CURTIS v. CINTAS CORPORATION

Filing 11

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER THAT THE MOTION TO DISMISS OR ALTERNATIVELY TO STAY PROCEEDINGS PENDING ARBITRATION FILED BY DEFENDANT CINTAS CORPORATION IS GRANTED. CINTAS REQUEST FOR A STAY IS GRANTED; ETC.. SIGNED BY HONORABLE ROBERT F. KELLY ON 1/17/17. 1/17/17 ENTERED AND E-MAILED.(jl, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

SEAN CURTIS,
Plaintiff,
v.
CINTAS CORPORATION,
Defendant.

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CIVIL ACTION

No. 16-3597

MEMORANDUM
ROBERT F. KELLY, Sr. J.

JANUARY 17, 2017

Presently before the Court is a Motion to Dismiss or, Alternatively, to Stay Proceedings
Pending Arbitration filed by Defendant, Cintas Corporation (“Cintas”), the Response in
Opposition filed by Plaintiff, Sean Curtis (“Curtis”), and the Reply by Cintas. For the reasons
set forth below, we grant Cintas’ Motion.
I.

BACKGROUND
The Complaint states that Cintas is involved in “supplying identity uniform programs,

providing entrance and logo mats, restroom supplies, promotional products, first aid, safety, fire
protection products and services, and industrial carpet and tile cleaning.” (Compl. ¶ 12.) On or
about February 11, 2013, Cintas hired Curtis as a “catalog manager.” (Id. ¶ 25.) On that same
day, Curtis entered into a written employment agreement (“Employment Agreement”) with
Cintas. (Def.’s Mem. Law Support Mot. to Dismiss/Stay at 2-3, Ex. 1A (Agreement);
Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss/Stay at 8.)
Section 8 of the Employment Agreement contains the parties’ agreement to arbitrate
(“Arbitration Agreement”). (Def.’s Mem. Law Support Mot. to Dismiss/Stay; Ex. 1A ¶ 8.).

In Section 8, the parties agreed, in pertinent part, as follows:
8.

EXCLUSIVE METHOD OF RESOLVING DISPUTES OR DIFFERENCES.

Should any dispute or difference arise between Employee and Employer
concerning whether either party at any time violated any duty, right, law,
regulation, public policy, or provision of this Agreement, the parties will confer and
attempt in good faith to resolve promptly such dispute or difference. The rights and
claims of Employer covered by this Section 8, including the arbitration provisions below,
include Employer’s claims for damages, as well as reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees,
caused by Employee’s violation of any provision of this Agreement or any law,
regulation or public policy. The rights and claims of Employee covered by this Section
8, including the arbitration provisions below, include Employee’s rights or claims for
damages as well as reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees, caused by Employer’s violation
of any provision of this Agreement or any law, regulation or public policy. The rights
and claims of Employee covered by this Section 8, including the arbitration provisions
below, specifically include but are not limited to all of Employee’s rights or claims
arising out of or in any way related to Employee’s employment with Employer, such as
rights or claims arising under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, as amended,
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended (including amendments
contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1991), . . . 42 U.S.C. §1981, . . . state antidiscrimination statutes, other state or local laws regarding employment, common law
theories such as breach of express or implied contract, wrongful discharge defamation,
and negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress. . . .
Either party desiring to pursue a claim against the other party will submit to the
other party a written request to have such claim, dispute or difference resolved
through impartial and confidential arbitration. The place of arbitration shall be in the
county and state where Employee currently works for Employer or most recently
worked for Employer. . . .
(Id. at 2; Ex. 1A ¶ 8.).
In 2015, Curtis’ employment with Cintas was terminated. (Compl. ¶ 80.) On June 30,
2016, Curtis filed a Complaint asserting claims for race discrimination and retaliation under Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and the Pennsylvania Human
Relations Act. (See id.) Cintas filed the present Motion to Dismiss or, Alternatively, to Stay
Proceedings Pending Arbitration arguing that all of Curtis’ claims are covered by Section 8 of
the Employment Agreement. (See Def.’s Mem. Law Support Mot. to Dismiss/Stay; Def.’s
2

Reply.) Curtis does not argue that his claims are outside the scope of the Arbitration Agreement;
rather, he asserts that the Arbitration Agreement is unenforceable under Pennsylvania law
because it is unconscionable. (Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss/Stay at 6.) Since the scope of
the Arbitration Agreement is not at issue, the sole issue to be decided is whether a valid
arbitration agreement exists. For the reasons set forth below, this Court finds the Arbitration
Agreement is valid and, therefore, enforceable.
II.

LEGAL STANDARD
In order to determine whether a valid arbitration agreement exists, we must initially

decide whether that determination is made under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) or 56,
and, thus, what materials may be considered. See Sanford v. Bracewell & Guiliani, LLP, 618 F.
App’x 114, 117 (3d Cir. 2015). “Motions to compel arbitration are reviewed under Rule
12(b)(6) ‘[w]here the affirmative defense of arbitrability of claims is apparent on the face of a
complaint (or . . . documents relied upon in the complaint).’” Id. (quoting Guidotti v. Legal
Helpers Debt Resolution, L.L.C., 716 F.3d 764, 773–74 (3d Cir. 2013)). “If the motion to
compel arbitration is not based on a complaint ‘with the requisite clarity’ to establish arbitrability
or ‘the opposing party has come forth with reliable evidence that is more than a naked assertion .
. . that it did not intend to be bound by the arbitration agreement, even though on the face of the
pleadings it appears that it did,’ resort to discovery and Rule 56 is proper.” Id. (quoting Guidotti,
716 F.3d at 774).
Curtis does not mention the Employment Agreement in his Complaint; however, it is
clearly integral to his claims. See Hewitt v. Rose Grp., No. 15-5992, 2016 WL 2893350, at *2
n.1 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 21, 2016) (“It would frustrate the purposes of the Federal Arbitration Act if
plaintiffs could avoid having their claims quickly compelled to arbitration simply by failing to
3

mention the existence of clearly applicable arbitration agreements in their complaints.”) Cintas
attached the Employment Agreement to its Motion, and Curtis does not contest its authenticity.
(See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss/Stay; Ex. 1A.) Since there is no question that the Employment
Agreement is integral to Curtis’ claims, and there is no dispute of its authenticity, we will
consider it.
Finding that arbitrability is facially established, the Rule 12(b)(6) standard applies. See
Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 776 (stating, under the Rule 12(b)(6) standard, “[w]e consider only the
complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint, matters of public record, as well as undisputedly
authentic documents if the complainant’s claims are based upon these documents”) (citation
omitted); see also In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1426 (3d Cir. 1997)
(stating that even if a “[c]omplaint does not explicitly refer to or cite [a document] . . . the critical
[issue] is whether the claims in the complaint are ‘based’ on an extrinsic document and not
merely whether the extrinsic document was explicitly cited”); Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. v.
White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir. 1993) (“[A] court may consider an
undisputedly authentic document that a defendant attaches as an exhibit to a motion to dismiss if
the plaintiff’s claims are based on the document. Otherwise, a plaintiff with a legally deficient
claim could survive a motion to dismiss simply by failing to attach a dispositive document on
which it relied.”). Thus, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), we accept as true
the facts plead in the Complaint construing them in the light most favorable to Curtis. See Fed.
R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
Besides the Employment Agreement, Cintas has attached material outside of the
pleadings to its Motion. (See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss/Stay; Exs. 1, 2, 2A, 2B.) We have not
considered any of the additional documents referenced by Cintas in deciding this Motion other
4

than the Employment Agreement. Also, we note that no discovery is needed because any further
development of the factual record is unnecessary to decide the instant Motion. Therefore, we
deny Curtis’ request for discovery.
III.

DISCUSSION
Questions of arbitrability are governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”). Quilloin

v. Tenet HealthSystem Phila., Inc., 673 F.3d 221, 228 (3d Cir. 2012). The FAA requires
arbitration in accordance with the terms of the agreement if the making, or failure to comply
with, the arbitration agreement is not an issue. 9 U.S.C. § 4. A court is required to look to the
relevant state law of contracts, here Pennsylvania, when deciding whether an arbitration
agreement is valid under the FAA. 1 Spinetti v. Service Corp. Intern’l., 324 F.3d 212, 213 (3rd
Cir. 2003) (citing First Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)). Whether an
arbitration agreement is unenforceable based on any of the “applicable contract defenses, such as
fraud, duress, or unconscionability” is also generally determined by state contract principles.
Quilloin 673 F.3d at 229-30.
Cintas contends that Curtis’ exact claims are within the scope of the Arbitration
Agreement and, therefore, we should either dismiss or issue an order staying the current
proceedings and compel the parties to arbitrate the dispute. (See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss/Stay;
Def.’s Reply.) While not arguing about the scope of the Arbitration Agreement, Curtis asserts
that the Arbitration Agreement is unenforceable under Pennsylvania law because it is
unconscionable. (Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss/Stay at 6.) For the reasons set forth below,
we find that the Arbitration Agreement is valid and, therefore, enforceable.

1

Both parties assert, and we agree, that Pennsylvania contract principles apply in this action.
5

A.

Unconscionability

“To prove unconscionability under Pennsylvania law, a party must show that the contract
was both substantively and procedurally unconscionable.” 2 Quilloin, 673 F.3d at 230 (citing
Salley v. Option One Mortg. Corp., 925 A.2d 115, 119 (Pa. 2007), confirming as to certified
question, 246 F. App’x 87 (3d Cir. 2007)). “[T]he Pennsylvania Supreme Court has indicated
that it might be appropriate to use a ‘sliding scale approach’ so that where the procedural
unconscionability is very high, a lesser degree of substantive unconscionability may be required
and presumably, vice-versa.” Id. (quoting Salley, 925 A.2d at 119 n.12). “This ‘sliding scale
approach’ does not, however, eliminate a party’s obligation to demonstrate the existence of both
procedural and substantive unconscionability.” Caparra v. Maggiano’s Inc., No. 14-5722, 2015
WL 5144030, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 1, 2015) (citations omitted). “‘[T]he burden of establishing
unconscionability lies with the party seeking to invalidate the contract, including an arbitration
agreement.’” 3 Id. (quoting Salley, 925 A.2d at 129).
1. Substantive Unconscionability
“Substantive unconscionability refers to contractual terms that are unreasonably or
grossly favorable to one side and to which the disfavored party does not assent.” Harris v. Green
Tree Fin. Corp., 183 F.3d 173, 181 (3d Cir. 1999) (citation omitted); see also Quilloin, 673 F.3d
at 230. “An arbitration agreement cannot be construed as substantively unconscionable where it

2

“[U]nconscionability is a question of law for the court.” Stanley A. Klopp, Inc v. John Deere Co, 510 F. Supp. 807,
810 (E.D. Pa. 1981).
3

Curtis does not separately address procedural and substantive unconscionability in his arguments. We have
reviewed the arguments deciphering which ones pertain to which procedural or substantive prong of
unconscionability. We note, however, that no reading of Curtis’ arguments separately or in one group establishes
substantive unconscionability.
6

‘does not alter or limit the rights and remedies available to [a] party in the arbitral forum.’”
Quilloin, 673 F.3d at 230 (quoting Edwards v. Hovensa, LLC, 497 F.3d 355, 364 (3d Cir. 2007)).
Curtis argues that the Arbitration Agreement is substantively unconscionable because
Cintas is obligated to pay for the costs of the arbitration apart from his share of the American
Arbitration Association’s (“AAA”) filing fee. (Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss/Stay at 1011.) The Arbitration Agreements states, in pertinent part, as follows:
Either party desiring to pursue a claim against the other party will submit to the other party a
written request to have such claim, dispute or difference resolved through impartial and
confidential arbitration. . . . Employee’s initial share of the arbitration filing fee will not
exceed $100 or the amount it would cost Employee to file the equivalent action in
court, whichever is less, and will be payable to the arbitrator or AAA. Arbitration
under this Agreement will be conducted in accordance with the AAA’s National Rules for
Resolution of Employment Disputes, except if such AAA rules are contrary to applicable
state or federal law, applicable law shall govern.
In any arbitration proceeding, the Arbitrator will apply the terms of this Agreement
as written, the Federal Arbitration Act, and other relevant federal and state laws,
including time limits on claims. Employer will bear all fees, expenses and charges of
the AAA and the Arbitrator, with the exception of Employee’s share of the
arbitration filing fee. The Arbitrator also will have the authority to ward either party
appropriate relief, including damages, costs, and attorney’s fees, as available under
relevant laws. In no event, however, will the Arbitrator direct Employee to pay
more than Employee’s share of the arbitration filing fee toward the fees of the
Arbitrator and the AAA. Notwithstanding the above, upon Employee’s showing
of indigence, as determined by the Arbitrator under applicable law, Employee’s
share of the arbitration filing fee will be paid by Employer.
(Def.’s Mem. Law Support Mot. to Dismiss/Stay at 2) (Ex. 1A ¶ 8) (emphasis added). He argues
that “[t]he alleged agreement therefore creates an inherent bias in favor of Cintas, the (paying)
‘Employer’ and it is the arbitrator that will be reading the agreement that requires arbitration.”
(Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss/Stay at 10.) Arguing that the language could have been
omitted, Curtis goes on to state “[t]here is no principled reason why an arbitrator or other
mediator needs to know which party is footing the bill for his or her resolution services.” (Id. at
7

10-11.) According to Curtis, Cintas has gone out of its way to spell out the fact it is paying the
lion’s share of the AAA’s fees. (Id. at 11.) He asserts that this provision is Cintas’ “thinlyveiled attempt to improperly influence the neutrality of the forum.” (Id.)
Cintas argues that Curtis cannot establish substantive unconscionability. (Def.’s Reply at
4.) Regarding Curtis’ suggestion that there is an “inherent bias” in favor of Cintas due to the fact
that it is obligated to pay for the costs of arbitration apart from Curtis’ share of the AAA’s filing
fee, Cintas points out the “utter lack of evidence to support [his] position, and contrary to
[Curtis’] counsel’s argument, there is good reason for including the fee provision in the
agreement.” (Id. at 5.) Cintas states that “[t]he provision is present to prevent any concerns that
a litigant would be unduly burdened in vindicating his or her rights in arbitration.” (Id.) (citing
Blair v. Scott Speciality Gases, 283 F.3d 595, 605 (3d Cir. 2002) (stating that the United States
Supreme Court in Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Alabama v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 90 (2000),
acknowledged that “the existence of large arbitration costs could preclude a litigant . . . from
effectively vindicating her federal statutory rights in the arbitral forum”)). Cintas asserts that the
absence of the provision would serve as a better argument for unconscionability than its
presence. (Id.)
Curtis has not shown that the Arbitration Agreement unreasonably or grossly favors
Cintas; therefore, he has failed to make the requisite showing needed to prove substantive
unconscionability. He fails to make the obligatory showing that the Arbitration Agreement alters
or limits the rights and remedies available to him in the arbitral forum. See Quilloin, 673 F.3d at
230; Edwards, 497 F.3d at 364. The Arbitration Agreement is neither grossly one-sided nor
manifestly unfair. In fact, it equally balanced and inherently fair.

8

As for Curtis’ argument that the Arbitration Agreement is substantively unconscionable
because of its pronouncement that Cintas will be paying for almost all of the arbitration fees,
Curtis proffers no legal support and we, likewise, have found none. 4 In fact, just the opposite is
true. There are cases by multiple courts holding that limiting the costs to one party in such a
manner, as we have here, does not support a finding of substantive unconscionability. See Ggnsc
Camp Hill W. Shore, LP v. Thompson, No. 15-445, 2016 WL 3418490, at *6 (M.D. Pa. June 22,
2016) (stating that “[a]s multiple other courts in this circuit have held, this structure of monetary
burdens [i.e., the arbitration agreement limiting the resident’s fee for initiating arbitration to an
approximate court filing fee of $250 and the remaining arbitration fees and costs paid by Ggnsc]
does not support a finding of substantive unconscionability”) (citing cases); Hewitt, 2016 WL
2893350, at *3 (ordering that defendants pay all associated costs and fees aside from the initial
$150 filing fee, rendering any risk of economic burden to plaintiff non-existent); Golden Gate
Nat’l Senior Care, LLC v. Beavens, 123 F. Supp. 3d 619, 631-32 (E.D. Pa. 2015) (concluding
that an arbitration agreement was not substantively unconscionable because it limited the
plaintiff’s arbitration costs to $250 (approximate fees to commence a court action)). Also, we
note that Curtis does not assert that paying the filing fee is prohibitive to him in any way;
therefore, a risk of economic burden is not before us today. The arbitration fee provision in this
case is eminently reasonable. We conclude that there is neither legal nor factual merit to Curtis’

4

The out-of-circuit case cited by Curtis in support of his argument, Hooters of Am. v. Phillips, 173 F.3d 933, 93739, 940 (4th Cir. 1999), is distinguishable from the instant situation, as that case involved an entirely different set of
facts. Id. at 940 (“We hold that the promulgation of so many biased rules - especially the scheme whereby one party
to the proceeding so controls the arbitral panel - breaches the contract entered into by the parties. The parties agreed
to submit their claims to arbitration - a system whereby disputes are fairly resolved by an impartial third party.
Hooters by contract took on the obligation of establishing such a system. By creating a sham system unworthy even
of the name arbitration, Hooters completely failed in performing its contractual duty.”).

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substantive unconscionability argument. Consequently, we find that the Arbitration Agreement
is not substantively unconscionable.
Since we find that the Arbitration Agreement is not substantively unconscionable, we
need not determine whether it is procedurally unconscionable. See Zimmer v. CooperNeff
Advisors, Inc., 523 F.3d 224, 230 (3d Cir. 2008) (“Because we have concluded that the
arbitration agreement here was not procedurally unconscionable and reverse on that basis, we do
not need to decide whether the District Court’s decision as to substantive unconscionability was
correct.”); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Toll Bros., Inc., 171 F. Supp. 3d 417, 431–32 (E.D. Pa. 2016)
(“Even if Allstate is correct that the execution of the Agreement was tainted by procedural
unconscionability, Allstate has failed to show that the terms of the clause are substantively
unconscionable. Without a showing of both forms of unconscionability, the clause must
stand.”); Caparra, 2015 WL 5144030, at *7 (“[T]he absence of substantive unconscionability
mandates the enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement, regardless of a finding of procedural
unconscionability.”). Although the issue of procedural unconscionability is irrelevant here given
the absence of substantive unconscionability, we will address a few matters about procedural
unconscionability for the sake of completeness since it is the primary focus of the parties’
arguments.
2. Procedural Unconscionability
“Procedural unconscionability pertains to the process by which an agreement is reached
and the form of an agreement, including the use therein of fine print and convoluted or unclear
language.” Harris, 183 F.3d at 181 (citation omitted); Romero v. Allstate Ins. Co., 158 F. Supp.
3d 369, 380–81 (E.D. Pa. 2016) (“Procedural unconscionability examines the process leading to
the formation of the contract and the form and language of the agreement.”). “A contract is
10

procedurally unconscionable where ‘there was a lack of meaningful choice in the acceptance of
the challenged provision.’” Quilloin, 673 F.3d at 235 (quoting Salley, 925 A.2d at 119). “A
contract will be deemed procedurally unconscionable when formed through oppression and
unfair surprise.” Id. (citation omitted). “Courts should remain attuned to well-supported claims
that the agreement to arbitrate resulted from the sort of fraud or overwhelming economic power
that would provide grounds for the revocation of any contract.” Id. (citation omitted).
“Under Pennsylvania law, a contract is generally considered to be procedurally
unconscionable if it is a contract of adhesion.” Id. (citing McNulty v. H & R Block, Inc., 843
A.2d 1267, 1273 & n.6 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004); but cf. Salley, 925 A.2d at 125–28 (suggesting that
not all contracts of adhesion are procedurally unconscionable)). “A contract of adhesion is a
standard-form contract prepared by one party, to be signed by the party in a weaker position,
usually a consumer, who adheres to the contract with little choice about the terms.” Id. (citation
omitted). Here, the following facts are undisputed: the Employment Agreement was drafted by
Cintas; Cintas had greater bargaining power; and the Employment Agreement was a standardized
contract that did not allow for alterations to be made by Curtis. For purposes of our analysis we
will assume that the Employment Agreement is a contract of adhesion; however, “‘[m]erely
because a contract is one of adhesion does not render it unconscionable and unenforceable as a
matter of law.’” Romero, 158 F. Supp. 3d at 381 (quoting Salley 925 A.2d at 127). “Factors [I]
must consider in determining whether [a] contract [of adhesion] rises to the level of procedural
unconscionability include: ‘the take-it-or-leave-it nature of the standardized form of the
document,’ ‘the parties’ relative bargaining positions,’ and ‘the degree of economic compulsion
motivating the adhering party.’” Beavens, 123 F. Supp. 3d at 632 (quoting Quilloin, 673 F.3d at
235–36; Salley, 925 A.2d at 125).
11

Curtis asserts that the Arbitration Agreement is procedurally unconscionable because it
was presented on a take-it-or-leave-it basis since it was given to him on his first day of work, and
he was instructed and expected to sign and return it the same day. (Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. to
Dismiss/Stay at 8.) He states that “he was not only desirous, but extremely nervous, as any new
employee would be, anxious and willing to do anything to make the best first impression that he
could.” (Id.) He further asserts that “[t]he gross disparity in bargaining power between Curtis
and Cintas – a large, publicly-traded company – compounded the pressure on [him].” (Id. at 9.)
Additionally, he states that the degree of economic compulsion could not have been greater since
Curtis and his family would be reliant on his new position to support himself and his growing
family. (Id.) Curtis also asserts that the form of the Employment Agreement supports a finding
of unconscionability because “[t]he document in question is approximately 7 pages of singlespaced text in 10-point font” and it is “signed only on the last page, which makes no mention of
arbitration.” (Id. at 9.)
In opposition, Cintas states that “[p]utting aside the fact that [Curtis] admittedly made no
effort to bargain, [his] position and economic compulsion do not support his argument.” (Def.’s
Reply at 3.) Cintas points out that Curtis has “a Bachelor’s degree from Penn State University
and worked as a sales executive for Verizon managing 250 accounts over three states before he
made the decision to leave that position and apply at [Cintas].” (Id.) (citing Compl. ¶¶ 16, 2125.) Under the circumstances, Cintas argues that this case hardly qualifies as sufficiently
unequal bargaining power or economic compulsion to support a finding of unconscionability.
(Id.) Moreover, it asserts that “[Curtis’] desire to make a good first impression is subjective and
not the kind of improper compulsion contemplated in applicable cases.” (Id. at 4.) Regarding
Curtis’ argument about the form of the agreement, Cintas states that “there is no requirement in
12

Pennsylvania that a contracting party affix his signature to each and every section of an
agreement to manifest an intent to be bound by the terms.” (Id.)
Curtis asserts that the Employment Agreement was presented on a take-it-or-leave-it
basis, but admits that he never tried to negotiate or raise any questions or concerns that he may
have had with it. We acknowledge that Curtis was undoubtedly the weaker party who faced
economic pressures in this typical employer-employee context. However, we note that he is an
educated and sophisticated businessman. Also, we note that the Arbitration Agreement is
conspicuous and seamlessly contained in the body of the Employment Agreement, it is not
hidden or written in small print. Moreover, the terms of the Arbitration Agreement are clear and
unambiguous, and Curtis does not allege that he failed to read or fully comprehend them. Curtis
seems to imply that the arbitration provisions are procedurally unconscionable because the
Employment Agreement is signed only on the last page, which does not mention arbitration;
however, “[t]here is no requirement in Pennsylvania that a contracting party affix his signature to
each and every section of an agreement to manifest an intent to be bound by the terms.” Soroko
v. Atmos, Inc., No. 11-6120, 2015 WL 5585350, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 23, 2015). Whether we
ultimately conclude that Curtis lacked a meaningful choice in agreeing to arbitrate or not is of no
consequence in light of the fact that we have determined that he has not proven that the
Arbitration Agreement is substantively unconscionable. 5 See Zimmer, 532 F.3d at 230.
3. Summation
We find that an enforceable agreement to arbitrate exists, and Curtis’ dispute clearly falls
within the scope of the Arbitration Agreement. Curtis has failed to show that the Arbitration
5

We note that none of Curtis’ arguments that have been considered under procedural unconscionability prove
substantive unconscionability.
13

Agreement is substantively unconscionable; therefore, it is a valid, enforceable contract requiring
Curtis to arbitrate the claims set forth in his Complaint.
B.

Dismissal or Stay of Proceedings

If a case referable to arbitration is brought in federal court, the FAA directs that the court
before which the lawsuit is pending “shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the
action until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement.”
9 U.S.C. § 3. “The plain language of § 3 affords a district court no discretion to dismiss a case
where one of the parties applies for a stay pending arbitration.” Lloyd v. Hovensa, LLC, 369
F.3d 263, 269 (3d Cir. 2004); see also Devon Robotics, LLC, v. DeVidema, 798 F.3d 136, 14344 (3d Cir. 2015). Since Cintas requested a stay, we will stay this case, and administratively
close it, pending the resolution of arbitration. 6
IV.

CONCLUSION
The Arbitration Agreement clearly includes Curtis’ claims. We find that the Arbitration

Agreement is not substantively unconscionable. As such, it is a valid, enforceable contract
requiring Curtis to arbitrate the claims set forth in his Complaint. Although Cintas sought a
dismissal of this action, it also requested a stay. In light of Cintas’ request for a stay, we grant
that request staying the case, and administratively close it, pending the resolution of arbitration.
An appropriate Order follows.

6

Curtis filed a Motion to Amend the Complaint proposing to add allegations that the Employment Agreement,
including its arbitration clause, fails for lack of consideration. (See Pl.’s Mot. to Amend.) This amendment to the
Complaint is denied as futile since such an amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss because “[w]hen
both parties have agreed to be bound by arbitration, adequate consideration exists and the arbitration agreement
should be enforced.” Blair, 283 F.3d at 603-04. Thus, the Arbitration Agreement is a valid contract which is
supported by adequate consideration. As for Curtis’ remaining proposed amendments regarding unconscionability
and public policy considerations, they too would not withstand a motion to dismiss and are futile.
14