VASCO v. POWER HOME REMODELING GROUP LLC

Filing 43

MEMORANDUM AND/OR OPINION. SIGNED BY HONORABLE MARK A. KEARNEY ON 10/12/2016. 10/12/2016 ENTERED AND COPIES E-MAILED.(kp, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

TEOFILO VASCO
v.
POWER HOME REMODELING
GROUP LLC

: CIVIL ACTION
:
:
: NO. 15-4623
:
:

MEMORANDUM
KEARNEY, J.

October 12, 2016

A class action of over 1.1 million persons challenging automated repeated sales calls to
their cell phones from a sales-lead company must overcome significant legal issues after the
persons possibly signed consents disclosing their cell phone numbers. Class actions for over 1.1
million recipients of cell phone calls require the parties’ careful investigation and analysis of the
consent and likelihood of potential recovery against regional sales-lead companies with limited
assets. Recognizing the risks, the parties prudently agreed to a two-day mediation session
conducted by an experienced mediator balancing these concerns and allowing the parties to fairly
value their claims and defenses. Counseled by experienced class action counsel, the parties
agreed through the mediator to a settlement confirming both prospective “change in conduct”
relief and a claims process for certain damages. Over 101,000 persons, or approximately 9% of
the Class, filed claims responsive to the Class Notice.
In the accompanying Orders, we approve the negotiated settlement as fair, reasonable and
adequate after finding immediate changes in the sales-lead company’s business practices on cell
phone sales calls and an opportunity to file a claim to recover damages. We further award 25%
of the common fund recovery as attorney’s fees, and approve the capped administrative costs

incurred by the Claims Administrator and Class Counsel. We independently find the $5,000
incentive service fee for the Plaintiff is too high and reduce the incentive fee to $3,000
recognizing his service to the Class in beginning and then assisting in prosecuting his case
although he never appeared for a deposition, mediation or a court proceeding.
I.

Background1

While at a Home Depot, Teofilo Vasco gave his cell phone number to a salesperson. He
claims Power Home Remodeling Group LLC (“Power Home”) then made twenty-one
unsolicited calls to him seeking his business. After independent research, he thought these calls
may violate the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (“Act”)2 and called a lawyer. After
investigation, he filed suit under the Act for himself and other persons receiving an auto-dialer or
pre-recorded voice message on their cell phones.3

As described in his detailed Complaint

included in our approved Class website described in the Class Notice, Vasco sought statutory
damages of $500 per violation, costs, attorneys’ fees, and treble damages for willful or knowing
violations.4

Power Home vigorously asserted affirmative defenses of consent, statute of

limitations, lack of intent to violate the Act, failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, and the unavailability of statutory attorneys’ fees under the Act.5

Power Home

produced a requested sampling of records evidencing approximately 20% of call recipients
signed a consent for a call to their cell phone. Vasco learned of over 1.1 million potential Class
Members through informal discovery. As a result of the litigation, Power Home modified its
business practices on consent and cell phone calls.
In December 2015, the parties agreed to mediate before retired United States Magistrate
Judge Diane M. Welsh.6 After engaging in informal document discovery, the parties held daylong mediations with Judge Welsh on February 17, 2016 and March 29, 2016.7 The parties

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ultimately agreed in principle to settle the case.8 As part of the Settlement Agreement, Power
Home agreed to pay a non-reversionary cash settlement of $5.2 million, which includes $1.3
million in attorneys’ fees, up to $20,000 in litigation expenses, up to $5,000 for Vasco’s service
award and up to $1.2 million in notice and administrative costs.9
On May 5, 2016, Vasco filed an unopposed motion for preliminary approval of the
settlement.10 Following a hearing, we granted the motion including requiring the posting of the
Complaint and additional papers on a settlement website.11 On July 12, 2016, the Claims
Administrator mailed our approved Class Notice to approximately 1,104,162 class members.12
As of September 23, 2016, the Claims Administrator received approximately 101,188 claim
forms, a return rate of approximately 9%.13 Approximately one half of these claims arrived
through the claim form on the settlement website. As of our Final Fairness Hearing, the parties
agreed to cap the anticipated administrative costs at $1,180,000.
On August 23, 2016, Vasco filed an unopposed motion for final approval of settlement
along with a motion for attorneys’ fees and expenses.14 Approximately 155 persons opted out of
the Settlement. Four persons filed objections. On September 29, 2016, Vasco and Power Home
filed responses to the four objectors.15 Two of the four objectors opted out of the settlement and
lacked standing. At our Final Fairness Hearing, four Class Members appeared but the two
objectors (one of whom works as a paralegal in his lawyer’s small law firm) did not. The
objectors’ lawyer asked, at the last minute, if he could call into the hearing and we permitted him
to argue objections from his phone. We heard extensive argument and evaluated counsels’
answers to our questions. We heard from one class member concerned about post-Class Period
calls, and we described to him the Class Period and his potential remaining claims.

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I.

The Parties satisfy the Rule 23 class action requirements.

In reviewing a motion for class certification, we act as a fiduciary for absent class
members and protect the interests of the federal judicial system. 16 We may certify a class for
settlement purposes as long as we find the Settlement Class satisfies the requirements under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23.17 Under Rule 23(a), Vasco may sue as representative of the
class if he demonstrates: (1) the class is sufficiently numerous; (2) there are questions of law or
fact common to the class; (3) Vasco’s claims or defenses are typical of the claims or defenses of
the class; and (4) Vasco will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.18 We must
“assess all of the relevant evidence admitted at the class certification stage.”19
The proposed Settlement Class consists of all persons who received a call made by or on
behalf of Power Home on his or her cellular telephone where the call was made using an
automatic telephone dialing system and/or pre-recorded or artificial voice messages during the
period from October 16, 2013 to April 27, 2016.20 To the extent Power Home has made calls
after this date, those recipients are not releasing claims.
The Class is sufficiently numerous. Classes in excess of forty members may satisfy the
numerosity requirement.21 The Class consists of over 1.1 million persons.22
Commonality is satisfied. Commonality is demonstrated where the plaintiff “share[s] at
least one question of fact or law with the grievances of the prospective class.” 23 Numerous
common issues of fact and law exist, including: a) whether Power Home’s conduct in calling the
Class Members violated the Act; b) whether Power Home had proper consent from the recipients
of the calls; c) whether Power Home’s calls originated from an automated telephone dialing
system; and d) whether Power Home’s violations were knowing or willful.

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Typicality is also satisfied.

“[C]ases challenging the same unlawful conduct which

affects both the named plaintiffs and the putative class usually satisfy the typicality requirement
irrespective of the varying fact patterns underlying the individual claims.”24 Vasco demonstrates
typicality because he shows Power Home engaged in the same conduct toward him and the Class
Members, which caused the same injury to both him and the Class Members.
Vasco fairly and adequately represents the Class. In assessing this requirement, we must
consider whether: a) Vasco “has the ability and incentive to represent the claims of the class
vigorously;” b) Vasco “has obtained adequate counsel;” c) “there is [a] conflict between
[Vasco’s] claims and those asserted on behalf of the class;” and finally, d) Vasco “has
demonstrated a willingness and ability to select competent class counsel and to negotiate a
reasonable retainer agreement with that counsel.”25 As to the first factor, Vasco participated
directly in many phases of this litigation.26 He started this process and found a lawyer. He then
assisted his counsel in preparing the Complaint and provided documents with the dates and
number of calls he received from Power Home.27 He also consulted with counsel before, during,
and after the mediation sessions.28 Vasco demonstrated his ability and incentive to represent the
Class claims. As to the second factor, Vasco’s choice of counsel is adequate, as demonstrated by
Class Counsels’ vast and well-known experience litigating class action claims.29 As to the third
factor, we find no conflict between Vasco’s claims and the Class claims. Vasco has shown a
willingness to negotiate a reasonable retainer, as he agreed to the propriety of his counsels’ 25%
contingency fee.30
In addition, “the proposed class must satisfy at least one of the three requirements listed
in Rule 23(b).”31 Under Rule 23(b)(3), Vasco must demonstrate: (1) questions of law or fact
common to class members predominate over questions affecting only individual members, and

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(2) class resolution is superior to other methods.32 We may certify a class only if we are
“satisfied, after a rigorous analysis, that the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) have been satisfied.”33
Vasco satisfies the predominance requirement. “Predominance ‘tests whether proposed
classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation.’”34

The

predominance inquiry derives from the Rule 23(a) commonality requirement, but is more
demanding.35 “[T]he predominance inquiry focuses a common course of conduct by which the
defendant may have injured class members.”36 We are “more inclined to find the predominance
test met in the settlement context.”37 Vasco demonstrates predominance, as he alleges Power
Home engaged in a common course of conduct by making unsolicited telemarketing calls to the
Class Members.
Vasco satisfies the superiority requirement. For superiority, we “balance, in terms of
fairness and efficiency, the merits of a class action against those of ‘alternative available
methods’ of adjudication.”38 As sought in the Complaint—which the parties posted on the
settlement website—the Act permits statutory damages of $500 for each violation (i.e. phone
call) and treble damages for knowing or willful violations. Each Class Member may potentially
have claims for thousands of dollars. Given this suit involves over 1.1 million members,
individual lawsuits from the Class Members could easily lead to over $500 million in claims
against Power Home. Power Home’s limited insurance would pay for the litigation costs and
leave much less for the claimants in many lawsuits. Power Home is a regional “middle-man”
which calls homeowners regarding home renovation projects and, if the homeowner is interested,
Power Home arranges for an independent contractor to perform the service. Power Home has no
significant hard assets although it employs many persons to make these phone contacts and
follow-up.

As Vasco recognized, Power Home could be judgment proof on an eventual

6

judgment here, or in many individual cases, for the full statutory amount on a class basis. As
discussed during the Final Fairness Hearing, a judgment may likely result in a business
bankruptcy and possible discharge of any eventual judgment. Counsel also represented Power
Home has not funded the $5.2 million Settlement amount. We expressed concern with the
potential the Settlement Amount may not be available shortly after a final order but the parties
have agreed to proceed now rather than assume a risk of no recovery from multiple suits years
from now. In this context, Class resolution increases the likelihood all Class Members can
obtain relief in a cost effective manner. Vasco satisfies the superiority requirement.
II.

The proposed Settlement is fair, reasonable and adequate.

Under Rule 23(e)(2), we cannot approve a class action settlement unless it is “fair,
reasonable and adequate.”39 There is a “strong presumption in favor of voluntary settlement
agreements” in the class action context.40 “This presumption is especially strong in ‘class
actions and other complex cases where substantial judicial resources can be conserved by
avoiding formal litigation.’”41 This “strong judicial policy . . . contemplates a circumscribed role
for the district courts in settlement review and approval proceedings.”42
The Settlement Agreement is entitled to a presumption of fairness. “We apply an initial
presumption of fairness in reviewing a class settlement when: ‘(1) the negotiations occurred at
arms-length; (2) there was sufficient discovery; (3) the proponents of the settlement are
experienced in similar litigation; and (4) only a small fraction of the class objected.’”43 The
parties negotiated the Settlement Agreement at arm’s length with the benefit of a neutral,
experienced mediator, Judge Welsh.44 Prior to the mediation sessions, the parties conducted
informal discovery, including over one million pages of documents Power Home claimed
constituted consent to receive calls from Power Home.45 Vasco’s counsel, W. Craft Hughes, is

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experienced in class action litigation under the Act, as is Power Home’s pro hac vice counsel,
David M. Schultz.46 There are only four objectors, which constitutes an infinitesimally small
fraction of the entire class. We must apply the presumption of fairness to the Settlement
Agreement.
a. The Girsh factors weigh in favor of settlement.
Our Court of Appeals in Girsh identified nine factors to consider when determining the
fairness of a proposed settlement.47 “The settling parties bear the burden of proving that the
Girsh factors weigh in favor of approval of the settlement.”48
i. The complexity, expense and likely duration of the litigation.
This factor “captures the probable costs, in both time and money, of continued
litigation.”49 Vasco states discovery of Power Home’s dialing system would require each party
to hire technical experts at significant cost.50 As the parties did not complete formal discovery,
they would bear the normal yet significant expenses associated with prosecuting a contested
motion to certify a class, reviewing documents, taking depositions, opposing an anticipated
motion for summary judgment, trying a case before a jury, and potentially litigating the case on
appeal. The primary issue in this case is whether Power Home had the Class Members’ express
consent, which is not a particularly complex issue. As Vasco states in his brief, “Defendant
would either have or lack the written consents required by the [Act] for those calls.”51 This
factor weighs in favor of settlement, but not heavily because of the lack of complexity.
ii. The Class reaction to the settlement.
This factor “attempts to gauge whether members of the class support the settlement.”52
Courts reviewing this factor observe the percentage of objectors and opt-outs.53 For example,
our court of appeals found objection and opt-out rates of 1%, respectively, weighed in favor of

8

settlement.54

As of September 23, 2016, 155 of the more than 1.1 million noticed Class

Members timely excluded themselves from the Class.55 There are four total objectors, and two
of which have already opted out of the class. As the opt-outs and objectors account for less than
1% of Class Members, this factor weighs in favor of settlement.
iii. The stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery
completed.
This factor “captures the degree of case development that class counsel [had]
accomplished prior to settlement. Through this lens, courts can determine whether counsel had
an adequate appreciation of the merits of the case before negotiating.”56 The parties engaged in
informal discovery in preparation for mediation early in the case. Power Home produced over
one million pages of documents: calling scripts; documents addressing whether Power Home
used an automated telephone dialing system; documents concerning Vasco; documents
concerning calls made to Class Members’ cell phones; and documents concerning insurance
coverage.57
Vasco’s counsel states he conducted an in-depth analysis of “key legal and factual issues”
in preparing for mediation: a) whether Power Home’s “consent” documents constituted consent
under the Act; b) whether Power Home used an automatic telephone dialing system; c) the
existence of standing; d) the typical range of settlements in similar class actions; e) whether
Power Home’s methods of gathering telephone numbers constituted a defense to class
certification; and f) the availability of exceptions to class certification.58 Vasco’s counsel also
states he conducted many interviews with former Power Home employees, Power Home’s
subcontractors, and persons contacted by Power Home.59 Based on these representations, we are
confident counsel had an adequate appreciation of the merits of the case before negotiating
settlement.
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iv. The risks of establishing liability and damages.
“The fourth and fifth Girsh factors survey the possible risks of litigation in order to
balance the likelihood of success and the potential damage award if the case were taken to trial
against the benefits of an immediate settlement.”60 We “need not delve into the intricacies of the
merits of each side’s arguments, but rather may ‘give credence to the estimation of the
probability of success proffered by class counsel, who are experienced with the underlying case,
and the possible defenses which may be raised to their causes of action.’”61 Vasco’s counsel
states the Class has much to gain in avoiding continued litigation because Power Home would
assert: a) the existence of consent; b) differences in the method of obtaining consent preclude
class certification; c) Class Members lack standing; d) the calls did not originate from an
automated telephone dialing system; and e) the regulation requiring express written consent
before contacting potential customers is an invalid expansion of the Act. 62 These risks weigh in
favor of settlement.
v. The risks of maintaining the class action through the trial.
“[T]his factor measures the likelihood of obtaining and keeping a class certification if the
action were to proceed to trial.”63

“In a settlement class, this factor becomes essentially

‘toothless’ because ‘a district court need not inquire whether the case, if tried, would present
intractable management problems . . . for the proposal is that there be no trial.’”64 As the
Settlement Agreement forecloses trial, this factor weighs in favor of settlement.
vi. Defendant’s ability to withstand a greater judgment.
This “factor considers “whether the defendants could withstand a judgment for an amount
significantly greater than the [s]ettlement.”65 This “factor is most relevant when the defendant’s
professed inability to pay is used to justify the amount of the settlement.”66 Each Act violation

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(i.e. phone call) yields $500 in statutory damages, and treble damages for willful and knowing
violations. Given the existence of 1.1 million Class Members, damages could easily exceed
$500 million. At the Final Approval Hearing, Vasco explained a judgment in his favor for the
full amount of relief sought may bankrupt Power Home because it is a private regional home
improvement sales-lead company with no significant hard assets and limited insurance coverage.
A judgment may likely result in a business bankruptcy and discharge of the claims or eventual
judgments. This factor weighs in favor of settlement.
vii. The range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best
possible recovery and all the attendant risks of litigation.
In reviewing the final two factors, we ask “whether the settlement represents a good
value for a weak case or a poor value for a strong case.”67 “The factors test two sides of the
same coin: reasonableness in light of the best possible recovery and reasonableness in light of the
risks the parties would face if the case went to trial.”68 “[T]he present value of the damages
plaintiffs would likely recover if successful, appropriately discounted for the risk of not
prevailing, should be compared with the amount of the proposed settlement.”69 Vasco estimates
the possible range of damages from $550 million to $1.65 billion on the assumption of only one
Act violation per Class Member.70 The Settlement Amount is $5.2 million. Given Vasco’s
representations as to Power Home’s defenses to certification and on the merits, we find the
Settlement reasonable in light of the case’s strengths and weaknesses. All Class Members had
the opportunity to opt out of the settlement and preserve their right to independently seek full
recovery of their alleged damages if they believed they could achieve better results. Less than
10% of the over 1.1 million Class Members did so.

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b. Prudential considerations
Our Court of Appeals elaborated on the Girsh factors, identifying several permissive,
non-exhaustive factors:
[1] the maturity of the underlying substantive issues, as measured
by experience in adjudicating individual actions, the development
of scientific knowledge, the extent of discovery on the merits, and
other factors that bear on the ability to assess the probable outcome
of a trial on the merits of liability and individual damages; [2] the
existence and probable outcome of claims by other classes and
subclasses; [3] the comparison between the results achieved by the
settlement for individual class or subclass members and the results
achieved—or likely to be achieved—for other claimants; [4]
whether class or subclass members are accorded the right to opt
out of the settlement; [5] whether any provisions for attorneys’ fees
are reasonable; and [6] whether the procedure for processing
individual claims under the settlement is fair and reasonable.71
As to the first factor, the parties engaged in substantial informal document discovery.
One of the controlling issues is whether Power Home had requisite consent to conduct its phone
calls. Vasco contends the applicable regulations require prior “written” consent, while Power
Home claims the statute only requires prior “express” consent.72 The applicable regulation
requires, in pertinent part, “[a]n agreement, in writing, bearing the signature of the person called
that clearly authorizes the seller to deliver . . . to the person called advertisements or
telemarketing messages using an automatic telephone dialing system or an artificial or
prerecorded voice.”73 The existence of this explored yet unresolved dispute weighs in favor of
settlement.
While the second factor is not relevant, the third factor weighs in favor of settlement.
Class Members stand to gain approximately $27 each as a result of the settlement.

This

represents a small fraction of what each Class Member would otherwise be entitled to in
statutory damages. Each unsolicited phone call may result in $500 in statutory damages and

12

treble damages for willful or knowing violations. Although these damages appear attractive, an
individual action under the Act may not be financially feasible. The costs of prosecuting an
action, which includes the initial filing fee, could easily swallow a large portion of an individual
claimant’s recovery. The Act does not permit recovery of attorneys’ fees, which means an
individual claimant would need to proceed pro se, pay by the hour, or pay under a contingency
agreement. These costs and fees necessarily reduce an individual claimant’s amount of recovery,
and could easily render an individual lawsuit cost ineffective. This factor weighs in favor of
settlement.
The fourth factor weighs in favor of settlement because Class Members were given an
opportunity to opt out. We address the remaining factors during our review of the objections to
the reasonableness of the 25% attorney fee, the administrative costs, and the procedure for opting
out. All of these factors weigh in favor of settlement.
c. Baby Products considerations
In Baby Products, our Court of Appeals added factors to consider when reviewing a class
action settlement:
We add today that one of the additional inquiries for a thorough
analysis of settlement terms is the degree of direct benefit provided
to the class. In making this determination, a district court may
consider, among other things, [1] the number of individual awards
compared to both the number of claims and the estimated number
of class members, [2] the size of the individual awards compared
to claimants’ estimated damages, and [3] the claims process used
to determine individual awards. . . . Making these findings may
also require a court to withhold final approval of a settlement until
the actual distribution of funds can be estimated with reasonable
accuracy. Alternatively, a court may urge the parties to implement
a settlement structure that attempts to maintain an appropriate
balance between payments to the class and cy pres awards. For
instance, it could condition approval of a settlement on the
inclusion of a mechanism for additional payouts to individual class

13

members if the number of claimants turns out to be insufficient to
deplete a significant portion of the total settlement fund.74
The first consideration is not relevant to this case. The number of individual awards is
the same as the number of claims because a Class Member who submitted a claim receives an
individual award.
As to the second consideration, the size of the individual award is fair. The Claims
Administrator represented, “[i]f all of the Claim Forms submitted are valid and non-duplicate,
and the Court awards the fees and costs reflected [] in the Settlement Agreement, each Class
Member will receive a distribution of approximately $26.63.”75 Class Counsel updated this
amount at our Final Fairness Hearing as slightly higher than $27.00. This amount is consistent
with other class action settlements under the Act.76
As to the third consideration, all Class Members receive the same award regardless of the
number of Act violations.77 Given the administrative and practical difficulties Claim Members
may face in proving multiple violations, this claim process is fair.
The cy pres provision does not render the Settlement unfair. Cy pres funds will consist of
unused administrative costs and uncashed checks. We cannot readily estimate this amount, but
the Claims Administrator estimates its additional administrative costs amount to no more than
$204,959.42.78 Assuming this amount constituted the unused costs and uncashed checks and
were distributed to the 101,188 Class Members that submitted Claims Forms, 79 each Class
Member would receive approximately an additional $2.00. This distribution is not worth the
expense. Cy pres is appropriate here given the administrative costs of distributing the de minimis
unused portion of the Settlement Fund.

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III.

We overrule the objections to the Settlement.

We heard from four objectors. Two of the objectors, Valerie L Morrison and Steve
Wimmer, opted out of the Settlement,80 and thus lack standing to object.81 The remaining
objectors are Frank Caligiuri and Erin Caligiuri (the “Caligiuris”). Frank Caliguiri is a paralegal
who hired his employer, solo practitioner Attorney Vullings, to represent his wife and him.
Neither counsel nor the Caligiuris appeared at the Final Fairness Hearing but Attorney Vullings
asked, at the last minute, for our indulgence to allow him to argue through the phone.
a. Notice
The Caligiuris contend the attorney fee motion should have been posted to the Settlement
website.82 They claim it is “unreasonable” to expect them to purchase the motion on PACER or
reach out to Class Counsel for a copy.83 The Notice, however, notified Class Members of the
request for attorneys’ fees of up to 25% of the Settlement Amount.84 Vasco filed the attorneys’
fees motion on August 23, 2016,85 making it publicly available twenty-two days before the
deadline to object. The Caligiuris do not cite authority requiring posting of a fee motion on a
website, and we find none.86 This objection is overruled.
The Caligiuris express concern over the adequacy of the notice program.87 For example,
“there is no indication as to how many valid mailing addresses the Claims Administrator has” or
whether “the Administrator is performing a change of address search for other class members in
[Power Home’s] records.”88 The Caligiuris also complain of the lack of “explanation as to what
steps the Claims administrator will take if mailed notice is returned undeliverable.” 89 These
concerns are no longer valid because the Claims Administrator provided information as to the
notice program.

He forwarded Notices returned as undeliverable to the updated addresses

provided by the United States Postal Service.90 We overrule these objections.

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While not included in his paralegal’s/client’s written Objections, Attorney Vullings orally
challenged the Class Notice for failing to advise the Class of the maximum statutory recovery
under the Act. His argument is admittedly derived from his personal experience as a lawyer
representing class members in Act cases where he personally believes the maximum statutory
recovery should be specifically described in the Notice. His paralegal/client did not raise this
Objection and for this reason alone, we could overrule a lawyer’s last minute challenge as
violating the Class Notice. Notwithstanding the impropriety of raising a new objection at the
Fairness Hearing, we also find his objection lacks substantive merit. Attorney Vullings admits
he has no authority supporting his anecdotal observation. He also admits not knowing whether
this disclosure would have increased the 9% claim rate. Even if he did, the Notice specifically
represented the settlement website which, upon our Order, included the Complaint.

The

Complaint specifically alleges the damages available to each claimant under the Act. Attorney
Vullings may be previewing a legislative initiative but we will not add this requirement to Class
Notices under the Act when the settlement website describes the extent of available recovery.
b. Cy Pres funds
The Caligiuris’ objection to the allocation of cy pres funds is meritless. The Caligiuris
incorrectly claim there is a conflict of interest, as the leftover settlement proceeds will be
distributed to Philadelphia-based organizations which could refer cases to Class Counsel.91 In
reality, the Settlement Agreement, as superseded by the May 13, 2016 Preliminary Approval
Order, permits cy pres distribution to organizations not directly serving Philadelphia County:
Legal Aid of Southeastern Pennsylvania and the national headquarters for Habitat for
Humanity.92 The Caligiuris submit no evidence on these phantom referrals. To the extent Legal
Aid of Southeastern Pennsylvania may hypothetically or potentially refer cases to Class Counsel

16

based on the cy pres distribution, this speculative claim does not render the settlement unfair. Cy
pres funds are distributed after the distribution of settlement proceeds, and likely will be de
minimis, resulting from uncashed checks and unused administrative costs. We find no conflict of
interest rendering the settlement unfair.
c. Settlement amount
The Caligiuris object to the Settlement Amount as inadequate. The anticipated award per
claimant is approximately $26.6393 and may exceed $27.00. We concluded this recovery is fair
given the case’s strengths and weaknesses. We concluded this recovery is consistent with other
class action settlements under the Act.94 Although the Act permits $500 per violation, the
anticipated amount is fair, as “a ‘satisfactory settlement’ may only ‘amount to a hundredth or
even a thousandth part of a single percent of the potential recovery.’”95 We overrule this
objection.
d. Release
The Caligiuris claim the Settlement does not prospectively deter Power Home from
further violating the Act. The Settlement Agreement does not specifically prohibit Power Home
from engaging in similar conduct in the future. As shown in our May 13, 2016 Order, Power
Home’s modified “its business practices regarding how it obtains consent.”96 Additionally, the
Settlement Agreement only compensates for and releases Act violations occurring during the
Class Period.97 The Class Members retain the right to sue for future violations. We find the
“best assurance against future” violations “is the persistent threat of litigation by any class
member.”98 Injunctive relief is unnecessary. We overrule this objection.
The Caligiuris also object to the Settlement Agreement’s release of claims, claiming it
releases all claims under any theory “relating to or arising from matters that occurred from the

17

beginning of time.”99 This objection lacks merit because the quoted language only applies to
Vasco.100 In contrast, the Class Members release only Act claims and similar state law claims
arising during the October 16, 2013 to April 27, 2016 Class Period. Under its terms, “[t]he
Settlement is intended by the Parties to fully and finally compromise, resolve, release, discharge,
and settle the Released Claims (as defined below) as against all Released Parties (as defined
below).”101 “Released Claims” is defined as:
[A]ny and all claims, liens, demands, actions, causes of action,
obligations, damages or liabilities of any nature whatsoever that
arose during the time period from October 16, 2013 to April 27,
2016, whether legal or equitable or otherwise, that actually were,
or could have been, asserted in this Action based upon the facts
alleged in the Action that arise from any violation of any provision
of the TCP A or any similar state statute, and any claim arising
directly or indirectly out of, or in any way relating to, the claims
that actually were, or could have been, asserted in the Action.102
The parties define “Released Parties” as Power Home, its parents, subsidiaries, divisions,
affiliates, predecessors, successors, assigns, partners, members, directors, officers, managers,
employees, agents, licensees, agencies, attorneys, insurers, accountants and representatives.103
Such a release is consistent with the principles of res judicata because it only releases claims
arising from the same nucleus of facts against the same defendant or its privies.104 “The weight
of authority establishes . . . a court may release not only those claims alleged in the complaint
and before the court, but also claims which ‘could have been alleged by reason of or in
connection with any matter or fact set forth or referred to in’ the complaint.”105 We overrule this
objection.
The Caligiuris claim “[i]t is unfair to the Class that less than 1 out of 10 Class Members
will receive payment in exchange for a full release of all claims.”106 This argument is meritless
because the Settlement Agreement gave every Class Member an opportunity to opt out of the

18

class. “Since the plaintiff is offered the opportunity to opt out of the class simultaneously with
the opportunity to accept or reject the settlement offer . . . the plaintiff knows exactly what result
he or she sacrifices when opting out.”107
e. Administrative costs
The Caligiuris argue the administrative charges of approximately 23% of the Settlement
Fund are excessive. The parties represented a thorough review of invoices and we reviewed the
affidavit of efforts from the approved Claims Administrator. We have no evidentiary basis to
question these representations. The Caligiuris offer no support for their objection, and we find
none.
The Claims Administrator represents the administrative costs and fees as of August 31,
2016 are $975,040.58.108

It estimates additional administrative costs of no more than

$204,959.42,109 placing the total possible administrative costs at $1,180,000.

There are

approximately 1.1 million Class Members, making the cost per Class Member about $1.00. The
Objectors do not provide evidence these costs are unreasonable. As this amount appears to be
reasonable and we have no contrary evidence, we overrule this objection.
f. Process for exclusion
The Caligiuris also contend the process for exclusion from the Class—mailing a form to
the Claims Administrator—is unfairly burdensome. They fail to support this contention with
citations and we find mailing is appropriate. We overrule this objection.
IV.

We grant Class Counsel’s motion for attorney’s fees.

Class Counsel’s requested attorney’s fee of 25% of the common fund is fair and
reasonable. “In a certified class action, the court may award reasonable attorneys’ fees and
nontaxable costs that are authorized by law or by the parties’ agreement.”110 “[A] thorough

19

judicial review of fee applications is required in all class action settlements.”111 “This is so even
where the parties have consented to the proposed attorney’s fees . . . because of the risk that the
‘lawyers might urge a class settlement at a low figure or on a less-than-optimal basis in exchange
for re-carpet treatment for fees.’”112 “Because of the intrinsic conflict of interest between the
attorneys for a Rule 23(b)(3) class and the class members when attorneys’ fees are a deduction
from the fund created for the benefit of the class, fee requests from a fund in court must be
subjected to heightened judicial scrutiny.”113 “The District Court has a positive and affirmative
function in the fee fixing process, not merely a passive role.”114
“The percentage-of-recovery method is generally favored in cases involving a common
fund, and is designed to allow courts to award fees from the fund ‘in a manner that rewards
counsel for success and penalizes it for failure.’”115 “The lodestar method is more commonly
applied in statutory fee-shifting cases, and is designed to reward counsel for undertaking socially
beneficial litigation in cases where the expected relief has a small enough monetary value that a
percentage-of-recovery method would provide inadequate compensation.”116
Vasco requests $1.3 million in attorneys’ fees, which constitutes 25% of the Settlement
Amount. In determining the propriety of a reasonable percentage fee award, we must consider
and balance factors provided by our Court of Appeals in Gunter and Prudential.117
a. The size of the fund created and the number of beneficiaries.
The size of the Settlement Fund is $5.2 million. As of September 23, 2016, the Claims
Administrator received approximately 101,188 claims from more than 1.1 million putative
plaintiffs.118 This represents a claims rate of approximately 9%, which is higher than rates found
permissible in other class settlements under the Act.119

20

“In general, as the size of the settlement fund increases, the percentage of the award
decreases.”120 Settlement funds exceeding $100 million typically require an automatic reduction
in the percentage award.121 The Settlement Fund is not exceedingly high to warrant an automatic
reduction. This factor supports the proposed fee.
b. The presence or absence of substantial objections by members of the
Class to the settlement terms and/or fees requested by counsel.
Only two objectors have standing. Two out of 1.1 million constitutes a very small
fraction of the Class. The Caligiuris contend the fee is unreasonable because it is calculated
from the Net Settlement Amount before the deduction of administrative costs. They do not
provide support for this argument, and we find none.
Some courts have held the fee award should be based on the net settlement amount after
deducting litigation costs. For example, in Lanchance v. Harrington, Judge Yohn reasoned such
a deduction incentivizes counsel to minimize litigation costs.122 Alternatively, in In re Intelligent
Electronics, Inc. Securities Litigation, Judge Vanartsdalen reasoned such a deduction may
disincentivize counsel from making a thorough investigation of the case before agreeing to a
settlement, potentially resulting in less favorable terms for the class.123

The Settlement

Agreement in this case restricts the total amount of recoverable litigation expenses to an amount
not exceeding $20,000.124 This term adequately incentivizes counsel to minimize litigation
costs. We overrule this objection.
We decline the Caligiuris’ invitation to award fees on a lodestar basis. The Caligiuris ask
us to use the lodestar analysis, as the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit found permissible
in Americana Art China Company, Inc. v. Foxfire Printing & Packaging, Inc.125 In Foxfire, the
court of appeals found no abuse of discretion in the district court’s use of a lodestar to avoid
overcompensating counsel.126 The court specifically held “it is legally correct for a district court
21

to choose either” the percentage-of-recovery or lodestar method.127 “[T]he choice of methods is
discretionary.”128 Alternatively, in our Circuit, the percentage-of-recovery method is “generally
favored” in common fund cases.129 To the extent we have discretion to apply a lodestar basis in
a common fund cases, we decline to do so here. As the Caligiuris fail to raise substantial
objections, this factor supports the proposed fee.
c. The skill and efficiency of the attorneys involved.
“The Third Circuit has explained that the goal of the percentage fee-award device is to
ensure ‘that competent counsel continue to undertake risky, complex, and novel litigation.’”130 In
evaluating the skill and efficiency of the attorneys involved, we consider “the quality of the
result achieved, the difficulties faced, the speed and efficiency of the recovery, the standing,
experience and expertise of the counsel, the skill and professionalism with which counsel
prosecuted the case and the performance and quality of opposing counsel.”131
Vasco’s counsel is experienced in class actions under the Act, as is Power Home’s pro
hac vice counsel, David M. Schultz.132 They quickly and efficiently agreed to mediate with an
experienced mediator only five months after Power Home answered the Complaint. They
negotiated a non-reversionary $5.2 million settlement for a Class of more than 1.1 million
individuals. This factor supports the proposed fee.
d. The complexity and duration of the litigation.
As addressed above in our discussion of the Girsh factors, this factor supports the
proposed percentage.
e. The risk of nonpayment.
“In every class action in which class counsel bring a case on a contingency basis, there is
some risk of nonpayment.”133 Each Act violation (i.e. phone call) yields $500 in statutory

22

damages, and treble damages for willful and knowing violations. Given the existence of over 1.1
million Class Members, damages could easily exceed $500 million. Vasco argues a judgment in
his favor for the full amount of relief sought may bankrupt Power Home, a private regional home
improvement sales-lead company.134 We have no evidence as to Power Home’s solvency but, as
described above, counsel represented the nature of Power Home’s “middle-man” sales-lead role
with limited hard assets. Counsel represented considering the bankruptcy risk with risk of
discharge of an Act claim in a bankruptcy. This factor weighs in favor of the requested fees.
f. The amount of time devoted to the case by Class Counsel.
As of August 16, 2016, Vasco’s counsel expended a total of 1,137.7 hours of work on the
case for over a year.135 Counsel engaged in informal discovery of over one million documents
and participated in two mediation sessions. The parties did not engage in motions practice. Class
Counsel incurred hours relating to the Final Fairness Hearing, including deposing the Caliguiris,
without seeking reimbursement.

Under the circumstances, these hours are reasonable. This

factor supports the proposed fee.
g. Awards in similar cases.
The Settlement Amount is consistent with amounts awarded in class settlements in our
Circuit. For example, in Tavares v. S-L Distribution Co., Judge Jones found the requested 25%
award “typical” after reviewing the range of fee awards in cases involving a common fund.136
Judge Schiller found a fee award of 30% “reasonable and in keeping with similar precedent.”137
This factor supports the proposed fee.

23

h. The value of benefits attributable to the efforts of Class Counsel relative
to the efforts of other groups, such as government agencies conducting
investigations.
The entire value achieved for the Class is attributable to Class Counsel after Vasco found
them and moved forward.

No other groups, such as government agencies conducting

investigations, assisted. This factor supports the requested fee.
i. The percentage fee that would have been negotiated had the case been
subject to a private contingent fee arrangement at the time counsel was
retained.
“In private contingency fee cases, attorneys routinely negotiate agreements for between
thirty percent (30%) and forty percent (40%) of the recovery.”138 The requested 25% fee is below
this range, which supports the requested fee.
j. Any innovative terms of settlement.
“The terms of this settlement are relatively standard. In the absence of any innovative
terms, this factor neither weighs in favor nor against the proposed fee request.”139
k. Lodestar cross-check confirms the fairness of the requested fee.
Our Court of Appeals advises we, in common fund cases, “cross-check the percentage
award counsel asks for against the lodestar method of awarding fees so as to insure that
plaintiffs’ lawyers are not receiving an excessive fee at their clients’ expense.” 140

“The

crosscheck is performed by dividing the proposed fee award by the lodestar calculation, resulting
in a lodestar multiplier.”141 “[W]hen the multiplier is too great, the court should reconsider its
calculation under the percentage-of-recovery method, with an eye toward reducing the award.”142
Lodestar multipliers “ranging from one to four are frequently awarded in common fund cases
when the lodestar method is applied.”143

24

Vasco’s counsels’ lodestar as of August 16, 2016 is $696,409.00 for 1,137.7 hours of
work.144

The resulting multiplier is 1.87, which is within the range frequently awarded in

common fund cases. As described at oral argument, we also expect Class Counsel’s lodestar will
increase, further reducing the multiplier.
V.

Expenses

As of August 23, 2016, Vasco’s counsel expended $22,576.38 on litigation expenses.145
The Settlement Agreement restricts the total amount of recoverable litigation expenses to
$20,000.146 Given the cap in the Settlement Agreement, counsel had an incentive to conserve
expenses. We find Vasco’s request for up to $20,000 in expenses is reasonable.
VI.

Incentive Award

Incentive awards are “not uncommon in class action litigation and particularly where, as
here, a common fund has been created for the benefit of the entire class.”147 “In fact, ‘[c]ourts
routinely approve incentive awards to compensate named plaintiffs for the services they provided
and the risks they incurred during the course of the class action litigation.’”148 “Incentive awards
also ‘reward the public service’ of contributing to the enforcement of mandatory laws.”149
We may increase or decrease Vasco’s incentive award based on his contributions to the
case.150 For example, Judge Pollak found $5,000 reasonable where the named plaintiff obtained
counsel, documented and maintained records, made his home available for inspection, and
appeared for a deposition.151 Similarly, Judge Walls found reasonable a range of fees based on
each named plaintiff’s participation: a) $5,000 for the lead named plaintiff for being “extremely
active” in the case; b) $3,000 to two others for responding to discovery and making themselves
available for depositions; and c) $1,000 to the remaining named plaintiffs for filing their claims
in separate actions and agreeing to consolidate their claims into the final settlement.152

25

We may also reduce Vasco’s incentive award if it constitutes an unreasonably large
proportion of the total settlement.153 For example, in Staton v. Boeing Co., the Court of Appeals
for the Ninth Circuit found unreasonable multiple incentive awards totaling $890,000, making up
6% of the total settlement and constituting 30 times the amount received by unnamed class
members.154 In In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust Litigation, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth
Circuit found reasonable nine $5,000 incentive awards totaling $45,000, making up 0.17% of the
total settlement.155 Although the individual incentive awards were 417 times larger than the
individual awards, the Court found more relevant the disproportionality of the incentive awards
relative to the total settlement amount.156 The court distinguished this case from Staton,
explaining the “incentive awards make[] up a mere .17% of the total settlement fund . . . which is
far less than the 6% of the settlement fund in Staton that went to incentive awards.”157 In a
starker example, Judge Byron in Palmer v. Dynamic Recovery Solutions, LLC found
unreasonable a $2,000 incentive award—representing 16% of the $12,000 total settlement
fund—because the plaintiff’s only contributions to the case related to preparing the complaint.158
Vasco requests $5,000 for his service in the case. He started this case. He found the
lawyers and agreed to have his name on a national class action complaint. He assisted in
preparing the Complaint, answering discovery, making himself available at the mediation
sessions before Judge Welsh. He did not appear before Judge Welsh or at the Final Approval
Hearing.159 Nor did he undergo a deposition. Vasco is entitled to an incentive award, but only
an amount commensurate with his contributions to the case and not disproportionate to the total
settlement. Balancing his efforts to begin this case with an incentive service award, we reduce
his incentive fee to $3,000.

26

The Caligiuris object to Vasco’s $5000 incentive award as unreasonable “because
Plaintiff had individual claims.”160 We need only make an obvious observation: the named
plaintiff in a class action suit must have a claim. The Caligiuris also contend Vasco lacks
standing “because he has not demonstrated any injury from Defendant’s conduct.” 161

The

Caligiuris do not specify the type of standing lacking: statutory, constitutional, and prudential.
Our Court of Appeals has instructed receiving automated calls violates a privacy interest, and
thus adequately demonstrates an injury-in-fact for the purposes of Article III standing.162 In
Stoops v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A, Judge Gibson held the defendant’s calls did not violate the
plaintiff’s privacy interest because the plaintiff “admitted that her only purpose in using her cell
phones is to file [Act] lawsuits.”163 Vasco, however, adequately demonstrates Power Home’s
twenty-one calls to him affected his privacy rights. He alleges Power Home usually called him
during work hours, which “distracted and annoyed” him.164
VII.

Conclusion

In the accompanying Orders, we grant Vasco’s motion for final approval of the
settlement and motion for attorneys’ fees and expenses, while reducing the incentive fee to
$3,000.
The Settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate.

The Class satisfies all of the

requirements under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 23(a) and (b)(3). The Settlement
Agreement is entitled to the presumption of fairness, in part because the parties negotiated it at
arm’s length with the benefit of an experienced mediator over two days. The fairness
considerations weigh in favor of settlement. We overrule the limited objections from two of the
over 1.1 million Class Members who bring, among other things, a challenge to our approved
Class Notice referencing the Complaint but not specifically describing the maximum requested

27

recovery under the statute and an entirely unsupported challenge to administrative charges, legal
fees, and the incentive award.
1

Unless otherwise defined, all capitalized terms in this Memorandum have the same meaning as
in the May 5, 2016 Settlement Agreement (ECF Doc. No. 23-1.)
2

47 U.S.C. § 227.

3

ECF Doc. No. 1, at ¶ 1.

4

Id. at ¶ 3.

5

ECF Doc. No. 10, at 11.

6

ECF Doc. No. 28, at ¶ 9.

7

Id. at ¶ 18.

8

Id.

9

Id. at ¶ 23.

10

ECF Doc. No. 23.

11

ECF Doc No. 25.

12

ECF Doc. No. 28-5, at ¶¶ 6–8.

13

ECF Doc. No. 34-4, at ¶ 9.

14

ECF Doc. Nos. 26–27.

15

ECF Doc. Nos. 34–35.

16

In re General Motors Corp. Pick-up Truck Fuel Tank Prods. Liab. Litig., 5 F.3d 768, 784 (3d
Cir. 1995).
17

Id. at 778.

18

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a).

19

In re Constar Int’l Inc. Sec. Litig., 585 F.3d 774, 779 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting In re Hydrogen
Peroxide Antitrust Litig., 552 F.3d 305, 317, 323 (3d Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted)).

28

20

ECF Doc. No. 23-1, at ¶ 1.6.

21

Stewart v. Abraham, 275 F.3d 220, 227 (3d Cir. 2001).

22

ECF Doc. No. 28-5, at ¶¶ 6–8.

23

Baby Neal v. Casey, 43 F.3d 48, 56 (3d Cir. 1994).

24

Barel v. Bank of Am., 255 F.R.D. 393, 398 (E.D. Pa. 2009) (quoting Stewart, 275 F.3d at 227).

25

Rabin v. John Doe Mkt. Makers, No. 15-551, 2015 WL 3755298, at *4 (E.D. Pa. June 16,
2015) (quoting In re Cendant Corp. Litig., 264 F.3d 201, 265–66 (3d Cir. 2001)).
26

ECF Doc. No. 28-3, at ¶ 3.

27

Id.

28

Id.

29

ECF Doc. No. 28, at ¶¶ 2–4.

30

ECF Doc. No. 28-3, at ¶ 5.

31

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 345 (2011).

32

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).

33

Beck v. Maximus, Inc., 457 F.3d 291, 297 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting General Tel. Co. of the Sw.
v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982) (internal quotations omitted)).
34

In re Nat’l Football League Players Concussion Injury Litig., 821 F.3d 410, 434 (3d Cir.
2016) (quoting Amchem Prod., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623 (1997)).
35

Id.

36

Barel, 255 F.R.D. at 399.

37

In re Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 434 (quoting Sullivan v. DB Investments, Inc., 667
F.3d 273, 304 n.29 (3d Cir. 2011) (en banc)).
38

In re Prudential Ins. Co. Am. Sales Practice Litig. Agent Actions, 148 F.3d 283, 316 (3d Cir.
1998).
39

Id.

29

40

Ehrheart v. Verizon Wireless, 609 F.3d 590, 594 (3d Cir. 2010).

41

Id. at 595 (quoting In re Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 784).

42

Id.

43

In re Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 436 (quoting Cendant, 264 F.3d at 232 n.18).

44

ECF Doc. No. 28, at ¶¶18–19.

45

(Id.)

46

We take judicial notice of the Act class action lawsuits where counsel served as attorneys of
record.
47

In re Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 437 (quoting Girsh v. Jepson, 521 F.2d 153, 157 (3d
Cir. 1975)).
48

Id. (quoting In re Pet Food Prod. Liab. Litig., 629 F.3d 333, 350 (3d Cir. 2010)).

49

Id. at 437 (quoting In re Warfarin Sodium Antitrust Litig., 391 F.3d 516, 535–36 (3d Cir.
2004)).
50

ECF Doc. No. 26-1, at pp. 18–19.

51

Id. at p. 15.

52

In re Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 438 (quoting Warfarin Sodium Antitrust Litig., 391
F.3d at 536.
53

See, e.g., id.

54

See id.

55

ECF Doc. No. 34-4, at p. 4.

56

In re Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 438–39.

57

ECF Doc. No. 28, at ¶ 13.

58

Id. at ¶ 15.

59

Id.

60

In re Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 439 (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 319).
30

61

Perry v. FleetBoston Fin. Corp., 229 F.R.D. 105, 115 (E.D. Pa. 2005) (quoting Lachance v.
Harrington, 965 F. Supp. 630, 638 (E.D. Pa. 1997)).
62

ECF Doc. No. 28, at ¶ 25.

63

In re Warfarin Sodium Antitrust Litig., 391 F.3d at 537.

64

In re Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 440 (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 321).

65

In re Warfarin Sodium Antitrust Litig., 391 F.3d at 537–38.

66

In re Nat’l Football League, 821 F.3d at 440.

67

Id. (quoting Warfarin, 391 F.3d at 538).

68

Id. (quoting Warfarin, 391 F.3d at 538).

69

Id. (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 322).

70

ECF Doc. No. 26-1, at p.18 n.8.

71

Prudential, 148 F.3d at 323.

72

The parties clarified this dispute at the October 7, 2016 final approval hearing.

73

47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(f)(8).

74

In re Baby Products Antitrust Litigation, 708 F.3d 163, 174 (3d Cir. 2013).

75

ECF Doc. No. 34-4, at ¶ 14 (footnotes omitted).

76

See, e.g., Kolinek v. Walgreen Co., 311 F.R.D. 483, 493 (N.D. Ill. 2015) ($30); In re Capital
One Tel. Consumer Prot. Act Litig., 80 F. Supp. 3d 781, 790 (N.D. Ill. 2015) ($34.60); Rose v.
Bank of Am. Corp., No. 11-02390, 2014 WL 4273358, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 29, 2014) ($20 to
$40).
77

ECF Doc. No. 23-1, at ¶ 1.21.

78

Id. at ¶ 13.

79

Id. at ¶ 9.

80

ECF Doc. No. 34-4.

31

81

In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 282 F.R.D. 92, 110 (D.N.J. 2012) (“The case law does not
suggest that a class member requesting exclusion from a settlement may nonetheless object to
that settlement.”) (citing Mayfield v. Barr, 985 F.2d 1090 (D.C. Cir. 1993)).
82

ECF Doc. No. 34-4, at p. 4.

83

Id.

84

ECF Doc. No. 28-5, at p. 14 (“Plaintiff’s Counsel will ask the Court for an award of attorneys’
fees of up to 25% of the Settlement Amount ($1,300,000).”).
85

ECF Doc. No. 27.

86

In re High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litig., No. 11-02509, 2015 WL 5158730, at *15 (N.D.
Cal. Sept. 2, 2015) (“[T]he Court overrules the objection . . . that the class had inadequate notice
. . . because the motions for attorney’s fees were not posted on the lawsuit’s website, even
though the motions were all publicly filed, in a timely manner, on the case's public electronic
docket.”).
87

ECF Doc. No. 34-1, at p. 6.

88

Id.

89

Id.

90

ECF Doc. No. 34-4.

91

ECF Doc. No. 34-1, at p.5.

92

ECF Doc. No. 25, at ¶ 27.

93

ECF Doc. No. 34-4, at p.5.

94

See, e.g., Kolinek, 311 F.R.D. at 493 ($30); In re Capital One Tel. Consumer Prot. Act Litig.,
80 F. Supp. 3d at 790 ($34.60); Rose, 2014 WL 4273358, at *10 ($20 to $40).
95

In re: Shop-Vac Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., MDL No. 2380, 2016 WL 3015219, at *2
(M.D. Pa. May 26, 2016).
96

ECF Doc. No. 25, ¶ 1.

97

ECF Doc. No. 23-1, at ¶ 1.23.

98

In re Domestic Air Transp. Antitrust Litig., 148 F.R.D. 297, 337 (N.D. Ga. 1993) (concluding
lack of injunctive relief “does not render the settlement unfair”).
32

99

ECF Doc. No. 34-1, at p. 3.

100

ECF Doc. No. 23-1, at ¶ 2.4(a).

101

Id. at p. 1.

102

Id. at ¶ 1.23.

103

Id. at ¶ 1.24.

104

See Lee v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, No. 14-60649, 2015 WL 5449813, at *13 (S.D. Fla.
Sept. 14, 2015).
105

In re Corrugated Container Antitrust Litig., 643 F.2d 195, 221 (5th Cir. 1981) (quoting
Patterson v. Stovall, 528 F.2d 108, 110 n.2 (7th Cir. 1976)).
106

ECF Doc. No. 34-1, at p.3.

107

See In re Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 792.

108

ECF Doc. No. 34-4, at ¶ 13.

109

Id.

110

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h).

111

Prudential, 148 F.3d at 333 (quoting In re Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 819); see also In re Baby
Products Antitrust Litigation, 708 F.3d at 178–80; McDonough v. Toys R Us, Inc., 80 F. Supp.3d
626, 649–50 (E.D. Pa. 2015).
112

O’Brien v. Brain Research Labs, LLC, No. 12-204, 2012 WL 3242365, at *20 (D.N.J. Aug. 9,
2012) (quoting In re Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 820).
113

In re Am. Integrity Sec. Litig., No. 86-7133, 1989 WL 89316, at *4 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 8, 1989).

114

Loughner v. University of Pittsburgh, 260 F.3d 173, 178 (3d Cir. 2001).

115

In re Cendant Corp., 243 F.3d at 732 (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 333).

116

Id. (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 333).

117

In re Diet Drugs, 582 F.3d 524, 541 (3d Cir. 2009).

118

ECF Doc. No. 34-4, at ¶ 9.
33

119

Rose, 2014 WL 4273358, at *5 (concluding a claims rate of about 3.3 percent “is in line with
other settlements of this size,” where the action involved seven million individuals but only
227,701 claimants).
120

McDonough, 80 F. Supp. 3d at 651.

121

Id. (citing Prudential, 148 F.3d at 339).

122

Lachance, 965 F. Supp. at 648.

123

In re Intelligent Elecs., Inc. Sec. Litig., No. 92-1905, 1997 WL 786984, at *9 (E.D. Pa. Nov.
26, 1997).
124

ECF Doc. No. 23-1, at ¶ 5.1.

125

Americana Art China Company, Inc. v. Foxfire Printing & Packaging, Inc., 743 F.3d 243,
247 (7th Cir. 2014).
126

Id. at 247.

127

Id.

128

Id.

129

In re Cendant Corp., 243 F.3d at 732 (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 333).

130

In re Flonase Antitrust Litig., 291 F.R.D. 93, 104 (E.D. Pa. 2013) (quoting Gunter v.
Ridgewood Energy Corp., 223 F.3d 190, 198 (3d Cir. 2000)).
131

In re Ikon Office Sols., Inc., Sec. Litig., 194 F.R.D. 166, 194 (E.D. Pa. 2000).

132

We take judicial notice of the Act class action lawsuits where counsel were attorneys of
record.
133

McDonough, 80 F. Supp. 3d at 653.

134

ECF Doc. No. 26-1, at p. 23.

135

ECF Doc. No. 28, at ¶ 34.

136

Tavares v. S-L Distribution Co., No. 13-1313, 2016 WL 1743268, at *12 (M.D. Pa. May 2,
2016).

34

137

Esslinger v. HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A., No. 10-3213, 2012 WL 5866074, at *14 (E.D. Pa.
Nov. 20, 2012).
138

Wallace v. Powell, 301 F.R.D. 144, 167 (M.D. Pa. 2014).

139

In re Flonase Antitrust Litig., 291 F.R.D. at 105.

140

Gunter, 223 F.3d at 199 (citing Prudential, 148 F.3d at 340–41).

141

In re AT & T Corp., 455 F.3d 160, 164 (3d Cir. 2006).

142

Id. (quoting In re Rite Aid Corp. Sec. Litig., 396 F.3d 294, 306 (3d Cir. 2005)).

143

In re Diet Drugs, 582 F.3d at 545 n.42 (quoting Prudential, 148 F.3d at 341).

144

ECF Doc. No. 28, at ¶ 29.

145

Id. at ¶ 47.

146

ECF Doc. No. 23-1, at ¶ 5.1.

147

Cullen v. Whitman Med. Corp., 197 F.R.D. 136, 145 (E.D. Pa. 2000) (quoting In re Southern
Ohio Correctional Facility, 175 F.R.D. 270, 272 (S.D. Ohio 1997)).
148

Id. (quoting In re Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, 175 F.R.D. at 272).

149

In re Imprelis Herbicide Mktg., Sales Practices & Prod. Liab. Litig., 296 F.R.D. 351, 371
(E.D. Pa. 2013) (quoting Bredbenner v. Liberty Travel, No. 09–905, 2011 WL 1344745, at *22
(D.N.J. Apr. 8, 2011)).
150

In re CertainTeed Corp. Roofing Shingle Prod. Liab. Litig., 269 F.R.D. 468, 486 (E.D. Pa.
2010).
151

Id.

152

Chemi v. Champion Mortgage, No. 05-1238, 2009 WL 1470429, at *13 (D.N.J. May 26,
2009).
153

See Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 977 (9th Cir. 2003).

154

Id. at 948–49, 976–77.

155

In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 779 F.3d 934, 947–48 (9th Cir. 2015).

156

Id. at 947.
35

157

Id. at 948.

158

Palmer v. Dynamic Recovery Sols., LLC, No. 15-59, 2016 WL 2348704, at *10 (M.D. Fla.
May 4, 2016).
159

ECF Doc. No. 28-3, at ¶ 3.

160

ECF Doc. No. 35-1, at p. 6.

161

Id. at p. 7.

162

See Stoops v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 15-83, 2016 WL 3566266, at *9 (W.D. Pa. June
24, 2016).
163

Id. at *11.

164

ECF Doc. No. 1, at ¶ 22.

36