Savvy Dog Systems, LLC and POM of Pennsylvania, LLC

Filing 190

MEMORANDUM re MOTION for Summary Judgment 155 and MOTION to Exclude 156 (Order to follow as separate docket entry) Signed by Honorable Jennifer P. Wilson on 9/19/22. (ma)

Case 3:19-cv-01470-JPW Document 190 Filed 09/19/22 Page 1 of 24

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
SAVVY DOG SYSTEMS, LLC, and
POM OF PENNSYLVANIA, LLC,
Plaintiffs,
v.
PENNSYLVANIA COIN, LLC, and
PA COIN HOLDINGS, LLC,
Defendants.

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Civil No. 3:19-CV-01470

Judge Jennifer P. Wilson

MEMORANDUM
Before the court is a motion for summary judgment filed by Defendants
Pennsylvania Coin, LLC and PA Coin Holdings, LLC. (Doc. 155.) Defendants
argue that the patent at issue claims patent-ineligible subject matter pursuant to 35
U.S.C. § 101. Applying the standard established by the Supreme Court in Alice
Corporation Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank International, and incorporating this court’s
prior holding that the ‘223 Patent fails Alice step one, the court holds that the ‘223
Patent does not transform the abstract idea of rules for playing a game into an
inventive concept as required by Alice step two. For the reasons that follow, the
court will grant Defendants’ motion. (Doc. 155.)
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiffs Savvy Dog Systems, LLC (“Savvy Dog”) and POM of
Pennsylvania, LLC (“POM”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) initiated this action via
complaint on August 23, 2019, against Defendants Pennsylvania Coin, LLC and
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PA Coin Holdings, LLC (collectively, “Defendants”). Defendants filed a motion
to dismiss, prompting Plaintiffs to file an amended complaint on November 1,
2019. (Docs. 21, 25.) The single count in the amended complaint sets forth a
claim for patent infringement under 35 U.S.C. § 271 of Savvy Dog’s Patent
Number: US 7,736,233 (“‘223 Patent”). (Doc. 25.)
On November 15, 2019, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’
amended complaint, arguing that the ‘223 Patent claims patent-ineligible subject
matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101 and, alternatively, that Plaintiffs failed to plead a
plausible direct infringement claim and willful infringement claim. 1 (Doc. 31.)
Following briefing and oral argument, the court held that claim 44, which the
parties agreed was representative of the ‘223 Patent, describes the rules for playing
a game and was an abstract idea under step one of Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd. v.
CLS Bank International, 573 U.S. 208 (2014). (Doc. 61, pp. 9–15.)2 Moving to
Alice step two, the court concluded that “[w]hether the technology embedded into
the game processor is an improvement and ‘inventive concept’ is a question of
fact” that could not be decided at the motion to dismiss stage. (Id. at 15–19.)
Ultimately, the court denied the motion to dismiss in its entirety. (Docs. 61, 62.)

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Plaintiffs agreed to withdraw the willful infringement claim without prejudice in their
opposition to the motion to dismiss. (Doc. 37, p. 23.)
2

For ease of reference, the court uses the page numbers from the CM/ECF header.
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Defendants subsequently answered the complaint and filed counterclaims for noninfringement and invalidity of the ‘223 Patent. (Doc. 63.)
On September 15, 2020, the court held a claim construction hearing and
issued its ruling on December 21, 2020. (Docs. 111, 112.) Based on the court’s
claim construction ruling, Plaintiffs moved the court to enter judgment in favor of
Defendants on Plaintiffs’ infringement claim and to certify the judgment under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) so that they could immediately appeal the
court’s claim construction ruling. (Doc. 117.) Therein, Plaintiffs disagreed with
the court’s ruling but conceded that, based on the court’s claim construction ruling,
they could not establish that Defendants infringed the ‘223 Patent. (Doc. 118,
p. 2.) After the motion was fully briefed and argued, the court denied the motion
and permitted this case to proceed to a final judgment. (Doc. 136.)
On January 28, 2022, Defendants timely filed a motion for summary
judgment on the ground that the ‘223 Patent is invalid under 35 U.S.C. § 101, as
well as a statement of facts and brief in support.3 (Docs. 155, 161, 162.) Plaintiffs
timely opposed the motion, and Defendants filed a reply. (Docs. 169, 170, 172,
173.) On March 15, 2022, Defendants requested oral argument on their motion,

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Defendants also filed a motion to exclude opinions and testimony of Kevin Harrigan, Ph.D. on
January 28, 2022. (Doc. 156.) The court need not resolve that motion as it relates to trial, which
is foreclosed by the court’s summary judgment ruling.
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which the court granted. (Docs. 175, 177, 182.) The court held oral argument on
July 19, 2022, and ordered supplemental letter briefs following oral argument to
permit Defendants to respond to newly identified case law discussed by Plaintiffs
and provide the parties’ positions on whether the court should revisit its ruling on
Alice step one. (Doc. 184.) Following submission of the letter briefs, the motion
for summary judgment is ripe for disposition. (Docs. 186, 187, 189.)
On March 31, 2022, the parties filed a joint motion for partial judgment and
to realign the parties for trial, which the court granted the following day. (Docs.
179, 180.) Important to the resolution of this case, the parties agreed that Plaintiffs
cannot prevail on their patent infringement claim based on the court’s claim
construction of “actual game to be played,” and that judgment be entered in favor
of Defendants on Count I of the amended complaint for patent infringement. (Doc.
180, p. 1.) They further agreed that Defendants be granted declaratory judgment in
their favor on their counterclaim of noninfringement of the ‘223 Patent.4 (Id. at 2.)

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At the request of the parties, the court also ordered that the parties be realigned for trial since
the only remaining claim is for patent invalidity. (Doc. 180, p. 2.) However, for purposes of this
opinion, the court continues to refer to the parties as originally filed because this agreement was
entered into following the submission of the summary judgment papers.
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FACTUAL BACKGROUND 5
Savvy Dog is the record title owner of the ‘223 Patent, and POM has an
exclusive license to the ‘223 Patent in Pennsylvania. (Doc. 25, ¶ 13.) The ‘223
Patent was filed on June 30, 2006, and issued on June 15, 2010, with the title of
“Electronic Gaming Method and System Having Preview Screen.” (Id. ¶ 14.) The
abstract of the ‘223 Patent describes it as follows:
An electronic gaming method and system with a game preview display.
A field of game symbols is presented on the game display to the player
as a preview for deciding whether or not to play the displayed game. If
the player decides to play the game, the player selects a field element
to turn the symbol displayed into a wild symbol. The player’s selection
of the field element for the wild symbol location is received by the game
software which determines and displays each winning combination of
symbols that is formed by such wild symbol location selection. A new
game field can then be constructed and previewed on the game display.
(Doc. 25-1, p. 2.) Thus, the processor “test[s] the field for compliance with at least
one of the preceding selections prior to presenting the field to the player. The
displayed game field cannot contain a winning combination before play.” (Id. at
16.)
An expert report by Nick Farley and Associates dated March 7, 2005, is
prior art to the ‘223 Patent. (Doc. 161, ¶ 1.) This report describes the prior art Tic-

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In considering the instant motion for summary judgment, the court relied on the uncontested
facts, or where facts were disputed, viewed the facts and deduced all reasonable inferences
therefrom in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, as the nonmoving party. Further, the court
considered the facts alleged in the amended complaint regarding the ‘223 Patent that neither
party disputes for purposes of factual background.
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Tac-Fruit game as having a “video screen [that] presents nine symbols in a 3x3
array to the player, similar to a t[i]c-tac-toe arrangement.” (Id. ¶ 2.) Plaintiffs’
expert, Kevin Harrigan, Ph.D. (“Dr. Harrigan”), testified that the prior art Tic-TacFruit game disclosed testing and that the processor claimed in the ‘223 Patent is
specially configured to run the Tic-Tac-Fruit game. (Doc. 170, ¶¶ 3–4.) Dr.
Harrigan further testified that the invention created by Michael Pace (“Mr. Pace”),
the inventor of the Tic-Tac-Fruit game and the ‘223 Patent, could be implemented
using a “conventional, off-the-shelf CPU or microprocessor.” (Doc. 161, ¶ 5.) Mr.
Pace testified that the “preview” feature was created to work around legal obstacles
and that the embodiment of his invention could have been implemented on a game
board existing in the 1990s. (Id. ¶¶ 8, 10.)
JURISDICTION
Because this case raises a federal question of patent infringement under 35
U.S.C. § 271, the court has original jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and
1338(a). Further, venue is appropriate under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391 and 1400(b).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A court may grant a motion for summary judgment when “there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute of fact is material if resolution of
the dispute “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.”
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Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Summary judgment is
not precluded by “[f]actual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary.” Id. “‘A
dispute is genuine if a reasonable trier-of-fact could find in favor of the
nonmovant’ and ‘material if it could affect the outcome of the case.’” Thomas v.
Tice, 943 F.3d 145, 149 (3d Cir. 2019) (quoting Lichtenstein v. Univ. of Pittsburgh
Med. Ctr., 691 F.3d 294, 300 (3d Cir. 2012)).
In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the court must view the facts
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable
inferences in that party’s favor. Jutrowski v. Twp. of Riverdale, 904 F.3d 280, 288
(3d Cir. 2018) (citing Scheidemantle v. Slippery Rock Univ. State Sys. of Higher
Educ., 470 F.3d 535, 538 (3d Cir. 2006)). The court may not “weigh the evidence”
or “determine the truth of the matter.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249. Instead, the
court’s role in reviewing the facts of the case is “to determine whether there is a
genuine issue for trial.” Id.
The party moving for summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of
informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those
portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions
on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the
absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 323 (1986) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Fed. R.
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Civ. P. 56(c)(4) (establishing requirements for affidavits or declarations filed in
support of or opposition to a motion for summary judgment). The non-moving
party must then oppose the motion, and in doing so “‘may not rest upon the mere
allegations or denials of [its] pleadings’ but, instead, ‘must set forth specific facts
showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Bare assertions, conclusory
allegations, or suspicions will not suffice.’” Jutrowski, 904 F.3d at 288–89
(quoting D.E. v. Cent. Dauphin Sch. Dist., 765 F.3d 260, 268–69 (3d Cir. 2014)).
Critically, the court is not required to go on a fishing expedition in search of
relevant evidence. The court is only required to consider the evidence that the
parties cite in their summary-judgment filings. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3).
Summary judgment will generally be appropriate when the non-moving
party “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element
essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof
at trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence
in support of the plaintiff’s position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on
which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252.
“Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for
the non-moving party, there is no genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita Elec. Indus.
Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).

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DISCUSSION
In their motion for summary judgment, Defendants argue that judgment
should be granted in their favor on their patent invalidity counterclaim.
Specifically, they assert that the court need not revisit Alice step one as it already
determined that the ‘223 Patent is directed to the abstract idea of rules for playing a
game. (Doc. 162, p. 12.) As to Alice step 2, Defendants set forth five arguments:
(1) no genuine disputes of material fact preclude entry of summary judgment;
(2) generically claimed computer components do not constitute an inventive
concept; (3) supposedly new rules for game play do not constitute an inventive
concept; (4) there is no fact issue over whether an inventive concept may be found
in something unconventional, not routine, or not well-understood; and (5) there is
no inventive concept because the ‘223 Patent claims do not provide a technological
solution to a technological problem. (Id. at 12–25.) In opposition, Plaintiffs
submit that: (1) there are disputed material facts requiring trial; (2) the court should
revisit its conclusion as to Alice step one; and (3) at Alice step two, the “testing”
and “automatically displaying” limitations transform the ‘223 Patent into patent
eligible subject matter. The court will address each argument in turn.
A. Patent Eligibility
Section 101 provides, “[w]hoever invents or discovers any new and useful
process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful
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improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and
requirements of this title.” 35 U.S.C. § 101. There are three subject matter
categories that are patent ineligible: laws of nature, natural phenomena, and
abstract ideas. Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208, 216 (2014).
In determining Section 101 eligibility, the court need not “parse each
individual claim,” rather, analyzing a patent’s representative claim is sufficient.
Wolf v. Capstone Photography, Inc., No. 2:13-CV-09573, 2014 WL 7639820, at
*10 n.3 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 28, 2014) (citations omitted). Here, the parties agree that
claim 44 is representative of the ‘223 Patent, as they have throughout this
litigation. (Doc. 162, p. 11; Doc. 169, p. 17.)
In Alice, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the framework set forth in Mayo
Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., 566 U.S. 66 (2012), “for
distinguishing patents that claim laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract
ideas from those that claim patent-eligible applications of those concepts.” Alice,
573 U.S. at 217. The court must first determine “whether the claims at issue are
directed to one of those patent-ineligible concepts.” Id. If so, the court must
“consider the elements of each claim both individually and ‘as an ordered
combination’ to determine whether the additional elements ‘transform the nature of
the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 217 (quoting
Mayo, 566 U.S. at 78–79.)
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1. Alice Step One 6
In the opinion resolving Defendants’ motion to dismiss, the court held that
“reviewing claim 44 as a whole, the parties’ competing characterizations, and
comparing claim 44 to claims in previous cases, the court concludes that claim 44
describes the rules for playing a game, and is thus an abstract idea within the
meaning of Alice step one.” (Doc. 61, p. 15.) Defendants submit it is unnecessary
and inappropriate to revisit the court’s finding on Alice step one based on the law
of the case doctrine. (Doc. 187.) Defendants argue that Plaintiffs are essentially
asking the court to reconsider its ruling, and the time within which to file a motion
for reconsideration expired long ago. (Id. at 1.) According to Defendants, the
parties proceeded through fact and expert discovery relying on the court’s ruling.
(Id. at 1–2.) Thus, Defendants argue that there are no “extraordinary
circumstances” as required by the Supreme Court for a court to revisit it’s Alice
step one holding. (Id. at 1–3.)
Plaintiffs submit that they disagree with the court’s prior conclusion on Alice
step one and can reargue their position at the summary judgment stage. (Doc. 169,

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Plaintiffs’ counsel identified four new cases during oral argument that the court permitted
Defendants to respond to via letter brief. Defendants aptly point out, see Doc. 186, that three of
these cases only address Alice step one. EcoServices, LLC v. Certified Aviation Servs., LLC, 830
F. App’x 634 (Fed. Cir. 2020); Core Wireless Licensing S.A.R.L. v. LG Elecs., Inc., 880 F.3d
1356 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Visual Memory LLC v. NVIDIA Corp., 867 F.3d 1253 (Fed. Cir. 2017).
Because the court is not persuaded that it should revisit its Alice step one ruling, the court will
not further consider these three decisions in its analysis.
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pp. 18–21.) They assert that the court should reconsider its conclusion because
“the avoidance of an unjust result outweighs the policy considerations underlying
the law of the case doctrine.” (Doc. 189, p. 1.) Based on the finite nature of a
patent’s property right, i.e. a twenty-year term, Plaintiffs argue that an erroneous
and unjust result of finding that a patent abstract is the loss of the inventor’s
property right, which even if restored on appeal, cannot make the inventor whole
again. (Id.)
Further, Plaintiffs rely on EcoServices, LLC v. Certified Aviation Services,
LLC, 830 F. App’x 634 (Fed. Cir. 2020), which was decided on October 8, 2020,
approximately six months after this court’s ruling on Alice step one. Plaintiffs
concede that EcoServices does not represent supervening new law. (Doc. 189, p.
3.) However, Plaintiffs assert that it “represents a further extension of the Federal
Circuit’s body of case law on Alice Step One.” (Id.) Because EcoServices refuted
“the analogy of the claimed process to prior human activity,” Plaintiffs’ submit that
the court should reevaluate, in the interest of justice, its Alice step one
determination since Defendants place such an emphasis on the human activity
argument. (Id. at 2–3.)
The court agrees with Defendants that the law of the case doctrine applies
here. This doctrine has been developed “to maintain consistency and avoid
reconsideration of matters once decided during the course of a single continuing
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lawsuit.” In re Pharmacy Benefit Managers Antitrust Litig., 582 F.3d 432, 439 (3d
Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). While a court has the power to revisit its prior
decisions, “courts should be loathe to do so in the absence of extraordinary
circumstances.” Christianson v. Colt Indus. Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 816
(1988). Extraordinary circumstances may include newly available evidence, “a
supervening new law,” when the court needs to clarify or correct an ambiguous
ruling, and when the prior ruling may lead to an unjust result. In re Pharmacy
Benefit, 582 F.3d at 439 (citations omitted).
Here, none of the identified extraordinary circumstances are present. The
parties have not presented newly available evidence or new law that would require
the court to disturb its Alice step one ruling. Further, the court’s ruling was not
ambiguous and standing by that finding will not lead to an unjust result simply
because Plaintiffs disagree with that result. Accordingly, because the court is
satisfied that it conducted a full analysis of Alice step one in ruling on the motion
to dismiss and no extraordinary circumstance justifies revisiting that ruling, it is
unnecessary to conduct the Alice step one analysis again here. (See Doc. 61, pp. 9–
15.)
2. Alice Step Two
In evaluating Alice step two, courts must look for an “inventive concept” by
analyzing “the elements of each claim both individually and ‘as an ordered
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combination’ to determine whether the additional elements ‘transform the nature of
the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 217 (quoting
Mayo, 566 U.S. at 78–79). The additional features or elements must ensure “that
the [claim] is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the [abstract
idea].” Id. at 221 (quoting Mayo, 566 U.S. at 72, 79). Furthermore, the patenteligible application requires “more than simply stat[ing] the [abstract idea] while
adding the words ‘apply it.’” Id. (quoting Mayo, 566 U.S. at 72).
Claim language is the key to evaluating whether a patent contains an
inventive concept. RecogniCorp, LLC v. Nintendo Co., Ltd., 855 F.3d 1322 (Fed.
Cir. 2017) (“To save a patent at step two, an inventive concept must be evident in
the claims.”) A patent cannot append “purely conventional steps to an abstract
idea [to] supply a sufficiently inventive concept.” In re Smith, 815 F.3d 816, 819
(Fed. Cir. 2016) (citing Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2357).
Although Defendants set forth numerous specific arguments to show that the
‘223 Patent fails to contain an inventive concept, Plaintiffs talk past many of
Defendants arguments, instead relying on purported factual disputes that preclude
summary judgment. But, because the court does not rely on any facts disputed by
the parties in holding that the ‘223 Patent fails to contain an inventive concept, the
court need not parse every asserted factual dispute presented by Plaintiffs. Stated

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plainly, there are no material factual disputes that preclude a determination on
summary judgment.
i. Generically claimed computer components
Defendants submit that the ‘223 Patent claims detail abstract rules of game
play, but only some claims identify how these rules are implemented. (Doc. 162,
p. 16.) The “means of implementation,” according to Defendants, cannot be the
inventive concept because the means are just “general computer tools for carrying
out the abstract idea.” (Id.) Specifically, one-third of the claims state that the
game rules are performed by a “game processor.” (Id. at 16–17.) Because of the
court’s construction of “game processor,” Defendants argue that the claims only
require a conventional and ordinary computer or processor and there is nothing in
the claims or ‘223 Patent that shows the processor is improved or operates
differently. (Id.)
Another third of the claims do not specify any means or device for
implementing the rules of the game, thus, Defendants submit that this reinforces
the genericness of the “game processor” and “program instructions.” (Doc. 162,
p. 16 n.4.) As to the final third of the ‘223 Patent claims, Defendants’ argue that
the claims “recite that the abstract game rules are carried out by ‘program
instructions’ of a computer readable storage medium of a computer product.” (Id.
at 17.) Because of the court’s construction of “program instructions,” these claims
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cannot include unconventional instructions to convert these claims into an
inventive concept. (Id. at 17–18.)
Plaintiffs respond by asserting that they have never claimed that generically
claimed computer components are an inventive concept. (Doc. 169, p. 22.)
Rather, Plaintiffs’ “foundational point is that the electronic game processor
technology at issue is ‘a game processor that is specifically configured for testing
the game elements and automatically previewing the feature of a game to be played
prior to initiating activation of game play.’” (Id. at 22–23.) In support of this
argument, Plaintiffs rely on Defendants’ expert’s statements that new
programming could be a technological improvement. (Id. at 23.) Further,
Plaintiffs submit that whether the embodiment of claim 44 is embedded firmware
in the processor or in the EPROM memory device, “the instructions cannot
configure the computer unless they are imported to the processor and then
executed (and operated upon) by the processor.”7 (Id. at 23–24.)
In looking for “something more” to satisfy Alice step two, the court cannot
rely on the basic use of computers to carry out an already well-known process.
RaceTech, LLC v. Kentucky Downs, LLC, 167 F. Supp. 3d 853, 864 (W.D. Ky.
2016) (citing Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2358). Nor can generic hardware in combination
with a computer system transform an abstract idea into an inventive concept. Id.

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The court notes that Plaintiffs cite no case law in support of their arguments on this point.
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These principles are often applied in “the context of computer systems and
hardware utilized in conjunction with computer gambling.” Id. at 864–65 (citing
Planet Bingo, LLC v. VKGS LLC, 576 F. App’x 1005, 1006–07 (Fed. Cir. 2014)).
In Planet Bingo, LLC v. VKGS LLC, 576 F. App’x 1005, 1006–07 (Fed Cir.
2014), the court reviewed whether two patents reciting “computer aided methods
and systems for managing the game of bingo” contained patentable subject matter.
At step two of Alice, the court detailed certain computer components that enabled
the steps of managing a game of bingo and found that the claims at issue did not
contain an inventive concept sufficient to transform the abstract idea into patenteligible subject matter. Id. at 1008–09. In doing so, the court found that “the
claims recite a program that is used for the generic functions of storing, retrieving,
and verifying a chosen set of bingo numbers against a winning set of bingo
numbers.” Id. at 1009.
Similarly, the court in In re Smith, 815 F.3d 816, 817 (Fed. Cir. 2016), found
the patent at issue titled “Blackjack Variation” did not contain patent-eligible
subject matter. The court held that shuffling and dealing a standard deck of
playing cards was “purely conventional” and insufficient to transform the abstract
idea into an inventive concept. Id. at 819. Further, in NEXRF Corporation v.
Playtika Ltd., the court found that the abstract idea of “incentivizing gambling
tailored to a user’s location” did not transform into an inventive concept because it
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recited “only generic computer hardware performing routine functions—a wireless
device, a verification system, a centralized gaming server, and a memory
module—to allow a user to play an online slot machine game.” 547 F. Supp. 3d
977, 991–92 (D. Nev. 2021).
The ‘223 Patent is akin to those in Planet Bingo, In re Smith, NEXRF
Corporation, and RaceTech because it fails to transform computer hardware, tools,
and components into the “something more” required for an inventive concept. The
court need not go further than the claims themselves and how this court construed
those claims to reach this conclusion. “Game processor” was construed as “a CPU
or microprocessor that executes program instructions to generate a game,” while
“program instructions” was construed as “conventional commands that can be
executed by a computer.” (Docs. 111, pp. 22–27; Doc. 112.) Evidence outside the
‘223 Patent further strengthens this holding. Dr. Harrigan agrees that the Tic-TacFruit game could be implemented using a “conventional, off-the-shelf CPU or
microprocessor.” (Doc. 161, ¶ 5.) And Mr. Pace admits that an embodiment of the
‘223 Patent could have been implemented on a game board existing in the 1990s.
(Id. ¶ 10.) Thus, these generically claimed computer components cannot transform
the abstract idea of rules for playing a game into an inventive concept.

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ii. New rules for game play
Defendants argue that “the only arguable difference between representative
claim 44 and the prior art is very narrow, i.e., claim 44 displays the game field to a
player ‘prior to activation of a game,’ not after.” (Doc. 162, pp. 20–21.)
According to Defendants, this difference is insufficient for an inventive concept
under Alice step two because each game step, alone or in combination, is merely an
abstract rule of the game. (Id. at 21.) Defendants submit that novelty of a patent’s
elements or steps cannot be the inventive concept even if those elements or steps
are unconventional. (Id. at 21–22.)
Plaintiffs did not respond to this argument. Nevertheless, the court agrees
with Defendants that regardless of the novelty of the ‘223 Patent’s steps, those
steps cannot be the inventive concept. The “‘novelty’ of any element or steps in a
process, or even of the process itself, is of no relevance in determining whether the
subject matter of a claim falls within the § 101 categories of possibly patentable
subject matter.” Intell. Ventures I LLC v. Symantec Corp., 838 F.3d 1307, 1315
(Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175 (1981)) (emphasis in
original). Accordingly, new abstract rules that are “groundbreaking, innovative, or
even brilliant,” still cannot be the inventive concept. SAP Am., Inc. v. InvestPic,
LLC, 898 F.3d 1161, 1163 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (internal quotations omitted) (quoting
Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576 (2013)).
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iii. Unconventional, not routine, or not well-understood
Defendants contend that because the ‘223 Patent claims do not contain
anything “beyond generic computer implementation of abstract game rules, the
Court need not consider whether such implementation was well-understood,
routine, or conventional.” (Doc. 162, p. 22.) Relying on BSG Tech LLC v.
BuySeasons, Inc., 899 F.3d 1281 (Fed. Cir. 2018), Defendants submit that “[a]ny
suggestion from Plaintiffs that the ‘223 Patent claim limitations . . . are
unconventional because they encompass ‘new’ electronic games in that they
perform the ‘preview’ step not performed by prior art games, even if true, is
irrelevant.” (Doc. 162, p. 23.) The claims lack specifics regarding how the game
rules are performed, just that the steps are performed. (Id.) Thus, Defendants
argue that following BSG Tech, the court “need not consider whether it was ‘wellunderstood, routine, and conventional’ to execute ‘preview’ with a game processor
or program instructions because that execution is simply the use of the ineligible
abstract game rules.” (Id. at 23–24.)
Conversely, Plaintiffs argue that the “automatically displaying” limitation
was not well-known, routine and conventional when the ‘223 Patent was invented.
(Doc. 169, p. 21.) Relying on expert reports and testimony, Plaintiffs submit that
the “automatically displaying” limitation was “counter-intuitive and not wellknown, routine and conventional.” (Id. at 21–22.) This evidence alone, according
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to Plaintiffs, requires denial of summary judgment. (Id. at 22.) Lastly, Plaintiffs
argue that relying on BSG Tech is unhelpful because “the two limitations at issue
here in the context of configuring a game processor, unlike the limitations in BSG
Tech, simply are not abstract ideas.” (Id.)
In BSG Tech, following argument from the plaintiff that the claims recited
unconventional features, the court held that “the relevant inquiry is not whether the
claimed invention as a whole is unconventional or non-routine.” 899 F.3d at 1290.
Rather, at step two, the court searches for an inventive concept “that is ‘sufficient
to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly more than a patent
upon the [ineligible concept] itself.’” Id. (quoting Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2355). The
court recounted what the Supreme Court considered in Alice, stating:
Critically, the Court did not consider whether it was well-understood,
routine, and conventional to execute the claimed intermediated
settlement method on a generic computer. Instead, the Court only
assessed whether the claim limitations other than the invention’s use of
the ineligible concept to which it was directed were well-understood,
routine and conventional.
Id. (citing Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2359–60). The court ultimately held that the patent’s
alleged unconventional feature was simply a restatement of what the court already
determined to be an abstract idea, thus, the patent lacked an inventive concept. Id.
at 1291.
In the context of gaming patents, other courts have found that generic
computers using new rules to perform the game tasks is not an inventive concept.
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See, e.g., Bot M8 LLC v. Sony Corp. of Am., 465 F. Supp. 3d 1013 (N.D. Cal.
2020) (holding that while the patent “may very well be the first time someone put
all the recited computer parts into a slot machine,” those parts only carry out
conventional computer tasks); Konami Gaming, Inc. v. High 5 Games, LLC, No.
2:14-cv-01483, 2018 WL 1020120 (D. Nev. Feb. 21, 2018) (finding that the “rules
of game play” in a slot machine were patent ineligible because even though the
claims disclosed “a different configuration of the displayed symbols in a slot
machine game, they [did] not disclose a new game or a new technology directed to
the slot game”).
Here, even accepting that the “automatically displaying limitation” was
unconventional at the time the ‘223 Patent was issued, that is insufficient to
transform the rules of playing a game into an inventive concept. Following the
Federal Circuit’s guidance in BSG Tech, the “automatically displaying” limitation
is simply a restatement of the rules of game play, which is an abstract idea. The
abstract idea “cannot supply the inventive concept that renders the invention
‘significantly more’ than the ineligible concept.” ChargePoint, Inc. v.
SemaConnect, Inc., 920 F.3d 759, 774 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (quoting BSG Tech, 899
F.3d at 1290.) This is exactly what Plaintiffs would have this court do. Further,
Plaintiffs’ attempt to distinguish BSG Tech is unavailing as the court would have to
revisit its ruling on Alice step one, which it has already declined to do.
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iv. No technological solution to a technological problem
Lastly, Defendants submit that the ‘223 Patent lacks any suggestion that “the
abstract ‘preview’ step or the game rules as a whole provide any sort of concrete,
non-abstract technological advancement, i.e., a technical solution to a technical
problem.” (Doc. 162, p. 24.) The abstract game rules also cannot provide the
required inventive concept to overcome Alice step two. (Id. at 24–25.) Rather, the
‘223 Patent desires to avoid certain gambling laws by creating games of “skill,”
not “chance.” (Id. at 25.) Defendants assert that the inventor of the ‘223 Patent
and Plaintiffs’ expert confirmed that the “preview” step was created to workaround legal obstacles in the electronic gaming industry. (Id.) Thus, Defendants
argue that this is further evidence that the “preview” feature is not an inventive
concept. (Id.)
Again, Plaintiffs failed to respond to this argument in their brief. 8
Regardless, the court finds Defendants’ argument persuasive. Finding a way to
side-step gambling laws is not a technological advancement, which requires
effecting “an improvement in any other technology or technical field.” See
Mortgage Grader, Inc. v. First Choice Loan Servs. Inc., 811 F.3d 1314, 1325 (Fed.
Cir. 2016) (quoting Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2359).
8

During oral argument, Plaintiffs presented DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d
1245 (Fed. Cir. 2014), which arguably is responsive. However, the court found the patent at
issue in DDR Holdings to be patent eligible because the invention provided a solution to a
technological problem. Id. at 1257. That is not the case here.
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Accordingly, the court does not find that claim 44 of the ‘223 Patent
individually, or in an ordered combination, transforms the abstract rules for game
play into an inventive concept as required by Alice step two.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, the court will grant Defendants’ motion for
summary judgment. An appropriate order will issue.
s/Jennifer P. Wilson
JENNIFER P. WILSON
United States District Court Judge
Middle District of Pennsylvania
Dated: September 19, 2022

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