Rinaldi v. United States of America et al
Filing
52
MEMORANDUM re. MOTION for Reconsideration 45 (Order to follow as separate docket entry)Signed by Honorable Sylvia H. Rambo on 12/22/15. (ma)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MICHAEL RINALDI,
:
:
Plaintiff
:
:
v.
:
:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al., :
:
Defendants
:
CIVIL NO. 1:13-CV-00450
(Judge Rambo)
MEMORANDUM
Plaintiff Michael Rinaldi initiated this civil rights action pursuant to Bivens
v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971),
by filing a complaint against numerous officers and staff at the United States
Penitentiary, Lewisburg (“USP-Lewisburg”), the facility where he was formerly
confined. (Doc. 1.) In the complaint, Plaintiff alleged several civil rights
violations involving his confinement with a hostile cell mate, Defendants’ refusal
to allow him to practice his religion, and USP-Lewisburg’s policy regarding
psychiatric treatment. (Id. at p. 5.) By memorandum and order dated May 7,
2015, this court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants on some of
Plaintiff’s claims and dismissed Plaintiff’s remaining claims. (Docs. 42 & 43.)
Presently before the court is Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration of that order.
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(Doc. 45.) For the reasons stated below, the motion will be denied. Because
Plaintiff’s factual allegations were discussed at length in this court’s previous
memorandum, they will be omitted here. (See Doc. 42.)
I.
Legal Standard—Motion for Reconsideration
“The purpose of a motion for reconsideration1 is to correct manifest errors
of law or fact or present newly discovered evidence.” Hernandez v. United States,
608 F. App’x 105, 109 (3d Cir. 2015) (quoting Harsco Corp. v. Zlotnicki, 779
F.2d 906, 909 (3d Cir. 1985)). Such a motion may be granted based on one of
three grounds: (1) “an intervening change in controlling law;” (2) “the availability
of new evidence;” or (3) “the need to correct clear error of law or prevent manifest
injustice.” Lazaridis v. Wehmer, 591 F.3d 666, 669 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing N. River
Ins. Co. v. CIGNA Reinsurance Co., 52 F.3d 1194, 1218 (3d Cir. 1995). As such,
a party may not rely on evidence that has already been submitted to support a
motion for reconsideration. Harsco, 779 F.2d at 909. A motion for
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The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not provide for a general “motion for reconsideration.”
See Talano v. Nw. Med. Faculty Found., Inc., 273 F.3d 757, 760 n.1 (7th Cir. 2001). A motion
before a district court seeking to challenge the merits of a final ruling is properly considered
under either Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) or 60(b), depending on the time of filing. See
Waye v. First Citizen’s Nat’l Bank, 846 F. Supp. 310, 313 (M.D. Pa. 1994), aff’d, 31 F.3d 1175
(3d Cir. 1994); Anderson v. Holy See, 934 F. Supp. 2d 954, 957 (N.D. Ill. 2013). Because
Plaintiff filed his motion within 28 days of the entry of this court’s order, the motion is properly
considered as a Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment under Rule 59(e).
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reconsideration is not a vehicle to simply “reargue matters already argued and
disposed of.” Waye, 846 F. Supp. at 313 (citing Davis v. Lukhard, 106 F.R.D.
317, 318 (E.D. Va. 1984)). A party’s mere dissatisfaction with a ruling “is not a
proper basis for reconsideration.” Velazquez v. UPMC Bedford Mem’l Hosp., 338
F. Supp. 2d 609, 611 (W.D. Pa. 2004) (quoting Burger King Corp. v. New
England Hood and Duct Cleaning Co., Civ. No. 98-cv-3610, 2000 WL 133756, *2
(E.D. Pa. Feb. 4, 2000)). Given the importance of finality in legal judgments,
motions for reconsideration should be granted sparingly. Williams v. City of
Pittsburgh, 32 F. Supp. 2d 236, 238 (W.D. Pa. 1998).
II.
Discussion
Plaintiff moves this court to reconsider the following holdings from its
previous order:
1) that Plaintiff’s claim under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) is
precluded by the discretionary function exception;
2) that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies for his claim
that he was forced to reside with a hostile cell mate out of retaliation for
filing grievances;
3) that Plaintiff failed to state a claim regarding his allegations of denial of
recreation;
4) that Plaintiff failed to state a claim regarding his allegations of the seizure
of his property from his cell;
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5) that Plaintiff failed to state a claim regarding the rendering of inadequate
psychiatric treatment at USP-Lewisburg;
6) that Defendants were entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s First
Amendment claim regarding the denial of his ability to observe the Jumuah
prayer in congregation with fellow Muslims;
7) that Plaintiff failed to adequately plead the involvement of the individual
defendants regarding his Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”)
claim and his conditions of confinement claim.
(Doc. 46 at pp. 1–9.) This court will address Plaintiff’s arguments for
reconsidering each holding in turn.
A.
The Discretionary Function Exception to the FTCA
The FTCA excludes any claim “based upon the exercise or performance or
the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a
federal agency or an employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion
involved be abused.” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). The decision of “how best to protect
one inmate from the threat of attack by another” is typically considered to be the
kind of decision “that the discretionary function exception was designed to
shield.” Donaldson v. United States, 281 F. App’x 75, 77 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting
Mitchell v. United States, 225 F.3d 361, 363 (3d Cir. 2000)). Plaintiff argues that
the decision to house him with an inmate who had previously threatened to kill
him was not covered by this exception because the decision was made by
Counselor Baysore and, according to a Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) program
statement, the Associate Warden is responsible for determining which inmates will
be housed together in a Special Management Unit (“SMU”). (Doc. 46 at p. 2.)
Defendants contend that the policy statement in question does not restrict
the discretion of USP-Lewisburg officials in such a way as to remove this conduct
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from the discretionary function exception, regardless of whether the decision was
made by the Associate Warden or another functionary. (Doc. 49 at pp. 10–11.)
This court agrees. Program Statement 5217.01 provides that, at each program
level of an SMU, the “Associate Warden is responsible for determining which
inmates may be housed together.” (Id. at pp. 7-10.) That same statement also
provides that each institution operating an SMU “will develop an Institutional
Supplement that addresses local operations and procedures.” (Id. at p. 11.) The
supplements in effect at USP-Lewisburg at the time that Plaintiff was housed there
provided that “[c]ell assignments will be the responsibility of the Unit Team, with
direct oversight provided by the Unit Manager.” (Id. at pp. 24, 31.)
The discretionary function exception would not apply to this claim if any of
these program statements “specifically prescribes a course of action for an
employee to follow” in such a way that “the employee has no rightful option but to
adhere to the directive.” Berkovitz ex rel Berkovitz v. United States, 486 U.S. 531,
536 (1988). However, the program statements in question clearly do not prescribe
such an explicit course of action, but instead delegate authority to certain officials
to make cell assignment decisions. There is simply nothing in the BOP’s program
statements that restricts the Associate Warden from delegating his or her
assignment power to a Unit Manager (or, indeed, to any other employee).
Plaintiff contends that USP-Lewisburg’s institutional supplement
unlawfully conflicts with Program Statement 5217.01 by delegating authority to
the Unit Manager instead of the Associate Warden (see Doc. 50 at p. 1.), but this
contention is without merit. A more natural reading of the two provisions in
question is that, while the Associate Warden may retain primary responsibility for
SMU cell assignments, at USP-Lewisburg the day-to-day decisions regarding such
assignments are made by Unit Managers. There is no reason why this kind of
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delegation of decision-making to a lower functionary should remove the conduct
in question from the discretionary function exception.
Finally, this court emphasizes that the exception covers not only the
“exercise or performance” of a discretionary function but also “the failure to
exercise or perform a discretionary function” and even conduct that goes so far as
to constitute the abuse of discretion. 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) (emphasis added).
Thus, for the purpose of the discretionary function exception, the issue of whether
Plaintiff’s cell assignment was based on improper considerations (such as
Counselor Baysore’s personal animosity toward Plaintiff), or whether the
Associate Warden was negligent in allowing the Unit Manager to make cell
assignment decisions, is irrelevant.
Thus, this court finds that Plaintiff has provided no legitimate reason to
reconsider its earlier order dismissing Plaintiff’s FTCA claim.
B.
Exhaustion of Remedies for Retaliation Claim
This court previously dismissed Plaintiff’s claim that he was retaliated
against by being forced to reside with a hostile cell mate for failure to exhaust
administrative remedies. (See Doc. 42 at pp. 18–20.) Plaintiff asserted that he
exhausted his remedies through administrative grievance numbers 675165 and
684006. Grievance 675165 was initially filed the day before the event that gave
rise to Plaintiff’s retaliation claim (being moved in with the cell mate who
threatened to kill him). (See id. at p. 18.) After the grievance was denied, Plaintiff
filed an appeal in which he included details about his new housing assignment.
This court determined that, by including a new issue for the first time on appeal,
“Plaintiff did not comply with the requirements of the BOP’s Administrative
Remedy Program and thus did not exhaust his administrative remedies for this
claim.” (Id. at p. 19; see also 28 C.F.R. § 542.15(b)(2)).
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Plaintiff points out that his appeal was “denied,” rather than “rejected,”
which indicates that it was not refused for filing due to a procedural defect, but
was instead denied on the merits. (Doc. 46 at 4.) However, this is beside the
point. Even if this court were to accept that the Regional Director effectively
waived the requirement to not raise new issues on appeal, Plaintiff’s claim was
still absent from his initial grievance and thus was not presented to each level of
the Administrative Remedy Program, as is necessary to satisfy the exhaustion
requirement. See Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 90 (2006) (“[P]roper exhaustion
of administrative remedies . . . means using all steps that the agency holds out, and
doing so properly.”).
Turning to grievance 684006, Plaintiff attempted to file it directly with the
Regional Director “pursuant to regulations allowing inmates to file their initial
request with the Regional Director when it pertains to a ‘sensitive issue.’” (Doc.
42 at p. 19.) However, this claim was rejected, meaning that it was not accepted
for filing because of a procedural defect. When a sensitive claim is rejected, the
inmate is directed to file the request locally for review by the Warden. 28 C.F.R. §
542.14(d)(1). Plaintiff claimed that he instead appealed the rejection of his claim
to the BOP General Counsel’s office, though there is no record of this. (Doc. 42 at
p. 19.) Because Plaintiff appealed the rejection of his claim rather than refiling it
with the Warden, this court held that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative
remedies through this grievance. (Id. at p. 20.)
Plaintiff argues that when he appealed the rejection of his claim to the
General Counsel, the fact that the General Counsel failed to respond constituted a
“denial by default.” (Doc. 46 at p. 5.) However, as this court explained
previously, a denial by default can only occur once a claim has been accepted for
filing. (Doc. 42 at p. 20.) Because Plaintiff’s grievance was initially rejected, and
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never was accepted, the provision for denials by default does not apply. (Id.)
Plaintiff raises no new arguments on this issue.
Thus, Plaintiff has provided no legitimate reason for this court to reconsider
its holding that Plaintiff failed to adequately exhaust his administrative remedies
for his retaliation claim.
C.
Failure to State a Claim for Denial of Recreation
This court previously held that Plaintiff failed to state a claim for being
denied adequate recreation because the alleged conditions he complained of were
not sufficiently severe to constitute a violation of either the Fifth or Eighth
Amendments. (Doc. 42 at pp. 27–30.) Plaintiff argues that this court should
reconsider this issue because the denial of his recreation was “partly motivated by
retaliation” and because BOP Program Statement 5217.01 provides that inmates
must be provided with 5 hours of recreation per week and that this can only be
restricted by the Warden. (Doc. 46 at p. 5.) However, Plaintiff did not raise a
retaliation claim regarding the restriction of his recreation time in his initial
complaint, and he cannot amend his complaint through a motion for
reconsideration. (See Doc. 1.) Furthermore, the BOP’s program statements have
no bearing on whether the conditions of Plaintiff’s confinement violated his rights
under the Constitution. See Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472 (1995) (describing
the Fifth Amendment’s restrictions on inmate discipline); Farmer v. Brennan, 511
U.S. 825, 834 (1994) (describing the Eighth Amendment’s restrictions on the
conditions of an inmate’s confinement).
Thus, Plaintiff has provided no reason for this court to reconsider its
holdings that Plaintiff failed to state a claim under the Fifth or Eighth
Amendments regarding the alleged denial of adequate recreation.
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D.
Failure to State a Claim for Seizure of Property
This court previously held that Plaintiff failed to state a claim regarding the
search of his cell and seizure of certain property because the BOP’s
Administrative Remedy Program satisfied the Fifth Amendment’s requirement for
an “adequate post-deprivation remedy” (even if the program did not yield
satisfactory results). (Doc. 42 at pp. 30–31.) Plaintiff now contends that the
seizure of his property nonetheless violated his rights under the Fourth
Amendment. First, Plaintiff at no point mentioned the Fourth Amendment as a
source of any of his claims, and he may not amend his complaint at this stage.
(See Doc. 1.) However, even if this court were to entertain this argument, it is
well-established that “the Fourth Amendment proscription against unreasonable
searches does not apply within the confines of the prison cell.” Hudson v. Palmer,
468 U.S. 517, 526 (1984). Plaintiff offers no legal authority to support his
assertion otherwise. (See Doc. 46 at pp. 5–6.)
Thus, Plaintiff has provided no legitimate reason for this court to reconsider
its holding that he failed to state a claim regarding the search of his cell and
seizure of his property.
E.
Failure to State a Claim for Inadequate Psychological Treatment
This court previously held that Plaintiff failed to state a claim for his alleged
inadequate psychological treatment because he did not allege that this caused any
physical injury, and the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) stipulates that
prisoners may not bring civil rights claims for damages based solely on mental or
emotional injuries. (Doc. 42 at pp. 33–34 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e)). Plaintiff
claims that this provision does not apply to his claim because he is not seeking any
monetary compensation for the denial of his psychological treatment, but is
instead seeking only declaratory relief. (Doc. 46 at p. 6.) However, any claims
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Plaintiff may have had for declaratory and injunctive relief were rendered moot
when he was transferred to another institution (prior to the filing of his claim).
See, e.g., Griffin v. Beard, 401 F. App’x 715, 716–17 (3d Cir. 2010) (holding that
claims for declaratory and injunctive relief are moot where prisoner was
transferred to another institution and had not shown that he was reasonably likely
to be transferred back to previous institution) (citing Abdul-Akbar v. Watson, 4
F.3d 195, 206 (3d Cir. 1993)).
Thus, Plaintiff has provided no legitimate reason for this court to reconsider
its dismissal of his claim for inadequate psychological treatment.
F.
Summary Judgment for First Amendment Claim
This court previously held that Defendants were entitled to summary
judgment on Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim that he was denied the ability to
observe the Jumuah prayer in congregation with his fellow Muslims. (Doc. 42 at
pp. 34–38.) In reaching this decision, this court balanced the factors set forth in
Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987), and concluded that the severe concern for
safety present in managing inmates in an SMU justified USP-Lewisburg’s
decision to restrict the congregation of inmates, even those whose sincere religious
beliefs may require them to observe Jumuah in congregation. (Doc. 42 at pp.
34–38.) Plaintiff now contends that USP-Lewisburg could have altered its
schedule to allow Muslim SMU inmates to take their Friday recreation period
during the time they would normally observe Jumuah. (Doc. 46 at pp. 6–7.)
Plaintiff asserts that SMU inmates were already allowed to go to the recreation
“cages” in groups of six, and that his request was simply for groups of six Muslim
SMU inmates to be permitted to take recreation at the Jumuah time in a cage
together. (Id.)
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Defendants respond that his suggested alternative solution “is not cognizant
of the many security and programming issues that would be created by permitting
Muslim inmates to share the same recreation cells every Friday at USP
Lewisburg.” (Doc. 49 at p. 16.) This court agrees. Plaintiff’s proposed plan is
not an alternative policy that would impose a de minimis cost on the prison that
would satisfy the fourth element of the Turner test. (See Doc. 42 at pp. 37–38.)
Plaintiff asserts that the security risk “would be minimum” because “most violence
in the SMU is between different gangs or groups of people.” (Doc. 46 at p. 7.)
This assumes, seemingly without evidence, that all Muslims in USP-Lewisburg’s
SMU are a homogenous group that do not cross any other associational
boundaries. This court finds this unlikely. More importantly, this argument does
not rely on any newly discovered evidence or developments in the law, and does
not illustrate that this court’s previous decision resulted in a “clear error of law” or
“manifest injustice,” as is required to succeed on a motion for reconsideration. See
Lazaridis, 591 F.3d at 669. Rather, this is merely an attempt by Plaintiff to
“reargue matters already argued and disposed of” using arguments that could have
been made prior to this court’s final order. Waye, 846 F. Supp. at 313.
Thus, Plaintiff has not provided a legitimate reason for this court to
reconsider its decision to grant summary judgment in favor of Defendants on his
First Amendment claim.
G.
Failure to Plead the Involvement of Individual Defendants
This court previously dismissed several of Plaintiff’s claims because he
failed to adequately plead the personal involvement of the individual Defendants.
(Doc. 42 at pp. 43–46.) Plaintiff now argues that he did adequately plead their
involvement, but was doing so under a theory that the officials in question
“established and maintained a policy, practice or custom which caused a
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constitutional harm,” or, alternatively, that certain officials “had knowledge of and
acquiesced in the subordinate[s’] unconstitutional conduct.” (Doc. 46 at p. 8.)
Defendants contend that Plaintiff did not allege any facts to support such a
theory of “supervisory liability.” (Doc. 49 at p. 17.) This court agrees. As
Defendants state, Plaintiff “merely identified the supervisory defendants based on
their roles in responding to administrative remedies and, without specificity,
claimed that they failed to properly investigate his administrative remedies.” (Id.
at pp. 17–18.) Furthermore, as this court previously stated, Plaintiff’s allegations
of conspiracy among the Defendants were both entirely devoid of content and
conclusory. (Doc. 42 at p. 43.) Plaintiff offers no arguments to show how the
allegations in his complaint described “sufficient factual matter” to show that the
defendants in question were personally involved in these matters, and not simply
to be faulted for failing to adequately investigate his grievances. Plaintiff certainly
offers no arguments to show how this court’s previous order involved a “clear
error of law” on this matter, nor does he offer any new evidence or point out any
new developments in controlling law.
Thus, Plaintiff has offered no legitimate reason for this court to reconsider
its previous order dismissing his claims for failure to plead the personal
involvement of the individual defendants.
IV.
Conclusion
For the reasons given above, Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration will be
denied. An appropriate order will follow.
s/Sylvia H. Rambo
United States District Judge
Dated: December 22, 2015.
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