JEFFERS FARMS, INC. v. LIBERTY INSURANCE UNDERWRITERS INC. et al

Filing 20

MEMORANDUM AND/OR OPINION. SIGNED BY HONORABLE C. DARNELL JONES, II ON 9/30/21. 10/1/21 ENTERED AND COPIES E-MAILED. "NOT MAILED TO UNREP PARTIES.(kw, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
JEFFERS FARMS, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
LIBERTY INSURANCE
UNDERWRITERS, INC., et al.,
Defendants.

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CIVIL ACTION
NO. 20-5475

MEMORANDUM
JONES, II
I.

J.

September 30, 2021

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Jeffers Farms, Inc. (“Plaintiff”), initiated this insurance dispute by filing a complaint in

the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas on August 5, 2020. On November 2, 2020,
Liberty Insurance Underwriters Inc. (“Defendant”) removed the case to this Court. (ECF No. 1.)
Presently before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (ECF No. 5.) Plaintiff has filed a Response in
Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 9), to which Defendant has replied.
(ECF No. 13.) A brief summary of the pertinent facts as alleged in Plaintiff’s Complaint is set
forth below.
Defendant issued Plaintiff an insurance policy providing directors, officers, and company
liability coverage for the period of February 18, 2017 to February 18, 2018, which was then
renewed for the period of February 18, 2018 to February 18, 2019 (collectively, the “Policies”).
(Compl. ¶¶ 19–20.) The Policies provide coverage to Plaintiff, and its directors and officers, for
losses they become legally obligated to pay as a result of claims made against them during the
covered period. (Compl. ¶ 21.)

On June 1, 2018, a lawsuit was filed against Plaintiff on behalf of the Estate of Ann J.
Hogarty (the “Estate”) in the Court of Common Pleas of Susquehanna County (the “Underlying
Action”). (Compl. ¶ 13.) The original complaint in the Underlying Action demanded that
Jeffers Farms issue 60 shares of Class A stock to the Estate as required by a 1961 amendment to
the Jeffers Farms bylaws. (Compl. ¶ 15.) The original complaint further alleged that Jeffers
Farms failed and refused to issue the requested A shares of stock. (Compl. ¶ 15.) Plaintiffs in
the Underlying Action then filed an amended complaint, adding allegations that Plaintiff,
“through its officers and directors over the years, have engaged in misrepresentation and fraud to
prevent the transfer of the A shares of stock to Ann Hogarty, and after her death, to her Estate.”
(Compl. ¶ 16.)
After the Underlying Action was filed, Plaintiff allegedly made timely notice to
Defendant seeking coverage under the Policies. (Compl. ¶ 25.) Defendant denied coverage and
then confirmed the denial after a request for reconsideration by Plaintiff. (Compl. ¶¶ 29–31.)
Plaintiff alleges that Defendant breached the parties’ insurance contract and also acted in bad
faith in violation of 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 8371. For the reasons set forth below, Defendant’s Motion to
Dismiss will be granted, and Plaintiff will be granted leave to amend its complaint.
II.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
In ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, courts must “‘accept all factual allegations as true,

construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and determine whether, under
any reasonable reading of the complaint, the plaintiff may be entitled to relief.’” Phillips v. Cty.
of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting Pinker v. Roche Holdings Ltd., 292 F.3d
361, 374 n.7 (3d Cir. 2002)). However, “‘threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.’” Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578

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F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). “To prevent
dismissal, all civil complaints must [] set out sufficient factual matter to show that the claim is
facially plausible.” Fowler, 578 F.3d at 210 (internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim has
facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
678 (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007)). “The plausibility standard . . .
asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. It is the
“defendant [who] bears the burden of demonstrating that a plaintiff has failed to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted.” McDonough v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 365 F. Supp. 3d
552, 557 (E.D. Pa. 2019) (citing Hedges v. United States, 404 F.3d 744, 750 (3d Cir. 2005)).
III.

DISCUSSION
A.

The “Prior Acts Exclusion” Bars Coverage

Count I of Plaintiff’s Complaint asserts a breach of contract claim against Defendant.
(Compl. ¶¶ 33–40.) To state a claim for breach of contract under Pennsylvania law, a plaintiff is
required to plead: “‘(1) the existence of a contract, including its essential terms, (2) a breach of a
duty imposed by the contract[,] and (3) resultant damages.’” Orange v. Starion Energy PA, Inc.,
711 F. App’x 681, 683 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Ware v. Rodale Press, Inc., 322 F.3d 218, 225
(3d Cir. 2003)). Here, neither party disputes that a valid insurance contract exists between them.
The instant dispute centers on whether Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a breach of that insurance
contract. Plaintiff claims that Defendant breached the contract by “fail[ing] and refus[ing] to
provide Plaintiff with a defense for the Underlying Action.” (Compl. ¶ 38.) Accordingly, the
sufficiency of Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim turns on whether it has plausibly alleged that

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Defendant is obligated to defend it in the Underlying Action under the terms of the insurance
contract.
“Under Pennsylvania law, an insurer has a duty to defend if the complaint filed by the
injured party potentially comes within the policy’s coverage.” Sikirica v. Nationwide Ins. Co.,
416 F.3d 214, 225 (3d Cir. 2005). In other words, “‘[i]f the complaint filed against the insured
avers facts which would support a recovery that is covered by the policy, it is the duty of the
insurer to defend until such time as the claim is confined to a recovery that the policy does not
cover.’” Ramara, Inc. v. Westfield Ins. Co., 814 F.3d 660, 673 (3d Cir. 2016) (quoting Erie Ins.
Exch. v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 533 A.2d 1363, 1368 (Pa. 1987)). “Importantly, Pennsylvania
adheres to the ‘four corners’ rule,” “under which an insurer’s potential duty to defend is
‘determined solely by the allegations of the complaint in the [underlying] action.’” Ramara, 814
F.3d at 673 (quoting Kvaerner Metals Div. of Kvaerner U.S., Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co.,
908 A.2d 888, 896 (Pa. 2006)) (emphasis omitted). “If the allegations of the underlying
complaint potentially could support recovery under the policy, there will be coverage at least to
the extent that the insurer has a duty to defend its insured in the case.” Sapa Extrusions, Inc. v.
Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 939 F.3d 243, 249 (3d Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks, alterations,
and emphasis omitted).
Defendant argues that any losses resulting from the claims made against Plaintiff in the
Underlying Action would be excluded from coverage under the Policies’ “Prior Acts Exclusion.”
(Def.’s Mot. Dismiss at 12.) That exclusion within the Policies provides:
The Insurer shall not be liable under any Insuring Clause in this Coverage Part
for Loss on account of any Claim made against any Insured . . . based upon,
arising out of, or attributable to any Wrongful Act taking place in whole or in
part prior to 02/18/2016.

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2017-2018 Policy (ECF No. 5-1) at § IV.A & Endorsement No. 10; 2018-2019 Policy (ECF No.
1-3) at § IV.A & Endorsement No. 9. The relevant insuring clause in the Policies states:
The Insurer shall pay on behalf of the Company Loss which the Company
becomes legally obligated to pay by reason of any Claim first made against the
Company during the Policy Period . . . for any Wrongful Acts by the Company
taking place prior to the end of the Policy Period.
2017-2018 Policy at § I.C; 2018-2019 Policy at § I.C. That insuring clause, then, uses
“Wrongful Acts” to refer to the factual basis of the “Claims” made against the insured.
Accordingly, it is only when Plaintiff is alleged to have committed a “Wrongful Act”—i.e., the
factual basis for a “Claim” against it—that insurance coverage is potentially triggered. However,
pursuant to the “Prior Acts Exclusion,” coverage will not be triggered for a claim based on a
“Wrongful Act” that took place, in whole or in part, prior to February 18, 2016. As the
Underlying Action is based on alleged acts and omissions that took place beginning in 1961,
Defendant argues that the “Prior Acts Exclusion” precludes coverage for losses stemming from
the claims in that case.
The only response Plaintiff offers on this issue is as follows: “Not only has Plaintiff not
been found to have committed a Wrongful Act as defined by the Policy, but there is no evidence
that Plaintiff has committed a Wrongful Act.” Pl.’s Resp. Opp’n (ECF No. 9) at 9–10. But
Plaintiff offers no explanation as to how those observations bear any relevance to the question at
hand. They do not. Plaintiff does not contest that the alleged acts and omissions at issue in the
Underlying Action began back in 1961, nor could it reasonably do so. And Plaintiff’s Complaint
in this case acknowledges that the operative complaint in the Underlying Action “allege[s]
‘wrongful acts’ as defined by the Policy.” (Compl. ¶ 26.) Again, the “Prior Acts Exclusion”
specifically precludes coverage for losses stemming from claims “based upon, arising out of, or
attributable to any Wrongful Act taking place in whole or in part prior to 02/18/2016.” 2017-

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2018 Policy at § IV.A & Endorsement No. 10; 2018-2019 Policy at § IV.A & Endorsement No.
9. The exclusion clearly applies here, and the fact that Plaintiff has not yet been found legally
liable for the conduct alleged in the Underlying Action is irrelevant to the analysis. Because the
exclusion applies, there is no duty to defend, and Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s
breach of contract claim must be granted. See Wilson v. Hartford Cas. Co., 492 F. Supp. 3d 417,
426–27 (E.D. Pa. 2020) (“This Court and the Third Circuit have regularly granted motions to
dismiss in insurance cases when the plaintiff’s allegations fall squarely within the policy’s
exclusions to coverage.”) (citing Brewer v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 446 F. App’x 506, 510 (3d Cir.
2011)). 1
B.

The “Reasonable Expectations” Doctrine

In its Response to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff urges the Court to apply
Pennsylvania’s “reasonable expectations” doctrine to its claims for insurance coverage. “The
Pennsylvania doctrine of reasonable expectations states that the reasonable expectations of
the insured is the focal point of the insurance transaction regardless of the ambiguity, or lack
thereof, inherent in a given set of documents. It is intended to protect against the inherent
danger, created by the nature of the insurance industry, that an insurer will agree to certain
coverage when receiving the insured’s application, and then unilaterally change those terms
when it later issues a policy.” UPMC Health Sys. v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 391 F.3d 497, 502 (3d

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“‘[B]ad faith claims cannot survive a determination that there was no duty to defend, because
the court's determination that there was no potential coverage means that the insurer had good
cause to refuse to defend.’” Pizzini v. Am. Int’l Specialty Lines Ins. Co., 249 F. Supp. 2d 569,
570 (E.D. Pa. 2003) (quoting Frog, Switch & Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Travelers Ins. Co., 193 F.3d 742,
751 n.9 (3d Cir. 1999)). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s bad faith insurance claim must also be
dismissed. In addition, as the Court finds the insurance contract’s “Prior Acts Exclusion” to be
dispositive, it need not, and does not, address Defendant’s other arguments against coverage.
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Cir. 2004). “Although ‘in most cases, the language of the insurance policy will provide the best
indication of the content of the parties’ reasonable expectations,’ the courts must nevertheless
‘examine the totality of the insurance transaction involved to ascertain the reasonable
expectations of the insured.’” Lansdale 329 Prop, LLC v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., Civ.
A. No. 20-2034, 2021 WL 1667424, at *11 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 28, 2021) (quoting Liberty Mut. Ins.
Co. v. Treesdale, Inc., 418 F.3d 330, 344 (3d Cir. 2005)).
Here, Plaintiff’s Complaint is devoid of any information regarding the transaction in
which it purchased the Policies from Defendant, whether the insurance contract it was ultimately
issued differed from what it bargained for, or what specific conduct on Defendants’ part created
an expectation that the claims at issue in the Underlying Action would be covered under the
Policies. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s invocation of this doctrine in the abstract in its Response Brief
is not enough to overcome the plain language of the policy exclusion. See, e.g., Moody v.
Hartford Fin. Grp., Inc., 513 F. Supp. 3d 496, 507 (E.D. Pa. 2021) (“[plaintiff] has not pleaded
facts that lead the Court to conclude that [the insurance company] or its agent created in the
insured a reasonable expectation of coverage that is not supported by the terms of the policy”)
(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). However, when “a complaint is subject to a
Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, the Court should permit a curative amendment unless it would be futile
or inequitable.” Frank Van’s Auto Tag, LLC v. Selective Ins. Co. of the Southeast, 516 F. Supp.
3d 450, 462 (E.D. Pa. 2021). Accordingly, the Court will grant Plaintiff “leave to amend its
Complaint to include allegations about its reasonable expectations about the Polic[ies’]
coverage.” Id.

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IV.

CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss will be granted and Plaintiff’s

Complaint will be dismissed with leave to amend.
An appropriate order follows.
BY THE COURT:

/s/ C. Darnell Jones, II
C. Darnell Jones, II J.

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