SIMS v. VIACOM, INC.

Filing 22

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER granting 8 Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant Viacom, Inc. Signed by Judge Terrence F. McVerry on 01/31/2012. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit A - Copyright Reg. Number) (bsc)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
CHARLES L. SIMS,

)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

Plaintiff,
v.
VIACOM, INC.,
Defendant.

2: 11-cv-0675

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER OF COURT
Before the Court for disposition is the MOTION TO DISMISS with brief in support, filed
by Defendant Viacom (Document Nos. 8 and 9), the BRIEF IN OPPOSITION filed by Plaintiff,
Charles L. Sims (Document No. 17), and the REPLY BRIEF filed by Defendant (Document No.
20). The Motion is now fully briefed and ripe for disposition.
Factual Background
As the law requires, at this stage of the proceeding all disputed facts and inferences are to
be resolved in favor of Plaintiff, the non-moving party.
In 2004, Plaintiff, Charles Sims (“Sims”) developed and created an idea for a reality
television series called “Ghetto Fabulous,” “which would feature a competition between uncouth
urban women.” See Exhibit 6. He officially registered and recorded written documentation of
this concept with the Writer’s Guild of America on February 9, 2004. In the months following
the registration, Sims met with Allison Jordan (“Jordan”) to further develop his concept into a
formal proposal or “treatment,” which would fully outline their idea for a reality television show.
Following this meeting, on April 8, 2004, Sims and Jordan amended the Writer’s Guild
registration to add Jordan as a co-writer and attached the formal treatment. As described in the
treatment, “Ghetto Fabulous” was a “show featuring women in a half hour reality television
1

series, placing the ‘contestants’ through a series of challenges and ultimately declaring a single
winner.” Complaint, at ¶ 6.
Jordan submitted the treatment to various television companies, cable companies,
producers, directors and actors she knew, including Viacom which provided a “Submission
Release” to Jordan. Jordan signed the Submission Release on behalf of herself and Sims.
Over the next two years, Jordan “pitched” the show to Viacom. Viacom allegedly
considered the pitch, and after “two years of discussion,” allegedly told Jordan that it was “ready
to make an offer,” but “had to wait as there was a change of hands” at the network which was
considering the show. Id. at ¶ 10. Viacom never made an offer to Jordan and/or Sims.
In April 2007, the reality television show “Charm School” debuted on Viacom’s VH1
network. Complaint at ¶ 12. On May 21, 2007, Sims wrote a document entitled “Show
Comparisons” which compared “Charm School” to “Ghetto Fabulous” in which he concluded
that the two shows were “the same.”
On January 23, 2009, Sims and Jordan initiated a lawsuit against Viacom and two other
companies by writ of summons in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas. Six months
later, Sims and Jordan filed a verified complaint in which they contended that Viacom “stole
‘Ghetto Fabulous,’ ” and asserted claims for breach of express and implied contracts, fraud,
negligent misrepresentation, and conversion. Defendants timely removed the case to the United
States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and then moved to dismiss the
claims.
The district court granted the motion to dismiss the fraud and conversation claims,
holding inter alia, that the conversion claim was preempted by the federal Copyright Act. The
court permitted the remaining claims to proceed to discovery. Following the close of discovery,
2

Viacom moved for summary judgment in which it argued that the claims for breach of express
and implied contracts were barred by the Submission Release which had been signed by Jordan.
The district court found that Jordan had signed the Submission Release “on behalf of herself and
Sims,” and granted summary judgment in favor of Viacom.
On June 7, 2011, Sims, pro se, filed the instant three-count Complaint against Viacom,
Inc., (“Viacom”) in which he alleges Copyright Infringement, violations of the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”), and unjust enrichment. The Complaint basically repeats
the same allegations and identical facts as those alleged by Sims in his prior lawsuit although in
the instant lawsuit he attempts to apply three new legal theories: copyright infringement, an
alleged DMCA violation, and unjust enrichment. On June 7, 2011, Attorney Darrell E. Williams
entered his appearance on behalf of Sims.
Viacom has filed the instant motion in which it argues that Sims’ second lawsuit is
“unquestionably barred by the doctrine of res judicata, and in any event, each of his new legal
theories fails to state a viable claim as a matter of law.” Plaintiff has responded in opposition.
For the reasons that follow, the Court agrees with Viacom and the Motion to Dismiss will be
granted.
Standard of Review
A motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) challenges the legal sufficiently
of the complaint filed by plaintiff. The United States Supreme Court has held that “[a] plaintiff’s
obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell
Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 555 (2007) (citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265,
286 (1986)) (alterations in original).
3

The Court must accept as true all well-pleaded facts and allegations, and must draw all
reasonable inferences therefrom in favor of the plaintiff. However, as the Supreme Court made
clear in Twombly, the “factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the
speculative level.” Id. The United States Supreme Court has subsequently broadened the scope
of this requirement, stating that only a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a
motion to dismiss. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009). Thus, after Iqbal, a district court
must conduct a two-part analysis when presented with a motion to dismiss for failure to state a
claim. Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir. 2009). First, the Court must
separate the factual and legal elements of the claim. Id. Although the Court “must accept all of
the complaint’s well-pleaded facts as true, [it] may disregard any legal conclusions.” Id. at 21011. Second, the Court “must then determine whether the facts alleged in the complaint are
sufficient to show that the plaintiff has a ‘plausible claim for relief.’ In other words, a complaint
must do more than allege the plaintiff’s entitlement to relief. A complaint has to ‘show’ such an
entitlement with its facts.” Id. at 211 (citing Iqbal 129 S. Ct. at 1949). The determination for
“plausibility” will be “‘a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its
judicial experience and common sense.’” Id. at 211 (quoting Iqbal 129 S. Ct. at 1950).
As a result, “pleading standards have seemingly shifted from simple notice pleading to a
more heightened form of pleading, requiring a plaintiff to plead more than the possibility of
relief to survive a motion to dismiss.” Id. at 211. That is, “all civil complaints must now set out
‘sufficient factual matter’ to show that the claim is facially plausible. This then ‘allows the court
to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’” Id. at
210 (quoting Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1948).

4

However, nothing in Twombly or Iqbal changed the other pleading standards for a motion
to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and the requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 must
still be met. See Phillips v. Co. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 231 (3d Cir. 2008) (internal citations
omitted). Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 requires a showing, rather than a blanket assertion, of entitlement to
relief, and “contemplates the statement of circumstances, occurrences, and events in support of
the claim presented and does not authorize a pleader’s bare averment that he wants relief and is
entitled to it.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 n.3 (internal citations and quotations omitted).
Additionally, the United States Supreme Court did not abolish the Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)
requirement that “the facts must be taken as true and a complaint may not be dismissed merely
because it appears unlikely that the plaintiff can prove those facts or will ultimately prevail on
those merits.” Phillips, 515 F.3d at 231(citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 553).
Generally, “to the extent that [a] court considers evidence beyond the complaint in
deciding a 12(b)(6) motion, it is converted to a motion for summary judgment. Anjelino v. New
York Times Co., 200 F.3d 73, 88 (3d Cir. 1999). However, in resolving a 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss, a court may look beyond the complaint to matters of public record, including court files
and records, and documents referenced in the complaint or are essential to a plaintiff’s claim
which are attached to a defendant’s motion. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. White Consol.
Indus., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir. 1993). Under this standard, administrative filings, such as
the record of the case before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) may be
considered by the court without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary
judgment. See Pension Ben. Guar. Corp., 998 F.2d at 1196-97.

5

Discussion
Viacom requests that its Motion to Dismiss be granted and in support has raised four (4)
arguments. Each will be addressed seriatim.

A.

Plaintiff’s Copyright Claims Are Not Barred Under the Doctrine of Res Judicata
Viacom contends that the instant case is barred by the doctrine of res judicata because

Sims allegedly raised the same claims in his prior lawsuit which was litigated to conclusion in
the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (hereinafter referred to
as “Sims I”).
The doctrine of claim preclusion, traditionally known as res judicata, “generally refers to
the effect of a prior judgment in foreclosing successive litigation of the very same claim, whether
or not relitigation of the claim raises the same issues as the earlier suit.” New Hampshire v.
Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 748 (2001). Claim preclusion bars a plaintiff from asserting a cause of
action that could have been raised and decided in a prior suit. CoreStates Bank, N.A. v. Huls
America, Inc., 176 F.3d 187, 189 (3d Cir. 1999). Application of the doctrine requires
(i) a final judgment on the merits in a prior suit involving; (2) the same parties or their privities;
and (3) a subsequent suit based on the same cause of action. Id. at 194. If these three factors are
present, a claim that was or could have been raised previously must be dismissed as precluded.
Our appellate court has instructed that in assessing whether two suits are based on the same
“cause of action,” courts should “take a broad view,” looking to whether there is an “essential
similarity of the underlying events giving rise to the various legal claims.” Id. (quoting United
States v. Athlone Indus., 746 F.2d 977, 984 (3d Cir. 1984)).

6

Viacom argues that each of the three res judicata requirements are met and, therefore, the
claims in the instant litigation are barred under the doctrine of res judicata. At first blush, it
appears that Viacom’s argument has merit. A final judgment was entered against Sims in Sims I,
the instant case involves the exact same parties as the parties in Sims I - Sims and Viacom, and
the underlying events of both suits are identical - Sims complains that Viacom’s “Charm School”
directly copies his “Ghetto Fabulous” treatment and that the two works are “substantial similar,
and in most cases identical.” Complaint at ¶¶ 22, 25.
However, Viacom’s argument completely ignores the basic principle that res judicata
bars a plaintiff from asserting a cause of action that could have been raised and decided in a prior
suit. Viacom argues that “[a]lthough Sims did not state claims for copyright infringement, an
alleged DMCA violation, or unjust enrichment in the first case, they certainly ‘could have been
raised in the earlier proceeding’.” Br. at 7-8.
As both parties acknowledge, 17 U.S.C. § 411(a) imposes a mandatory precondition that
a copyright must be registered with the Copyright Office before a copyright infringement claim
is filed. The Complaint in Sims I was filed in 2009. At that time, as both parties acknowledge,
Sims had not registered his “Ghetto Fabulous” treatment with the Copyright Office.
Accordingly, Sims could not have raised a copyright infringement claim or alleged DMCA
violations in Sims I. Therefore, the doctrine of res judicata does not preclude Sims’ claims in the
instant lawsuit.

B.

The Copyright and DMCA Claims Are Time-Barred
The statute of limitations for copyright infringement and DMCA claims is three years.

See 17 U.S.C. § 507(b) (“No civil action shall be maintained under the provisions of this title
7

unless it is commenced within three years after the claim accrued.”) As the Court of Appeals has
explained, the time for filing a copyright claim begins to run “when the plaintiff discovers, or
with due diligence should have discovered, the injury that forms the basis for the claim.”
William A. Graham Co. v. Haughey, 568 F.2d 425, 438 (3d Cir. 2009).
Here, Sims admits that “Charm School” debuted on VH1 in April 2007, which “aired
throughout the United States. The show “Charm School” had three seasons of episodes which
ended mid 2009.” Pl’s Br. at 11. Sims further admits that “[o]n May 21, 2007, plaintiff Sims
wrote a document titled ‘Show Comparisons’ comparing the first few episodes of ‘Charm
School’ to ‘Ghetto Fabulous’ ” and concluded that the shows were “the same.” Id.
Nevertheless, Sims did not file this suit until May 20, 2011, well after the three-year statute of
limitations on his copyright and DMCA claims expired.
Interestingly, Plaintiff concedes that “[i]t is true that plaintiff is outside of the three year
statute of limitations with respect to the first season episodes of 2007.”

However, he asserts

that he “is still within the three year statute of limitations with respect to the October 2008 and
July 2009 episodes of ‘Charm School’.” Id. at 12. This assertion must fail based on the plain
language of the Complaint. The only episodes pled in the Complaint are from 2007 not 2008 or
2009. 1
Accordingly, the Plaintiff’s copyright and DMCA claims are time barred.

Assuming, arguendo, that the 2008 and 2009 episodes were at issue in this lawsuit, it appears
that the statute of limitations would clearly bar any claims for the October 2008 episodes and
may also bar any claims for the July 2009 episodes. Plaintiff by his own admission was aware in
May 2007 that “Charm School” was strikingly similar to his treatment.
1

8

C.

The Copyright Claim Is Barred Because Sims Failed to Register His Work
Under 17 U.S.C. § 411(a), absent certain circumstances not applicable here,2 one cannot

bring a copyright infringement action until the copyright is registered. Under Section 411(a) of
the Copyright Act, “no civil action for infringement of the copyright in any United States work
shall be instituted until preregistration or registration of the copyright claim has been made in
accordance with this title.” 17 U.S.C. § 411(a). See also Dawes-LLoyd v. Publish America,
LLLP, 441 Fed. Appx. 956, 2011 WL 3555427 (3d Cir. Aug. 12, 2011) (“An action for
infringement of a copyright may not be brought until the copyright is registered.”) Indeed, “[t]o
establish a claim of copyright infringement, a plaintiff must establish: (1) ownership of a valid
copyright; and (2) unauthorized copying of the original elements of the plaintiff’s work.” Kay
Berry, Inc. v. Taylor Gifts, Inc., 421 F.3d 199, 203 (3d Cir. 2005).
Plaintiff concedes that he did not file a copyright registration prior to commencing this
lawsuit.3 However, he argues that his treatment was “filed in the U.S. Copyright Office in
October 2011, before the ‘waiver of summons’ was filed in ECF.”4 Further, Plaintiff argues that

In particular, Ҥ 411(a) expressly allows courts to adjudicate infringement claims involving
unregistered works in three circumstances: where the work is not a U.S. work, where the
infringement claim concerns rights of attribution and integrity under § 106A, or where the holder
attempted to register the work and registration was refused.” Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick, -U.S. --, 130 S.Ct. 1237, 1246 (2010). It appears that none of these exceptions apply here.
2

Plaintiff’s argument that his registration of the treatment with the Writers Guild of America is
sufficient to meet the prerequisites of § 411(a) is without merit and requires little discussion.
The Copyright Act requires registration “be with the Register of Copyrights, not the Writers’
Guild of America.” Latimore v. NBC Universal, Inc., 2009 WL 1321901 at *2 (S.D.N.Y. May
11, 2009).
3

The official Court docket reflects that Waivers of Service were returned executed on October
28, 2011; the Copyright Office’s website reflects that “Treatment: Reality TV Show ‘Ghetto
Fabulous’ ” was registered on October 31, 2011, three days after the waivers of service were
filed. With that said, however, it is not clear to the Court what the significance is of the date of
the filing of the waivers of service.
9
4

“even if the filing of plaintiff’s copyright infringement is presumed to have commenced in
October 2011 when the U.S. Copyright was filed, plaintiff is still within the three year statute of
limitations with respect to the October 2008 and July 2009 episodes of “Charm School.” Pl’s Br.
at 12.5
Plaintiff failed to offer any evidence that he applied for and received a copyright
registration for his treatment, although in his Response he states that a registration was filed in
the U.S. Copyright Office in October 2011. The Court’s independent search of the United States
Copyright Office’s website reflects that the copyright for “Treatment: Reality TV Show ‘Ghetto
Fabulous’” was registered on October 31, 2011, Registration Number: TXu001781107 to
claimant: Charles L. Sims, 212 Ridge Avenue, New Kensington, PA 15068. See attached
Exhibit A. However, the registration requirement in 17 U.S.C. § 411(a) imposes a mandatory
precondition to filing a copyright infringement lawsuit.

Accordingly, Plaintiff’s copyright

infringement claim must be dismissed for failure to file a registration prior to instituting this
lawsuit.

D.

The Unjust Enrichment Claim is Preempted by Federal Copyright Law
Under the Copyright Act, state law claims which fall within the subject matter of

copyright are preempted. See 17 U.S.C. § 301(a); see also, e.g., Cmty. for Creative NonViolence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730, 740 (1980) (Copyright Act creates uniform law “by broadly pre-

Although Plaintiff again refers to the October 2008 and July 2009 episodes of “Charm
School,” the only episodes referenced in the Complaint are from the 2007, specifically the
episodes shown on April 15, 2007; April 22, 2007; May 6, 2007; and May 20, 2007. Complaint
at ¶ 12. Assuming, arguendo, that the 2008 and 2009 episodes were at issue in this lawsuit, the
undisputed fact remains that Plaintiff failed to register his treatment prior to bringing this lawsuit
- contrary to the mandates of 17 U.S.C. § 411(a).
10
5

empting state statutory and common-law copyright regulation.”) To determine whether a state
law cause of action is preempted by the Copyright Act, courts employ a “functional test.” Dun
and Bradstreet Software Servs. v. Inc. v. Grace Consulting, Inc., 307 F.3d 197, 217 (3d Cir.
2002). This functional test involves two related inquiries: (1) does the subject matter of the
state law claim fall within the subject matter of copyright law, and (2) is the state law right
equivalent to the exclusive rights afforded under the Copyright Act. If both requirements are not
met, the state cause of action survives. Gemel Precision Tool Co., Inc. v. Pharma Tool Corp., 35
U.S.P.Q.2d 1019, 1026-27 (E.D. Pa. 1995).
“Courts have consistently held that an action for unjust enrichment is preempted by
copyright law.” FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc. v. Applications Int’l Corp., 2008 WL
4279751, at * 15 n.3 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 12, 2008). The plain language of Sims’ unjust enrichment
claim confirms that the heart of this claim falls within the subject matter of copyright law - the
first prong of the functional test of preemption. Sims alleges that his “treatment contains material
wholly original with Plaintiff and is copyrightable subject matter under the copyright laws of the
United States.” Complaint, at ¶ 21.
Similarly, the second prong is also undeniably met. Plaintiff claims that Viacom
“utilized the Plaintiff’s copyright treatment to its benefit,” that it “received substantial profits
from its unauthorized use and misappropriation of the aforementioned copyright treatment,” and
that it “has become unjustly enriched thereby.” Complaint, at ¶ ¶ 41, 43. These allegations are
based on precisely the same conduct as that which Sims uses to support his copyright claim. See
Complaint at ¶¶ 22, 28 in which Plaintiff alleges that Viacom “has infringed the Plaintiff’s
Copyrights by directly copying all or part of the Plaintiff’s treatment and using it in a derivative
work,” which “has yielded Defendants’ (sic) profits.”
11

In an attempt to save his unjust enrichment claim, Plaintiff argues that his claim falls
outside the Copyright Act’s preemption because it rests on the “two years of discussion with
Viacom,” an extra element that takes it beyond the scope of copyright protection. However, this
theory is not pleaded in the Complaint, in which Plaintiff alleges only that Viacom was unjustly
enriched through “the unauthorized use of Plaintiff’s copyright treatment.” Complaint at ¶ 42.
Because both prongs of the functional test have been met, the state law claim is
preempted and must be dismissed.

Conclusion
After viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court concludes that
the Motion to Dismiss must be granted and Plaintiff’s Complaint dismissed with prejudice in its
entirety.
An appropriate Order follows.

McVerry, J.

12

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
CHARLES L. SIMS,

)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

Plaintiff,
v.
VIACOM, INC.,
Defendant.

2: 11-cv-0675

ORDER OF COURT
AND NOW, this 31st day of January, 2012, in accordance with the foregoing
Memorandum Opinion, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the
MOTION TO DISMISS filed by Viacom, Inc., is GRANTED and Plaintiff’s Complaint is
dismissed with prejudice in its entirety. The Clerk of Court is ORDERED to mark this case
closed.
BY THE COURT:
s/ Terrence F. McVerry
United States District Court Judge
cc:

Darrell E. Williams, Esquire
8010 Woodcreek Drive
Bridgeville, PA 15017
Gayle C. Sproul, Esquire
Levine, Sullivan, Koch & Schulz
Email: [e-mail]
Michael Berry, Esquire
Levine Sullivan Koch & Schultz
Email: [e-mail]
Robert Penchina, Esquire
Levine, Sullivan, Koch & Schulz
Email: [e-mail]
13