Holt v. Commissioner Social Security Administration

Filing 18

Opinion and Order - The Commissioner's decision that Plaintiff was not disabled is AFFIRMED. Signed on 7/29/2022 by Judge Michael H. Simon. (mja)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON

MAX H.1,

Case No. 6:21-cv-611
Plaintiff,

OPINION AND ORDER

v.
KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting
Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant.
Ari D. Halpern, HALPERN LAW GROUP PC, 62910 OB Riley Rd, Suite 100, Bend, OR 97703.
Of Attorneys for Plaintiff.
Natalie K. Wight, United States Attorney, and Renata Gowie, Civil Division Chief, UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, 1000 SW Third Avenue, Suite 600, Portland, OR 97204; and
Kelly Arefi, Special Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL, SOCIAL
SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2900 M/S 221A, Seattle, WA 98104.
Of Attorneys for Defendant.
Michael H. Simon, District Judge.
Plaintiff Max H. seeks judicial review of the final decision of the Commissioner of the
Social Security Administration (Commissioner) denying his application for Supplemental

1

In the interest of privacy, this Opinion and Order uses only the first name and the initial
of the last name of the non-governmental party in this case. When applicable, this Opinion and
Order also uses the same designation for a non-governmental party’s immediate family member.

PAGE 1 – OPINION AND ORDER

Security Income (SSI) under the Social Security Act (Act). For the reasons below, the Court
affirms the decision of the administrative law judge (ALJ).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The district court must affirm the Commissioner’s decision if it is based on the proper
legal standards and the findings are supported by substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see
also Hammock v. Bowen, 879 F.2d 498, 501 (9th Cir. 1989). “Substantial evidence” means
“more than a mere scintilla but less than a preponderance.” Bray v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.
Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1222 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039
(9th Cir. 1995)). It means “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate
to support a conclusion.” Id. (quoting Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039).
When the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, the Court must
uphold the Commissioner’s conclusion. Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005).
Variable interpretations of the evidence are insignificant if the Commissioner’s interpretation is a
rational reading of the record, and this Court may not substitute its judgment for that of the
Commissioner. See Batson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1193, 1196 (9th
Cir. 2004). “[A] reviewing court must consider the entire record as a whole and may not affirm
simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.” Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625,
630 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006)
(quotation marks omitted)). A reviewing court, however, may not affirm the Commissioner on a
ground upon which the Commissioner did not rely. Id.; see also Bray, 554 F.3d at 1226.
BACKGROUND
A. Plaintiff’s Application
Plaintiff applied for SSI on August 7, 2018, alleging disability beginning on
November 15, 2012. AR 85, 316. The agency denied his claim both initially and upon
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reconsideration, and Plaintiff requested a hearing. AR 115, 130, 137. At the hearing, Plaintiff
amended his alleged onset date to August 7, 2018. AR 40. Plaintiff’s date of birth is May 28,
1994, and he was 24 years old as of the alleged disability onset date. AR 86. Plaintiff appeared
for a hearing before an ALJ in August 2020. AR 34. The ALJ issued a decision denying
Plaintiff’s claim for benefits. AR 13-26. Plaintiff requested review of the ALJ’s decision, which
the Appeals Council denied. AR 1. Accordingly, the ALJ’s decision is the final decision of the
agency and Plaintiff seeks judicial review of that decision
B. The Sequential Analysis
A claimant is disabled if he or she is unable to “engage in any substantial gainful activity
by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which . . . has lasted or
can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 423(d)(1)(A). “Social Security Regulations set out a five-step sequential process for
determining whether an applicant is disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act.”
Keyser v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 648 F.3d 721, 724 (9th Cir. 2011); see also 20 C.F.R.
§ 416.920; Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140 (1987). Each step is potentially dispositive. 20
C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4). The five-step sequential process asks the following series of questions:
1.

Is the claimant performing “substantial gainful activity?” 20 C.F.R.
§ 416.920(a)(4)(i). This activity is work involving significant mental or
physical duties done or intended to be done for pay or profit. Id.
§ 416.910. If the claimant is performing such work, she is not disabled
within the meaning of the Act. Id. § 416.920(a)(4)(i). If the claimant is not
performing substantial gainful activity, the analysis proceeds to step two.

2.

Is the claimant’s impairment “severe” under the Commissioner’s
regulations? Id. § 416.920(a)(4)(ii). An impairment or combination of
impairments is “severe” if it significantly limits the claimant’s physical or
mental ability to do basic work activities. Id. § 416.921(a). Unless
expected to result in death, this impairment must have lasted or be
expected to last for a continuous period of at least 12 months. Id.
§ 416.909. If the claimant does not have a severe impairment, the analysis

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ends. Id. § 416.920(a)(4)(ii). If the claimant has a severe impairment, the
analysis proceeds to step three.
3.

Does the claimant’s severe impairment “meet or equal” one or more of the
impairments listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1? If so,
then the claimant is disabled. Id. § 416.920(a)(4)(iii). If the impairment
does not meet or equal one or more of the listed impairments, the analysis
continues. At that point, the ALJ must evaluate medical and other relevant
evidence to assess and determine the claimant’s “residual functional
capacity” (RFC). This is an assessment of work-related activities that the
claimant may still perform on a regular and continuing basis, despite any
limitations imposed by his or her impairments. Id. §§ 416.920(e),
416.945(b)-(c). After the ALJ determines the claimant’s RFC, the analysis
proceeds to step four.

4.

Can the claimant perform his or her “past relevant work” with this RFC
assessment? If so, then the claimant is not disabled. Id.
§ 416.920(a)(4)(iv). If the claimant cannot perform his or her past relevant
work, the analysis proceeds to step five.

5.

Considering the claimant’s RFC and age, education, and work experience,
is the claimant able to make an adjustment to other work that exists in
significant numbers in the national economy? If so, then the claimant is
not disabled. Id. §§ 416.920(a)(4)(v), 416.960(c). If the claimant cannot
perform such work, he or she is disabled. Id.

See also Bustamante v. Massanari, 262 F.3d 949, 954 (9th Cir. 2001).
The claimant bears the burden of proof at steps one through four. Id. at 953; see also
Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999); Yuckert, 482 U.S. at 140-41. The
Commissioner bears the burden of proof at step five. Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1100. At step five, the
Commissioner must show that the claimant can perform other work that exists in significant
numbers in the national economy, “taking into consideration the claimant’s residual functional
capacity, age, education, and work experience.” Id.; see also 20 C.F.R. § 416.966 (describing
“work which exists in the national economy”). If the Commissioner fails to meet this burden, the
claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(v). If, however, the Commissioner proves that

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the claimant can perform other work existing in significant numbers in the national economy, the
claimant is not disabled. Bustamante, 262 F.3d at 953-54; Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1099.
C. The ALJ’s Decision
The ALJ conducted the sequential analysis as noted above. At step one, the ALJ found
that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since August 7, 2018. AR 15. At step
two, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff suffered medically determinable severe impairments of
inflammatory arthritis, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and gender
dysphoria. Id. At step three, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff does not have an impairment that
meets or medically equals one of the listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P,
Appendix 1. AR 16.
The ALJ next determined Plaintiff’s RFC and found that Plaintiff could perform:
light work as defined in 20 CFR 416.967(b) except the claimant
can occasionally climb ramps and stairs, but not climb ladders,
ropes, or scaffolds. He can frequently balance, kneel, and crouch.
He can occasionally stoop and bend. He cannot crawl. He can
frequently handle and finger bilaterally. He should have no
exposure to vibrations or to hazards, such as dangerous machinery
and unprotected heights. He can perform simple, routine tasks with
a DOT GED Reasoning Level of 2, or less. He can have occasional
interaction with coworkers and supervisors, but should no[t]
interact with the public. He should have a static work environment
with few changes in routines or settings.
AR 17. At step four, the ALJ concluded Plaintiff was unable to perform past relevant work.
AR 24. At step five, the ALJ found that, considering Plaintiff’s age, education, work experience,
and RFC, Plaintiff could perform jobs that exist in significant numbers in the national economy.
AR 25. The ALJ thus concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled. AR 26.

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DISCUSSION
Plaintiff argues the ALJ erred by discounting Plaintiff’s symptom testimony, discounting
the medical opinions of Kimberly Richards and Amy Hoag, and discounting the lay witness
testimony of Plaintiff’s spouse. The Court addresses each argument in turn.
A. Plaintiff’s Symptom Testimony
A claimant “may make statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of
his or her symptoms.” SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *6 (Oct. 25 2017). There is a two-step
process for evaluating a claimant’s testimony about the severity and limiting effect of the
claimant’s symptoms. Vasquez v. Astrue, 572 F.3d 586, 591 (9th Cir. 2009). “First, the ALJ must
determine whether the claimant has presented objective medical evidence of an underlying
impairment ‘which could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms
alleged.’” Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1036 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Bunnell v.
Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 344 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc)). When doing so, “the claimant need not
show that her impairment could reasonably be expected to cause the severity of the symptom she
has alleged; she need only show that it could reasonably have caused some degree of the
symptom.” Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1282 (9th Cir. 1996).
“Second, if the claimant meets this first test, and there is no evidence of malingering, ‘the
ALJ can reject the claimant’s testimony about the severity of her symptoms only by offering
specific, clear and convincing reasons for doing so.’” Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1036 (quoting
Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1281). It is “not sufficient for the ALJ to make only general findings; he must
state which pain testimony is not credible and what evidence suggests the complaints are not
credible.” Dodrill v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 918 (9th Cir. 1993). Those reasons must be
“sufficiently specific to permit the reviewing court to conclude that the ALJ did not arbitrarily

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discredit the claimant’s testimony.” Orteza v. Shalala, 50 F.3d 748, 750 (9th Cir. 1995) (citing
Bunnell, 947 F.2d at 345-46).
Consideration of subjective symptom testimony “is not an examination of an individual’s
character,” and requires the ALJ to consider all of the evidence in an individual’s record when
evaluating the intensity and persistence of symptoms. SSR 16-3p, available at 2016
WL 1119029, at *1-2. The Commissioner recommends that the ALJ examine “the entire case
record, including the objective medical evidence; an individual’s statements about the intensity,
persistence, and limiting effects of symptoms; statements and other information provided by
medical sources and other persons; and any other relevant evidence in the individual’s case
record.” Id. at *4. The Commissioner further recommends assessing: (1) the claimant’s
statements made to the Commissioner, medical providers, and others regarding the claimant’s
location, frequency and duration of symptoms, the impact of the symptoms on daily living
activities, factors that precipitate and aggravate symptoms, medications and treatments used, and
other methods used to alleviate symptoms; (2) medical source opinions, statements, and medical
reports regarding the claimant’s history, treatment, responses to treatment, prior work record,
efforts to work, daily activities, and other information concerning the intensity, persistence, and
limiting effects of an individual’s symptoms; and (3) non-medical source statements, considering
how consistent those statements are with the claimant’s statements about his or her symptoms
and other evidence in the file. See id. at *6-7.
The ALJ’s decision relating to a claimant’s subjective testimony may be upheld overall
even if not all the ALJ’s reasons for discounting the claimant’s testimony are upheld. See
Batson, 359 F.3d at 1197. The ALJ may not, however, discount testimony “solely because” the

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claimant’s symptom testimony “is not substantiated affirmatively by objective medical
evidence.” Robbins, 466 F.3d at 883.
The ALJ discounted Plaintiff’s symptom testimony due to the improvement of his
physical and mental impairments with treatment. See AR 18-22. The ALJ also stated that
Plaintiff’s mental health treatment was routine and conservative. AR 22. The Court does not find
that Plaintiff’s mental health treatment was routine or conservative, considering that Plaintiff
sought out regular therapy for his mental impairments, at times more than once a week,
throughout the period of alleged disability. Thus, to the extent the ALJ discounted Plaintiff’s
testimony about his mental health symptoms due to routine and conservative treatment, the Court
finds that reason is not supported by the record. Additionally, Plaintiff contends that the ALJ also
discounted Plaintiff’s testimony due to his daily living activities. The ALJ, however, only
addressed Plaintiff’s daily living activities at step three to determine whether Plaintiff’s
impairments meet or equal a listing. See AR 16-17. Thus, the Court below addresses whether
substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s conclusion that Plaintiff’s impairments improved with
treatment.
1. Improvement with Treatment – Physical Symptoms
A claimant’s improvement with treatment “an important indicator of the intensity and
persistence of . . . symptoms.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.929(c)(3). For example, “[i]mpairments that can
be controlled effectively with medication are not disabling for the purpose of determining
eligibility for SSI benefits.” Warre v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 439 F.3d 1001, 1006 (9th
Cir. 2006). Symptom improvement, however, must be weighed within the context of an “overall
diagnostic picture.” Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1205 (9th Cir. 2001); see also Lester
v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 833 (9th Cir. 1995) (“Occasional symptom-free periods . . . are not
inconsistent with disability.”).
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Plaintiff testified that due to arthritis, he cannot lift more than ten pounds, that his hands
most days are inflamed and swollen, and that he feels an electrical surge and drops things almost
every time he tries to lift anything. AR 63. The ALJ discounted Plaintiff’s testimony related to
these physical symptoms because his treatment records show significant improvement.
Substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding.
In July 2018, two weeks before the amended alleged onset date, Plaintiff reported to
Dr. Rebecca Callis that while taking Methotrexate, his joint pain “fe[lt] much better” and that he
was “[t]hinking about getting a desk job.” AR 355. Dr. Callis noted that Plaintiff was almost
“100% better” on Methotrexate and was not having any side effects. Id. Dr. Callis conducted a
physical exam and noted that Plaintiff showed no joint swelling in any of the examined joints.
AR 355-56. In October 2018, Dr. Anthony Kahr conducted an exam of 28 joints and found no
clear synovitis and only mild fullness in Plaintiff’s wrists and “prominent” joints in Plaintiff’s
fingers. AR 568. In Dr. Kahr’s follow-up exams throughout the period of alleged disability,
Dr. Kahr repeatedly noted that Plaintiff showed no signs of synovitis and that Plaintiff’s joint
pain was well-controlled. See AR 585 (stating in November 2018 that Plaintiff showed “no clear
synovitis”); AR 627 (stating the same in February 2019); AR 1000 (stating the same in
April 2019); AR 1006 (stating the same in August 2019); AR 1020, 1023-24 (stating in
November 2019 that Plaintiff’s joint pain was “fairly well controlled” and that Plaintiff was
“[n]egative for joint swelling” and showed “no clear synovitis”); AR 1035-36 (stating in
December 2019 that Plaintiff was “[n]egative for joint swelling” and showed “no clear
synovitis”); AR 1252 (stating in February 2020 that Plaintiff showed “no clear synovitis”);
AR 1288 (stating the same in June 2020).

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This evidence shows that Plaintiff’s arthritis has improved throughout the duration of the
period of alleged disability. Plaintiff also argues, however, that the ALJ failed to identify the
specific evidence in the record and the specific conflicting testimony and therefore runs afoul of
Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487 (9th Cir. 2015). The Court is not persuaded. The ALJ
identified Plaintiff’s specific testimony (such as testimony about Plaintiff’s inability to lift more
than ten pounds and joint pain) and devoted eight paragraphs to linking that testimony to the
many treatment records from Drs. Callis and Kahr that indicate Plaintiff showed no signs of joint
swelling and that Methotrexate controlled Plaintiff’s symptoms. AR 18-19.
Plaintiff also contends that the ALJ only picked out a few periods of temporary
improvement. But as explained above, Drs. Callis and Kahr repeatedly noted throughout the
duration of the period of alleged disability that Plaintiff showed no signs of joint swelling.
Plaintiff points the Court to no evidence in the record showing that these notes are only periodic
improvements, and the Court has identified none. Thus, substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s
finding that Plaintiff’s physical symptoms improved with treatment.
2. Improvement with Treatment – Mental Health
A claimant’s improvement with treatment is “an important indicator of the intensity and
persistence of . . . symptoms.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.929(c)(3). “[E]vidence of medical treatment
successfully relieving symptoms can undermine a claim of disability.” Wellington v.
Berryhill, 878 F.3d 867, 876 (9th Cir. 2017); see also Warre, 439 F.3d at 1006 (“Impairments
that can be controlled effectively with medication are not disabling for the purpose of
determining eligibility for SSI benefits.”). “Reports of ‘improvement’ in the context of mental
health issues must be interpreted with an understanding of the patient’s overall well-being and
the nature of her symptoms and with an awareness that improved functioning while being treated
and while limiting environmental stressors does not always mean that a claimant can function
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effectively in the workplace.” Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1017 (cleaned up). “The fact that a person
suffering from depression makes some improvement does not mean that the person’s impairment
no longer seriously affects his ability to function in a workplace.” Ghanim v. Colvin, 763
F.3d 1154, 1162 (9th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up).
As the Ninth Circuit explained in Garrison,
It is error to reject a claimant’s testimony merely because
symptoms wax and wane in the course of treatment. Cycles of
improvement and debilitating symptoms are a common occurrence,
and in such circumstances, it is error for an ALJ to pick out a few
isolated instances of improvement over a period of months or years
and to treat them as a basis for concluding a claimant is capable of
working.
Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1017.
Plaintiff testified that due to his PTSD, he gets nightmares every night, which make it
difficult to sleep through the night and require him to take naps the following day. AR 46, 53.
Plaintiff also testified that he gets flashbacks due to his PTSD several times a day, which causes
him to “shut down” and sleep all day. AR 46. Plaintiff also testified that he is hypervigilant and
easily startled when in public and that he cannot keep his mood constant even with medication.
AR 47. The ALJ rejected this testimony because the record shows that Plaintiff’s mental health
improved with therapy and prescribed medication.
Substantial evidence supports this finding. In August 2018, one week after the amended
alleged onset date, Plaintiff reported “positive gains from therapy with emotional regulation,
coping skills, symptoms of trauma and outlook on life.” AR 466. Plaintiff also reported “gains
from using EMDR to process memories to be less traumatic.” Id. Plaintiff then moved from
Salem to La Pine, Oregon and attended individual and group therapy sessions. See AR 656, 662.
After establishing care with a therapist in La Pine, Plaintiff reported in December 2018
that the “medicine [was] working good” and that Plaintiff was “doing much better with sleep,
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mood and panic attacks” but continued to struggle with nightmares. AR 653. In January 2019,
Plaintiff reported improved mood, sleep, and anxiety and that he felt he was on the right
medications. AR 645-46. In early March 2019, Plaintiff reported that he felt he needed a
medication change, and later that month after a medication change, he reported that he was doing
“much better” and felt his mood was more stable. AR 980, 988-89. In April 2019, Plaintiff
reported he was doing better and that there were many positive changes in his life, though he was
still struggling with nightmares. AR 966. In June 2019, after an adjustment in his medication,
Plaintiff reported an increase of nightmares. AR 952. Then, after changing medication, Plaintiff
reported in July 2019 that he was “doing awesome” with his nightmares and mood regulation.
AR 947. In October 2019, Plaintiff reported that he felt the medications were no longer working
and that he was having nightmares more frequently. AR 895, 905.
Beginning in 2020, Plaintiff consistently reported improvement and success with
medication and therapy. In January 2020, Plaintiff reported that his sleep had been good.
AR 868. Throughout that year and up to the hearing date, Plaintiff’s treatment notes reflect that
Plaintiff consistently expressed improvement in his PTSD and anxiety and successfully used the
tools learned in therapy. See AR 1646 (noting that on February 6, 2020, Plaintiff reported he was
doing well and exhibited success and progress in anxiety symptoms); AR 1643 (noting that on
February 20, 2020, Plaintiff demonstrated improvement with use of Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy, though also noting he still struggled with some
symptoms of anxiety and trauma); AR 1641 (noting that on February 25, 2020, Plaintiff reported
he was doing “amazing, awesome!”); AR 1630-31 (noting that on February 28, 2020, Plaintiff
reported he was feeling “[a]wesome”); AR 1626-27 (noting that on April 3, 2020, Plaintiff
reported he was feeling “so much better” and that he stated: “I just feel super uplifted and I have

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a smile that kind of hurts from laughing so hard . . . .”); AR 1624 (noting that on April 7, 2020,
Plaintiff reported that his week had been “awesome”); AR 1627-28 (noting that on April 9, 2020,
Plaintiff was laughing and upbeat when completing mental health reassessment survey with a
mental health specialist); AR 1625-26 (noting that on April 10, 2020, Plaintiff stated that he
“feel[s] great” and that he “just love[s] life and all the things [he has] been blessed with”);
AR 1623 (noting that on April 14, 2020, Plaintiff reported that techniques learned in therapy
helped him increase self-compassion).
The record supports the ALJ’s conclusion that Plaintiff’s mental health has improved
with treatment. Although Plaintiff periodically reported increased nightmares earlier in the
period of alleged disability, Plaintiff’s providers adjusted his medication accordingly and saw
effective results. Plaintiff also consistently demonstrated success with learning coping skills and
processing his trauma in therapy. Further, the ALJ accounted for Plaintiff’s remaining limitations
due to his mental impairments by restricting Plaintiff to simple, routine tasks and no interaction
with the public. AR 17. Thus, improvement with treatment was a clear and convincing reason
supported by substantial evidence to discount Plaintiff’s testimony about his mental health. The
ALJ therefore did not err by discounting Plaintiff’s testimony.
B. Medical Opinion Evidence
Plaintiff filed his application for benefits on August 7, 2018. For claims filed on or after
March 27, 2017, Federal Regulation 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c governs how an ALJ must evaluate
medical opinion evidence. See Revisions to Rules Regarding the Evaluation of Medical
Evidence, 82 Fed. Reg. 5844 (Jan. 18, 2017). Under these new regulations, ALJs no longer
“weigh” medical opinions, but rather determine which are most “persuasive.” 20 C.F.R.
§ 416.920c(a)-(b). The new regulations eliminate the hierarchy of medical opinions and state that
the agency does not defer to any particular medical opinions, even those from treating sources.
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Id.; see also Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 792 (9th Cir. 2022) (“The revised social security
regulations are clearly irreconcilable with our caselaw according special deference to the
opinions of treating and examining physicians on account of their relationship with the
claimant.”). Under the new regulations, the ALJ primarily considers the “supportability” and
“consistency” of the opinions in determining whether an opinion is persuasive. 20 C.F.R.
§ 416.920c(c). Supportability is determined by whether the medical source presents explanations
and objective medical evidence to support his or her opinion. Id. § 416.920c(c)(1). Consistency
is determined by how consistent the opinion is with evidence from other medical and nonmedical
sources. Id. § 416.920c(c)(2).
An ALJ may also consider a medical source’s relationship with the claimant by looking
to factors such as the length of the treatment relationship, the frequency of the claimant’s
examinations, the purpose of the treatment relationship, the extent of the treatment relationship,
and whether there is an examining relationship. Id. § 416.920c(c)(3). An ALJ is not, however,
required to explain how he or she considered these secondary medical factors, unless he or she
finds that two or more medical opinions about the same issue are equally well-supported and
consistent with the record but not identical. Id. § 416.920c(b)(2)-(3).
The regulations require ALJs to “articulate . . . how persuasive [they] find all of the
medical opinions” and “explain how [they] considered the supportability and consistency
factors.” Id. § 416.920c(b). The Court must, moreover, continue to consider whether the ALJ’s
analysis has the support of substantial evidence. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see also Woods, 32
F.4th at 792 (“Our requirement that ALJs provide ‘specific and legitimate reasons’ for rejecting a
treating or examining doctor’s opinion, which stems from the special weight given to such
opinions . . . is likewise incompatible with the revised regulations. . . . Even under the new

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regulations, an ALJ cannot reject an examining or treating doctor's opinion as unsupported or
inconsistent without providing an explanation supported by substantial evidence.”).
Ms. Richards and Ms. Hoag both opined that due to Plaintiff’s mental impairments,
Plaintiff would miss work five or more days per month and would be off task at least 30 percent
of the time. AR 686, 1137. The ALJ found Ms. Richards and Ms. Hoag’s opinions not persuasive
because they conflicted with the mental health treatment notes in the record, treatment notes
from medical providers, and Drs. Sergiy Barsukov and Ben Kessler’s medical opinions. AR 24.
Substantial evidence supports this finding.
As discussed above, the treatment notes related to Plaintiff’s mental health, including
Ms. Richards and Ms. Hoag’s treatment notes, demonstrate that Plaintiff’s mental health has
considerably improved with therapy and medication. This medical evidence therefore conflicts
with Ms. Richards and Ms. Hoag’s opinions that Plaintiff suffers from extreme limitations.
Ms. Richards and Ms. Hoag’s opinions also conflict with Drs. Barsukov and Kessler’s opinions
that Plaintiff is not significantly limited in his ability to “complete a normal workday and
workweek without interruptions from psychologically based symptoms” and is not significantly
limited in his ability to maintain regular attendance. AR 95, 111. Substantial evidence supports
the ALJ’s finding that Ms. Richards and Ms. Hoag’s opinions are not consistent with the record.
Thus, the ALJ did not err in discounting Ms. Richards and Ms. Hoag’s opinions.
C. Lay Witness Testimony
“In determining whether a claimant is disabled, an ALJ must consider lay witness
testimony concerning a claimant’s ability to work.” Stout v. Comm’r, 454 F.3d 1050, 1053
(9th Cir. 2006). Lay witness testimony regarding a claimant’s symptoms or how an impairment
affects her ability to work is competent evidence. Id. Thus, an ALJ may not reject such testimony
without comment. Id. In rejecting lay testimony, the ALJ need not “discuss every witness’s
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testimony on an individualized, witness-by-witness basis. Rather, if the ALJ gives germane
reasons for rejecting testimony by one witness, the ALJ need only point to those reasons when
rejecting similar testimony by a different witness.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1114 (9th
Cir. 2012). However, “a lack of support from the ‘overall medical evidence’ is [] not a proper
basis for disregarding [lay witness] observations. The fact that lay testimony and third-party
function reports may offer a different perspective than medical records alone is precisely why
such evidence is valuable at a hearing.” Diedrich v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 634, 640 (9th Cir. 2017)
(citations omitted) (citing cases and concluding: “A lack of support from medical records is not a
germane reason to give ‘little weight’ to those observations.”)).
An ALJ errs by failing to “explain her reasons for disregarding . . . lay witness testimony,
either individually or in the aggregate.” Molina, 674 F.3d at 1115 (quoting Nguyen v.
Chater, 100 F.3d 1462, 1467 (9th Cir. 1996)). Such an error may be harmless, and a court must
determine whether the error is “‘inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination’ in
the context of the record as a whole.” Id. at 1122 (quoting Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec.
Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1162-63 (9th Cir. 2008)). The error is harmless, for example, “[w]here
lay witness testimony does not describe any limitations not already described by the claimant,
and the ALJ’s well-supported reasons for rejecting the claimant’s testimony apply equally well
to the lay witness testimony.” Id. at 1117. When an ALJ ignores uncontradicted lay witness
testimony that is highly probative of a claimant’s condition, “a reviewing court cannot consider
the error harmless unless it can confidently conclude that no reasonable ALJ, when fully
crediting the testimony, could have reached a different disability determination.” Stout, 454 F.3d
at 1056.

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Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by failing to discuss the lay witness testimony of
Plaintiff’s spouse. The Commissioner argues that because Plaintiff’s spouse testified to no
greater limitations than Plaintiff, any error in failing to discuss Plaintiff’s spouse’s testimony was
harmless. The Court agrees. Because the Court finds the ALJ did not err in evaluating Plaintiff’s
symptom testimony, the ALJ’s error in failing to discuss Plaintiff’s spouse’s testimony is
harmless. See Molina, 674 F.3d at 1117-18.
D. Step Five Finding
Plaintiff argues that substantial evidence does not support the ALJ’s step five finding
because the RFC posed to the VE did not incorporate limitations included in Plaintiff’s
testimony, Ms. Richards’ opinion, Ms. Hoag’s opinion, and Plaintiff’s spouse’s testimony.
Because the Court has concluded that the ALJ committed no harmful error in rejecting those
opinions and testimony, substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s step five finding.
CONCLUSION
The Commissioner’s decision that Plaintiff was not disabled is AFFIRMED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED this 29th day of July, 2022.
/s/ Michael H. Simon
Michael H. Simon
United States District Judge

PAGE 17 – OPINION AND ORDER