Freeman et al v. Smith et al
Filing
157
Opinion and Order - The Court DENIES Plaintiffs' Alternative Motion to Certify Question to the Oregon Supreme Court. (ECF 148 ). The Court agrees with Judge Beckerman's reasoning and ADOPTS the Findings and Recommendation (ECF 144 ), as s upplemented here. The Court DENIES Defendants' Motion for Leave to File Amended Answer and Affirmative Defenses (ECF 113 ), GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF 111 ), GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Plaintiffs' Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment (ECF 107 and ECF 120 ), and DENIES Defendants' Motion to Amend Class Definition (ECF 130 ). Signed on 9/23/2021 by Judge Michael H. Simon. (mja)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON
CAROL FERGUSON and LYNDA
FREEMAN, on behalf of themselves and
others similarly situated,
Case No. 3:18-cv-372-SB
OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiffs,
v.
MARIA SMITH, an individual;
GLADSTONE AUTO, LLC, an Oregon
limited liability company; and CARROS
INC., an Oregon corporation,
Defendants.
Jon M. Egan, JON M. EGAN, P.C., 547 Fifth Street, Lake Oswego, OR 97034. Of Attorney for
Plaintiffs.
Douglas S. Parker and Bryce W. Hanks, LITTLER MEDELSON, P.C., 1300 SW Fifth Avenue,
Wells Fargo Tower, Suite 2050, Portland, OR 97201; Robert J. Bekken, BEKKEN LAW GROUP,
668 N. Coast Hwy, Suite 514, Laguna Beach, CA 92651. Of Attorneys for Defendants.
Michael H. Simon, District Judge.
United States Magistrate Judge Stacie F. Beckerman issued Findings and
Recommendation in this case on May 21, 2021. Judge Beckerman recommends that the Court
deny Defendants’ Motion for Leave to File Amended Answer and Affirmative Defenses, grant in
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part and deny in part Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, grant in part and deny in part
Plaintiffs’ Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment, and deny Defendants’ Motion to Amend Class
Definition. After Judge Beckerman issued her Findings and Recommendation, Plaintiffs filed an
Alternative Motion to Certify Question to Oregon Supreme Court. Judge Beckerman referred
resolution of that motion to the Court. For the following reasons, the Court adopts Judge
Beckerman’s Findings and Recommendation and denies Plaintiffs’ motion to certify a question
to the Oregon Supreme Court.
STANDARDS
A. Certified Question to the Oregon Supreme Court
The Oregon Supreme Court may answer a certified question of law from a United States
District Court if the question “may be determinative of the cause pending in the certifying court
and as to which it appears to the certifying court there is no controlling precedent in the decisions
of the Supreme Court and the intermediate appellate courts of this state.” Or. Rev. Stat. (ORS)
§ 28.200. The Oregon Supreme Court requires that each certified question meet the following
criteria:
(1) The certification must come from a designated court; (2) the
question must be one of law; (3) the applicable law must be
Oregon law; (4) the question must be one that “may be
determinative of the cause;” and (5) it must appear to the certifying
court that there is no controlling precedent in the decisions of this
court or the Oregon Court of Appeals.
W. Helicopter Servs., Inc. v. Rogerson Aircraft Corp., 311 Or. 361, 364 (1991) (quoting ORS
§ 28.200). Even if the question meets these five criteria, the decision to certify a question to a
state supreme court “rests in the ‘sound discretion’ of the district court.” Freyd v. Univ. of
Oregon, 990 F.3d 1211, 1223 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting In re Complaint of McLinn, 744
F.2d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 1984)). When a district court faces an unclear question of state law,
PAGE 2 – OPINION AND ORDER
“resort to the certification process is not obligatory.” Riordan v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.
Co., 589 F.3d 999, 1009 (9th Cir. 2009). Federal courts “regularly decide issues of state law
without certifying questions to the state’s highest court.” U.S. Bank, N.A., Tr. for Banc of Am.
Funding Corp. Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2005-F v. White Horse Estates
Homeowners Ass’n, 987 F.3d 858, 867 (9th Cir. 2021).
B. Review of Findings and Recommendation
Under the Federal Magistrates Act (Act), the Court may “accept, reject, or modify, in
whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(b)(1). If a party files an objection to a magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations,
“the court shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified
proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.” Id.; Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3).
For those portions of a magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations to which neither
party has objected, the Act does not prescribe any standard of review. See Thomas v. Arn, 474
U.S. 140, 152 (1985) (“There is no indication that Congress, in enacting [the Act], intended to
require a district judge to review a magistrate’s report to which no objections are filed.”); United
States. v. Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1121 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (holding that the court
must review de novo magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations if objection is made, “but
not otherwise”). Although in the absence of objections no review is required, the Act “does not
preclude further review by the district judge[] sua sponte . . . under a de novo or any other
standard.” Thomas, 474 U.S. at 154. Indeed, the Advisory Committee Notes to Fed. R. Civ.
P. 72(b) recommend that “[w]hen no timely objection is filed,” the Court review the magistrate
judge’s recommendations for “clear error on the face of the record.”
PAGE 3 – OPINION AND ORDER
DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs bring federal and state minimum wage law claims for Defendants’ occasional
one-business-day delay in issuing paychecks when their regular payday fell on a weekend or near
a holiday. Plaintiffs do not allege that Defendants paid them at a rate below minimum wage.
Rather, Plaintiffs allege that by issuing paychecks one business day after their regular payday,
Defendants failed to pay Plaintiffs a minimum wage on payday and therefore violated federal
and state minimum wage law. The Ninth Circuit has implied a timeliness requirement in the
section of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) that sets the minimum wage rate, 29 U.S.C.
§ 206. Biggs v. Wilson, 1 F.3d 1537, 1538 (9th Cir. 1993). Oregon courts, however, have not
addressed whether Oregon’s minimum wage statute also includes an implicit time-of-payment
requirement.
Oregon’s wage and hour statutes provide obligations on employers, penalties for failure
to meet those requirements, and other remedies for aggrieved employees. Relevant here are ORS
§§ 652.120, 653.025, and 653.055. Under ORS § 653.025, “no employer shall employ or agree
to employ any employee at wages computed at a rate lower than” the minimum wage rates. If an
employer does pay an employee below the minimum wage rate, then the employee can recover
civil penalties under ORS § 653.055. Also, ORS § 652.120 sets requirements for when an
employer must pay its employees.
Plaintiffs object to the portion of Judge Beckerman’s Findings and Recommendation that
concludes that there is no implied time-of-payment requirement in ORS § 653.055. In the
alternative, Plaintiffs move to certify that question to the Oregon Supreme Court. Defendants
object to the portion of the Findings and Recommendation that concludes that there are issues of
fact that preclude dismissal of Plaintiffs’ federal claims at summary judgment.
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A. Certified Question to the Oregon Supreme Court
Plaintiffs ask the Court to certify the following question to the Oregon Supreme Court:
Does an employer who pays an employee nothing on the
employee’s regular payday, but later pays the full minimum wage
prior to the employee’s termination, “pay” that employee less than
the wages to which the employee is entitled under ORS 653.025
(as the term “pay” is used in ORS 653.055(1)), thus entitling the
employee to penalty wages under ORS 653.055(1)(b) and
ORS 652.150?
As an initial matter, the Court disagrees that this question accurately reflects Plaintiffs’ claims.
Plaintiffs assert that Defendants occasionally paid Plaintiffs late by one business day when the
purported regular payday fell on a weekend or near a holiday. Plaintiffs’ proposed question,
however, suggests that Defendants withheld payment well after Plaintiffs’ regular payday but
before termination of employment. A more appropriate question might be whether an employer
violates ORS § 653.025 by paying its employees above-minimum wage one business day after
the regular payday when the regular payday falls on a weekend or near a holiday and is thus
obligated also to pay penalty wages under ORS 653.055(1)(6). Another formulation might be
whether ORS § 653.025 includes an implied time-of-payment requirement. Regardless of the
specific contours of a proposed certified question, the Court rejects Plaintiffs’ argument that the
Court should certify a question to the Oregon Supreme Court.
Oregon appellate courts have not yet directly answered whether the Oregon minimum
wage law encompasses an implied penalty when wages above minimum wage are paid after the
regular payday. For two reasons, the Court concludes that Oregon courts would reject this
theory.
First, the specific payday timing requirements in Oregon’s wage and hour statutory
framework obviates the need for an additional, implied time-of-payment requirement in the
section providing penalties for failure to pay the minimum wage rate. In Biggs, the Ninth Circuit
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implied a time-of-payment requirement in the minimum wage rate section of the FLSA only after
concluding that no other section imposed any requirement for the timing of payment and that to
calculate liquidated damages and the statute of limitations, minimum wages must at some point
become “unpaid.” 1 F.3d at 1539-40. In other words, considering the FLSA as a whole, the Ninth
Circuit concluded that Congress must have intended to make wages “due at some point.” Id.
at 1539. Without explicit statutory text, the Ninth Circuit reasoned, the most “logical point” that
wages are due is payday. Id. at 1540.
Unlike the FLSA, Oregon’s minimum wage laws include explicit time-of-payment
requirements. Under ORS § 652.120, employers must pay their employees no later than 35 days
after each pay period and within three days after receiving notice that an employee did not
receive at least five percent of his or her wages on payday, provided that the employer does not
dispute the amount. ORS § 652.120(2), (5). If the employer fails to meet these requirements,
ORS Chapter 652 provides avenues for an employee to seek recourse, including a private right of
action. See, e.g., ORS § 652.125 (authorizing the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and
Industries (BOLI) to require an employer to post bond to secure future payment of wages if an
employer has failed to pay wages within five days after a payday); Arken v. City of Portland, 351
Or. 113, 145, adh’d to on recons. sub nom. Robinson v. Pub. Emps. Retirement Bd., 351 Or. 404
(2011) (“The essence of a wage claim [under ORS 652.120(1)] is an assertion that one has not
received payment from one’s employer of wages due and owing.” (quotation marks omitted));
Loucks v. Beaver Valley’s Back Yard Garden Prod., 274 Or. App. 732, 736 (2015) (stating that a
“person may bring a wage claim under ORS 652.120(1) to collect the unpaid wages”).
Plaintiffs argue that because the time-of-payment requirements arise in ORS Chapter 652
and the minimum wage rates arise in ORS Chapter 653, the two statutes cannot be read together.
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That distinction is without a difference. The two chapters refer to one another and in tandem
establish requirements for an employee’s wages and hours. See, e.g., ORS § 653.055(1)(b)
(referring to ORS § 652.150). Considering the time-of-payment requirements and available
remedies already included in Oregon’s wage and hour statutes, it is unlikely that the Oregon
Supreme Court would find a need to imply an additional time-of-payment requirement in
ORS § 653.055.
Second, guidance from the Oregon Supreme Court confirms this analysis. In North
Marion School District No. 15 v. Acstar Insurance Co., the Oregon Supreme Court declined to
imply a time-of-payment requirement in Oregon’s prevailing wage rate statute, ORS § 279.350
(now renumbered as ORS § 279C.840).1 343 Or. 305, 325 (2007). The Oregon Supreme Court’s
treatment of the petitioners’ arguments in North Marion is informative, as Plaintiffs here take a
nearly identical position with respect to Oregon’s minimum wage laws, ORS §§ 653.025
and 653.055. Petitioners in North Marion argued that respondents owed liquidated damages
under Oregon’s prevailing wage rate statutes by issuing late payment after termination but at an
amount that satisfied the prevailing wage rate. Id. at 318. The Oregon Supreme Court rejected
that argument. Id. at 325. The court explained that the statute setting the prevailing wage rate
only addresses the amount of wages owed and not when the contractor must make those
payments. Id. at 319-20. The Oregon Supreme Court further explained that ORS § 652.120
addresses a contractor’s (and employer’s) obligation to timely pay its workers. Id. The court also
noted that the ORS Chapter 652 remedies available to employees at the discretion of BOLI
reveal the Oregon Legislature’s intention to allow employers some leeway in adhering to regular
1
The Oregon Legislature has since added a requirement that contractors pay prevailing
wages according to the timing requirements stated in ORS § 652.120. See ORS § 279C.840(1).
PAGE 7 – OPINION AND ORDER
paydays. Id. at 324 (“As the statutory scheme stands, the regular payday obligation is not
unbending. If, for example, a computer glitch, a fire, an earthquake, a repeat of the 1996 flooding
disasters through the Willamette Valley, or other equally sympathetic circumstance causes the
employer to issue paychecks after the regular paydate, no penalty or other harsh economic
consequence would follow.”). The Oregon Supreme Court concluded that implying an additional
time-of-payment requirement directly in the prevailing wage rate statute “would nullify the
latitude that the legislature built into the statutory scheme.” Id. Here, this Court does not see a
meaningful difference between the prevailing rate statute and the minimum wage statute that
would counsel a different result in this case.
Further, the Oregon Supreme Court provided additional guidance on the specific issue
raised by Plaintiffs: whether Oregon’s minimum wage statute includes an implied time-ofpayment requirement similar to the FLSA. The majority opinion in North Marion provided this
guidance in dicta, which Court may consider. See Homedics, Inc. v. Valley Forge Ins. Co., 315
F.3d 1135, 1141 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[W]e are generally bound by the dicta of state courts.”);
Henkin v. Northrop Corp., 921 F.2d 864, 867 (9th Cir. 1990) (“When a decision turns upon
applicable state law, and the state’s highest court has not adjudicated the issue, this Court must
determine what decision the highest state court would reach if faced with the issue. . . . Dicta
from the highest court in the state, while not controlling, is relevant to this inquiry.”). The dissent
in North Marion argued that the court should read an implied time-of-payment requirement into
Oregon’s prevailing wage rate statute just as the Ninth Circuit did with the FLSA in Biggs. North
Marion, 343 Or. at 335-37 (Walters, J., dissenting). In rejecting that argument, the majority in
North Marion distinguished between the FLSA’s silence on the timing of paydays and ORS
Chapter 652. Id. at 324-25 (“Federal courts have implied a time-of-payment obligation under
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FLSA because Congress left that gap for them to fill. . . . The same is not true of our statutory
scheme. . . . This court has no license to imply different or further rights and liabilities where the
legislature has fashioned them expressly.”). Thus, if faced with whether ORS § 653.055 includes
an implied time-of-payment requirement that is separate and distinct from the payday timing
requirements and remedies already laid out in ORS Chapter 652, North Marion suggests that the
Oregon Supreme Court would not find such a requirement.
Considering the statutory text and related guidance from the Oregon Supreme Court, the
Court declines to exercise its discretion to certify Plaintiffs’ question. See White v. Celotex
Corp., 907 F.2d 104, 106 (9th Cir. 1990) (finding that it was “highly unlikely” that the state
supreme court would adopt the proposed legal theory and concluding that “[t]he question is not
close and so the district court did not err in exercising its discretion to deny certification”); see
also Wright & Miller, § 4248 (“Where certification is available, it is not a device to be used
indiscriminately.”).
B. Findings and Recommendation
1. Defendants’ Objections
Defendants argue that the Findings and Recommendation erroneously considers
Defendants’ early payments in finding a genuine issue of fact and fails to address the effect of
Defendants’ updated employee handbook. To determine whether Defendants violated the FLSA
by paying its employees one business day after their regular payday, however, the factfinder
must first determine Plaintiffs’ regular payday under Defendants’ policy. See Biggs, 1 F.3d
at 1538 (holding that employers violate the FLSA if they fail to pay employees on their “regular
payday”). In particular, the factfinder must determine Defendants’ payday policy when the
regular payday falls on a weekend or holiday. See Allison v. Dolich, 148 F. Supp. 3d 1142, 1156
PAGE 9 – OPINION AND ORDER
(concluding that the employer did not violate the FLSA by paying employees one business day
late when “a holiday delayed the checks by a day under Defendants[’] pay period policy”).
Judge Beckerman correctly explains that the following evidence reveals a genuine
dispute of material fact about Defendants’ policy: conflicting testimony about Defendants’
advance notice of delayed paydays; Defendants’ employee handbook; and Defendants’ varying
holiday and weekend payday practices. Judge Beckerman considered Defendants’ early payment
practices not to determine whether those early payments violate the FLSA but to determine
whether there is a dispute of fact about Defendants’ actual payday policy. The Court agrees that
there is a genuine dispute of material fact.
Defendants also argue that their 2017 updated employee handbook resolves any
ambiguity about their payday policy and because they did not violate that policy, the Court
should dismiss Plaintiffs’ post-2017 FLSA claims. Although Defendants’ 2017 employee
handbook does update the regular payday to the 5th and 20th days of each month, it still does not
clearly establish Defendants’ holiday and weekend payday policy. The updated handbook states
that when the 5th or 20th falls on a weekend or holiday, paychecks will “normally” issue the next
business day. Inclusion of the word “normally” leaves open the possibility that Defendants may
choose not to issue paychecks the following business day but for example, choose to issue
paychecks the following week. Even under the updated employee handbook, an issue of fact
remains about what exactly Defendants’ payday policy was when the 5th or 20th day of the
month fell on a weekend or near a holiday.
2. Plaintiffs’ Objections
Plaintiffs argue that the Findings and Recommendation misinterprets Oregon’s minimum
wage laws in declining to imply a time-of-payment requirement in ORS § 653.055. Specifically,
Plaintiffs argue that the payday requirements in ORS § 652.120 only set out the general rules for
PAGE 10 – OPINION AND ORDER
an employer’s schedule of paydays and that ORS § 653.055 allows for an additional penalty for
late payment. Plaintiffs ask the Court to infer a time-of-payment requirement in ORS § 653.055
as did the Ninth Circuit in Biggs in the FLSA.
As explained above, the text of the relevant Oregon statutes and guidance from the
Oregon Supreme Court counsel against such a result. Judge Beckerman correctly notes that
unlike the FLSA, ORS § 652.120 specifically addresses the timeliness of an employer’s paydays.
Thus, there is therefore no “gap to fill” in Oregon’s wage and hour laws. See North Marion, 305
Or. at 325 (comparing the FLSA with Oregon’s wage and hour laws). Judge Beckerman
correctly considered Oregon’s wage and hour statutory scheme in declining to imply a time-ofpayment requirement under ORS § 653.055.
CONCLUSION
The Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ Alternative Motion to Certify Question to the Oregon
Supreme Court. (ECF 148). The Court agrees with Judge Beckerman’s reasoning and ADOPTS
the Findings and Recommendation (ECF 144), as supplemented here. The Court DENIES
Defendants’ Motion for Leave to File Amended Answer and Affirmative Defenses (ECF 113),
GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment
(ECF 111), GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Plaintiffs’ Cross-Motions for Summary
Judgment (ECF 107 and ECF 120), and DENIES Defendants’ Motion to Amend Class Definition
(ECF 130).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED this 23rd day of September, 2021.
/s/ Michael H. Simon
Michael H. Simon
United States District Judge
PAGE 11 – OPINION AND ORDER
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