Carlson et al v. Kane et al

Filing 47

MEMORANDUM (Order to follow as separate docket entry) re: 19 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM filed by James A. Donahue, III, and 17 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM filed by Bruce R. Beemer. (See memo for complete details.) Signed by Chief Judge Christopher C. Conner on 12/21/16. (ki)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MICHAEL A. CARLSON, et al.,

:
:
Plaintiffs
:
:
v.
:
:
BRUCE R. BEEMER, in his official
:
Capacity as Attorney General of the
:
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, et al., :
:
Defendants
:

CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:15-CV-2452
(Chief Judge Conner)

MEMORANDUM
Plaintiffs Michael A. Carlson and Michael J. Cranga allege that defendants
Kathleen G. Kane and Jonathan A. Duecker retaliated against them for testifying
before a Philadelphia County grand jury in October 2014. Specifically, plaintiffs
aver that defendants denied them promotions and publicly exposed their private
emails after both plaintiffs defied Kane‟s order not to testify. Defendants move
to dismiss plaintiffs‟ claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6),
asserting that the First Amendment does not embrace plaintiffs‟ grand jury
testimony. The court will deny the motions.

I.

Factual Background and Procedural History
Carlson and Cranga are special agents employed by the Pennsylvania Office

of Attorney General (“OAG”). (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 14-23). At the time of defendants‟ alleged
conduct, Kane was the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
and Duecker was her chief of staff. (Id. ¶¶ 14, 26).1
From 2010 to 2012, the OAG investigated possible incidents of corruption
involving certain public officials in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Id. ¶ 27). Carlson
and Cranga were “integral parts” of the investigation team for approximately
eighteen months. (Id. ¶ 34). Frank Fina (“Fina”), then Chief Deputy Attorney
General, served as lead attorney for the investigation and supervised both Carlson
and Cranga. (Id. ¶ 35). The investigation had not yet concluded when Kane
assumed office in January 2013. (Id. ¶ 37).
Kane declined to continue the investigation. (Id. ¶¶ 38, 43). After the
Philadelphia Inquirer published an article critical of this decision, Kane publically
defended her choice, claiming that the investigation was “deeply flawed and tainted
by racism.” (Id. ¶¶ 39-41). Kane rejected the Inquirer‟s insinuation that her decision
was politically-motivated to protect fellow Democrats. (See id. ¶¶ 39-40). Kane

1

Plaintiffs sued Kane and Duecker in both their official and individual
capacities. Kane resigned from the office of Attorney General effective August
17, 2016, and Duecker was terminated as chief of staff effective September 1, 2016.
(Doc. 44 ¶¶ 3-4). On plaintiffs‟ motion, the court substituted the current Attorney
General, Bruce R. Beemer, and his acting chief of staff, James A. Donohue, as
official capacity defendants pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d).
(Doc. 46). Kane and Duecker remain defendants in this litigation to the extent
they are sued in their individual capacities.
2

suspected Fina as the source of the Inquirer article and purportedly declared “war”
on Fina and those close to him. (Id. ¶¶ 41-42).
The Philadelphia District Attorney‟s Office subsequently assumed
jurisdiction of the case and presented evidence developed during the OAG‟s
investigation to a grand jury. (Id. ¶¶ 43-44). In October 2014, both Carlson and
Cranga received subpoenas to testify before this Philadelphia grand jury. (Id. ¶ 45).
Carlson and Cranga each desired the opportunity to testify, but Kelly Sekula
(“Sekula”), a Senior Deputy Attorney General, advised them that the OAG would
seek to quash the subpoenas. (Id. ¶ 47). Neither agent heard from the OAG again
prior to their departure to Philadelphia to testify before the grand jury. (Id. ¶ 48).
Sekula called Cranga en route to Philadelphia. (Id. ¶¶ 49-50). Sekula
requested that both agents “tell the supervising judge . . . that they wanted an
attorney to represent them” in the grand jury proceedings. (Id. ¶ 51). Neither
Carlson nor Cranga thought it necessary to secure an attorney. (Id. ¶ 55). Rather,
both agents perceived the suggested action as a transparent attempt by Kane to
suppress their anticipated courtroom testimony. (Id. ¶¶ 54-57).
After the agents arrived in Philadelphia, Sekula and another senior OAG
attorney unsuccessfully argued to the grand jury‟s supervising judge that neither
agent should be compelled to testify. (Id. ¶ 58). Thereafter, Carlson and Cranga
testified before the grand jury concerning their involvement with and perception
of the OAG investigation. (Id. ¶¶ 61-62). Both agents testified that the investigation
was neither flawed nor motivated by racism as alleged by Kane. (Id. ¶¶ 63-64).
3

The grand jury returned three presentments recommending charges against
six officials investigated by plaintiffs, and the Philadelphia District Attorney‟s Office
filed the recommended charges. (Id. ¶¶ 65-67). Fina, who had by then accepted a
position with the Philadelphia District Attorney‟s Office, emailed Carlson when
Fina‟s office filed the last of the charges and observed that Carlson and Cranga
“were key” to the charging decision. (Id. ¶¶ 67, 70).
Plaintiffs claim that defendants retaliated against them for their grand jury
testimony. (See id. ¶ 98). Both agents were denied promotions in April 2015 when
individuals with less experience and training were promoted over them. (See id.
¶¶ 72-87). A former OAG human resources representative later informed the agents
that Kane and Duecker had placed them on an unofficial “blacklist” as a result of
their grand jury testimony. (See id. ¶¶ 96-97).
Another grand jury began investigating allegations that Kane had
surreptitiously leaked confidential OAG material to settle the score with Fina
over the Inquirer article. (See id. ¶¶ 109, 119). In an emergency application to the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court on November 12, 2014, Kane sought to quash the
statewide grand jury investigation into her conduct. (Id. ¶ 109). Kane maintained
that the investigation was political gamesmanship orchestrated by Fina to dissuade
Kane from exposing his involvement in a developing email scandal embroiling a
number of Pennsylvania public officials. (Id. ¶ 110). Kane attached to her filing
select emails implicating Fina and his associates, including both Carlson and
Cranga. (Id. ¶¶ 111, 114).
4

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied Kane‟s emergency application,
but acceded to her request that the application and attached emails be made public.
(Id. ¶¶ 118-23). Plaintiffs aver that defendants selectively disclosed their emails in
further retaliation for their grand jury testimony in support of Fina‟s investigation.
(Id. ¶¶ 112, 130).
Plaintiffs commenced the instant action with the filing of a single-count
complaint (Doc. 1) on December 21, 2015. Both agents assert a claim pursuant to
42 U.S.C. § 1983 for retaliation in violation of their First Amendment rights. (Id.
¶¶ 131-39). Kane and Duecker subsequently filed the instant motions (Docs. 17, 19)
to dismiss. The motions are fully briefed (Docs. 18, 20, 29, 34-35) and ripe for
disposition.
II.

Legal Standard
Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides for the

dismissal of complaints that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). When ruling on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the
court must “accept all factual allegations as true, construe the complaint in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff, and determine whether, under any reasonable
reading of the complaint, the plaintiff may be entitled to relief.” Phillips v. Cty.
of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008).
Federal notice and pleading rules require the complaint to provide “the
defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.”
Phillips, 515 F.3d at 232 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555
5

(2007)). To test the sufficiency of the complaint, the court must conduct a three-step
inquiry. See Santiago v. Warminster Twp., 629 F.3d 121, 130-31 (3d Cir. 2010). In
the first step, “the court must „tak[e] note of the elements a plaintiff must plead to
state a claim.‟” Id. at 130 (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 675 (2009)). Next,
the factual and legal elements of a claim should be separated; well-pleaded facts
must be accepted as true, while mere legal conclusions may be disregarded. Id. at
131; see also Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210-11 (3d Cir. 2009). Once
the court isolates the well-pleaded factual allegations, it must determine whether
they are sufficient to show a “plausible claim for relief.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679
(citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556); Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. A claim “has facial
plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw
the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. In addition to reviewing the facts contained in the complaint,
the court may also consider “matters of public record, orders, exhibits attached to
the complaint and items appearing in the record of the case.” Oshiver v. Levin,
Fishbein, Sedran & Berman, 38 F.3d 1380, 1384 n.2 (3d Cir. 1994); Pension Ben.
Guar. Corp. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir. 1993).
III.

Discussion
Defendants raise a threefold challenge to the sufficiency of plaintiffs‟

allegata, contending: first, that plaintiffs‟ grand jury testimony is not protected
“citizen speech” as defined by the Supreme Court of the United States in Garcetti
v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006); second, that the respective interests balancing test
6

set forth by the Court in Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 (1968), does
not protect public employee grand jury testimony when same is prohibited by the
speaker‟s employer; and third, assuming arguendo that this court resolves both
inquiries in plaintiffs‟ favor, defendants must receive qualified immunity because
such protections were not “clearly established” at the time of the challenged actions
in October 2014. The court addresses all three arguments through the prism of the
qualified immunity doctrine.
Qualified immunity protects a state actor who has committed a constitutional
violation if the plaintiff‟s rights were not “clearly established” when the individual
acted. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 244-45 (2009). No liability will attach if a
reasonable actor could have believed the challenged conduct was in compliance
with settled law. Id.; see also Springer v. Henry, 435 F.3d 268, 280 (3d Cir. 2006).
The doctrine cloaks government officials with “immunity from suit rather than a
mere defense to liability,” Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985) (emphasis
omitted), and “ensure[s] that insubstantial claims against government officials [will]
be resolved prior to discovery.” Pearson, 555 U.S. at 231-32 (quoting Anderson v.
Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 n.2 (1987)). The defense generally “protects „all but the
plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.‟” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd,
563 U.S. 731, 743 (2011) (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986)). The
burden to establish qualified immunity rests with the defendant. Beers-Capitol
v. Whetzel, 256 F.3d 120, 142 n.15 (3d Cir. 2001).

7

A court evaluating a claim of qualified immunity considers two distinct
inquiries: whether, based on the facts alleged, a constitutional right has been
violated and, if so, whether the right was “clearly established” at the time of the
alleged violation. Spady v. Bethlehem Area Sch. Dist., 800 F.3d 633, 637 (3d Cir.
2015) (quoting Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232). A court may begin its qualified immunity
analysis with either prong. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at 237. We begin with the first.
A.

Violation of a Constitutional Right

To prevail on a First Amendment retaliation claim, plaintiffs must allege,
and ultimately prove, that their speech is protected by the First Amendment and
that the speech was a “substantial or motivating factor” in defendants‟ alleged
retaliatory action. Dougherty v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 772 F.3d 979, 986 (3d Cir. 2014).
If plaintiffs sufficiently establish these threshold elements, the burden shifts to the
employer to demonstrate that it would have taken the same action if the speech had
not occurred. Id. Defendants dispute only the first of these elements in their
motions, contending vigorously that the First Amendment offers no protection to
plaintiffs‟ grand jury testimony.
A three-step inquiry determines whether employee speech is protected by
the First Amendment. First, the employee must have spoken “as a citizen,” not an
employee, under the test established by the Supreme Court in Garcetti and
reaffirmed in Lane v. Franks, 573 U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 2369 (2014); second, the citizen
speech must involve a matter of “public concern”; and third, the government must
lack “adequate justification” for treating employees differently from the general
8

public under the familiar Pickering balancing test. Dougherty, 772 F.3d at 987.
Defendants do not dispute that plaintiffs‟ speech involved a matter of public
concern. (See generally Docs. 18, 20, 34-35). The court addresses the parties‟
arguments concerning the first and third elements seriatim.
1.

Grand Jury Testimony as “Citizen Speech”

The Supreme Court in Garcetti announced the test for determining whether
a public employee‟s speech constitutes the type of “citizen speech” envisaged by the
First Amendment. The Court held that when public employees speak pursuant to
their official duties, they speak not as “citizens,” but duty-bound employees whose
comments the Constitution “does not insulate.” Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 421. The rule
of Garcetti endeavors to “respect the needs of government employers attempting to
perform their important public functions” while contemporaneously “promot[ing]
the individual and societal interests served when employees speak as citizens on
matters of public concern.” Id. at 420.
Applying these tenets to the facts before it, the Supreme Court in Garcetti
determined that penning an internal memorandum fell within the scope of a county
prosecutor‟s official duties, precluding First Amendment protection. See id. at 421.
The Court concluded that the plaintiff clearly “spoke as a prosecutor fulfilling a
responsibility to . . . his supervisor” when authoring the memorandum, answering
the “official duties” inquiry in the affirmative. Id. The Justices left for the court of
appeals on remand a determination whether later courtroom testimony concerning

9

the issues raised in the memorandum constituted protected “citizen speech.” See
id. at 443-44 (Souter, J., dissenting).
The Third Circuit Court of Appeals resolved the question left unanswered by
Garcetti two years later in Reilly v. City of Atlantic City, 532 F.3d 216 (3d Cir. 2008).
Therein, the Third Circuit first acknowledged that Garcetti provides no “express
instruction” on the application of its delimitation to a public employee‟s courtroom
testimony. Id. at 231. In the absence of precise guidance, the Reilly court held fast
to Garcetti‟s spirit, especially its stated desire to promote “the individual and
societal interests served when citizens play their vital role in the judicial process.”
Id. (quoting Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 420).
The panel thoroughly canvassed its own decisions as well as those of
sister circuits and the Supreme Court. The resulting disquisition underscored the
sacrosanctity of courtroom testimony and the corresponding need to shield it from
retaliatory employer discipline. See id. at 229-31 (collecting cases). The Reilly
decision extolled the axiom that “every citizen . . . owes to his society the duty of
giving testimony to aid in the enforcement of the law.” Id. at 228. The panel ruled
that the societal import of truthful courtroom testimony transcends conventional
concerns of employee fidelity to the employer: “[T]he act of offering truthful
testimony is the responsibility of every citizen, and the First Amendment protection
associated with fulfilling that duty of citizenship is not vitiated by one‟s status as a
public employee.” Id. at 231 (emphasis added).

10

Curiously, Kane and Duecker ignore Reilly—controlling Circuit precedent—
in their opening briefs. (See Docs. 18, 20). In reply briefs, defendants suggest that
Reilly is inapposite because it did not involve an element of “insubordination” that
presents sub judice. (Doc. 34 at 2-8; Doc. 35 at 2-8). This factual distinction might
appertain if Reilly had applied a traditional Garcetti analysis before extending
citizen speech protection to the employee‟s courtroom testimony. It did not. Citing
the significance of the speech in question, the court forewent an “official duties”
inquiry and granted unreserved citizen speech status to courtroom testimony.
Accordingly, defendants‟ argument is most appropriately considered infra in the
context of the Pickering balancing test.
Defendants also intimate that the Third Circuit‟s decision in Beckinger
v. Township of Elizabeth, 434 F. App‟x 164 (3d Cir. 2011), curtailed the scope of
Reilly. Defendants claim that, in light of Beckinger and “the Supreme Court‟s
consistent protection of a public employer‟s right to control its employees,” Reilly
is “unavailing.” (Doc. 34 at 8; Doc. 35 at 8). As a threshold matter, Beckinger is a
nonprecedential decision. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals “steadfastly
attempt[s] to discourage” judges and counsel from relying on such opinions.
Jamison v. Klem, 544 F.3d 266, 279 n.11 (3d Cir. 2008). Nonprecedential decisions
“have value only to the trial court or the parties.” THIRD CIRCUIT INTERNAL
OPERATING PROCEDURE 5.7. Hence, Beckinger cannot supplant Reilly in the
manner defendants suggest.

11

Moreover, defendants‟ reliance on Beckinger is flawed on a substantive
ground. In Beckinger, a Third Circuit panel cited the Supreme Court‟s decision in
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri, 564 U.S. 379 (2011), for the proposition that “courts
must be reluctant to interfere in what is essentially „a personnel decision taken by a
public agency allegedly in reaction to the employee‟s behavior.‟” Beckinger, 434 F.
App‟x at 169 (quoting Guarnieri, 564 U.S. at 386). The panel then engaged in a
traditional Pickering balancing test, weighing an officer‟s interest in testifying
against department policy disfavoring that testimony. Id.
The “reluctance” invited by the Beckinger court must be placed in proper
context. Contrary to defendants‟ suggestion, the Guarnieri Court did not hold that
courts must be reluctant to assign an initial “citizen speech” designation in order to
protect a public employer‟s interest in controlling its employees. Per contra, the
Court simply reiterated the unexceptional proposition that, when an employee does
not speak as a citizen, “a federal court is not the appropriate forum in which to
review the wisdom of a personnel decision” taken by an employer in response to
employee speech. Guarnieri, 564 U.S. at 386. Defendants‟ suggestion that either
decision circumscribes the principal holding of Reilly conflates two related but
distinct components of First Amendment jurisprudence: the initial inquiry, under
Garcetti and its progeny, whether speech constitutes “citizen speech,” and the
ultimate inquiry, under Pickering, whether that citizen speech receives First
Amendment protection. See Dougherty, 772 F.3d at 987.

12

Pursuant to Reilly, courtroom testimony is categorically “citizen speech” as
contemplated by the First Amendment. Reilly, 532 F.3d at 231. Carlson‟s testimony
and Cranga‟s testimony fall squarely within this category of citizen speech. As
noted supra, defendants do not dispute that both agents‟ grand jury testimony
involved a matter of public concern. Consequently, the court proceeds to the
critical balancing of interests dictated by Pickering and its progeny.
2.

Balancing Employer and Employee Interests

Our finding that Carlson and Cranga spoke as citizens on a matter of public
concern does not automatically equate to First Amendment protection. Dougherty,
772 F.3d at 990-91. Only if the Pickering balancing test tips in plaintiffs‟ favor are
they shielded from employer discipline. Id.; McGreevy v. Stroup, 413 F.3d 359, 365
(3d Cir. 2005). Defendants suggest that Kane‟s sweeping interest in “maintain[ing]
control over her workforce and their activities” extinguishes any competing private
or public interest and endures “[w]hether the workforce believes in or agrees with
her policies” or not. (Doc. 18 at 16; Doc. 20 at 16). Plaintiffs rejoin that the nature of
their grand jury testimony—which was “integral” to a successful public corruption
prosecution—defeats the generic interests identified by the defendants. (Doc. 29 at
23-24).
Under Pickering, a court must balance the government‟s interest, as an
employer, “in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its
employees,” with the employee‟s interests, as a citizen, in commenting on matters of
public concern. Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568; Dougherty, 772 F.3d at 990-91. Courts
13

measure the potential disruption of personnel management by querying, inter alia,
whether speech “impairs discipline by superiors or harmony among co-workers,
has a detrimental impact on close working relationships for which personal loyalty
and confidence are necessary, or impedes the performance of the speaker‟s duties
or interferes with the regular operation of the enterprise.” Dougherty, 772 F.3d at
991 (quoting Rankin v. McPherson, 483 U.S. 378, 388 (1987)).
Employee speech concerning government impropriety and public corruption
has traditionally “occupie[d] the highest rung of First Amendment protection.” Id.
(quoting Swineford v. Snyder Cty., 15 F.3d 1258, 1274 (3d Cir. 1994)). The higher
elevated the First Amendment‟s protections, the stronger an employer‟s “showing
of disruption must be.” Id. (citing McGreevy, 413 F.3d at 365). Hence, employers
attempting to justify suppression or punishment of speech aimed at exposing public
corruption “bear a truly heavy burden.” McGreevy, 413 F.3d at 365.
Defendants have not met this burden. In their principal briefs, defendants
offer only the bald conclusion that the “Attorney General‟s interest in this situation
is obvious.” (Doc. 18 at 16; Doc. 20 at 16). In response to plaintiffs‟ robust
opposition, defendants cursorily assert specific interests in avoiding workplace
“disruption” and conserving public resources. (Docs. 34 at 14-17; Doc. 35 at 14-17).
Defendants rely heavily on Green v. Philadelphia Housing Authority, 105 F.3d 882
(3d Cir. 1997), for the proposition that law enforcement agencies have a “particular
interest” in control over their employees‟ speech. Green is facially relevant sub
judice but it is not directly on point.
14

In Green, the Third Circuit held that a police officer‟s prospective character
testimony on behalf of a friend accused of organized crime was decidedly “citizen
speech,” but nonetheless found that the department‟s interest in preserving its
public reputation outweighed the officer‟s interest in testifying. Green, 105 F.3d at
885-88. The court observed that, because Green‟s appearance was voluntary, the
public interest in his testimony “is somewhat more limited” than it might otherwise
be. Id. at 888. Measured against Green‟s personal interest in testifying, the court
favored the department‟s stated concern that an officer‟s association with an
organized crime associate may “bring discredit upon [the department], endanger
the plaintiff[,] and tarnish the image of” the department. Id. The court also found
compelling the fact that Green conceded resulting disruption, to wit: other officers
“would not want to work with [him] because they were afraid that [he] knew people
in the mob.” Id. at 888-89.
Green is distinct. First, Green was decided on a motion for judgment as a
matter of law, with a full trial record at the court‟s disposal. Kane and Duecker‟s
nonspecific assertions of resource conservation and “disruption” to the general
“functioning of the office” are merely allegations which, considered against the
complaint‟s competing narrative, fail to tip the balance in defendants‟ favor. (See
Doc. 34 at 14, 16-17; Doc. 35 at 14, 16-17). The nature of the speech in Green is also
distinguishable: Carlson and Cranga testified against public corruption, whereas
Green appeared on behalf of an organized crime suspect.

15

Most significantly, Green differentiates itself by the context of the speech in
question. The court pointedly observed that Green appeared on his own volition
and not pursuant to a subpoena. Green, 105 F.3d at 888. The court opined that “the
public interest favoring subpoenaed testimony”—like Carlson and Cranga‟s grand
jury testimony—“is even stronger.” Id. (citing Pro v. Donatucci, 81 F.3d 1283, 1290
(3d Cir. 1996)) (emphasis added). Rather than defeating plaintiffs‟ claims as Kane
and Duecker allege, Green supports their claims by essential distinction.2
For all of these reasons, we find Green to be inapposite. Carlson and
Cranga, and the public at large, share a vital interest in speech on matters of public
corruption. This interest outweighs defendants‟ generic interests in controlling
employees and conserving government resources. Plaintiffs have sufficiently stated
a First Amendment retaliation claim against Kane and Duecker.
B.

Clearly Established Law

The second qualified immunity prong tasks the court to determine whether
the right in question was “clearly established” at the time of the alleged violation.
See Spady, 800 F.3d at 637. A court must “frame the precise contours” of the right
at issue before assessing whether that right was clearly established at the relevant
2

In the context of a Pickering balancing inquiry, we reject any reliance
on the Third Circuit‟s nonprecedential decision in Beckinger for similar reasons.
In Beckinger, the police department adopted a policy prohibiting its officers from
attending or testifying at hearings in support of parking citations. Beckinger, 434
F. App‟x at 165-67. The Beckinger court grounded its ratio decidendi in deference
to the public employer‟s interest in effective operations; the panel expressly
distinguished its factual scenario from cases—like this one—which concern “an
employer‟s retaliation based on the substance of testimony.” Id. at 169 (emphasis
added). Beckinger, like Green, is factually distinct both in the nature and context
of the employee testimony and the strength of the employer‟s established interest.
16

time. Id. at 638. Courts must exercise care “not to define clearly established law at
a high level of generality.” al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742. Rather, we endeavor to frame
the right at issue in light of the specific context of the matter at bar. See Spady, 800
F.3d at 638 (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001); Anderson, 483 U.S. at
639).
A Section 1983 plaintiff need not produce a directly analogous case to prove
that a right is clearly established, but must identify “existing precedent” which
places the “constitutional question beyond debate.” al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741. Our
ultimate inquiry is whether the state of the law at the time of the alleged violation
gave the defendant “fair warning” that his conduct was unconstitutional. L.R.
v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 836 F.3d 235, 248 (3d Cir. 2016).
Explicit Third Circuit precedent answers this inquiry in the affirmative.
The court in Reilly confirmed that “the protected status of courtroom testimony”
had been clearly established for more than a decade at the time of its decision in
2008. Reilly, 532 F.3d at 232 (citing Pro, 81 F.3d at 1291-92; Green, 105 F.3d at 887).
That subpoenaed courtroom testimony constitutes “citizen speech” under the First
Amendment was clearly established at the time Carlson and Cranga testified before
the Philadelphia grand jury in October 2014. We decline defendants‟ request to
circumvent binding Third Circuit precedent. Neither Kane nor Duecker is entitled
to qualified immunity.

17

IV.

Conclusion
The court will deny both defendants‟ motions to dismiss. An appropriate

order shall issue.

/S/ CHRISTOPHER C. CONNER
Christopher C. Conner, Chief Judge
United States District Court
Middle District of Pennsylvania
Dated:

December 21, 2016