PICHLER et al v. UNITE (UNION OF NEEDLESTRADES, INDUSTRIAL & TEXTILE EMPLOYEES AFL-CIO) et al

Filing 182

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER THAT THE CLERK SHALL AMEND THE CAPTION AS OUTLINED HEREIN. PLAINTIFFS' AND UNITE'S MOTIONS FOR LEAVE TO FILE SUR-REPLY ARE GRANTED. PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IS GRANTED AS TO UNITE AND DENIED AS TO RAYNOR. UNITE'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IS DENIED. RAYNOR'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IS GRANTED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT PURSUANT TO FRCP 54(b), WE MAKE THE DETERMINATION THAT THERE IS NO JUST REASON FOR DELAY THE ENTRY OF JUDG MENT AS TO THE NAMED PLAINTIFFS AND TO BRUCE RAYNOR, AND WE DIRECT THE CLERK TO ENTER JUDGMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ACCOMPANYING JUDGMENT. THE QUESTION OF CLASS WIDE AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF ARE DEFERRED UNTIL FINAL APPELLATE ACTION. SIGNED BY JUDGE STEWART DALZELL ON 8/30/06. (Attachments: # 1 Order) 8/31/06 ENTERED AND COPIES E-MAILED AND FAXED BY CHAMBERS.(le, )

PICHLER et al v. UNITE (UNION OF NEEDLESTRADES, INDUSTRIAL & TEXTILE EMPLOYEES AFL-CIO) et al

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA ELIZABETH PICHLER, et al. v. UNITE (UNION OF NEEDLETRADES, INDUSTRIAL & TEXTILE EMPLOYEES AFL-CIO), et al. : : : : : : : CIVIL ACTION

NO. 04-2841

MEMORANDUM Dalzell, J. August 30, 2006

In 2003 and 2004, two labor unions obtained many license plate numbers from cars in the parking lots of a firm whose employees they were attempting to organize. The unions

used those license plate numbers to get employees' names and addresses. Claiming that the unions' actions violated the

Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 ("DPPA" or the "Act"),1 the named plaintiffs brought this class action. Before us now

are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment2 and their

1

18 U.S.C. §§ 2721-2725 (2006).

Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the Court must view the evidence, and make all reasonable inferences from the evidence, in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986). The moving party bears the initial burden of proving that there is no genuine issue of material fact in dispute. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585 n.10 (1986). Once the moving party carries this burden, the nonmoving party must "come forward with 'specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Id. at 587 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). The task for the Court is to inquire "whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to the jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law." Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 251-52; Tabas v. Tabas, 47 F.3d 1280, 1287 (3d Cir. 1995) (en banc).

2

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stipulations of fact.3 I. Factual Background Cintas Corporation ("Cintas") is the largest employer in the industrial laundry industry in the United States. Jt.

Stipulation of Facts for Parties' Cross-Motions for Summ. J. ("Stip.") ¶ 13. It employs about 28,000 people at 350 locations

in the United States and Canada, and many employees working in Cintas facilities are either female, black, or Hispanic. 13, 15. Id. ¶¶

Cintas is philosophically opposed to unions and union Id. ¶ 16.4

organizing.

In the fall of 2002, the Union of Needletrades, Industrial & Textile Employees AFL-CIO ("UNITE")5 "decided to

The parties have stipulated to certain facts, see Jt. Stipulation of Facts for Parties' Cross-Motions for Summ. J. ("Stip.") ¶¶ 1-61; Supplement to Jt. Stipulation ("Stip. Supp.") ¶¶ 65-67, as well as to the authenticity of some documents, see Stip. ¶ 62 (a)-(bb); Stip. Supp. ¶ 68, and the filing of other documents, see Stip. ¶ 63 (cc)-(dd), ¶ 64 (ee). We note that plaintiffs object to the introduction of several of UNITE's exhibits, see Letter to the Court, June 14, 2006, but, as evidenced below, plaintiffs are not materially prejudiced by these exhibits, so we shall allow them. According to the Cintas employee handbook, "Cintas partners work best without outside interferences that disrupt our spirit of teamwork. Labor unions usually approach relationships with employers with antagonism which often results in a 'we-they' attitude in the work place." Stip. ¶ 16. In "The Spirit Is the Difference" -- a Cintas publication explaining its corporate philosophy -- Cintas states that "[w]e simply don't think we can properly manage our business with unions standing between the company and employees." Id. ¶ 17. UNITE is a labor union that was formed in 1995 by the merger of two predecessor unions, the International Ladies Garment Workers Union ("ILGWU") and the Amalgamated Clothing & Textile Workers Union ("ACTWU"). Stip. ¶ 9. In the summer of 2
5 4

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launch a campaign concerning Cintas."

Id. ¶ 14.

Bruce Raynor, id. ¶

who has been the President of UNITE since July of 2001,6

10, described the Cintas campaign in a November 30, 2001 letter to John Sweeney, the President of the AFL-CIO: Our biggest challenge will be launching our organizing drive against several laundries owned by Cintas, the nation's largest, and very anti-union, uniform services company. Cintas will prove to be the toughest adversary for UNITE for several years, but this is a campaign that we must wage due to Cintas' 23% market share in the uniform services sector. Id. Ex. A. The record, which we now canvass, confirms what these Cintas and UNITE policy statements suggest. opponent as the white whale. A. Preparing for the Cintas Campaign Each party sees its

The Cintas campaign consisted of a preparation, or planning, phase and a public phase. Stip. ¶ 25. UNITE's

preparation phase took place in the fall and early winter of 2002 through 2003. Id. It involved finding out as much as possible

about Cintas and any issues its workers might have, preparing written materials and organizing strategy, and compiling lists of

2004, UNITE merged with the Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees Union ("HERE"), to form UNITE HERE. Id. For the sake of simplicity, we shall refer to the entity that is a defendant in this case as "UNITE." From 1999 until he became President in 2001, Raynor was Secretary-Treasurer of UNITE. Stip. ¶ 10. Raynor has been employed by UNITE or its predecessor unions in various capacities since 1973. Id. 3
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names and addresses of workers to contact during the public phase. Id. From the beginning, "a component of the campaign to

organize and unionize Cintas workers" was "finding potential legal claims against Cintas, in part through home visits." 21; see also id. Ex. DD Garren Decl. ¶ 2, Dec. 2, 2005.7 During the course of its research, UNITE learned that Cintas had paid a ten million dollar settlement in Vaca v. Cintas, BC 250459 (Sup. Ct. Cal. Sept. 4, 2002), an action alleging that UNITE had violated California overtime laws. ¶ 18. Stip. Id. ¶

UNITE also learned that Cintas had been a defendant in

actions alleging unlawful employment discrimination, and was a respondent in OSHA and NLRB proceedings. Id. ¶ 19. Moreover,

UNITE's research uncovered alleged unfair labor practice charges that unions had filed against Cintas and its subsidiaries from 1998 through 2001. Id. ¶ 20.

UNITE prepared documents concerning strategy and training for the campaign.8 By the fall of 2002, UNITE had

7

UNITE.
8

Brent Garren is Senior Associate General Counsel for Stip. Ex. DD Garren Decl. ¶ 1.

Even before the preparation phase, Jennifer Roitman, UNITE's national lead organizer, summarized her understanding of the Cintas campaign in the summer of 2001 in a document entitled "Set-up - August - October." See UNITE's Mem. of Law in Support of Mot. for Summ. J. ("UNITE's Mem.") 5; see also Stip. Ex. B "Set-up-August-October". For instance, under the heading "Membership," the "GOAL" in each city was to "ID ex CINTAS workers -- possible plaintiffs, develop contacts with current [C]intas workers, build membership activity and participation to make campaign successful." Stip. Ex. B at Bates No. 013926. Under the "Legal" heading, the "GOAL" was "1 legal case (ideally W&H or discrimination) in each city" for which they would "Investigate -- and if we find violations, prepare lawsuits with 4

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prepared a "Campaign Plan" that described its "Goal" as a "National Contract covering workers in 6-7 key cities covering 3000 workers." Id. Ex. I; see also Pls.' Mem. of Law in Supp. of

Mot. for Summ. J. ("Pls.' Mem.) Ex. 11 Qadeer Dep. 146:8-149:23.9 The Plan's "Campaign Strategy" included a "Legal" component: "Identify any areas where the company is violating the rights of the workers (FLSA, OSHA, NLRB, EEOC et.) file lawsuits to ensure that the company follows the law." Stip. Ex. I. In each of the

seven metropolitan areas that UNITE targeted, it hired a law firm to assist legal coordinators and provide representation to Cintas employees identified as potential plaintiffs. Quadeer Decl. ¶ 8. UNITE also prepared a 132-page "Legal Training Laundry Campaign" document which UNITE attorneys, along with outside counsel, used on September 11 and 12, 2002 to train twelve UNITE members who were the lead organizers and legal coordinators for the regions where UNITE would kick off its campaign. Id. Ex. L; UNITE's Mem.

see also id. Ex. DD Garren Decl. ¶ 4; UNITE's Mem. Qadeer Decl. ¶ 6, Chambers Decl. ¶ 14, May 11, 2006.10 According to the "Agenda

ex-Cintas workers as plaintiffs -- ready to file on launch day." Id. at Bates No. 013927. Ahmer Qadeer is UNITE's Deputy Director of the Strategic Affairs Department, and he has held that position or similar ones with the organization since February of 2000. UNITE's Mem. Qadeer Decl. ¶ 1. His responsibilities included coordinating aspects of the Cintas campaign, including overseeing all research and campaign activities concerning the company. Id. Megan Chambers was the Cintas campaign director for the New York metropolitan area. UNITE's Mem. Chambers Decl. ¶ 1. 5
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for Legal Training," the two-day training covered such topics as the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), the Family Medical Leave Act ("FMLA"), various types of discrimination, unfair labor practices, and workers' compensation. 055580.11 Stip. Ex. L at Bates No.

In November of 2002, UNITE conducted another training Chambers Decl. ¶

session that about sixty field staff attended. 15.

This included a half-day training session on identifying

employee legal violations and the role of legal coordinators. Id. A month later, at its Organizing Summit on December 6 and 7,

2002, UNITE used a Power Point presentation that included a slide stating, "What it will take to beat CINTAS . . . Sustained ground campaign to win support of workers and develop legal and moral attack on company." Stip. Ex. D at Bates No. 026753.
12

The training materials included sample survey questions regarding discrimination, sexual harassment, and the FLSA, see Stip. Ex. L at Bates Nos. 055582-055587; discrimination hypotheticals, id. at Bates Nos. 055588-055591; state discrimination law summaries, id. at Bates Nos. 055592-055594; EEOC materials on job discrimination, id. at Bates Nos. 055595055605, 055607-055608; a Charge of Discrimination form, id. at Bates No. 055609; outlines for EEOC, FLSA, and ADA claims, id. at Bates Nos. 055610-055619; summaries of state wage and hour laws, id. at Bates Nos. 055621-055622; a comparative chart of federal discrimination law, id. at Bates No. 055623; FLSA problems to analyze, id. at Bates Nos. 055624-055625; U.S. Department of Labor materials on the FLSA, id. at Bates Nos. 055629-055654; workers' compensation materials, id. at Bates Nos. 055656-055667, 055684-055699; and OSHA regulations and forms, id. at Bates Nos. 055675-055677, 055709-055711. At an unspecified time, UNITE also developed a Cintas Shop Towel Survey form and surveys concerning Cintas's alleged wage and hour violations. Id. ¶¶ 45-46. 6
12

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B.

Obtaining Cintas Workers' Contact Information

"In order to contact workers as part of UNITE's organizing campaign," UNITE compiled lists of names and addresses of presumed Cintas workers using a variety of sources, including other workers, telephone and city directories, cross-directories, other public records, Internet databases, raffles, and discarded company lists. Stip. ¶ 29. Some organizers also followed Pls.' Mem. Ex. 16 Scimone Dep. UNITE planned to visit thousands Stip. ¶ 22. It deemed such

workers home to get addresses. 108:19-109:21, Aug. 23, 2005.13

of Cintas employees in their homes.

house calls essential because it believed that workers would be reluctant to talk to UNITE representatives at work for fear that Cintas management would retaliate. Id. ¶ 41.

Most significantly for purposes of this case, UNITE accessed motor vehicle records "to help create lists of names of presumed Cintas workers to contact at home as part of UNITE's Cintas campaign." Id. UNITE has used this method -- sometimes

referred to as "tagging" -- in organizing campaigns since at least the 1970s. Id. ¶ 31. The site coordinators at the various

facilities that UNITE was seeking to organize had discretion to use motor vehicle information to build their lists. Id. ¶ 38.

UNITE representatives testified that they were unaware of the union issuing any guidelines, directives, or restrictions regarding when and how organizers could access motor vehicle

Michael Scimone was UNITE's lead organizer in Southeast Pennsylvania, which includes Emmaus. Pl.'s Mem. 9 n.12. 7

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records.

See Pls.' Mem. Ex. 7 Raynor Dep. 53:9-21, Feb. 16,

2005; Ex. 1 Bennett Dep. 140:19-141:5, Jan. 12, 2006; Ex. 12 Chambers Dep. 53:9-21, Sep. 28, 2005; Ex. 14 Gres Dep. 59:2160:8, July 29, 2005; Ex. 9 Mestrich Dep. 46:6-47:17, Feb. 3, 2005; Ex. 8 DeMay Dep. 55:21-24, 64:10-15, Feb. 8, 2005; Ex. 16 Scimone Dep. 136:10-15.14 UNITE used license plate numbers on cars found in Cintas parking lots to access information relating to those license plate numbers contained in state motor vehicle records. Stip. ¶ 30. UNITE organizers would typically watch, or walk or

drive through, a Cintas parking lot and either write down or dictate into a tape recorder (to be transcribed later) the license plate numbers, and sometimes the makes and models, of cars parked in the lot, or entering or leaving it. Id. ¶ 33.

Ideally, the organizers looked to see if the same license plate showed up at least twice to minimize the risk that the car belonged to a random visitor rather than a Cintas employee. Id.

UNITE organizers would use their lists of license plate numbers to access motor vehicle records in one of two ways: through Westlaw -- a computer-assisted research database that has motor vehicle record databases for about thirty states -- or through

Ernest Bennett is UNITE's International Vice-President and Director of Organizing. See Pls.' Mem. 8 n.8. Elizabeth Gres was a UNITE Organizing Director in Michigan and became the Director of the Cintas campaign in the fall of 2003. See id. at 8-9 n.9. Keith Mestrich was UNITE's Rule 30(b)(6) witness and, at all relevant times, Director of UNITE's Strategic Affairs Department. See id. at 6 n.5. Peter DeMay is UNITE's Organizing Director for the Chicago and mid-states region. See id. 8

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private investigators or "information brokers."

Id. ¶ 34.

UNITE maintained two Westlaw accounts that allowed access to databases called WestLaw Public Records Pro. Id. ¶ 35.

Jason Coulter, UNITE's Assistant National Organizing Director as of September 1, 2001, see Supp. Stip. Ex. GG, maintained one account, and Peter DeMay, UNITE's Organizing Director for the Chicago and mid-states region, maintained the other. Stip. ¶ 35.

Westlaw account 1003099727, started on September 10, 2002, was originally in the name of Daniel Kotzin, who was a friend of Coulter and not an employee of UNITE. Id. Beginning in December

of 2002, that account was in the name of "Jason Coulter Consulting - UNITE." Id. The other Westlaw account, 1003853823,

was in the name of UNITE since its inception on March 27, 2002 and throughout its existence. Id.

Before an organizer could access the information on Westlaw, a screen would appear that asked the inquiring party to check a box designating which of certain specified "permitted uses" applied that entitled the user to access pursuant to the Drivers' Privacy Protection Act and applicable state laws. 36.15 Id. ¶

Coulter, who gave his password to others and instructed

In the databases of UNITE searches that Westlaw produced in response to a subpoena, the permitted use the inquiring party designated is set forth as a number code. Stip. ¶ 36. Not all permitted uses were available in all states, but the same number always referred to the same permitted use, regardless of the state: 1 - Use by Gov't Agency; 3 - Skip Tracing/Info Verification; 4 - Court Proceedings; 6 - Insurance Claims Investigation; and 8 - private investigator for DPPA purpose. Id. 9

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them on how to retrieve information using license plates, does not recall telling them which permitted use to select, nor does he recall which he selected. 208:5-210:18, Oct. 27, 2005. See Pls.' Mem. Ex. 13 Coulter Dep. Megan Chambers recalls Coulter See

telling her to select a "legal investigation" option. UNITE's Mem. Chambers Decl. ¶ 8.

Peter DeMay randomly selected

either "skip tracing" or "litigation or legal research." See Pls.' Mem. Ex. 8 DeMay Dep. 102:19-104:9. generally selected "skip tracing." 78:4-10. Elizabeth Gres

See id. Ex. 14 Gres Dep.

Michael Scimone did not remember which use he selected.

See id. Scimone Dep. 57:6-24. In Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and Illinois, UNITE obtained names and addresses through a private investigator named John Rea. Stip. ¶ 37. Rea gave license plate numbers to another

investigator or "information broker" in the state in question. Id. They, in turn, either themselves or through yet other

intermediaries obtained the information by directly applying to the states' motor vehicle bureaus. Id.16 According to Rea, no

one from UNITE ever told him that UNITE needed the license plate information for any particular reason, including in connection with any lawsuit. Pls.' Mem. Ex. 20 Rea Dep. 20:7-24:6, 35:18-

For example, in Pennsylvania, Rea gave the license plate numbers to Infotrack, who forwarded them in turn to American Investigation Resource, who submitted separate "service requests" to Pennsylvania Auto License Brokers, who ultimately got the information from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Stip. ¶ 37. In New York, Rea dealt with a private investigator named Robert Carroll. In Michigan, Rea dealt with an investigator named Harold Sneath. Id. 10

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36:14, Feb. 7, 2005.

Two of Rea's UNITE contacts confirm that See id.

they did not tell him why they needed the information.

Ex. 8 DeMay Dep. 64:16-65:5; Ex. 12 Chambers Dep. 56:5-25. UNITE accessed motor vehicle records in connection with its Cintas campaign in Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Nevada, and California (Sacramento). Stip. ¶ 40. UNITE did most of the motor vehicle

searches during the fall and early winter of 2002 through 2003, and during the preparation period for the public kick-off of UNITE's Cintas campaign, but it also conducted some Cintasconnected motor vehicle searches until the filing of this lawsuit in mid-2004. Id. ¶ 39. UNITE representatives "did not maintain

any records identifying which employee names and addresses they obtained through motor vehicle searches as opposed to other means." Pls.' Mem. Ex. 24 Defs.' Supp. Objs. & Resps. to Pls.'

First & Second Set of Interr. & Req. for Docs. at 7. While preparing to conduct home visits of workers at Cintas's Emmaus, Pennsylvania facility, UNITE accessed all of the named plaintiffs' motor vehicle records in late 2003 and early 2004. Stip. ¶ 8. Vehicle record abstracts from the Pennsylvania

Department of Transportation show that on December 9, 2003 UNITE accessed Russell Christian's records, and on January 23, 2004 it accessed the records of Elizabeth Pichler, Seth Nye, Holly Marston, Kevin Quinn, Jose Sabastro, Russell Daubert, Thomas Riley, and Amy Riley. See UNITE's Mem. of Law in Opp'n to Pls.'

Mot. for Summ. J. ("UNITE's Opp'n), Kennedy Decl., June 19, 2006, 11

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Ex. B; Pls.' Sur-Reply Ex. 42.17

Cintas employed named

plaintiffs Elizabeth Pichler,18 Seth Nye,19 Kevin Quinn,20 Jose L. Sabastro, Thomas Riley, and Russell Daubert21 at its Emmaus facility at times relevant to this case. Stip. ¶ 1. Named

Despite UNITE's stipulations that it accessed the named plaintiffs' motor vehicle records, see Stip. ¶¶ 8, 32, it now claims in a footnote that the records show it did not access Thomas Riley's or Amy Riley's information and that their claims should therefore be dismissed, see UNITE's Opp'n 3 n.1. At this very late date, we are not inclined to allow the parties to renege on their stipulated facts. Moreover, the record shows that the Pennsylvania Auto License Brokers, who worked indirectly on behalf of UNITE, see supra n. 16, did in fact access the Rileys' motor vehicle record on January 23, 2004. See Pl.'s SurReply Ex. 42, Pa. Dept. of Transportation Vehicle Record Abstract for Thomas & Amy Riley. In light of defendants' stipulations and the record evidence, we shall not dismiss the claims of Thomas Riley and Amy Riley. It would appear that, for DPPA purposes, they as married owners of the car constitute a single victim. Elizabeth Pichler is a non-supervisory Cintas employee. Stip. ¶ 6. Unaccountably, in every entry on the docket, Ms. Pichler's surname is misspelled. In the accompanying Order, we at last set the record straight. In January of 2003, Seth Nye was a management trainee at Cintas who was promoted to the supervisory position of Service Manager at the Emmaus facility. Stip. ¶ 3. He has the authority to discipline the employees he supervises. Id.
20 19 18

17

Kevin Quinn is a Service Manager and a supervisor.

Stip.

¶ 4. Jose Sabastro, Thomas Riley, and Russell Daubert are Service Training coordinators ("STCs"). Stip. ¶ 5. STCs are assistants to the Service Managers responsible for training employees. Id. Thomas Riley testified in his deposition that he was in a supervisory position. Russell Daubert testified he was also an STC, like Riley. Id. Plaintiff Jose Sabastro is also a salaried STC who assists a Service Manager in the Emmaus facility in training Cintas drivers. Id. 12
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plaintiffs Russell Christian,22 Holly Marston,23 and Amy Riley24 are not Cintas employees and were not Cintas employees at times relevant to this case. Id. ¶ 2. Plaintiffs and Cintas estimate

that UNITE accessed the motor vehicle records of the named plaintiffs and a plaintiff class consisting of between about 1,758 and 2,005 Cintas employees, or their relatives or friends. Id. ¶ 32. According to Westlaw's records, UNITE conducted about 13,700 motor vehicle searches on Westlaw from August of 2002 to October 13, 2004. Stip. Supp. ¶ 65. Some of these were

duplicate searches of the same license plate number, and some did not result in the retrieval of any information. of UNITE's searches on Westlaw related to Cintas. Id. About 1,576 For

Id. ¶ 66.

the Cintas-related searches, plaintiffs calculate that 223 had permitted use indications, and defendants calculate that 148 did. Id. ¶ 67.25

Russell Christian is the live-in boyfriend of a Cintas employee. Stip. ¶ 7. Holly Marston is Seth Nye's mother. Stip. ¶¶ 3, 51. surname, too, has been misspelled, but no longer.
24 23

22

Her

Amy Riley is Thomas Riley's wife.

Stip. ¶ 5.

The parties agree that their varying numbers -- arising from a dispute over which items should be excluded from the calculations and possible minor discrepancies in eliminating duplications -- should not be material to their motions. Stip. ¶ 67 n.1. For searches done prior to around May of 2003, West's designated deposition witness testified that West is unable to retrieve the permissible use codes associated with those searches. See Pls.' Mem. Ex. 21 Appold Dep. 80:8-17, Nov. 3, 2005. 13

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C.

Launching the Cintas Campaign

The public phase started with a kick-off of intense activity on the weekend of January 11, 2003 "when UNITE publicly announced its organizing campaign and began actively organizing." Stip. ¶ 26. This "blitz" involved, among other things, "house

calling," and, after the weekend, leafleting and talking to workers at Cintas facilities. Id. ¶ 26. On May 6, 2003, after

the public phase was underway, UNITE and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters ("Teamsters") entered into what they called the Cintas Organizing Campaign Cooperation Agreement to "bring their combined resources to bear in a coordinated fashion to win union representation and good collective bargaining agreements for Cintas employees." Id. ¶ 61, Ex. E.

From January of 2003 through June of 2004, UNITE representatives conducted at least 3,000 home visits to Cintas employees. Id. ¶ 28. UNITE or the Teamsters visited the homes Id. ¶¶ 50-58.26

of all the named plaintiffs except Seth Nye.

Tom Riley's wife, Amy Riley, answered the door to two men who said, "hello, how are you" and identified themselves as being from Cintas. Stip. ¶¶ 53, 54. She thought they were Tom's friends from work, so she went to get him down in the basement, where he was working, id. He went to the door, and she went to the kitchen where she was unable to hear the conversation. Id. ¶ 54. Tom Riley asked the two men dressed in black if he could help them, and they explained that they were from UNITE/Teamsters. Id. ¶ 53. He replied, "There is no need for me to talk with you, there is nothing that you can say to me, and would you please leave." Id. They did so. Id. Tom Riley came back to his wife and told her never to answer the door to them again. Id. ¶ 54. She claims that the same two men returned "a week later on a weekday" when she was alone. Id. On February 7, 2004 two women, one black and one white, rang Kevin Quinn's doorbell. Id. ¶ 56. When he opened the door they 14

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The home visits allowed UNITE to talk to workers in a private setting, away from Cintas supervisors. Id. ¶ 28. According to

Brent Garren, UNITE's Senior Associate General Counsel, UNITE staff members conducted these home visits "to discuss with [Cintas workers] their experiences working at Cintas and their desire for union representation." Id. Ex. DD Garren Decl. ¶ 5.

UNITE representatives testified that before contacting someone they did not know whether that person was aware of any possible legal issues, see Pls.' Mem. Ex. 11 Qadeer Dep. 247:21-249:3; Ex. 12 Chambers Dep. 49:3-8; Ex. 16 Scimone Dep. 114:3-6; Ex. 10 Watson Dep. 32:8-22, nor were they sure that the person was a UNITE employee, see id. Ex. 9 Mestrich Dep. 141:2-12; Ex. 16

asked for him by name, and he said, "That's me." Id. The women told him that "they were organizing a union campaign against Cintas." Id. He told them he was not interested and shut the door. Id. The women got in their car and left. Id. Jose L. Sabastro was on his porch when two men entered his yard. Id. ¶ 55. One man introduced himself and said he was from the Teamsters. Id. Sabastro said he was not interested and told them to get off his property, which the two men did. Id. Russell Christian said that a man came to the door, identified himself as being from the union and asked if he was Russell Christian. Id. ¶ 57. He said, "Yes, I am." Id. Asked whether he worked at Cintas, he said, "No," and motioned to Kathleen Kelly saying, "She does." Id. Kelly told Christian, "No, I don't want to talk to him. Shut the door." Id. Christian did so, and the man left. Id. Holly Marston, Seth Nye's mother, answered the door at 1660 Ross Lane on "a cold, cloudy day." Id. ¶ 51. A short Latino man in a UNITE hat told her that he was "canvassing the area to get support for the union." Id. She said, "My son is a management trainee," and the canvasser said, "Oh, he's one of those" and left. Id. Both Nye and Marston later received a leaflet from UNITE through the United States mail. Id. ¶ 52. Upon answering her doorbell one day, Elizabeth Pichler saw someone from UNITE. Id. ¶ 58. She said that she was not interested and shut her door. Id. 15

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Scimone Dep. 113:8-22. Field staff used "house call sheets" to record the results of home visits. Stip. ¶ 22. During or immediately after

house calls, the organizers filled out house call sheets, which had boxes for recording information about (1) the workers' job, shift, ethnicity, and other status; (2) the workers' interest in the union on a numerical scale; and (3) and general comments. Id. Some of the house call sheets included a notation for "legal Id. The purpose of such sheets

follow-up," and some did not.

was not recording workers' complaints about discrimination, but rather their interest in unionization. Decl. ¶ 7, Nov. 30, 2005.27 Id. Ex. CC Hodek Second

UNITE field staff had also developed

Law Violation Report Forms, which UNITE used in Michigan when visiting employees in their homes. Id. ¶ 23. Moreover, in July

of 2003 UNITE developed a form called "Discrimination Inventory: Information to be Gathered in Preparation for Litigation," which asked whether a complaint had been made, the status of the complaint, and whether there was "Potential". id. Ex. Y Discrimination Inventory form. Id. ¶ 24; see also

UNITE representatives

drafted this new form to prepare for and prosecute claims against Cintas. Stip. Ex. CC, Hodek Second Decl. ¶¶ 1, 5-6; id. Ex. DD

Garren Decl. ¶¶ 8-9. As a result of its home visits, UNITE prepared at least twenty-nine Legal Violations Reports. Stip. ¶ 27. Those reports

Julie Hodek has been a research analyst with UNITE since June of 2003. Stip. Ex. CC Hodek Second Decl. ¶ 1. 16

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include people whose names and addresses UNITE got from Westlaw or John Rea, based upon motor vehicle records. Id. ¶ 27. UNITE

filled out Legal Violation Reports as a result of visiting seven putative class members: Betty Jean Higgs, Ida Mae Ray,28 Marakisa Henderson, Maria L. Villalta, Maria M. Rubet,29 Maria Monsod,30 Mercedes Vega. Id. ¶ 27.

From 2002 through October 13, 2004, UNITE brought or assisted in bringing against Cintas six federal cases,31 three state court cases,32 eighteen charges with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"),33 and four charges with the

Ida Mae Ray appears on both the Westlaw Exhibit 8 and Exhibit 9 lists. Stip. ¶ 27. Ms. Ray was searched under two separate Westlaw account numbers. Id. Maria Rubet appears twice on the Westlaw Exhibit 8 list. Stip. ¶ 27. Maria Monsod is associated with Edwin Monsod, who appears twice on the Westlaw Exhibit 8 list. Stip. ¶ 27. The six federal cases are: Ramirez v. Cintas Corp., No. CV-04-281 (N.D. Cal.) (filed Jan. 20, 2004); Veliz v. Cintas, No. C 03-1180 (SBA) (N.D. Cal.) (filed Mar. 19, 2003); Grindle (Ohio) Plaintiffs; Harris, et al. v. Cintas Corp., No. 04 CV 6040 T(P) (N.D.N.Y.) (filed Jan. 29, 2004); Houston and Cooper v. Cintas Corp., No. C 05-03145 (N.D. Cal.) (filed Aug. 3, 2005); and Holloman v. Cintas Corp., No. A-04-CA-1092 (W.D. Tx.) (filed Dec. 28, 2004). Stip. ¶ 49.A.1-6. The three state court cases are: Amaral and Hernandez, et al. v. Cintas Corp. (Sup. Ct. Cal. Alameda Co.) (filed June 23, 2003); Ayon v. Cintas, No. BC310696 (Sup. Ct. Ca. L.A. Co.) (filed Feb. 17, 2004); and a lawsuit by the Connecticut Attorney General to enforce the Clean Water Act. Stip. ¶ 49.B.1-3. UNITE assisted eighteen Cintas employees who filed EEOC charges against their employer from July 1, 2002 through October 13, 2004, as well as three employees who filed such charges from December 17, 2004 through July 10, 2005. Stip. ¶ 49.C.2. 17
33 32 31 30 29

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration ("OSHA").34

UNITE

also filed unfair labor practice charges with various offices of the National Labor Relations Board ("NLRB"), some of which were settled without any admission of liability. Id. ¶ 42; see also It

id. Ex. M UNITE-filed NLRB charges and case correspondence.

also assisted two putative Pichler class members in Marin County, California to file complaints concerning wages, and it wrote a letter to the County urging enforcement of the wage ordinance. See UNITE's Mem. Qadeer Decl. Exs. P, Q. In addition to the UNITE-assisted EEOC charges that Cintas employees filed, on November 18, 2003 UNITE and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters filed a charge with the U.S. EEOC35, the Ohio Civil Rights Commission, and the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing. The charges alleged

that Cintas discriminated against employees on the basis of race, color, sex, and national origin, specifying discriminatory acts at nine Cintas facilities: Las Vegas, Nevada; San Diego,

The OSHA complaints against Cintas concerned its Rochester, New York facility (filed June 4, 2004); Central Islip, New York facility (filed May 6, 2004); Bedford Park, Illinois facility; and Schaumburg, Illinois facility. Stip. ¶ 49.E.1-4. UNITE filed the Central Islip complaint on behalf of Cintas employee Sergio Mateo. Id. ¶ 49.E.2. It also filed a complaint on Mateo's behalf alleging that Cintas retaliated against him for requesting health and safety records of employees. Id. ¶ 44. The parties' stipulation does not make clear whether these were two distinct actions. We note that in a different paragraph the Stipulation also refers to a November 17, 2003 joint EEOC charge. The parties confirmed to Chambers staff that this difference in date is immaterial because the paragraphs refer to the same joint charge. 18
35

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California; Central Islip, New York; Springfield, Missouri; Landover, Maryland; Rochester, New York; Irvington, New Jersey; Westlake, Michigan; San Leandro, California. Id. ¶ 43. The

charges identified six Cintas employees who alleged that Cintas discriminated against them: Roberto Ramirez and Maria Ubia from Las Vegas, Nevada; Robert Harris from Rochester, New York; Stacey Stern from Chicago, Illinois; Amy Severson from Springfield, Missouri; and Luis Cardoza from San Leandro, California. Id.

The EEOC charge was dismissed on March 8, 2005 because of Ramirez v. Cintas Corp., No. CV-04-281 (N.D. Cal.), a lawsuit based on the same allegations and issues. Stip. Facts ¶ 49.C.1. On or

UNITE also sent letters to Cintas employees.

about March 19, 2003, it sent a letter to about 1,000 of them. Id. ¶ 47, Ex. R. UNITE addressed the letter to Cintas drivers

and informed them about a national class action lawsuit that it had helped Cintas drivers to file in order to collect unpaid overtime. Id. The letter concluded by stating, "For more

information about the lawsuit or about how you can become involved in UNITE, contact us . . . ." Id. On September 23,

2004, it sent another letter to thousands of current and former Cintas employees. Id. ¶ 48, Ex. Q. UNITE and the Teamsters both

signed this letter, addressed to "all Current and Former Cintas Drivers," which provided more information about the overtime payment lawsuit, stated there was limited time left to join the lawsuit, and directed those interested in claiming their unpaid overtime wages to fill out an enclosed Consent to Sue form. 19 Id.

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Ex. Q. D. Earlier Litigation Concerning the Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994

In 2000, plaintiffs in Tarkington v. Hanson and UNITE, Docket No. 4-00-CV-00525 JMM (E.D. Ark. Aug. 25, 2000), sued UNITE under the Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 and Arkansas state law, and filed an amended complaint seeking class status. Stip. ¶ 59. Plaintiffs there alleged that UNITE

obtained motor vehicle license plate numbers from vehicles parked in the Dillard's Distribution Center in Mabelvale, Arkansas, and used those licenses plates to wrongfully get people's personal information -- including names, addresses, and telephone numbers -- from the state motor vehicle agency, and then solicit people at their homes. Compl. ¶ 8. Brent Garren, UNITE's Senior Associate General Counsel, in consultation with Dave Prouty, counsel to UNITE's organizing department, was responsible for directing the course of the Tarkington litigation. See Pls.' Mem. Ex. 23 Garren Dep. 42:21Garren testified in his Id. Ex. AA Tarkington v. UNITE, Am. Class Action

25, 50:25-51:16, July 28, 2005.

deposition that he discussed with Raynor the terms of the settlement as it was being negotiated. 13, 84:5-9.36 Id. at 63:24-64:2, 71:6-

When plaintiffs' counsel asked Garren if he had discussed with Raynor "what the Tarkington lawsuit was about," UNITE's counsel did not permit Garren to respond, citing grounds of attorney-client privilege. See Pls.' Mem. Ex. 3 Garren Dep. 20

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Bruce Raynor executed the two Release and Settlement Agreements concerning Tarkington, Stip. ¶ 60, one between UNITE and the plaintiffs, see id. Ex. O, and the other between UNITE and Dillard's and its counsel, see id. Ex. P. In the agreement

with the plaintiffs, UNITE agreed to permanently expunge from its records all of the plaintiffs' personal information that it "obtained by the actions complained of in the lawsuit," i.e., tagging. See id. Ex. O at ¶ 3. UNITE fulfilled this obligation.

See Pls.' Mem. Ex. 1 Bennett Dep. 225:7-14, 228:17-229:21; Ex. 23 Garren Dep. 60:9-18. Jason Coulter, UNITE's Assistant National Organizing Director, testified that he and Ernest Bennett, UNITE's International Vice-President and Director of Organizing, discussed the Dillard's case and "decided to continue to use tags because it was still on occasion a valuable tool for the union to use in organizing workers." 18. Pls.' Mem. Ex. 13 Coulter Dep. 64:7-

According to Bennett, "[t]he context of the discussion was

that we needed to be discreet about using the license plate retrieval although we should continue to, but we needed to be discreet because of Dillard's use in a campaign that undermined our effort." Id. Ex. 1 Bennett Dep. 132:23-133:4.

By "discreet," Bennett meant "let's don't run it high profile and blast it out and be careful using it, because we did not want it to be used as a tactic as Dillard used it in the

84:10-15. 21

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organizing campaign."

Id. at 133:11-16.

Coulter also told

organizers to exercise discretion.

In light of Tarkington,

during a 2001 non-Cintas campaign in Arkansas, Coulter testified that he told organizers "to be discreet" because they did not want the company to find out what they were doing. Coulter Dep. 85:2-8. Id. Ex. 13,

While some people at that campaign knew

about the Dillard's campaign, Coulter said they "didn't discuss the Dillard's case, but we discussed that people needed to be thoughtful and careful and discreet." Id. at 86:14-16. They

wanted to avoid having the company learn that they were preparing an organizing campaign. E. Id. at 85:24-86:5.

This Litigation

Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit on June 28, 2004, and a few weeks later filed a one-count amended class action complaint alleging that UNITE, Raynor, and the Teamsters violated the Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 ("DPPA" or the "Act"). To remedy these alleged violations, plaintiffs each requested that we award liquidated damages of $2,500, punitive damages, attorneys' fees, costs, and injunctive relief. 14. See Am. Compl. at

Defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint, but we See Pichler v. UNITE,

denied their motion on October 13, 2004. 339 F. Supp. 2d 665 (E.D. Pa. 2004).

On May 31, 2005, we granted plaintiffs' motion for class certification with respect to UNITE, denied it with respect

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to Raynor and the Teamsters, defined a class as against UNITE,37 and appointed class counsel. 230, 260-61 (E.D. Pa. 2005). See Pichler v. UNITE, 228 F.R.D. The class, certified under Fed.

R.Civ. P. 23(b)(1)(A), consists of: All persons whose personal information from motor vehicle records was knowingly obtained, used, and/or disclosed, directly or indirectly, by UNITE or UNITE HERE between July 1, 2002 and October 13, 2004, as part of an effort to contact Cintas Corporation employees[.] See Order of Feb. 9, 2006. On September 23, 2005, we approved a

Consent Order between plaintiffs and the Teamsters settling claims between them and dismissing this action as against the Teamsters only. Following completion of discovery, the parties submitted their cross-motions for summary judgment, as well as their stipulations of fact. III. Legal Analysis After setting forth the relevant statutory provisions, We now address those motions.38

We certified a class pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3), see Pichler v. UNITE, 228 F.R.D. 230, 260 (E.D. Pa. 2005), and later, upon agreement of the parties, amended the class definition to extend the class period until October 13, 2004, see Order of Dec. 14, 2005. The parties then agreed that the class should be certified pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1)(A), rather than Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). Pursuant to their stipulation and Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1)(C), we recertified the class under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1)(A). See Order of Feb. 9, 2006. UNITE revisits the issue of the DPPA's state of mind requirement, a matter upon which we have already ruled. See Pichler v. UNITE, 228 F.R.D. 230, 241-42 (E.D. Pa. 2005). We shall therefore not reconsider that issue. 23
38

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we will consider the motions with respect to UNITE, and then turn to Bruce Raynor. A. The DPPA

Unless one of its exceptions applies, the DPPA forbids state officials from "knowingly disclos[ing] or otherwise mak[ing] available to any person or entity . . . personal information . . . about any individual obtained by the department [of motor vehicles] in connection with a motor vehicle record." 18 U.S.C. § 2721(a)(1) (2006). It also prohibits others from

knowingly "obtain[ing] or disclos[ing] personal information, from a motor vehicle record" for an unlawful purpose and from "mak[ing] false representation[s] to obtain any personal information from an individual's motor vehicle record." U.S.C. § 2722(a), (b). Section 2724 provides for a civil cause of action: person who knowingly obtains, discloses or uses personal information, from a motor vehicle record, for a purpose not permitted under this chapter shall be liable to the individual to whom the information pertains, who may bring a civil action in a United States district court." 18 U.S.C. § 2724(a). "A 18

Section 2721 lists fourteen exceptions to the DPPA, two of which are at issue here. The Act authorizes access:

For use in connection with any civil, criminal, administrative, or arbitral proceeding in any Federal, State, or local court or agency or before any self-regulatory body, including the service of process, investigation in anticipation of litigation, 24

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and the execution or enforcement of judgments and orders, or pursuant to an order of a Federal, State, or local court. 18 U.S.C. § 2721(b)(4) (the "litigation exception"). It also

authorizes access "[f]or use by any government agency, including any court or law enforcement agency, in carrying out its functions, or any private person or entity acting on behalf of a Federal, State, or local agency in carrying out its functions." 18 U.S.C. § 2721(b)(1) (the "acting on behalf of a government agency exception"). If a defendant is found liable, the court "may" award-(1) actual damages, but not less than liquidated damages in the amount of $2,500; (2) punitive damages upon proof of willful or reckless disregard of the law; (3) reasonable attorneys' fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred; and (4) such other preliminary and equitable relief as the court determines to be appropriate. 18 U.S.C. § 2724(b). In our decision on class certification, we held that: to be eligible to recover under the DPPA, a plaintiff must prove that (1) the defendant knowingly obtained, disclosed, or used personal information from her motor vehicle records; and (2) the purpose of such obtaining, disclosure, or use was not permissible. The plaintiff need not show that the defendant knew that the obtaining, disclosure, or use was impermissible. Pichler v. UNITE, 228 F.R.D. 230, 242 (E.D. Pa. 2005).

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B.

UNITE

Before we consider whether the DPPA provides an exception for UNITE's actions, we must address an important issue of statutory construction. One section in UNITE's brief contends

that plaintiffs cannot prove it violated the Act "if at least one of the purposes for which UNITE acquired motor vehicle information was lawful." UNITE's Mem. 29 C. (format altered).

Plaintiffs dispute such a construction and contend that "liability does not result from the absence of any permitted purpose, as Defendants declare, but from the existence of 'a purpose not permitted.'" Pls.' Mem. of Law in Opp'n to Defs.'

Mots. for Summ. J. ("Pls.' Opp'n") at 16. Section 2724 provides that "[a] person who knowingly obtains, discloses or uses personal information, from a motor vehicle record, for a purpose not permitted under this chapter shall be liable . . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 2724(a) (emphasis added).

Thus, one who obtains information is liable each time one gets information "for a purpose not permitted." Accordingly, if UNITE

had three purposes for "obtain[ing], disclos[ing] or us[ing] [plaintiffs'] personal information" and two of those were "permissible uses" but the third was not, UNITE would still be liable for the third purpose. The Act contains no language that

would excuse an impermissible use merely because it was executed in conjunction with a permissible use.39 We note that this reading is consistent with how at least one Pennsylvania court has interpreted the DPPA. See Hartman v. 26
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We now consider the purposes for which UNITE is said to have obtained plaintiffs' personal information. As will be seen,

on this record the question of partially permissible uses is not pertinent because there was no permissible use. 1. Organizing Workers

Plaintiffs contend that UNITE is liable because the DPPA does not recognize a unionizing campaign as a permissible use. UNITE revisits its argument that the DPPA is inapplicable

to union organizing activity because of the NLRB's primary jurisdiction. See UNITE's Mem. 44-51. Having already ruled on

this issue, see Pichler v. UNITE, 339 F. Supp. 2d 665, 668-70 (E.D. Pa. 2004), we shall not reconsider it now. The DPPA lists fourteen permissible purposes in Section 2721(b); union organizing is not one of them. As we have already

held, we will not engraft upon the DPPA a "labor exception" that would permit unions to acquire and use employees' personal information, obtained from motor vehicle records, to contact them during organizing campaigns. 665, 669-70 (E.D. Pa. 2004). but we cannot. The parties have stipulated that UNITE was conducting a campaign to organize and unionize Cintas workers, and that "to Pichler v. UNITE, 339 F. Supp. 2d Congress may amend Section 2721(b),

Dept. of Conservation & Natural Resources, 892 A.2d 897, 904-05 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2006) (finding that DPPA did not permit disclosure of personal information where main purpose of using the information was not permitted, even though there was another possibly permissible use effected at the same time). 27

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contact workers as part of UNITE's organizing campaign," it compiled lists of Cintas workers. 14, 21. See Stip. ¶ 29; see also ¶¶

One method to build these lists was "access[ing]

information contained in state motor vehicle records relating to those license plate numbers" that were "on cars found in Cintas parking lots." Stip. ¶ 30. "With respect to the Cintas

campaign, UNITE accessed the motor vehicle records of the named Plaintiffs and a plaintiff class estimated by Plaintiffs and Cintas to consist of between approximately 1758 and 2005 Cintas employees, or relatives or friends of Cintas employees." 32. These stipulations leave no doubt that UNITE's tagging was done to further its organizing campaign. Because Congress Id. ¶

did not designate union organizing as a permissible use under the DPPA, we hold that UNITE is liable to plaintiffs under Section 2724(a). As noted, without the imagined "labor exception" UNITE still claims safe harbors in two statutory exceptions. But as we

now explain, UNITE's activities were not done "in anticipation of litigation" or "on behalf of a [government] agency" within the meaning of the DPPA. We now turn to the parties' arguments

concerning those two exceptions. 2. The Litigation Exception

According to UNITE, the record establishes that it acquired and used personal information of the putative Pichler

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class members in connection with an investigation in anticipation of litigation within the meaning of Section 2721(b)(4) of the DPPA. See UNITE's Mem. 30-36. Plaintiffs, in turn, characterize

UNITE's actions as a "mass solicitation of claims in pursuit of [its] union organizing campaign." Pls.' Mem. 36.

For the litigation exception to apply, we have held that there must be an actual investigation, litigation must appear likely at the time of the investigation, and the protected information acquired during the investigation must be of "use" in the litigation, meaning that there was "a reasonable likelihood that the decision maker would find the information useful in the course of the proceeding." 665, 668 (E.D. Pa. 2004). Pichler v. UNITE, 339 F. Supp. 2d We understand that "litigation"

"encompass[es] all manner of proceedings identified in § 2721(b)(4), including Board proceedings." Id. As we explained,

"[t]his construction ensures that individuals' statutorily recognized rights to the privacy of their motor vehicle records are not sacrificed whenever a litigant raises the possibility of a tenuous connection between the protected information and issues tangentially related to a conceivable litigation strategy." UNITE asserts that it satisfies our litigation exception criteria for three reasons. First, an undisputed Id.

objective and goal of the Cintas campaign was to investigate and initiate court cases. Second, litigation appeared likely because

Cintas's workforce was largely minority and female and because UNITE's pre-campaign investigation revealed prior discrimination 29

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complaints that Cintas employees had filed, namely forty cases alleging unlawful discrimination, as well as forty-two unfair labor practice charges against Cintas and its subsidiaries from 1998 through 2001. 2006. See UNITE's Mem. Qadeer Decl. ¶ 4 May 12,

Third, it was reasonably likely that the EEOC, as well as

state and local agencies, would need to know which employees suffered discrimination or other labor law violations or knew of those who had. UNITE contends that, given its knowledge of Cintas's labor law violations, it needed "to contact Cintas employees at home to investigate whether they were the victims of unlawful employment discrimination or overtime violations or had evidence to support those that had already filed such charges." Mem. 33. UNITE's

UNITE highlights the Ramirez class action, a Title VII The lead

case alleging race, ethnic, and gender discrimination.

plaintiff, Robert Ramirez, is a putative class member here, as are three other Ramirez plaintiffs. Id., Qadeer Decl. ¶ 16.

UNITE claims that its home visits to all class members who are women or minorities were part of the investigation it undertook in anticipation of the Ramirez litigation. UNITE also cites to Veliz, the national FLSA overtime class action for Cintas drivers. Named plaintiffs Thomas Riley,

Russell Daubert, and Jose Sabastro are or were Cintas drivers who were eligible to participate in Veliz, and they all received mail about that litigation. Daubert received UNITE's September 23,

2004 letter about Veliz, as well as "YES, WE CAN!," a ten-page 30

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"newsletter about uniform justice at Cintas" published by UNITE and the Teamsters in March of 2004. May 15, 2006, Ex. C UNITE's Mem. Kennedy Decl., see

Riley Dep. 12:3-16:1, Dec. 10, 2004;

also Stip. Ex. Q "UNIFORM justice!" Sep. 23, 2004; Ex. Z "YES, WE CAN!" Mar. 2004. Sabastro also received mail from the union UNITE's Mem.

about Veliz and the "YES, WE CAN!" publication.

Kennedy Decl. Ex. D Sabastro Dep. 13:5-14:25, 61:3-64:7, Dec. 9, 2004. Daubert received mail about the lawsuit, but did not read

the documents or know who sent them, nor did he recall receiving a copy of UNITE's September 23, 2004 letter. Dep. 31:6-32:3, Dec. 10, 2004. Furthermore, UNITE points out that as a result of home visits to seven putative class members, UNITE filled out eight Legal Violation Reports, see Stip. ¶ 27, it identified four putative class members as victims of discrimination in the Discrimination Inventory Reports, see Qadeer Decl. ¶ 14, and sixteen putative class members executed Consents to Sue to enable them to opt into the Veliz litigation, see id. ¶ 15. It also Id. Ex. B Daubert

worked with the EEOC in submitting discrimination charges and investigated allegations of Cintas violations of OSHA and state environmental regulations. Plaintiffs submit that the litigation exception, as we have explained it, "can only mean a discrete investigation into a discrete claim or set of claims." Pls.' Mem. 33. In other

words, "[f]or ["in anticipation of" of litigation] to have any meaning, it must mean investigating the merits of an actual 31

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potential claim, not merely fishing in the speculative hope that you will hook something." Pls.' Opp'n 18. As plaintiffs note,

defendants do not allege that they knew whether a person had a claim, or information relevant to a claim, until they spoke with that person. Indeed, defendants have stipulated that they were

"finding potential legal claims" throughout the Cintas campaign. Stip. ¶ 21 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs also take issue with

UNITE's contention that litigation was "likely" because UNITE was aware of eighty-two legal proceedings against Cintas -- a number that plaintiffs find unremarkable in a company employing 28,000 workers. We agree with plaintiffs that UNITE's activities do not come within the DPPA's litigation exception. UNITE was "finding"

claims, not investigating them within the meaning of the statute. Litigation was not "likely" in any realistic way. Indeed, UNITE

accessed the personal information of 1,758 to 2,005 putative class members, which, as stipulated, resulted in only thirty-one of those people either becoming involved in litigation against Cintas or taking steps toward such actions during the class period. In other words, UNITE had, at best, less than a 1.8%

success rate in "finding" legal claims among the putative class members. UNITE's reading also proves too much. As plaintiffs

point out, at any given time large companies such as DuPont or Dow Chemical are sure to be involved in multiple legal proceedings concerning discrimination, wage claims, or pollution. 32

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Under UNITE's reading, any union -- or for that matter any law firm -- could research DuPont or Dow Chemical, learn of past litigation and therefore claim that litigation was "likely." could then access the personal information of thousands of employees, contact them at their homes, and surely find some legal cases to prosecute. We do not believe that Congress It

drafted the DPPA just so we could eviscerate it by importing such claim trolling into its permissible uses. Wemhoff v. District of Columbia, 887 A.2d 1004, 1006 (D.C. 2005), a case brought under the District of Columbia's Freedom of Information Act, comes to the same conclusion. There,

the District's Department of Motor Vehicles ("DMV") denied a lawyer's request to produce the names and address of motorists who had received traffic violations at a certain intersection, because, inter alia, it claimed the DPPA prevented such disclosures. Id. at 1006. The lawyer wanted this information so

that he might solicit people to join a class action he had filed concerning the District's enforcement of traffic laws, and he therefore relied on Section 2721(b)(4)'s "in anticipation of litigation" exception. Id. at 1007, 1010-12. The court examined

our decision here on the motion to dismiss, 339 F. Supp. 2d 665 (E.D. Pa. 2004), and held that "[b]ased on Pichler, and our own reading of § 2721, acquiring personal information from the motor vehicle records for the purpose of finding and soliciting clients for a lawsuit is not a 'permissible use' within the meaning of § 2721(b)." Id. at 1012. 33

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The DPPA thus does not permit one to acquire and use statutorily proscribed personal information to solicit or find claims. That is all that UNITE's actions amounted to here, and

such claim trolling is far short of the concreteness Congress had in mind to remove the DPPA's protection. take refuge in the litigation exception. 3. The Acting On Behalf Of A Government Entity Exception UNITE therefore cannot

UNITE also argues that it is a private entity that "act[ed] on behalf of a Federal, State, or local agency in carrying out its functions," a permissible use described in Section 2721(b)(1). UNITE points to its submission of charges of

discrimination against Cintas with the federal EEOC, meetings with the EEOC regarding Cintas, information it gave to the EEOC about Cintas, the EEOC's intervention as a plaintiff in Ramirez (based on its determination that the case has national significance), and the UNITE campaign plan's legal component. See UNITE's Mem. 37, Qadeer Decl. ¶ 18, Hodek Decl. ¶¶ 18-23, May 11, 2006; see also Stip. Ex. I Campaign Plan. UNITE states that

it was and is playing the role of a "private attorney general" to eradicate discrimination at Cintas. See New York Gaslight Club,

Inc. v. Carey, 447 U.S. 54, 63 (1980) ("Congress has cast the Title VII plaintiff in the role of 'a private attorney general,' vindicating a policy 'of the highest priority'"). UNITE also

filed employment discrimination charges with six states' antidiscrimination agencies. UNITE's Mem. Qadeer Decl. ¶ 20. 34

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As for environmental matters, UNITE brought or assisted in bringing four OSHA complaints, Stip. ¶ 49 E40; investigated alleged EPA and OSHA violations at twelve facilities at which putative Pichler class members work, see UNITE's Mem. Frumin Decl. ¶ 4, May 10, 2006, Ex. E; and intervened in a lawsuit by the Connecticut Attorney General against Cintas to enforce the Clean Water Act, Stip. ¶ 49 B.3, a case that resulted in a 2005 settlement with Cintas, UNITE, and Connecticut's Department of Environmental Protection in which three of four UNITE positions were adopted, see UNITE's Mem. Frumin Decl., Ex. N. UNITE also

notes that it assisted a Cintas employee -- one who left Cintas in July of 2002, before the class period here -- to testify at a March 9, 2004 Environmental Protection Agency regulatory hearing addressing proposed shop towel rules, a hearing UNITE had requested. UNITE's Mem. Frumin Decl. ¶ 3. As plaintiffs note, UNITE does not connect any of its NLRB complaints to license plate searches. It does not cite any

information obtained from home visits to putative class members with information it may have provided to any agency. Indeed, it

is unclear which, if any, putative class members were involved

UNITE also claims it assisted employees in filing OSHA complaints at thirty-one Cintas locations. See UNITE's Mem. 20. For this proposition, it cites to paragraph four and Exhibit E of the Declaration of Eric Frumin, UNITE's Director of Occupational Health and Safety. UNITE's Mem. Frumin Decl. ¶¶ 1, 4, Ex. E. Frumin declares that he "investigated allegations of EPA violation at Cintas facilities" and provides a log listing thirty-two such facilities. Id. at ¶¶ 1, 4. He does not state that he assisted Cintas employees in filing thirty-one OSHA complaints, so we shall not credit this allegation. 35

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with the legal proceedings UNITE identifies.

The record simply

does not support an inference that UNITE's tagging activities were undertaken on behalf of a government agency. appointment as agency champion therefore fails. C. Bruce Raynor Its self-

The amended complaint charges Raynor with the same alleged violation of the DPPA as UNITE, "knowingly obtaining, disclosing and/or using Plaintiffs' . . . personal information from motor vehicle records without Plaintiffs' . . . consent, for purposes not permitted by the DPPA." See Am. Compl. ¶ 65. It

also alleges that he "caused UNITE and others . . . to engage in, as well as personally directed, authorized or otherwise supervised, the unlawful conduct alleged." Id. ¶ 19. Moreover,

it claims that Raynor "agreed and conspired" with UNITE to commit acts in violation of the DPPA. Id. ¶ 66. Since we denied

plaintiffs' motion for class certification as against Raynor, each of the plaintiffs must show that he committed the alleged acts as against him or her. Raynor contends that the record offers no support for the allegations against him. As evidenced from the specific

facts brought to our attention, Raynor is correct, and he is therefore entitled to summary judgment. Indeed, plaintiffs seem

implicitly to acknowledge this because they now argue that Raynor's liability rests on his turning a "blind eye" to the tagging. They request that, to the extent that Raynor argues

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this "theory" is different from the amended complaint's allegations, we consider the pleadings amended to conform to the evidence, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b). Even if we did,

plaintiffs' new theory remains unhelpful on this record. Plaintiffs cite to Raynor's awareness that UNITE had used tagging in the 1970s, see Pls.' Mem. Ex. 7 Raynor Dep. 18:422:11, his knowledge of the DPPA from the Tarkington case, and his awareness that organizers had discretion to tag and his failure to direct them to stop, see id. at 31:3-32:23. Based on

these facts, they contend that "Raynor's participation and cooperation consisted of deliberately turning a blind eye to a practice he knew about and which he knew to be of at best questionable legality under the DPPA." Pls.' Mem. 43.

Plaintiffs now rely on Pennsylvania's participation theory of tort liability: The general, if not universal, rule is that an officer of a corporation who takes part in the commission of a tort by the corporation is personally liable therefor; but that an officer of a corporation who takes no part in the commission of the tort committed by the corporation is not personally liable to third persons for such a tort, nor for the acts of other agents, officers or employees of the corporation in committing it, unless he specifically directed the particular act to be done or participated, or cooperated therein. Mill Run Associates v. Locke Property Co., Inc., 282 F. Supp. 2d 278, 287-88 (E.D. Pa. 2003) (quoting Wicks v. Milzoco Builders, Inc., 470 A.2d 86, 90 (1983)). Plaintiffs fail to point to anything in the record 37

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showing that Raynor "specifically directed . . . or participated, or cooperated" in tagging. Plaintiffs have provided no evidence

to rebut Raynor's testimony that, as President, he has not discussed tagging with anyone and has been "uninvolved in what methods were or were not used to obtain information about where workers live." Raynor Mot., Rochman Decl., May 12, 2006, Ex. C

Raynor Dep. 63:14-17, see also id. at 92:21-93:16. The other cases upon which plaintiffs rely do not support the proposition that corporate officers are liable for their nonfeasance under this theory. Indeed, the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court has made clear that liability under the participation theory "attaches o