Workshops Portland Carson, L.L.C. v. Carson Oil Co. Inc.
Filing
50
OPINION AND ORDER: Workshops' motion for partial summary judgment (# 30 ) on Carson's counterclaim of breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is denied. Workshops' motion for partial summary judgment(# 35 ) on Carson's counterclaim of promissory estoppel is granted. Signed on 3/24/2017 by Magistrate Judge John V. Acosta. (kms) Modified on 3/24/2017 per order 51 (kms).
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF OREGON
PORTLAND DIVISION
WORKSHOPS PORTLAND CARSON,
L.L.C., a Washington limited liability
company,
Case No. 3:15-cv-01234-AC
OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff,
v.
CARSON OIL CO., INC., an Oregon
corporation,
Defendant.
A COSTA, United States Magistrate Judge:
Plaintiff Workshops Portland Carson, L.L.C. ("Workshops"), brings a claim for breach of
commercial lease against Defendant Carson Oil Co., Inc. ("Carson"), to recover damages related
to holdover rent and environmental remediation. Carson brings counterclaims for breach of the
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and promissory estoppel. Workshops moves for
partial summary judgment as to both counterclaims.
Page 1 - OPINION AND ORDER
The court held oral argument on February 28, 2017.
For the following reasons,
Workshops' motion for partial summary judgment as to breach of the implied covenant of good
faith and fair dealing (ECF No. 30) is denied, and Workshops' motion for partial summary
judgment as to promissory estoppel (ECF No. 35) is granted.
Background
Workshops is a Washington limited liability company managed by ActivSpace, LLC.
Comp!. (ECF No. 1)
if 3; Zahniser Dec. (ECF No. 31), Ex. 1, p.
11, 91:5-7. ActivSpace runs
facilities that artisans, small builders, and contractors may rent work space to conduct business
activities. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 1, p. 3, 7:10-16. Carson is an Oregon corporation that operates a
petroleum distribution business in the Portland area. Comp!.
if 4; Zahniser Dec., Ex. 2, p. 6,
61 :3-20. The property at issue ("the Premises") encompasses the entire city block located at SE
Eighth Avenue and SE Main Street in Portland. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 1, p. 3, 8: 12-17.
Beginning in 1980, Carson operated a cardlock station on the Premises and dispensed
petroleum products to customers and employees. Am. Answer to Comp!. (ECF No. 29)
if 23;
Zahniser Dec., Ex. 2, p. 6, 61:3-20. In February 1998, Workshops purchased the Premises. Am.
Answer to Comp!.
ir 25.
As a part of the sale, Workshops leased back to Carson approximately
12,000 square feet of the property to retain existing petroleum products storage and dispensing
facilities.
Zahniser Dec., Ex. 2, p. 8, 67:3-9. The remaining p01iion of the Premises was
developed into an ActivSpace facility. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 1, pp. 8-9, 53:16-54:9.
Carson's rent payment under the 1998 lease started at $3,500 per month, and annual
increases were tied to the consumer price index. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 3, p. 1. The lease was for a
ten-year term and granted two five-year options for Carson to extend the initial term. Zahniser
Dec., Ex. 3, pp. 1, 8. In late 2007, Carson elected to exercise the first five-year option, extending
Page 2 - OPINION AND ORDER
the term to 2013. Zahniser Deel., Ex. 2, p. 9, 70:7-71:5. In 2013, however, Carson did not
timely notify Workshops of its intent to exercise the second five-year option, and the lease
terminated. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 2, 71:20-72:20. By March 31, 2013, Carson had become a
holdover tenant on a month-to-month lease term. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 3, p. 4. Carson wanted to
remain an occupant at the facility for a longer period of time, and after unsuccessfully trying to
exercise the second five-year option, the parties entered into negotiations that resulted in the
lease at issue in this case. Sramek Dec (ECF No. 34), Ex. A, pp. 8-10; Zahniser Dec., Ex. 2, p.
9, 73:1-23.
In May 10, 2013, Workshops sent Carson a draft lease, effective April 1, 2013, for a oneyear term that would expire March 31, 2014. Sramek Dec., Ex. B. The lease included a rental
rate of $4,750.43 per month. Sramek Dec., Ex. B, p. 3. The draft did not contain an option for
Carson to extend the lease beyond the one-year term, and on May 15, 2013, Carson requested
that two five-year options be included in the lease. Sramek Dec., Ex. C. In September 2013,
Workshops added one five-year option ("the Option") as "Exhibit C" to the draft lease, which
reads:
To Commercial Lease Between Workshops Portland Carson, LLC ("Landlord")
and Carson Oil Company, Inc. ("Tenant")
Option to Extend:
Provided that Tenant is not in default of the Lease, Tenant shall have one (1)
option to extend the Term of the lease for one (1) period of five (5) years (the
"Option Period") commencing at the end of the initial one (1) year term. All
terms and conditions of the original Lease shall remain unchanged with the
exception of rent.
Tenant may exercise this option by notifying Landlord of its intent in writing no
later than 90 days prior to the expiration of the initial one (1) year term. Within
thirty (30) days after Landlord receives Tenant's written notice of intent, Landlord
shall provide Tenant with the rental structure for the Option Period. If Landlord
and Tenant are unable to agree upon the rental structure by the 60'11 day after
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Landlord receives Tenant's written notice of intent, this option shall expire and
will then be deemed null and void.
Zahniser Deel., Ex. 4, p. 22.
On October 3, 2013, after reviewing the Option, Carson emailed Workshops and asked
how rent would be determined. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 11, p. 2. Workshops responded by email:
The landlord will submit to Carson its proposed rental structure after receiving
notice of intent to exercise. The structure will be based upon the Premises'
market value. Like we've said all along, the immediate renewal period of 12
months is at the previous rental rate inflated by 3%. The rental rate was not based
on any market study or current market rents. We will embark upon a
comprehensive and objective valuation of the property and premises so that if
Carson does exercise its option to extend, we will be able to present a rental
structure that accurately represents the true market value of the premises.
Zahniser Dec., Ex. 11, p. 1-2. Shortly after, Carson signed the lease. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 11, p. 1.
On December 16, 2013, Carson sent notice of its intent to exercise the Option. Sramek
Dec., Ex. E. On January 10, 2014, Workshops forwarded a proposed rent of $18,000 per month.
Sramek Dec., Ex. F, p. 2. On January 24, 2014, Carson responded with a proposal of $5,000 per
month. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 6. As negotiations continued, Workshops conferred with two outside
consultants to help determine fair market rent for the Premises.
The first consultant was
Petroleum Realty Advisors, who recommended Carson's rent start at $5,000 per month. Sramek
Dec., Ex. H, p. 18. The second consultant was Kidder Matthews, who recommended Carson's
rent start at approximately $4,125. Sramek Dec., Ex. I, p. l; Ex. K, p. 26:1-7.
On March 31, 2014, the last day of the lease term, Workshops' acting broker and agent
circulated a proposal that would have extended the lease on a month-to-month basis to facilitate
continuing negotiations.
Sramek Dec., Ex. J.
Workshops, however, did not agree to the
proposal. Sramek Dec., Ex. J, p. 2. As a result, the 2013 lease expired. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 4, p.
22.
Page 4 - OPINION AND ORDER
On April 4, 2014, Workshops informed Carson that it was in holdover status and would
continue to be until it vacated the Premises and completed its environmental obligations pursuant
to the 2013 lease. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 7. On April 15, 2014, Carson advised Workshops it was in
the process of complying with the termination provisions and, on April 18, would cease
operations and begin remediation. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 8. Carson completed remediation on
February 17, 2015. Zahniser Dec., Ex. 12.
Workshops filed this action on July 2, 2015, seeking damages totaling $300,825.74,
which includes costs of holdover rent, late fees and prorated taxes during the holdover period,
internal staff time, attorney fees, and remediation. Comp!.
ii 14.
Carson initially responded with
a counterclaim that Workshops violated the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
inherent in the 2013 lease. Answer to Comp!. (ECF No. 5)
ii 40.
Carson later amended its
answer to include a counterclaim for promissory estoppel. Am. Answer to Comp!.
ii
44--47.
Workshops now moves for partial summary judgment as to both counterclaims.
Legal Standard
A court should grant a motion for summary judgment "if the movant shows that there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party bears the burden of establishing that no issue of
fact exists and that the nonmovant cannot prove one or more essential elements of a claim or
defense. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). If the movant meets his burden,
the nonmovant must "go beyond the pleadings [] by her own affidavits . . . [to] designate
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). On summary judgment, the court is bound to view all facts in a light most favorable to
Page 5 - OPINION AND ORDER
the nonmovant and must draw all justifiable inferences in the nonmovant's favor. Narayan v.
EGI, Inc., 616 F.3d 895, 899 (9th Cir. 2010).
Analysis
I. Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing.
Workshops moves for partial summary judgment on the issue of whether it breached the
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing inherent in the 2013 lease. Workshops contends
the Option is not an enforceable contract upon which a duty can be imposed, the duty owed
under the 2013 lease was limited to offering the opportunity to negotiate an extension, and
Workshops was allowed unfettered discretion in proposing a rental rate. Carson argues that
Workshops was obligated to exercise this discretion consistent with the pmiies' objectively
reasonable expectations, and determining whether this obligation was met is a fact-specific
analysis not appropriate for summary judgment. The court agrees with Carson and denies
Workshops' motion.
A. Exhibit C.
The court first considers whether the Option is part of the 2013 lease.
Workshops
correctly recognizes that, standing alone, the Option is unenforceable because it does not provide
a certain and definite rate of rent. See Karamanos v. Hamm, 267 Or. 1, 5 (1973) ("[T]he rule that
the agreement must provide a rate of rent with a degree of certainty and definiteness or with
some means or mode for determination of the rent rate applies equally in a provision for an
extension of the lease as well as in an option for an extension of the lease."). Further, the 2013
lease did not specifically include the Option as part of the lease itself. See Zalmiser Dec., Ex. 4,
p. 13, Sec. 16.4.
Page 6 - OPINION AND ORDER
However, under Oregon law, "[ o]ne document need not expressly incorporate the other
by reference ifthe connection between them is unmistakable[.]" Mcinnis v. Lind, 198 Or. App.
139, 149 (2005).
"Oregon courts have identified three factors that, when present together,
demonstrate that multiple documents should be construed as a single contract: (1) the documents
are made by the same parties, Hays v. Hug, 243 Or. 175, 177 (1966); (2) the documents are
executed at or about the same time, id; and (3) the documents are part of the same transaction,
id; First Interstate Bank of Oregon, NA. v. Morris, 120 Or. App. 46, 48 (1993)." Arnett v. Bank
of America, NA., 874 F. Supp. 2d 1021, 1030 (D. Or. 2012). Here, the Option and 2013 lease
satisfy all three factors. Therefore, the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing applies
both to the 2013 lease and the Option.
B. Application to Exhibit C.
The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is a well-recognized part of Oregon
common law. Best v. US. Nat'/ Bank of Oregon, 303 Or. 557, 561 (1987). The duty requires
that parties to a contract not act in a way that destroys or injures the rights of the other, Perkins v.
Standard Oil Co., 235 Or. 7, 16 (1963), or that fiustrates or defeats the object of the contract.
Warnock v. Bonneville Gen. Agency, Inc., 271 Or. 634, 639 (1975). The contractual good faith
doctrine "emphasizes faithfulness to an agreed common purpose" and is designed to "effectuate
the reasonable contractual expectations of the parties." Best, 303 Or. at 562-63 (citations
omitted). But, "it is only the objectively reasonable expectations of parties that will be examined
in determining whether the obligation of good faith has been met." Tolbert v. First Nat'/ Bank of
Oregon, 312 Or. 485, 494 (1991) (footnote omitted). "The obligation of good faith does not vary
the substantive te1ms of the bargain . . . , nor does it provide a remedy for an unpleasantly
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motivated act that is expressly permitted by contract ... " US. Nat'! Bank of Oregon v. Boge,
311 Or. 550, 567 (1995).
In Arnett v. Bank of America, NA., the court reviewed the development of the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing under Oregon law in instances where the contract gives a
party discretion. See 874 F. Supp. 2d at 1033-35 (collecting cases). In Oregon cases where "a
contract expressly provides for a unilateral exercise of discretion, the duty of good faith canuot
circumscribe that discretion." Id. at 1034; see Pac. First Bank v. New Morgan Park Corp., 319
Or. 342, 354 (1994) (finding the "terms demonstrate that the parties agreed to reasonably expected -
that is,
a unilateral, umestricted exercise of discretion"); Uptown Heights Assoc.
Ltd. P'ship v. Seajirst Corp., 320 Or. 638, 647-48 (1995) ("the reasonable contractual
expectations of the parties are shown[] by the unambiguous terms of the contract").
Notwithstanding that general principle, "when a contract provides for discretion, but does not
provide for a method of exercising that discretion, the duty of good faith and fair dealing may
still apply." Arnett, 874 F. Supp. 2d at 1034; see Best, 303 Or. at 562-63.
In Best, a bank had the contractual discretion to set fees, but the contract contained no
method of setting the fee. Best, 303 Or. at 561-62. The court found that the good-faith doctrine
limited this contractual discretion.
Id. at 563.
Courts seek to "effectuate the reasonable
contractual expectations of the parties" through the good-faith doctrine. Id. (citations omitted).
"When one party to a contract is given discretion . . . the parties ordinarily contemplate that
discretion will be exercised for particular purposes."
Id.
Exercise of that discretion for a
purpose the parties did not contemplate is contrary to the good-faith doctrine. Id.
The court finds that, similar to Best, the Option here does not provide any method by
which Workshops could arrive at a proposed rental structure. Workshops equates this absence of
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method with unfettered discretion, but its interpretation conflicts with Best's rule and is not
supported by those cases where a contract expressly provides for unilateral discretion.
See
Uptown Heights, 320 Or. at 647 (distinguishing itself from Best "because in that summary
judgment case that bank had the discretion to fill in an open price term, and no method of setting
the ... fee was spelled out in the depositors' contracts ... [b ]y contrast, in this case, there was a
specific agreement"). Instead, as Best instructs, Workshops' rent structure should have been
consistent with Carson's reasonable expectations, and whether it did so is a question of fact. 303
Or. at 565-66. Here, evidence indicates that Workshops set a rental structure more than three
times the rent the parties historically agreed to and tlu·ee times greater than its hired consultants
had recommended throughout the negotiations. The facts further showed that Workshops never
moved from its initial $18,000 proposal and made no attempt to continue negotiations at the end
of the 60-day period, although its own broker proposed to do so. Viewing this evidence in a light
most favorable to Carson, it can be reasonably inferred that Workshops' actions were
inconsistent with the reasonable expectations of both parties. Therefore, summary judgment is
inappropriate and Workshops' motion is denied.
II. Promissory Estoppel.
Workshops also moves for partial summary judgment on the issue of whether its October
2013 email, in which it explained how it would calculate a proposed rental structure, can
constitute promissory estoppel. Workshops argues it did not breach any promise to Carson,
Carson cannot have reasonably and foreseeably relied on Workshop's indefinite promise to value
its property in any specific manner, and that Carson did not materially change its position.
Carson argues that a jury could conclude all elements of promissory estoppel are met. The court
agrees with Workshops and grants its motion.
Page 9 - OPINION AND ORDER
"[P]romissory estoppel is not a 'cause of action' in itself, but is a subset of and a theory
of recovery in breach of contract actions." Neiss v. Ehlers, 135 Or. App. 218, 227-28 (1995)
(citations omitted). The elements of a claim for promissory estoppel are: "(1) a promise (2)
which the promisor, as a reasonable person, could foresee would induce conduct of the kind
which occurred, (3) actual reliance on the promise, (4) resulting in a substantial change in
position." Id. at 223 (quoting Bixler v. First National Bank, 49 Or. App. 195, 199-200 (1980)).
As a threshold matter, Workshops argues that the October 2013 email cannot be
considered for a promissory estoppel claim under the parol evidence rule. Under Oregon law,
"[a] completely integrated writing may not be contradicted or supplemented by prior tenns ...
[s]tated more specifically . . . parol evidence of prior agreements within the scope of the
complete integration is inadmissible, whether or not that evidence is consistent with the complete
integration." Abercrombie v. Hayden Corp., 320 Or. 279, 288 (1994) (citation omitted). Here,
the 2013 lease contains an express integration clause stating there are "no oral or other
agreements, including, but not limited to, any representations or wmTanties, that modify or affect
this Lease ... [and the] Lease embodies the entire agreement between the patties and supersedes
all prior agreements and understandings, if any, relating to the Premises." Zahniser Dec., Ex. 3,
p. 15.
The comi concludes that the para! evidence rule bars consideration of the October 2013
email.
The authorities Workshops cites are not binding on this court, and indeed, there is
relatively little guidance on the issue. See George Hammersmith, Inc. v. Taco Bell Corp., 942
F.2d 791, No. 90-35460, 1991 WL 159466, at *6 (9th Cir. 1991) (unpublished) (holding parol
evidence rule batTed promissory estoppel claim); Chang v. Kamehameha Sch/Bernice Pauahi
Bishop Estate, 81 Fed. Appx. 685, 688, No. 02-15568, 2003 WL 22805168 (9th Cir. 2003)
Page 10- OPINION AND ORDER
(unpublished) (same); Slemp v. Transamerica Ins. Co., CIV. No. 87-1354-FR, 1989 WL 35871,
at *5 (D. Or. Apr. 12, 1989) (same). Slemp, however, is analogous to this present case and is
persuasive.
In Slemp, a corporation entered into a general agency agreement with an insurance
company, and the agreement provided it "shall terminate ... upon either paiiy giving not less
than 90 days written notice to the other." 1989 WL 35871, at *l. The insurance company
notified the corporation of termination, and the corporation sued alleging the termination was
wrongful and in bad faith. Id The corporation brought a claim for promissory estoppel, alleging
that prior to entering the agreement, the insurance company represented that it would not enforce
the termination provision if the corporation carried out the agreement in a reasonable and diligent
malUler. Id at *4. In granting summai·y judgment for the insurance company and concluding the
corporation could not bring a claim of promissory estoppel based upon parol evidence, the court
provided the following reasoning:
The doctrine of promissory estoppel was adopted because the requisites of a
contract between the parties did not exist. After all, there would be no need for
the doctrine if an action for breach or specific performance of a contact could be
brought. The rationale for the doctrine simply disappears when the paiiies finally
enter into a contract. If the doctrine can be applied as an alternative to a breach of
contract action which is barred by the parol evidence rule, then the parol evidence
rule would be nugatory . . . the purpose of the rule is to bind the parties to the
agreement that they executed in writing.
Id. at *5 (quoting Durkee v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 676 F. Supp. 189, 191-92 (D. Wis.
1987)).
In lieu of precedent on the matter, the court concludes the same rationale should apply
here. As in Slemp, the parties have a fully integrated written agreement. Id at * 1. The prior
representations in Slemp contradicted the written agreement in that case, similar to the email
Carson relies on here. Id at *5. The parol evidence rule would bar a breach of contract action
Page 11 - OPINION AND ORDER
based on the extrinsic evidence Carson relies on for the basis of its promissory estoppel claim.
Id. at *4-5.
Promissoty estoppel does not allow Carson to evade the parol evidence rule.
Therefore, summary judgment is appropriate and Workshops' motion is granted.
Conclusion
Workshops' motion for partial summary judgment (# 30) on Carson's counterclaim of
breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is denied. Workshops' motion for
partial summary judgment(# 35) on Carson's counterclaim of promissory estoppel is granted.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED this 24th day of March, 2017.
John V. Acosta
U.S. Magistrate Judge
Page 12- OPINION AND ORDER
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