DGU GROUP INC. v. THE INDIVIDUALS, PARTNERSHIPS, AND UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS IDENTIFIED ON SCHEDULE "A"

Filing 67

MEMORANDUM SIGNED BY DISTRICT JUDGE GERALD J. PAPPERT ON 4/12/24. 4/12/24 ENTERED AND COPIES E-MAILED. (va)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
DGU GROUP INC,
Plaintiff,
CIVIL ACTION
v.
NO. 23-2022
THE INDIVIDUALS, PARTNERSHIPS,
AND UNINCORPORATED
ASSOCIATIONS IDENTIFIED ON
SCHEDULE “A,”
Defendants.

Pappert, J.

April 12, 2024
Memorandum

DGU Group Inc. sued more than seventy business entities, alleging they
counterfeited and infringed DGU’s registered FRONTWALK mark. DGU now moves
for entry of default judgment against those Defendants who failed to respond or
otherwise participate in the litigation. The Court grants DGU’s motion, enters default
judgment and approves an award of $500,000 in statutory damages against each.
I
Since August 2021, DGU has specialized in the design, manufacturing and sales
of clothing and fashion products using its federally registered FRONTWALK mark.
(Compl. ¶¶ 1, ECF No. 1; Registered Mark, Ex. 1, ECF No. 1–3). DGU has spent more
than $1 million in advertising and marketing for these products, garnered thousands of
positive reviews and generated $5.8 million in sales in 2023. (Li Decl. ¶¶ 12–17, ECF
No. 6–3).
Defendants started using similar versions of the FRONTWALK mark without
DGU’s authorization. (Compl. ¶¶ 25, 36). They used online platforms like
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Walmart.com, where they could advertise, sell and ship products with FRONTWALK
marks to customers across the United States—including in Pennsylvania. (Compl. ¶¶
13, 25, 28).
In May 2023, DGU filed its complaint against the Defendants alleging
trademark infringement and counterfeiting under 15 U.S.C. § 1114 (Count 1), unfair
competition and false designation of origin under 14 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (Count 2), and
trademark infringement (Count 3) and unfair competition (Count 4) under
Pennsylvania common law. After a series of filings, the Court granted DGU’s renewed
motions for alternative service through email and website publication. (ECF Nos. 17,
45). None of the Defendants answered or otherwise responded to DGU’s complaint. See
(Decl. of Bole Yuan in Supp. of Pl’s Request for Entry of Default ¶¶ 10-12, ECF No. 60–
2). The Clerk subsequently entered a default against the Defendants pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(a). (ECF No. 63).
II
Before the Court can enter default judgment, it must find that process was
properly served. Gold Kist, Inc. v. Laurinburg Oil Co., Inc., 756 F.2d 14, 19 (3d Cir.
1985). DGU served all Defendants, who reside and operate in China, by email and
website publication—consistent with the Court’s orders authorizing alternative service
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(f). See (Aff. of Serv. by Bole Yuan, Aug. 2,
2023, ECF No. 18; Aff. of Service by Bole Yuan, Oct. 26, 2023, ECF No. 54).

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III
A
“[W]hen entry of a default judgment is sought against a party who has failed to
plead or otherwise defend, the district court has an affirmative duty to look into its
jurisdiction both over the subject matter and the parties.” D'Onofrio v. Il Mattino, 430
F. Supp.2d 431, 437 (E.D. Pa. 2006) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
This court has subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1338(a) over
federal claims that relate to trademark and copyright infringement. The Court also has
supplemental jurisdiction over DGU’s remaining claims arising under common law or
state law pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) because the claims arise from the same case
or controversy as DGU’s federal claims.
B
On a motion for default judgment, a plaintiff need only make a prima facie
showing of personal jurisdiction. D'Onofrio, 430 F. Supp.2d at 439. Pennsylvania's
long-arm statute is co-extensive with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. See 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5322(b) (allowing courts to exercise personal
jurisdiction over non-residents “to the fullest extent allowed under the Constitution of
the United States and may be based on the most minimum contact with th[e]
Commonwealth allowed under the Constitution of the United States.”). Accordingly,
the Court's jurisdiction is proper so long as Defendants have “certain minimum contacts
with [Pennsylvania] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional
notions of fair play and substantial justice.” O'Connor v. Sandy Lane Hotel Co., 496
F.3d 312, 316–17 (citing Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)).

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There are two types of personal jurisdiction: general and specific. See BristolMyers Squibb Co. v. Super. Ct. of Cal., S.F. Cty., 137 S. Ct. 1773 (2017). A court with
general jurisdiction may hear any claim against a defendant, even if all the incidents
underlying the claim occurred in a different state. Id. (citing Goodyear Dunlop Tires
Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)). However, specific jurisdiction is
“confined to adjudication of issues deriving from, or connected with, the very
controversy that establishes jurisdiction.” Id. (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919).
Each defendant's contacts with the forum state must be assessed individually. Calder
v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 790 (1984).
Pennsylvania has specific personal jurisdiction over the Defendants. The “mere
operation of a commercially interactive web site should not subject the operator to
jurisdiction anywhere in the world.” Toys “R” Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446,
454 (3d Cir. 2003). Instead, there “must be evidence that the defendant ‘purposefully
availed’ itself of conducting activity in the forum state, by directly targeting its web site
to the state, knowingly interacting with residents of the forum state via its web site, or
through sufficient other related contacts.” Id. (internal citation omitted). Here, each of
the Defendants has purposefully availed itself of the opportunity to conduct business
with Pennsylvania residents by allowing Pennsylvania customers to view the products,
add them to their online shopping cart, checkout and ship their products to
Pennsylvania. See (Li Decl. ¶ 26).
IV
The Court must “ascertain whether the unchallenged facts constitute a
legitimate cause of action.” Serv. Emps. Int'l Union v. ShamrockClean, Inc., 325 F.

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Supp. 3d 631, 635 (E.D. Pa. 2018) (quotation marks omitted). “A consequence of the
entry of a default judgment is that the factual allegations of the complaint, except those
relating to the amount of damages, will be taken as true.” Comdyne I, Inc. v. Corbin,
908 F.2d 1142, 1149 (3d Cir. 1990) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
A
Federal trademark infringement claims under 15 U.S.C. § 1114 and unfair
competition claims under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A) are analyzed by identical standards.
A&H Sportswear, Inc. v. Victoria's Secret Stores, Inc., 237 F.3d 198, 210 (3d Cir. 2000).
And in Pennsylvania, common law trademark infringement and unfair competition
claims are governed by the same standards as their federal counterparts. R&B, Inc. v.
Needa Parts Mfg., Inc., 418 F. Supp. 2d 684, 697 n.1 (E.D. Pa. 2005).
To establish a cause of action for an alleged Lanham Act violation, a plaintiff
must demonstrate that (1) it has a valid and legally protectable mark, (2) it owns the
mark, and (3) the defendant’s use of the mark to identify goods or services causes a
likelihood of confusion. Commerce Nat'l Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Commerce Ins. Agency, Inc.,
214 F.3d 432, 437 (3d Cir. 2000). To prevail on an infringement claim, the plaintiff is
also required to show that the defendant’s use of the offensive mark is unauthorized.
Opticians Association of America v. Independent Opticians of America, 920 F.2d 187,
192 (3d Cir. 1990).
In Interpace Corp. v. Lapp, Inc., the Third Circuit established a ten-factor
analysis to determine whether the defendant's marks are likely to cause consumer
confusion. 721 F.2d 460, 463 (3d Cir. 1983).1 However, when the trademark holder and

The Lapp factors are: (1) the degree of similarity between the owner's mark and the alleged
infringing mark; (2) the strength of the owner's mark; (3) the price of the goods and other factors
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the alleged infringer have competing goods or services, a court will rarely need to “look
beyond the mark itself.” Lapp, 721 F.2d at 462. The Third Circuit has held that “there
is a great likelihood of confusion when an infringer uses the exact trademark” as the
plaintiff. Opticians Ass'n of Am., 920 F.2d at 195. See also U.S. Jaycees v. Phila.
Jaycees, 639 F.2d 134, 142 (3d Cir. 1981) (holding that “a great likelihood of confusion
[exists] when an infringer uses the exact trademark”).
Furthermore, “[n]ot all ten factors of the Lapp test are necessary to determine
that there is a likelihood of confusion, and a likelihood can be found even if a majority
of the factors do not show confusion.” Steak Umm Co., LLC v. Steak ‘Em Up, Inc., No.
09-2857, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 94088, *10 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 23, 2011) (citing A&H
Sportswear, 237 F.3d at 216). The ten factors are not to be “mechanically tallied,” but
rather are tools to guide a qualitative decision. Id. (internal citation omitted).
B
The first two elements of DGU’s claims are met; the FRONTWALK mark is
federally registered, see (Certificate of Registration, Ex. 1 to Compl, ECF No. 1–3), and
DGU owns the mark. See (Li Decl. at ¶¶ 6, 19, 28). Indeed, registration “is prima facie
evidence of the validity of the registered mark and of the registration of the mark, of
the owner’s ownership of the mark, and of the owner’s exclusive right to use the

indicative of the care and attention expected of consumers when making a purchase; (4) the length of
time the defendant has used the mark without evidence of actual confusion arising; (5) the intent of
the defendant in adopting the mark; (6) the evidence of actual confusion; (7) whether the goods,
competing or not competing, are marketed through the same channels of trade and advertised
through the same media; (8) the extent to which the targets of the parties’ sales efforts are the same;
(9) the relationship of the goods in the minds of the consumers, whether because of the near-identity
of the products, the similarity of function, or other factors; (10) other facts suggesting that the
consuming public might expect the prior owner to manufacture both products, or expect the prior
owner to manufacture a product, or expect that the prior owner is likely to expand into the
defendant's market. Interpace Corp. v. Lapp, Inc. 721 F.2d 460 (3d Cir. 1983).

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registered mark . . . in connection with the goods or services specified in the certificate.”
B&B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis Indus, 575 U.S. 138, 142 (2015) (internal citations and
quotations omitted).
The Court need not conduct a detailed analysis under each Lapp factor because
DGU’s complaint alleges a significant likelihood of confusion. A likelihood of confusion
arises when “consumers viewing the mark would probably assume that the product or
service it represents is associated with the source of a different product or service
identified by a similar mark.” Dranoff-Perlstein Assocs. v. Sklar, 967 F.2d 852, 862 (3d
Cir. 1992) (internal quotation omitted). Defendants are in direct competition with DGU
by manufacturing, promoting and selling clothing and other fashion items. (Compl. ¶
64). Defendants sell these products with identical versions of the FRONTWALK mark
through online marketplaces like Walmart.com—all without DGU’s authorization.
(Compl. ¶ 25).
V
Before entering a default judgment, the Court must consider three factors: “(1)
prejudice to the plaintiff if default is denied, (2) whether the defendant appears to have
a litigable defense, and (3) whether defendant’s delay is due to culpable conduct.”
Chamberlain v. Giampapa, 210 F. 3d 154, 164 (3d Cir. 2000).
First, denying the motion will prejudice DGU; a plaintiff “will be prejudiced
absent a default judgment when a defendant fails to respond to the plaintiff’s claims
because the plaintiff will be left with no other means to vindicate his or her claims.”
United States v. Tran, No. 21-730, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8296, 2022 WL 159734, at *2

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(E.D. Pa. Jan 18, 2022) (internal quotation omitted). DGU filed suit nearly one year
ago and, absent default judgment, remains unable to obtain relief.
The second factor—whether the Defendants have a litigable defense—also favors
entering a default judgment because the Defendants never answered, responded or
otherwise participated in the litigation. The Court may presume, then, that
Defendants have no meritorious defense. See Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. v. Yakubets,
3 F. Supp. 3d 261, 271–72 (E.D. Pa. 2014).
Finally, the third factor—whether the Defendants’ delay is due to their own
culpable conduct—is at least a neutral factor, and at most a factor favoring entry of
default judgment. Culpable conduct relates only to “actions taken willfully or in bad
faith.” Mike Rosen & Assocs., P.C. v. Omega Builders, 940 F. Supp. 115, 118 (E.D. Pa.
1996 (citing Gross v. Stereo Component Sys., Inc., 700 F.2d 120, 124 (3d Cir. 1983)).
Some courts have held the third factor to be neutral where the court “has no
information related to the motivations” of defendants “in failing to appear and defend.”
Great Am. E & S Ins. Co. v. John P. Cawley, Ltd, 866 F. Supp. 2d 437, 442 (E.D. Pa.,
2011). Other courts have found that “the defendant's failure or refusal to engage in the
litigation process and to offer no reason for this failure or refusal may qualify as
culpable conduct with respect to the entry of a default judgment—indeed, for the Court
to conclude otherwise would be to reward the recalcitrant or the oppositional and
uncooperative.” Joe Hand Promotions, 3 F. Supp. 3d at 271 (citations and internal
quotations omitted). The Court approved DGU’s alternative method of service, and
Defendants have filed to appear or otherwise defend. Whether this factor is neutral or

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weighing in favor of default judgment, overall analysis of the three factors favors entry
of default judgment.
VI
A
After granting the motion for default judgment, the Court must calculate the
appropriate damages. See Rios v. Marv Loves 1, No. 13-1619, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
116758, 2015 WL 5161314, at *13 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 2, 2015). While the factual
allegations of the complaint “will be taken as true,” the amount of damages must still
be proven. Comdyne I, Inc., 908 F.2d at 1149. “There must be an evidentiary basis for
the damages sought by plaintiff, and a district court may determine there is sufficient
evidence either based upon evidence presented at a hearing or upon a review of detailed
affidavits and documentary evidence.” Allstate Ins. Co. v. Nw. Med., No. 23-2480, 2023
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 196327, *7 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 31, 2023) (internal citation omitted). It is
within the Court’s discretion “to decide whether further evidence or a hearing is
necessary to ascertain if the evidence contained in affidavits and documents in the
record is sufficient to establish damages.” Id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)).
i
DGU requests that the Court award $500,000 in statutory damages for each
Defendant in violation of the Lanham Act. The Lanham Act provides for statutory
damages of not less than $1,000 or more than $200,000 per counterfeit mark per type of
goods, with an increased limit of $2,000,000 for willful infringement—which can be
inferred in this case by Defendants’ defaulting. 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c); Tiffany (NJ) Inc. v.
Luban, 282 F.Supp. 2d 123, 124 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (“by virtue of the default, the

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[defendant’s] infringement is deemed willful . . . .”). In general, “statutory damages are
appropriate in default judgment cases because the information needed to prove actual
damages is within the infringer’s control and is not disclosed.” Delta Air Lines, Inc. v.
Fly Tech, LLC, No. 16-2599, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 247090, *3 (D.N.J., Nov. 30, 2018)
(citing Microsoft Corp. v. McGee, 490 F.Supp.2d 874, 882 (S.D. Ohio 2007) (collecting
cases)).
Section 1117(c)(2) does not provide guidelines for courts determining an
appropriate award, but rather leaves it to each court's discretion to award an amount it
“considers just.” 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c)(2); see Louis Vuitton Malletier & Oakley, Inc. v.
Veit, 211 F.Supp.2d 567, 583 (E.D. Pa. 2002)). Absent “clear guidelines for setting a
statutory damage award, courts have tended to use their wide discretion to compensate
plaintiffs, as well as to deter and punish defendants, often borrowing from factors
considered for statutory damages in copyright infringement.” Louis Vuitton, 211
F.Supp.2d at 583–584. These factors are: “(1) the expenses saved and profits reaped; (2)
the revenue lost by the plaintiffs; (3) the value of the copyright or trademark; (4) the
deterrent effect on others besides the defendant; (5) whether the defendant's conduct
was innocent or willful; (6) whether a defendant cooperated in providing particular
records from which to assess the value of the infringing material product; and (7) the
potential for discouraging the defendant.” Delta Air Lines, Inc., 18 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
247090 at *3 (internal citation omitted).
ii
DGU states that this amount will serve the goals of compensating DGU for
illegal use of a mark associated with $5.8 million in annual sales and thousands of

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positive reviews, punishing the Defendants’ willful infringement, and deterring the
Defendants and counterfeiters generally. (Li. Decl. ¶¶ 11–17; Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for
Def. Judgment, p. 19, ECF No. 66-2). And although the Court cannot determine the
extent of DGU’s loss or Defendants’ gains from the counterfeit sales, DGU notes “online
counterfeiters’ wide market exposure . . . warrants higher damages,” (Mem. in Supp. of
Mot. for Def. Judgment, p. 18), and cites comparable trademark-infringement cases
with similar awards. See EZShoot LLC v. The Individuals, Partnerships, and
Unincorporated Associates Identified on Schedule A, No. 23-cv-03154 (E.D. Pa. Mar 6,
2024) ($500,000 against each defendant); Osprey LLC v. 24 Hours Online, et al., No. 21cv-01095 (W.D. Pa. Jul. 21, 2022) ($2 million in damages against each defendant). The
Court agrees that DGU’s suggested statutory damages figure is reasonable, and awards
$500,000 in damages from each Defendant.2
B
DGU also seeks a permanent injunction against each defaulting Defendant,
barring future infringing conduct. “A permanent injunction issues to a party after
winning on the merits and is ordinarily granted upon a finding of trademark
infringement.” Lermer Germany GmbH v. Lermer Corp., 94 F.3d 1575, 1577 (Fed. Cir.
1996). A plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction must demonstrate: “(1) that it has
suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary
damages, are inadequate to compensate for that injury; (3) that, considering the

And because the Court has already found that Defendants have the propensity to conceal
their identities and dissipate assets out of the country, it is appropriate to enter an order directing
Walmart.com and its related companies to transfer Defendants’ assets currently held by
Walmart.com as partial satisfaction of the judgment awarded. Such an order is necessary for DGU
to collect the judgment and is within the Court’s inherent powers to issue remedies ancillary to its
authority to provide final relief. See 15 U.S.C. § 1116(a); Fed. R. Civ. P. 64.
2

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balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is
warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent
injunction.” eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391 (2006); see also Ctr.
for Investigative Reporting v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth., 975 F.3d 300, 317 (3d Cir. 2020).
First, DGU has suffered irreparable harm due to the finding that Defendants’
uses of the FRONTWALK mark creates a likelihood of confusion. See Section V, supra.
Second, damages would be inadequate to compensate for the consumer confusion that
may arise if Defendants were to continue using DGU’s FRONTWALK mark. Such
damages may not be sufficient to deter future infringement, and the damages from any
future infringement would be difficult to determine. Third, the balance of hardships
support granting a permanent injunction, since any injury Defendants would suffer is
“discounted by the fact [Defendants] brought that injury upon [themselves].” Novartis
Consumer Health, Inc. v. Johnson & Johnson-Merck Consumer Pharms. Co., 290 F.3d
578, 596 (3d Cir. 2002). Finally, the public interest in protecting registered trademarks
supports granting a permanent injunction in this case. In a trademark case, the public
interest “is most often a synonym for the right of the public not to be deceived or
confused.” Opticians Ass’n of Am. v. Independent Opticians of Am., 920 F.2d 187, 197
(3d Cir. 1990). The public interest also includes the recognition of property interests as
trademarks. See Bill Blass, Ltd. v. SAZ Corp., 751 F.2d 152, 156 (3d Cir. 1984).
An appropriate Order follows.
BY THE COURT:
________________________
/s/ Gerald J. Pappert
Gerald J. Pappert, J.

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