1) a
representation or, when there is a duty to disclose, concealment of a fact, (2) which is material to
the transaction at hand, (3) made falsely, with knowledge of its falsity, or with such utter
disregard as to whether it is true or false that knowledge may be inferred, (4) with the intent of
misleading another into relying upon it, (5) justifiable reliance on the representation or
concealment, and (6) an injury proximately cause by that reliance. Superior Care Pharm., Inc. v.
Med. Shoppe Int'l, Inc., 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13013 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 10, 2011) (citing Williams
v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St.3d 464, 475, 1998 Ohio 294, 700 N.E.2d 859 (1998)).
Fraud in the inducement can “generally” be maintained simultaneously with a
breach of contract claim because the duty not to breach a contract is “separate and independent”
from the duty not to deceive a party entering into an agreement or contract. Stalvey v. NVR, Inc.,

8 

2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2506, at *17; King v. Hertz Corp., 1:09-CV-2674, 2011 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 35610, 2011 WL 1297266, at *3 (N.D. Ohio. Mar. 31, 2011). However, according to the
Ohio Supreme Court, “a claim of fraudulent inducement ‘asserts that a misrepresentation of facts
outside the contract or other wrongful conduct induced a party to enter into the contract.’” Id. at
*18 quoting: ABM Farms, Inc. v. Woods, 81 Ohio St. 3d 498, 1998 Ohio 612, 692 N.E.2d 574,
578 (Ohio 1998). Ohio law prohibits a claim in tort predicated upon the same actions that create
a breach of contract. Eggert Agency, Inc. v. NA Mgmt. Corp., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90830 at
*19.
“The general rule is that tort claims such as deceit and misrepresentation ‘cannot
be predicated upon promises or representations relating to future actions or conduct.’" Id. at *20
quoting: Tibbs v. Nat'l Homes Constr. Corp., 52 Ohio App. 2d 281, 286, 369 N.E.2d 1218 (Ohio
Ct. App. 1977). In Eggert Agency, Inc., the Plaintiff claimed that before entering into the
contract, the Defendant never intended to follow through on promises allegedly made. Id. This
type of circumstance falls into an exception to the general rule of prohibiting future promises if
at the time the promise was made, the promisor had no intention of keeping the promise. Id.
In the case at bar, Burrows claims Fuyao had no intention of continuing Burrows
employment after Sunny Yiquan Sun was available to return from China. (Doc. #1 PAGEID #9).
Burrows alleges he justifiably relied upon Fuyao and Cho’s representation to leave his position
with the Coalition and the selling of his Cold Stone Creamery franchise. Id.
“In ruling on a Motion to Dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted, the factual allegations in the Complaint must be taken as true and construed in a
light most favorable to the plaintiff. Burhman v. Wilkinson, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10038 (S.D.

9 

Ohio Feb. 7, 2003) citing: Miller v. Currie, 50 F.3d 373, 377 (6th Cir. 1995). Here, Burrows
claims that his employment contract insured that he would remain employed through 2017. Doc.
#1 PAGEID #8 (35). Burrows contends Fuyao “had no intentions” of continuing Burrow’s
employment past the “constructive phase” and into the “mass-production phase.” Id. at (36).
According to Burrows, Fuyao’s desire was to discontinue his employment once Sunny Yiqun
Sun was available to return from China and assume a position with Fuyao. Id.
Burrows claims that Fuyao induced him to sell his Cold Stone Creamery franchise
and leave his position with the Coalition over Burrows’ repeated protestations. (Doc. #1
PAGEID #9). In addition, Burrows claims to have justifiably relied upon Cho and Fuyao’s
representation of continued employment and compensation through 2017 as contained in the
employment contract. Id. Also, Burrows alleges he was terminated without cause and without
notice by Fuyao prior to the end of 2017, leading to damages in an amount no less than $441,
908.68. Id.
The Court finds Plaintiff Burrows claims plausible, thus Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss
claim #1 are DENIED.
B.

Breach of Contract

Fuyao emphasizes that under Ohio law, an employment contract is presumed to be atwill, unless there are “facts and circumstances which indicate that the agreement is for a specific
term.” (Doc. #6 PAGEID #94)(citing Goddard v. Abbott Labs., 2005 WL 1388389, *3, no. 2:03CV-525 (S.D. Ohio June 10, 2005)(Sargus, J.)). Under Ohio law, there is “a strong presumption
in favor of a contract terminable at will.” Melott v. ACC Operations, Inc., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
46328 at * 11 quoting: Mers v. Dispatch Printing Co., 19 Ohio St. 3d 100, 102, 19 Ohio B. 261,
10 

483 N.E.2d 150, 153 (1985). In addition, the Doctrine of Employment at Will holds that “unless
otherwise agreed, either party… may terminate the employment relationship for any reason
which is not contrary to law.” Id. There are few exceptions to the at-will employment doctrine,
but one such exception is the presence of an express contract. Goddard v. Abbott Labs., 2005
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11304 at *10 citing: Mers v. Dispatch Printing, 19 Ohio St.3d 100, 103, 19
Ohio B. 261, 483 N.E.2d 150 (1985).
In determining the existence of a valid contract, the Court must determine if an offer was
accepted and if it was supported by valid consideration. Tilahun v. Philip Morris Tobacco Co.,
2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41361 at *9 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 28 2005) (citing Sashti, Inc. v. Glunt Ind.,
Inc., 140 F. Supp. 2d 813, 816 (N.D. Ohio 2001)). Once the validity of a contract is established,
three elements must be tested to determine whether the contract has been breached: (1)
performance by the plaintiff, (2) breach by the defendant, and (3) damages to the plaintiff. Id. at
8.
1.

Offer and Acceptance (Mutual Assent)

Mutual assent to the terms of a contract is typically manifested by an offer and
acceptance. Am. Signature, Inc. v. Extreme Linen, LLC, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41958 at *34.
Ohio “law is clear that to constitute a valid contract, there must be an offer on the one side and
an acceptance on the other.” Big Lots Stores, Inc. v. Jaredco, Inc., 182 F. Supp. 2d 644, 649
citing: Noroski v. Fallet, 2 Ohio St. 3d 77, 442 N.E.2d 1302, 1304 (Ohio 1982). And where
there is a signed offer and acceptance, a meeting of the minds exists. Campbell v. Triad Fin.
Corp., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77623 at *64 citing: Cuyahoga Cty. Hospitals v. Price, 64 Ohio
App. 3d 410, 416, 581 N.E.2d 1125 (1989).

11 

In the case at bar, Fuyao’s Director of Human Resources Judy Lewkowski, formatted a
document entitled “Employment Contract,” signed by the President of Fuyao, John Gauthier.
This employment contract specified salary and bonus equaling to $278,000 of annual
compensation, minimally guaranteed through the year 2017. The language of the employment
contract, “through 2017,” favors the idea that a specific term was indicated in the offer.
2.

Valid Consideration

“Valid consideration requires that the parties bargain for performances or return
promises.” Price v. Taylor, 575 F. Supp. 2d 845, 853 (citing: Harmon v. Philip Morris, Inc., 120
Ohio App. 3d 187, 190, 697 N.E.2d 270 (1997). An employee’s performance of job duties in
exchange for benefits and compensation constitutes consideration. Russell v. GTE Gov't Sys.
Corp., 232 F. Supp. 2d 840, 853 (S.D. Ohio 2002)(citing: Price v. Public Serv. Co. of Colo., 1 F.
Supp. 2d 1216, 1228 (D. Colo. 1998)).
Here, Burrows performed job duties in exchange for the compensation promised
by Fuyao, therefore consideration was established. In addition to consideration being
established, Burrows alleges a clear offer of an employment contract and an acceptance of the
contract terms by him. Having found offer, acceptance, and valid consideration, the Court
concludes there was a valid contract between the parties.
3.

Establishing Breach

Where the language of a contract is unambiguous and clear, the Court can rely on the
plain language of the contract to decipher the obligations and rights of the parties. Allied
Erecting & Dismantling Co. v. Genesis Equip. & Mfg., 649 F. Supp. 2d 702,728 (N.D. Ohio
2009); see also Star Lock Sys. v. TriTeq Lock & Sec., L.L.C., 631 F. Supp. 2d 935, 939 (S.D.
12 

Ohio 2009). Under Ohio law, when the Court examines a contract in attempt to ascertain the
parties’ intent, the intent is presumably found to reside in the language of the agreement. "The
Ohio Supreme Court has held that if a contract is clear and unambiguous, then its interpretation
is a matter of law, and there is no issue of fact to be determined." Id. (quoting Inland Refuse
Transfer Co. v. Browning-Ferris Indus. of Ohio, Inc., 15 Ohio St. 3d 321, 15 Ohio B. 448, 474
N.E.2d 271, 272 (1984)).
In the case at bar, the employment contract’s language is clear and unambiguous as it
pertains to the annual compensation minimum is guaranteed at $278,000. This clear and
unambiguous language also shows the compensation amount as guaranteed through 2017 and
pro-rated for 2015. A court "is not permitted to alter a lawful contract by imputing an intent
contrary to that expressed by the parties" as it applies to a written contract. Id. (citing Westfield
Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 100 Ohio St.3d 216, 2003 Ohio 5849, 797 N.E.2d 1256, 1261-62 (2003)).
Therefore, the Court finds the contract language enforceable as written, and Defendants Fuyao’s
Motion to Dismiss claim #2 is DENIED.
C. PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL
Burrows’s claim III is for promissory estoppel. A prima facie case for promissory
estoppel requires a showing of: (1) a clear and unambiguous promise, (2) reasonable and
foreseeable reliance by the party to whom the promise is made, and (3) an injury due to reliance.
Lower v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., 494 F. Supp. 2d 770 citing: Cohen & Co., CPAs v. Messina,
CPA, 24 Ohio App.3d 22, 26, 24 Ohio B. 44, 492 N.E.2d 867, 872 (Ohio App. 8 Dist. 1985).
Defendants Fuyao and Cho claim promissory estoppel is not applicable because Burrows’
employment by Fuyao was governed by a written contract. (Doc. #6 PAGEID #96). Fuyao and
13 

Cho cite Harwood v. Avaya Corp., for the proposition that promissory estoppel is “an equitable
doctrine resorted to for the enforcement of promises that are non-contractual and otherwise
unenforceable,” and “not available as a remedy where the legal relationship between the parties
is governed by a valid and enforceable contract.” Id.
Promissory estoppel is an equitable or quasi contractual claim that may be pled in the
alternative to a breach of contract claim. Bonner Farms, Ltd. v. Power Gas Mktg. &
Transmission, Inc., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 63359 at *23. In Ohio, pleading breach of contract
and promissory estoppel as alternatives is permissible as a general principle, so long as, the
validity or enforceability of the contract is in question. Morgan Tire of Sacramento, Inc. v.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132461 at *21-22. Therefore, a claimant
may plead for relief for breach of contract and promissory estoppel, but may not recover for
both. Bonner Farms, 2007 U.S. Dist. at *24. “Thus, where there is a valid contract between
parties, quasi contractual relief is not a remedy.” Id.
Here, the validity and or enforceability of a contract are in question. While responding to
claim III (promissory estoppel), Fuyao and Cho argue they accept as true Plaintiff’s asserting
that his employment with Fuyao was governed by a written contract. (Doc. #6 PAGEID #96).
However, while responding to claim II (breach of contract); Fuyao argues the relationship with
Burrows is not governed by contract, but rather as an at-will employment relationship.
In the case at bar, Burrows alleges Exhibit A serves as an employment contract that
promised continued employment through 2017, while Defendants Fuyao and Cho claim the
document marked Exhibit A, serves merely as a “compensation agreement” highlighting
Burrows, being contracted as an at-will employee. (Doc. #1 PAGEID #28). Burrows claims the

14 

promise of being compensated and employed through 2017 was clear and unambiguous. (Doc. #
1 PAGEID #10). In addition, Burrows claims to have relied “reasonably and foreseeably” upon
Cho’s promise of continued employment and compensation through 2017 to leave his position
with the Coalition and sell his Cold Stone Creamery franchise. Id. Lastly, Burrows claims he
was injured due to reliance upon Cho’s promise of continued employment and compensation
through 2017 in an amount no less than $441,908.68. Id.
Accepting Burrows’ assertions as true, all requirements have been successfully
demonstrated for a showing of a viable promissory estoppel claim. In addition, with no
consensus between the parties of the validity or enforceability of a contract, both claims of
breach of contract and promissory estoppel may be claimed in the alternative. Thus, Defendants’
Motion for dismissal of claim #3 is DENIED.
D.

Defamation

Defendants Fuayo and Cho allege Burrows’ defamation claim fails to state a claim for
which relief can be granted. (Doc. #6 PAGEID #97). In Ohio, the moving party bears the burden
of proving by “clear and convincing” evidence that a false, defamatory statement of fact about
the Plaintiff was at least negligent in publication. Dorricott v. Fairhill Ctr. for Aging, 2 F. Supp.
2d 982, 993 (N.D. Ohio 1998) (citing Lansdowne v. Beacon Journal Pub. Co., 32 Ohio St. 3d
176, 178-180, 512 N.E.2d 979 (1987)). According to Ohio Courts, the clear and convincing
standard is an intermediate standard lying at a point between the “preponderance of the
evidence” and the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standards. Bradford Co. v. Afco Mfg., 2007 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 31975 at *8 (S.D. Ohio 2007).

15 

Defamation is defined as an unprivileged publication of false information about another
that causes injury to “a person’s reputation or exposes him to public hatred, contempt, ridicule,
shame, or disgrace or affects him adversely in his trade or business.” Wylie v. Arnold Transp.
Servs., 494 F. Supp. 2d 717, 727 (S.D. Ohio 2006)(citing: McCarthy v. Cincinnati Enquirer, Inc.
(1956), 101 Ohio App. 297, 1 O.O.2d 131, 136 N.E.2d 393; Matalka v. Lagemann (1985), 21
Ohio App.3d 134, 136, 21 OBR 143, 145, 486 N.E.2d 1220, 1222).
Ohio law lists the elements of defamation as:
“(a) a false and defamatory statement concerning another:
(b) an unprivileged publication to a third party; (c) fault amounting
at least to negligence on the part of the publisher; and (d) either
actionability of the statement irrespective of special harm or the
existence of special harm caused by publication.”
Graves v. Dayton Gastroenterology, Inc., 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 114358 at *21-22 (S.D.
Ohio 2015) (citing: Harris v. Bornhorst, 513 F.3d 503, 522 (6th Cir. 2008)).
For defamation to be actionable, it must either be defamation per se or defamation
per quod. Wagner v. Circle W Mastiffs, 732 F. Supp. 2d 792, 804 (S.D. Ohio 2010). Defamation
actionable per se requires one of four sections; (1) the information imports a charge of an offense
that is indictable involving infamous punishment or moral turpitude; (2) the information relays a
contagious or offensive disease that would deprive the person from his role in society; (3) the
information can injure a person in his occupation or trade; or (4) the information subjects the
person to ridicule, contempt, or public hatred. Id. (citing: Am. Chem. Soc. v. Leadscope, 2010
Ohio 2725, 2010 WL 2396544, *12 (Ohio Ct. App. June 15, 2010). In contrast, defamation per
quod exists if the information can “reasonably” have two meanings, with one being defamatory
while the other is innocent. Id. (citing: Moore v. P.W. Publishing Co., 3 Ohio St. 2d 183, 209
N.E.2d 412, 415 (Ohio 1965).
16 

In the case at bar, Burrows claims Cho made a false statement of fact that
Burrows resigned his position with Fuyao effective Monday, November 14, 2016, in the
presence of Fuyao employees and representatives. (Doc. #1 PAGEID #11). The statements made
by Cho were claimed to be made with ill will, malice, and reckless disregard. Id. In addition,
Burrows alleges Fuyao representatives provided false information of Burrows resignation to the
Dayton Business Journal which caused Burrows ridicule, shame, disgrace, and adversely affected
him professionally. Id. Burrows appears to have sufficiently pled facts that demonstrate Fuyao
published an unprivileged, false and defamatory statement concerning Burrows that was
actionable as defamation per se for subjecting Burrows to professional ridicule. However it
remains a question of fact whether Cho published unprivileged information to a third party, as
Burrows claims Cho made “his false statement… in the presence of Fuyao employees and
representatives. (Doc. #1 PAGEID #11). If a claimant successfully establishes a prima facie case
of defamation, the defending party has the defense of conditional or qualified privilege at its
disposal. Leisure Sys. v. Roundup LLC, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 155948 at *73 (S.D. Ohio 2012)
(citing: A & B-Abell Elevator Co., 73 Ohio. St. 3d 1, 7 (Ohio 1995)).
According to Fuyao and Cho, Plaintiff Burrow’s claim for defamation should be
dismissed as: (1) Fuyao and Cho enjoy “intra-corporate immunity,” (2) the publisher never used
the word “resigned” in the article, and (3) characterizing an employee departure as a resignation
cannot be defamatory. (Doc. #6 PAGEID #97-100). Defenses such as qualified privilege may
be invoked only after a prima facie case of defamation is established. Kinney v. Kroger Co., 146
Ohio App. 3d 691 (citing: Hahn v. Kotten (1975), 43 Ohio St. 2d 237, 243, 331 N.E.2d 713).
The intra-corporate immunity doctrine establishes that individuals operating within the
same “legal entity” are incapable of conspiring with one another if the acts in question fall within
17 

the scope of their employment. Carna v. Teays Valley Local Sch. Dist., 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
94911 at *9 (S.D. Ohio 2012). However, if the spoken or written publication of the alleged
defamation is done with actual malice, or is exchanged with someone outside of the qualified
privilege, protection of the privilege is lost. Stearns v. Ohio Sav. Asso., 15 Ohio App. 3d 18 at
*20 (Ohio App. 1984).
Malice in the context of publishing information is defined as knowing the information is
false or acting with reckless disregard of whether the information is true or false. Torrance v.
Firstar, 529 F. Supp. 2d 836 at *844 (S.D. Ohio 2007)(citing Wolfe v. MBNA America Bank, 485
F.Supp.2d 874, 888 (W.D. Tenn. April 25, 2007). “To show reckless disregard for the truth,
plaintiff must show by clear and convincing evidence that (1) false statements were made with a
high degree of awareness of their probable falsity, or (2) the defendant entertained serious doubts
as to the truth of the publication.” Helms v. Fischer Mgmt., 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27259 at *3435 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 10, 2005)(quoting Perez v. Scripps Howard Broadcasting Co., 35 Ohio St.3d
215, 218, 520 N.E.2d 198, 202 (1988)).
According to Burrows, Cho’s alleged false statements made at the meeting were with “ill
will, malice, and reckless disregard,” an assertion which, if true, would void intra-corporate
immunity protection. (Doc. #1 PAGEID #11). In addition, if Cho made the statement in the
presence of “representatives” not constituting the “legal entity” of the corporation, the intracorporate immunity protection will also be lost. Lastly, whether or not the newspaper repeated
the Fuyao’s alleged wording that Burrows resigned, given his short term with firm, those who
did hear it could reasonably construe it to mean something was amiss.

18 

The Court has no authority to dismiss a claim without a demonstration the Plaintiff is
unable to prove facts that would entitle him to relief. Doe v. SexSearch, 502 F. Supp. 2d 719,
724 (citing: Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S. Ct. 99, 2 L. Ed. 2d 80 (1957)). Burrows
sufficiently pled the necessary elements of defamation against Defendants Fuyao and Cho.
Therefore Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss claim #4 are DENIED.
E.

Discrimination

Fuyao Glass America Inc. (“Fuyao”) sought to hire Burrows away from his employment
with the Dayton Development Coalition (“Coalition”), as well as from his position as owner and
operator of a Cold Stone Creamery franchise. (Doc. #1 PAGEID #5). Fuyao is a North
American subsidiary of Fuyao Group, a Chinese company. Id.
Burrows’ has adequately pleaded claims for discrimination against Fuyao Glass America
for reverse discrimination. To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, a plaintiff must
demonstrate that (1) he was a member of a protected class, (2) he was subjected to an adverse
employment action, (3) he was qualified for the position, and (4) he was replaced by someone
outside the protected class. Douglas v. Eaton Corp., 577 F. App’x 520, 524 (6th Cir. 2014). “In
adapting the test to cases of reverse discrimination, the Sixth Circuit has held that, under the first
prong, plaintiff must demonstrate ‘background circumstances [to] support the suspicion that the
defendant is the unusual employer who discriminates against the majority.’” Zambetti v.
Cuyahoga Cmty. College, 314 F.3d 249, 255 (6th Cir. 2002) (brackets sic). Reverse
discrimination plaintiffs “establish[] a prima facie case . . . upon a showing that the employer
treated differently employees who were similarly situated but not members of the protected
group.” Jones v. Ohio State Univ., S.D. Ohio No. 2:05-cv-137, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 38717,
*19 (May 29, 2007).
19 

The Sixth Circuit has previously said that the “background circumstances” prong only
required of “reverse discrimination” plaintiffs, “may impermissibly impose a heightened
pleading standard on majority victims of discrimination.” Zambetti v. Cuyahoga Cmty. College,
314 F.3d 249, 257 (6th Cir. 2002). The Sixth Circuit has “serious misgivings about the
soundness of a test which imposes a more onerous standard for plaintiffs who are white or male
than for their non-white or female counterparts.” Pierce v. Commonwealth Life Ins. Co., 40 F.3d
796, 801 n.7 (6th Cir. 1994). Indeed, the Sixth Circuit has stated that such “background
circumstances” might exist in a reverse racial discrimination suit where “the defendant has a
history of improperly considering race as a factor in employment-related decisions, where the
employer’s workforce is predominantly comprised of minorities, or where the person in charge
of making employment decisions is a minority.” Toth v. City of Toledo, 480 Fed. Appx. 827,
832-33 (6th Cir. 2012). Here, Burrows has alleged his belief that Sunny Yiqun Sun, a person
whose national origin is Chinese, replaced him at FGA. (Doc. # 4, PAGEID # 58).
Normally, a foreign employer might enjoy a degree of protection from such a claim under
a Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty, but no such treaty exists between the United
States and China. Given this exposure, Plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts in alleging that he
was intentionally hired to hold a place for a foreign national and eventually fired when the
foreign national became available. Discovery may well reveal direct evidence of discrimination,
or details of a situation of background circumstances sufficient to withstand a motion for
summary judgment.
IV.

Conclusion

20 

Because Burrows sufficiently pleaded the necessary elements of defamation against
Defendants Fuyao and Cho, Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss, (Docs. 6 & 18), are DENIED.1
DONE and ORDERED in Dayton, Ohio, this Friday, December 8, 2017.

s/Thomas M. Rose
________________________________
THOMAS M. ROSE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

1

 The Court acknowledges the valuable contribution and assistance of judicial extern Timothy Hill in drafting this 
opinion.   

21