KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N.V. et al v. ZOLL LIFECOR CORPORATION
Filing
764
MEMORANDUM OPINION in support of the Court's Order #752 granting ZOLL Lifecor Corporation's Motion for Show Cause Order Regarding Post-Daubert Damages. Signed by Judge Nora Barry Fischer on 10/20/2017. (sks)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS
N.V. and PHILIPS ELECTRONICS NORTH
AMERICA CORPORATION,
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Plaintiffs,
v.
ZOLL LIFECOR CORPORATION,
Defendant.
Civil No. 12-1369
Judge Nora Barry Fischer
Memorandum Opinion
Now pending before the Court is Defendant ZOLL LifeCor’s (“ZOLL”) Motion for Show
Cause Order Regarding Post-Daubert Damages and supporting attachments, filed on September
5, 2017. (Docket No. 724). Plaintiff Koninklijke Philips (“Philips”) filed a response and
supporting attachments on September 20, 2017. (Docket No. 738). On September 27, 2017,
ZOLL filed a reply brief and supporting attachments. (Docket No. 742). Philips filed a sur-reply
on September 29, 2017, to which ZOLL filed a sur-reply on October 2, 2017. (Docket Nos. 745,
748). Upon Philips’s request, the Court held oral argument on October 13, 2017. (Docket Nos.
750, 751). Because the parties will conclude their current settlement negotiations by November
3, 2017, the Court issued its Order immediately after oral argument on October 13, 2017, noting
that a written opinion would follow. (Docket No. 752). Specifically, the Court granted ZOLL’s
motion, ordering Philips to identify the amount and evidentiary basis of record, and/or whether
the record requires supplementation, for any damages claim that Philips believes may have
survived this Court’s Memorandum Order and Opinion regarding the parties’ Daubert Motions,
on or before October 20, 2017, at 5:00 p.m. (Id.). In support of its Order, the Court’s analysis
follows.
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Factual and Procedural History1
Philips brings this civil action against ZOLL for patent infringement under 35 U.S.C.
§ 271. The patents in suit are U.S. Patent Nos. 5,593,427; 5,607,454; 5,735,879; 5,749,904;
5,749,905; 5,803,927; 5,836,978, and 6,047,212 (the “Patents-in-Suit”).
These patents are
directed at electrotherapy methods for defibrillators, allegedly including ZOLL’s LifeVest
wearable defibrillator. ZOLL denies that it infringes any claim of the Patents-in-Suit. ZOLL has
also asserted affirmative defenses for non-infringement and invalidity. (Docket No. 24).
Presently pending before the Court is ZOLL’s Motion for Show Cause Order Regarding
Post-Daubert Damages. In its motion, ZOLL requests that Philips be required to identify the
amount and evidentiary basis for any damages claim that may have survived the Court’s Daubert
Order dated July 25, 2017. (Docket No. 718). In its Daubert Order, the Court granted, in part,
and denied, in part, ZOLL’s motion to exclude the testimony of Mr. John Jarosz, Philips’s
damages expert. (Id. at 12-13). Specifically, the Court excluded the following: (1) Mr. Jarosz’s
discussion of an alleged reduction in the cost of the accused products; (2) the 50% apportionment
rate as expressed in footnote 359 of Mr. Jarosz’s report; and (3) the discussion of the importance
of the patents-at-issue, Mr. Jarosz’s conversation with Dr. Patrick Wolf, and the patented
features being a “significant driver” of the “majority of” the value of the WCD 3000. (Id.). The
Report and Recommendation of Special Master Gale R. Peterson, (Docket No. 688), was
otherwise adopted as the Court’s opinion.2 (Id. at 13). As noted above, ZOLL’s motion has
been fully briefed, and the Court heard oral argument at Philips’s request on October 13, 2017.
1
For more on this litigation saga’s history, see Koninklijke Philips, N.V. v. Zoll Medical Corporation, No. 10-11041
(D. Mass. filed June 18, 2010); Koninklijke Philips, N.V. v. Zoll Medical Corporation, No. 12-12255 (D. Mass. filed
Dec. 5, 2012).
2
In its Order, the Court issued several other rulings. (See Docket No. 718). For purposes of ZOLL’s instant
motion, however, only the Court’s findings as to Mr. Jarosz are pertinent.
2
(Docket Nos. 750, 751). The Court granted ZOLL’s motion after argument, ordering Philips to
comply with the Court’s Order by October 20, 2017, at 5:00 p.m. (Docket No. 752). The Court
now turns to the analysis of its Order granting ZOLL’s motion.
Legal Standard
Although this matter is a patent case, it is governed by the law applicable in the United
States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. To this end, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 16
and 26 are applicable. Rule 16 provides, in relevant part, that a case management order may
“modify the timing of disclosures under Rules 26(a) and 26(e)(1).”
FED. R. CIV. P.
16(b)(3)(B)(i). In pertinent part, Rule 26 provides:
(a) Required Disclosures.
(1) Initial Disclosure.
(A) In General. Except as exempted by Rule 26(a)(1)(B) or as
otherwise stipulated or ordered by the court, a party must, without
awaiting a discovery request, provide to the other parties:
*
*
*
(iii) a computation of each category of damages
claimed by the disclosing party—who must also
make available for inspection and copying as under
Rule 34 the documents or other evidentiary
material, unless privileged or protected from
disclosure, on which each computation is based,
including materials bearing on the nature and extent
of injuries suffered.
FED. R. CIV. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(iii). In applying Rule 26, courts have understood “computation” to
require “a specific computation of a plaintiff’s damages,” which includes “a disclosure of
evidentiary material upon which the category of damages is based.” Stemrich v. Zabiyaka, No.
1:12-CV-1409, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 113674, at *3 (M.D. Pa. Aug. 13, 2013) (internal
quotations omitted). The computation “requires at least some analysis,” and “simply reciting a
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dollar figure clearly is not enough.” Id. at *3-4. However, the rule “does not place a great
burden on the plaintiff” because “the plaintiff needs only to disclose what those damages are and
how they were calculated.” Id. at *4-5. “The plaintiff must merely disclose the best information
available concerning the claim, however limited and potentially changing it may be.” Id. at *5
(internal quotations omitted).
With respect to the supplementation of disclosures and responses, Rule 26 provides that
(1) In General. A party who has made a disclosure under Rule 26(a)—or who has
responded to an interrogatory, request for production, or request for admission—
must supplement or correct its disclosure or response:
(A) in a timely manner if the party learns that in some material respect the
disclosure or response is incomplete or incorrect, and if the additional
or corrective information has not otherwise been made known to the
other parties during the discovery process or in writing; or
(B) as ordered by the court.
FED. R. CIV. P. 26(e)(1)(A)-(B). As to expert witnesses, Rule 26 provides that “[f]or an expert
whose report must be disclosed under Rule 26(a)(2)(B), the party’s duty to supplement extends
both to information included in the report and to information given during the expert’s
deposition.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(e)(2). To satisfy Rule 26(e)(2), a plaintiff “must disclose a
computation of each category of damages using the ‘best information available’ at the present
time, and supplement that information as it becomes available.” Stemrich, 2013 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 113674, at *10.
Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284:
Upon finding for the claimant the court shall award the claimant damages
adequate to compensate for the infringement, but in no event less than a
reasonable royalty for the use made of the invention by the infringer, together
with interest and costs as fixed by the court.
When the damages are not found by a jury, the court shall assess them.
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*
*
*
The court may receive expert testimony as an aid to the determination of damages
or of what royalty would be reasonable under the circumstances.
35 U.S.C. § 284; see also 4 Annotated Patent Digest § 30:12 (“The Patent Act specifically
provides that a district court may receive expert testimony on the issue of damages for patent
infringement. . . . . The use of expert testimony is permissive. Thus, if a patentee’s damage
expert is excluded, that fact does not automatically deny a patentee a right to recover damages.”).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has explained that 35 U.S.C. § 284 “is
unequivocal that the district court must award damages in an amount no less than a reasonable
royalty.” Dow Chem. Co. v. Mee Indus., 341 F.3d 1370, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2003). However, “the
district court’s obligation to award some amount of damages ‘does not mean that a patentee who
puts on little or no satisfactory evidence of a reasonable royalty can successfully appeal on the
ground that the amount awarded by the court is not'reasonable and therefore contravenes section
284.’” Id. at 1382 (quoting Lindemann Maschinenfabrik GmbH v. Am. Hoist & Derrick Co., 895
F.2d 1403, 1407 (Fed. Cir. 1990)). In the event that an infringement of claims is proven, then
“the district court should consider the so-called Georgia-Pacific factors (Ga.-Pac., Corp. v. U.S.
Plywood Corp., 318 F. Supp. 1116, 1120 (S.D.N.Y. 1970)) in detail, and award such reasonable
royalties as the record evidence will support.” Id.
Discussion
a. Philips’s Computation of Damages
Having carefully considered the parties’ respective briefing, along with the arguments
presented at the hearing on October 13, 2017, the Court finds that Philips is required to identify
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the amount and evidentiary basis for any damages claim that it believes may have survived the
Court’s Order regarding the parties’ Daubert motions.
The Court held a Case Management Conference in this matter over four years ago, on
October 1, 2013.
(Docket No. 96).
Following the conference, the Court entered a Case
Management Order, which provided that “[e]ach party shall make its initial expert witness
disclosures required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 on issues for which it bears the
burden of proof by August 15, 2014,” and that “[e]ach party shall make its rebuttal expert
witness disclosures required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 on the issues for which the
opposing party bears the burden of proof by September 15, 2014.” (Docket No. 97 at 1
(emphasis in original)).
This Court routinely advises counsel of their continuing duty to
supplement their disclosures.
Philips provided ZOLL with its Rule 26 disclosures on February 28, 2013, before the
Court held the Case Management Conference. (See Docket No. 724-2). In a section entitled
“Computation of Damages,” Philips stated:
Philips seeks to recover damages due to Zoll LifeCor’s infringement, as well as to
recover other available relief as set forth in its September 21, 2012, Complaint,
including prejudgment and post-judgment interest under 35 U.S.C. § 284, and
other such relief deemed appropriate. But the amount and type of Philips’s
damages in this case depends on information in Zoll LifeCor’s possession
concerning the sales, marketing, and profitability of Zoll LifeCor’s wearable chest
defibrillators. Accordingly, and consistent with Fed. R. Civ. P. 26, Philips will
reasonably supplement this information as it becomes available during discovery.
(Id. at 7 (emphasis added)). In its first set of interrogatories, ZOLL requested the following in
Interrogatory No. 5:
State what damages and/or other relief to which Philips believes it is entitled,
including any lost profits, reasonable royalties, or other relief, for ZOLL
LIFECOR’s alleged infringement of the Asserted Philips Patents, including, but
not limited to, the nature and amount of damages, the method of computation, the
actual computation, the legal basis of each computation, and each fact and
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document which supports each computation. In so doing, include an analysis of
the Georgia-Pacific factors (Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Plywood
Corp., 318 F. Supp. 1116 (S.D.N.Y. 1970)), any reasonable royalty rate(s) or per
unit rate(s) used to calculate the damages amount, the rate at which Philips
contends prejudgment interest should be calculated, and the amount Philips
contends it should be awarded for prejudgment interest. If Philips plans to pursue
a lost profits theory, specify which Philips products compete with the Accused
ZOLL LIFECOR Products, as well as their first date of sale.
(Docket No. 724-3 at 7). In its response, which was provided on April 2, 2014, Philips stated:
Plaintiffs object to this interrogatory as overbroad and premature. Specifically,
Plaintiffs object to this interrogatory as premature given the early stage of this
litigation and to the extent that it calls for expert discovery and expert opinion.
ZOLL Lifecor has not yet provided Plaintiffs damages discovery, such as
discovery responsive to the requests detailed in Plaintiffs’ First Set of Requests
for the Production of Documents and Things. Plaintiffs will supplement its
response as necessary at the appropriate time and produce and identify
responsive, non-privileged documents in its possession pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
33(d), from which the requested information can be determined, to the extent any
exist.
(Id. (emphasis added)). Similarly, on June 9, 2014, Philips refused to produce a witness in
response to ZOLL’s Rule 30(b)(6) deposition topics that were directed to Philips’s ultimate
damages theories. (Docket No. 724-4 at 13-15). Indeed, Philips stated, “In addition to the
General Objections, Plaintiffs object to this topic as calling for legal conclusions and expert
testimony. Plaintiffs will not provide a witness on this topic as written,” in response to each of
the following topics:
(1) “The royalty structure that Philips contends would be reasonable for any
alleged infringement of any of the Asserted Philips Patents, and the basis and
evidence relating thereto;”
(2) “The royalty rate that Philips contends would be reasonable for any alleged
infringement of any of the Asserted Philips Patents, and the basis and
evidence relating thereto;”
(3) “The royalty base that Philips contends is proper for any alleged infringement
of any of the Asserted Philips Patents, and the basis and evidence relating
thereto;”
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(4) “Any evidence relating to a reasonable royalty rate, including but not limited
to, evidence relating to a reasonable royalty derived from the Georgia-Pacific
factors, an analytical approach, a Nash bargaining solution, or any other
theory that Philips contends is applicable;” and
(5) “The amount of revenue, unit sales, and profits that Philips contends it would
have made but for ZOLL LifeCor’s alleged infringement and the basis for
such contention.”
(Id.). After this Court issued its Daubert Order on July 25, 2017, ZOLL’s counsel sent an e-mail
to Philips’s counsel on August 8, 2017, requesting that Philips provide “an explanation for the
basis and amount of any damages claim you believe may have survived the Daubert ruling.”
(Docket No. 724-1 at 2). In response, Philips did not identify any new damages amount and
argued only that “the jury will ultimately determine what damages are owed in light of the
evidence presented.” (Id.).
Despite Philips’s representations that it would supplement information related to the
computation of damages, it is apparent that Philips has not done so. In this Court’s estimation,
not only should Philips have supplemented its disclosures throughout the course of this litigation,
which has been ongoing for over five years, but Philips should have immediately provided
ZOLL with the basis and amount of its damages claim after the Court issued its Daubert Order.
Instead, Philips did nothing.
Indeed, Philips did not amend its Rule 26 disclosures until
September 20, 2017, over two weeks after ZOLL filed the instant motion and nearly two months
after the Court issued its Daubert Order. (See Docket No. 738-3). As to the computation of
damages, Philips stated:
Philips seeks to recover damages due to ZOLL Lifecor’s infringement, as well as
to recover other available relief as set forth in its September 21, 2012, Complaint,
including prejudgment and post-judgment interest under 35 U.S.C. § 284, and
other such relief deemed appropriate. Philips will rely on relevant evidence such
as ZOLL Lifecor public and internal documentation related to its LifeVest
products, ZOLL Lifecor financial information, licensing information, and other
relevant evidence and considerations. For example, Philips will present testimony
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from its witnesses related to the LifeVest and its features, including testimony
from Mr. Jack Richbourg, Ms. Dawn Jorgenson, and Dr. Greg Ayers. Philips
may also present testimony from ZOLL Lifecor witnesses, including Mr. Steven
Szymkiewicz. Philips will also present additional testimony from Dr. Patrick
Wolf related to the patented inventions and from Dr. John Freese and Dr. Mela
Theofanie related to clinical issues associated with the patented inventions. Mr.
John Jarosz will present the incremental benefits associated with the release of the
WCD 3000 as well as related evidence and considerations, as outlined in his
expert report. After considering the relevant evidence, the jury will determine the
royalty associated with the patented features and the overall damages that ZOLL
Lifecor owes to Philips.
(Id. at 9).
Philips supplementation is woefully inadequate.
Philips does not identify any
damages number and instead points only to several witnesses without any explanation as to how
they may contribute to any calculation of damages. (Id.).3 To this end, the Court notes that its
Daubert Order stated:
[M]ultiple scheduling orders . . . have been entered in this matter, with input from
counsel to the parties. . . . . This matter, which has been pending for [over] five
years, has sophisticated counsel on both sides of the dispute. Additionally,
Philips has had the benefit of having the same counsel since September 2012.
(Docket No. 718 at 8 n.8 (emphasis added)).
This, the Court finds that Philips failed to
sufficiently supplement information related to the computation of its alleged damages.
The Court’s conclusion is supported by well-settled law.
As noted above, a
“computation” that complies with Rule 26 requires “a specific computation of a plaintiff’s
damages,” which includes “a disclosure of evidentiary material upon which the category of
damages is based.” Stemrich, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 113674, at *3. The computation “requires
at least some analysis,” and “simply reciting a dollar figure clearly is not enough.” Id. at *3-4.
“Put summarily, the plaintiff needs to provide the defendants with an initial estimate as to their
claimed damages and at least ‘some analysis’ of how the relevant facts lead to that dollar figure.”
In re Oakwood Homes Corp., 340 B.R. 510, 541 (Bankr. D. Del. 2006). Although “this is not
3
Two of the witnesses have not been previously deposed, and one witness was deposed on June 12, 2014, in the
Massachusetts action. See supra n.1. The Court will address Philips’s arguments as to these three witnesses infra.
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such an onerous task,” Philips’s “vague disclosures fall far short of the ‘computation’
requirement.” Id. at 539, 541 (noting that Rule 26(a) “does not place a great burden on the
plaintiff” because “all the claimant needs to do is sit down and calculate the damages that are
claimed”) (internal quotations and alterations omitted).
Within this District, courts have required plaintiffs to disclose “any evidentiary material
upon which the computation of damages is based.” N. Am. Communs., Inc. v. Sessa, No. 14-CV227, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131549, at *30-31 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 29, 2015) (granting motion to
compel initial disclosures where the plaintiff “failed to provide a dollar figure or any analysis
regarding its computation of damages” and supplied “no proffered reason why [it] cannot
provide Defendant with the computation of its damages”); see also Stemrich, 2013 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 113674, at *9-10 (holding that “Plaintiffs must disclose a computation of each category
of damages using the ‘best information available’ at the present time, and supplement that
information as it becomes available,” because “the court will not accept that Plaintiffs have
absolutely no clearer computation”).
As discussed above, this matter is governed by the law applicable in the Third Circuit.
That said, cases within the patent arena have similarly required disclosures of the computation of
damages. For example, in granting a motion in limine to exclude the defendant from making
reference to its damages, the District Court found that the defendant “ha[d] not supplemented its
Rule 26(a) disclosures or identified any damage computations or supporting documents
following the submission of its initial disclosures.” Brandt Indus. v. Pitonyak Mach. Corp., No.
10-CV-857, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131096, at *5 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 12, 2012); see also Veritas
Operating Corp. v. Microsoft Corp., No. 06-CV-703, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35627, at *24, 77
(W.D. Wash. Jan. 17, 2008) (explaining that “[a] year is ample time to identify a damages
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category, conduct a damages analysis and compute damages” and holding that “[w]ith respect to
the evidence that Microsoft now urges in its brief, and any other evidence that Microsoft may
offer in support of damages claim . . . mere recitation and bare analysis of those facts does not, at
this stage, cure Microsoft’s failure to disclose any computation of damages or any other damages
analysis as required by the rules”).
Courts outside this jurisdiction and the patent arena have likewise required parties to
disclose the computation of damages. For example, in Design Strategy, Inc. v. Davis, 469 F.3d
284, 294 (2d 2006), after the plaintiff asserted that the calculation of damages would be “simple
arithmetic,” the District Court held that the plaintiff had not complied with Rule 26 because it
did not provide any justification for its failure to provide a damages calculation. On appeal, the
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit explained that: (1) the record “[did] not reflect any
supplemental disclosures as required by Rule 26(e);” (2) “Rule 26(a) requires more than
providing -- without any explanation -- undifferentiated financial statements; it requires a
‘computation,’ supported by documents;” (3) “Rule 26(a) requires a party to provide a
computation of any category of damages voluntarily, i.e., ‘without awaiting a discovery
request;’” and (4) “Rule 26(a) requires a party -- in addition to providing a calculation of
damages -- to make ‘available for inspection and copying as under Rule 34 the documents or
other evidentiary material . . . on which such computation is based.’” Id. at 295. Because the
plaintiff failed to disclose both a calculation of damages and the documents supporting that
calculation,” the Second Circuit affirmed the District Court. Id. at 296 (emphasis in original).
See also Silicon Knights, Inc. v. Epic Games, Inc., No. 07-CV-275, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
63707, at *11-12 (“Disclosing damages-related documents alone, without disclosing a
computation based on such documents, does not satisfy a party’s Rule 26(a)(1)(A)(iii)
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obligation.”) (citing Gillum v. ICF Emergency Mgmt. Servs., L.L.C., No. 08-CV-314, 2009 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 43344, at *8 (M.D. La. May 21, 2009) (holding that “vague assertions of damages”
contained in interrogatory answers do not fulfill a party’s Rule 26(a)(1)(A)(iii) obligation));
Clayman v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, 343 F. Supp. 2d 1037, 1047 (D. Kan. 2004)
(concluding that under Rule 26 “defendant [was] entitled to a specific computation of plaintiff’s
damages and [was] entitled to . . . the documents and other evidentiary material on which such
computation is based” and holding that “[i]f plaintiff fails to comply, it will not be permitted to
present any damages calculations regarding future medical expenses at trial”);
As a final matter, the Court notes that practice guides support the Court’s decision. To
this end, the Wagstaffe Group Practice Guide: Federal Civil Procedure Before Trial provides that
“[t]he parties are required to disclose ‘a computation of each category of damages’ claimed—
including counterclaims and cross-claims—and to make available for copying any nonprivileged
documents or evidentiary materials on which the damage calculation is based.”
James M.
Wagstaffe, Rutter Group Practice Guide: Federal Civil Procedure Before Trial § 11:280 (Nat’l
ed. 2017) (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(iii)) (emphasis in original). The Wagstaffe Guide
further comments that “[t]o make the disclosure obligation meaningful, a more detailed
specification of damages is required.” Id. at § 11:281. As to the specificity of the computation,
the Wagstaffe Guide states that “Plaintiff should provide its assessment of damages in light of
the information currently available to it in sufficient detail to enable each defendant to
understand its potential exposure and make informed decisions as to settlement and discovery.”
Id. at 11:281.10 (emphasis in original). “[T]he party claiming damages must make available for
inspection and copying by the other ‘the documents or evidentiary material . . . on which each
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computation is based’ just as if there had been a formal request for production under Rule 34.”
Id. at § 11:282 (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(iii)) (emphasis in original).
b. Philips’s Undisclosed Witnesses
As discussed above, Philips stated at argument that it will make available Dawn
Jorgenson and Greg Ayers for depositions.
Richbourg, will testify at trial.
Philips also stated that another witness, Jack
Mr. Richbourg was deposed on June 12, 2014, in the
Massachusetts action. See supra n.1. ZOLL contends that, through its statements, Philips has
requested that discovery be reopened, while Philips denies same. In any event, the Court finds
that the issue of Philips’s undisclosed witnesses is premature, given the lack of detail as to
damages calculations and support, which must be supplied first and at this time.
For these reasons, Philips shall comply with the Court’s Order entered on October 13,
2017, (Docket No. 752), requiring Philips to identify the amount and evidentiary basis of record,
and/or whether the record requires supplementation, for any damages claim that Philips believe
may have survived this Court's Memorandum Order and Opinion regarding the parties’ Daubert
Motions, on or before October 20, 2017, at 5:00 p.m.
s/Nora Barry Fischer
Nora Barry Fischer
United States District Judge
Date: October 20, 2017
cc/ecf: Special Master Gale R. Peterson
All Counsel of Record
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