THOMPSON v. SSC WEXFORD OPERATING CO. LP et al

Filing 53

MEMORANDUM OPINION re 48 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM (Second Amended Complaint) re 47 Amended Complaint MOTION to Strike Impertinent Matter in Second Amended Complaint filed by INTELYCARE, INC. Details more fully stated in the Opinion. An appropriate order of court shall follow. Signed by Judge Robert J. Colville on 3/6/25. (cjo)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
CONNIE THOMPSON,

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Plaintiff,
v.
INTELYCARE, INC.,
Defendant.

No.: 22-cv-01599-RJC
Judge Robert J. Colville

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Robert J. Colville, United States District Judge
Before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint, or,
alternatively, to Strike (ECF No. 48) filed by Defendant, IntelyCare, Inc.

The Court has

jurisdiction in this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and has supplemental jurisdiction over any
state-law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. The Motion has been fully briefed and is ripe for
disposition.
I.

Factual Background & Procedural History
Plaintiff filed her Complaint on November 10, 2022 against SSC Wexford Operating Co.

LP d/b/a North Hills Health and Rehabilitation and Defendant. ECF No. 1. Plaintiff then filed her
Amended Complaint on February 20, 2023, also against SSC Wexford and Defendant. ECF No.
19. On March 6, 2023, Defendant filed its Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint
(ECF No. 24) along with its Brief in Support (ECF No. 25). Plaintiff filed her Response (ECF No.
27) on March 14, 2024, and Defendant filed its Reply (ECF No. 28) on March 20, 2024.
Then, on April 28, 2023, Plaintiff filed her Motion for Leave to File a Second Amended
Complaint (ECF No. 36) along with her Brief in Support (ECF No. 37). Defendant filed its
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Response in Opposition on May 8, 2023. ECF No. 39. In her Motion, Plaintiff sought leave to
add Defendant to Counts IV, V, and VI of the Amended Complaint.
On September 26, 2023, Plaintiff dismissed, with prejudice, her claims against SSC
Wexford. ECF No. 41. On July 2, 2024, this Court granted Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File a
Second Amended Complaint. ECF Nos. 45, 46. Plaintiff filed her Second Amended Complaint
on July 3, 2024. ECF No. 47.
In her Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant “is engaged in the
business of referring job candidates for direct hire and the placement of temporary personnel at its
clients’ worksites.” Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 3. Plaintiff, an African American female, alleges that she
was “placed into Defendant’s employ by Defendant.” 1 Sec. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 10-11. Plaintiff
alleges that she was subjected to racial discrimination and retaliation during her employment which
resulted in her wrongful termination. Id. at ¶ 14. Plaintiff additionally alleges that Defendant
failed to accurately pay Plaintiff because “Defendant changed Plaintiff’s rate of pay without her
knowledge.” Id. at ¶ 15.
Plaintiff alleges that she reported the “racist comments and behavior of her co-workers” to
Defendant. Id. at ¶ 20. Following her report, Plaintiff alleges her rate of pay was lowered without
her knowledge and she reported the problems with her pay to both Defendant and SSC Wexford.
Id. at ¶¶ 22-23. Plaintiff alleges that she was terminated following her report. Id. at ¶ 25. In her

The Court understands from Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (ECF No. 19) that Plaintiff was employed by SSC
Wexford as a Certified Nursing Assistant and was placed into SSC Wexford’s employ by Defendant. Am. Compl. ¶¶
14-15. The Second Amended Complaint, however, makes no reference to any employment by SSC Wexford, who
Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed from the case. The Court notes this because, as currently alleged in the Second
Amended Complaint, it is unclear how Defendant placed Plaintiff into Defendant’s employ when Defendant is alleged
to be in the business of referring job candidates. The Court further notes that, at times, Plaintiff will refer to
“IntelyCare” and “Defendant” in the same sentence as though they might be separate entities, see Sec. Am. Compl.
¶¶ 11, 20, and it is unclear to the Court who Plaintiff is referring to. For the purpose of resolving the Motion to
Dismiss, the Court will accept as true the facts as pled by Plaintiff and, in this respect, will accept her allegations as
true, and presume that Defendant refers to IntelyCare.
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Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff brings claims for retaliation under the Fair Labor Standards
Act (“FLSA”) (Count I), violation of the Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection Law
(“WPCL”) (Count II), and wrongful termination (Count III).
Defendant filed its Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint, or, in the
alternative, to Strike (ECF No. 48) along with its Brief in Support (ECF No. 49) on August 2,
2024. Plaintiff filed her Response in Opposition (ECF No. 51) on August 12, 2024. Defendant
filed its Reply on August 19, 2024.
II.

Legal Standard
A. Motion to Dismiss
A motion to dismiss filed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the

legal sufficiency of the complaint. Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 183 (3d Cir. 1993). In
deciding a motion to dismiss, the court is not opining on whether the plaintiff will likely prevail
on the merits; rather, when considering a motion to dismiss, the court accepts as true all well-pled
factual allegations in the complaint and views them in a light most favorable to the plaintiff. U.S.
Express Lines Ltd. v. Higgins, 281 F.3d 383, 388 (3d Cir. 2002). While a complaint does not need
detailed factual allegations to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a complaint must provide
more than labels and conclusions. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). A
“formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Id. (citing Papasan v.
Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)).
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554 (2007)). “A claim
has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the

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reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The Supreme Court of the United States has explained:
The plausibility standard is not akin to a “probability requirement,” but it asks for
more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Where a
complaint pleads facts that are “merely consistent with” a defendant’s liability, it
“stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of ‘entitlement to
relief.’”
Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556) (internal citations omitted).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit instructs that “a court reviewing
the sufficiency of a complaint must take three steps.” Connelly v. Lane Constr. Corp., 809 F.3d
780, 787 (3d Cir. 2016). The Third Circuit explained:
First, it must “tak[e] note of the elements [the] plaintiff must plead to state a claim.”
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675. Second, it should identify allegations that, “because they
are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.” Id. at
679; see also Burtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 662 F.3d 212, 224 (3d Cir. 2011)
(“Mere restatements of the elements of a claim are not entitled to the assumption of
truth.” (citation and editorial marks omitted)). Finally, “[w]hen there are wellpleaded factual allegations, [the] court should assume their veracity and then
determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 679.
Connelly, 809 F.3d at 787. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief
will . . . be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial
experience and common sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (internal citations omitted).
In addition to reviewing the facts contained in the complaint, a court may consider “matters
of public record, orders, exhibits attached to the complaint and items appearing in the record of
the case.” Oshiver v. Levin, Fishbein, Sedran & Berman, 38 F.3d 1380, 1384 n.2 (3d Cir. 1994).
When a document integral to or relied upon in the complaint is included, the court may also
consider that document. In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1426 (3d Cir.
1997).

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B. Motion to Strike
With respect to motions to strike, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f) provides that “the
court may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent,
or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). “The purpose of a motion to strike is to clean up the
pleadings, streamline litigation, and avoid unnecessary forays into immaterial matters.” Zaloga v.
Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co. of Am., 671 F. Supp. 2d 623, 633 (quoting McInerney v. Moyer
Lumber & Hardware, Inc., 244 F.Supp.2d 393, 402 (E.D. Pa.2002)). “A decision to grant or deny
a motion to strike a pleading is vested in the trial court’s discretion.” Zaloga, 671 F. Supp. 2d at
633 (citing Snare & Triest v. Friedman, 169 F. 1, 6 (3d Cir.1909); BJC Health System v. Columbia
Cas. Co., 478 F.3d 908, 917 (8th Cir.2007)). Motions to strike “are not favored and usually will
be denied unless the allegations have no possible relation to the controversy and may cause
prejudice to one of the parties, or if the allegations confuse the issues in the case.” Hay v. Somerset
Area Sch. Dist., No. 3:16-cv-229, 2017 WL 2829700, at *3 (W.D. Pa. June 29, 2017) (quoting
Tennis v. Ford Motor Co., 730 F.Supp.2d 437, 443 (W.D. Pa. 2010)).
III.

Discussion
Defendant asserts that, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint

should be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Mot. 1. In the
alternative, Defendant argues that, pursuant to Rule 12(f), the Court should strike the impertinent
matter contained in paragraphs 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 of the Second Amended Complaint.
Id. Plaintiff opposes the Motion.
A. Motion to Dismiss
Defendant asserts that each of Plaintiff’s claims should be dismissed. As to Plaintiff’s
claim of retaliation under the FLSA, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to “allege that she

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engaged in any protected activity under the Act.” Br. in Supp. 1. As to Plaintiff’s claim for
violations of the WPCL, Defendant argues that plaintiff has failed to “allege[] that [Defendant]
breached any contractual entitlement to wages.” Id. Finally, as to Plaintiff’s wrongful termination
claim, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claim “fails as a matter of law because there are statutory
remedies available to her for the allegedly wrongful actions she challenges—which are violations
of the FLSA, WPCL, and Pennsylvania Minimum Wage Act (“PMWA”).” Id. at 1-2.
1. FLSA Retaliation
“The FLSA establishes federal minimum-wage, maximum-hour, and overtime guarantees
that cannot be modified by contract.” Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 569 U.S. 66, 69
(2013). It mandates that employers “pay one and one-half times the employe[e]’s regular wage
for hours worked in excess of forty hours per week[.]” Davis v. Abington Memorial Hosp., 765
F.3d 236, 241 (3d Cir. 2014); 29 U.S.C. § 207(a). If an employer fails to compensate its employee
for working overtime, the employee can recover under the FLSA if he “prove[s] that he worked
overtime hours without compensation, and he must show the amount and extent of his overtime
work as a matter of just and reasonable inference.” Davis, 765 F.3d at 241 (citations omitted).
To further the purpose of the FLSA, “Congress . . . chose to rely on information and
complaints received from employees seeking to vindicate rights claimed to have been denied.”
Uronis v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp., 49 F.4th 263, 268-69 (3d Cir. 2022) (quoting Mitchell v. Robert
DeMario Jewelry, Inc., 361 U.S. 288, 292 (1960)). “Accordingly, Congress included in the FLSA
an antiretaliation provision (at Section 15(a)(3)) to encourage employees to assert their rights
without ‘fear of economic retaliation [which] might often operate to induce aggrieved employees
to quietly accept substandard conditions.’” Id. at 269 (quoting Brock v. Richardson, 812 F.2d 121,
124 (3d Cir. 1987)).

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In order to state a claim for FLSA retaliation, a plaintiff must plead that “(1) the plaintiff
engaged in protected activity, (2) the employer took an adverse employment action against him,
and (3) there was a causal link between the plaintiff’s protected action and employer’s adverse
action.” Scholly v. JMK Plastering, Inc., Civ. A. No. 07-4998, 2008 WL 2579729, at *3 (E.D. Pa.
June 25, 2008). As to the first element, Section 15(a)(3) provides that it is unlawful “to discharge
or in any other manner discriminate against any employee because such employee has filed any
complaint or instituted or caused to be instituted any proceeding under or related to this chapter,
or has testified or is about to testify in any such proceeding, or has served or is about to serve on
an industry committee.” 29 U.S.C. § 215(a)(3).
In Kasten v. Saint Gobain Performance Plastics Corp., the Supreme Court held that
Congress intended the antiretaliation provision to cover oral, as well as written, complaints.
Kasten v. Saint Gobain Performance Plastics Corp., 563 U.S. 1, 11 (2011). Similarly, the Third
Circuit “has broadly interpreted protected conduct under Section 15(a)(3). Uronis, 49 F.4th at
270. “Lodging an internal complaint with one's employer, whether verbally or in writing, may
constitute protected activity if it is ‘sufficiently clear and detailed for a reasonable employer to
understand it, in light of both content and context, as an assertion of rights protected by the [FLSA]
and a call for their protection.’” Eaton v. Commw. Health Sys., Inc., 631 F. Supp. 3d 236, 242
(M.D. Pa. 2022) (quoting Kasten, 563 U.S. at 14).
Here, Defendant only raises arguments concerning the first element.

Specifically,

Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s allegation that she reported “problems with her pay” to Defendant
is not sufficient to put Defendant “on notice that she was alleging a potential FLSA violation.” Br.
in Supp. 5. Further, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s allegation that she reported that her rate of
pay was lowered does not inform Defendant as to whether “Plaintiff was properly paid minimum

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wage or overtime.” Reply 2. Plaintiff argues that these allegations are sufficient to plead that she
engaged in protected activity. Resp. in Opp. 7.
The Court agrees with Defendant that Plaintiff has failed to sufficiently plead that she
engaged in protected activity. The Second Amended Complaint alleges that “Defendant [] failed
to pay Plaintiff accurately and correctly in that Defendant changed Plaintiff’s rate of pay without
her knowledge.” Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 15. Plaintiff further alleges that following her report of her
co-workers’ racist comments, she “noticed that her rate of pay was changed” and that it was
“significantly lowered, without her knowledge.” Id. ¶ 22. Lastly, Plaintiff alleges that she
“complained about the pay practices of Defendant that were unlawful under the FLSA[;] that she
was engaged in “protected conduct” by complaining about the FLSA violations; and that
“Defendant did nothing to rectify the wage and hour violations.” Id. ¶¶ 27-28.
These allegations are insufficient to place Defendant on notice. Specifically, Plaintiff’s
allegations that she complained that her rate of pay was changed, and specifically, lowered, without
her knowledge are inadequate. The Second Amended Complaint is devoid of any allegations that
Plaintiff was not paid overtime or minimum wage and therefore, no reasonable person could
understand Plaintiff to be asserting rights under the FLSA. See Szewczyk v. United States Parcel
Service, Inc., Civil Action No. 19-1109, 2019 WL 5423036, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 22, 2019) (finding
that the plaintiff had failed to allege that he engaged in protected activity when he alleged “that he
was not paid for all hours worked” and made no allegations that he did not receive overtime or
minimum wage so as to assert rights under the FLSA); see also Smeltzer v. Eaton Corp., Civil
Action No. 17-843, 2018 WL 3496948, at *5 (W.D. Pa. July 20, 2018) (finding that the plaintiff
had failed to allege that he engaged in protected activity when he “failed to allege [] that he was
involved with an FLSA [] proceeding or that he complained to [the defendant] about any FLSA []

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violation”). Plaintiff’s remaining allegations that the pay practices of Defendant were unlawful
and that she was engaged in protected conduct, are conclusory allegations and insufficient to
survive the Motion to Dismiss. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681.
Therefore, Plaintiff has failed to allege that she engaged in protected activity and her FLSA
retaliation claim is dismissed, without prejudice.
2. Violations of the WPCL
“[T]he WPCL provides employees a statutory remedy to recover wages and other benefits
that are contractually due to them.” Braun v. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., 24 A.3d 875, 953 (Pa. Super.
2011). The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, applying Pennsylvania law, has
consistently emphasized that the “WPCL does not create a right to compensation. Rather, it
provides a statutory remedy when the employer breaches a contractual obligation to pay earned
wages. The contract between the parties governs in determining whether specific wages are
earned.” Weldon v. Kraft, Inc., 896 F.2d 793, 801 (3d Cir. 1990) (citations omitted); see also Livi
v. Hyatt Hotels Corp., 751 F. App'x 208, 212 n.9 (3d Cir. 2018) (“Pennsylvania's WPCL provides
a civil remedy for an employee to recover wages to which she is entitled. It does not independently
establish an entitlement to any particular wages.”); De Asencio v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 342 F.3d 301,
309 (3d Cir. 2003) (following Weldon in observing that, while the WPCL provides a remedy,
entitlement to compensation must, at a minimum, flow from an implied oral contract, in the
absence of a formal agreement). District Courts in the Third Circuit have similarly applied
contractual bounds to the availability and extent of recovery under the WPCL. See, e.g. Livi v.
Hyatt Hotels Corp., 2017 WL 5128173, at *15 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 6, 2017) (granting summary
judgment to the defendant on the WPCL claim because the plaintiff, which had argued it was a
third-party beneficiary, could not demonstrate that it had a contractual entitlement to payment for

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its services), aff'd 751 F. App'x 208 (3d Cir. 2018); McGuckin v. Brandywine Realty Tr., 185 F.
Supp. 3d 600, 606 (E.D. Pa. 2016) (holding that a claim under the PWPCL requires an employee
to aver “contractual entitlement to compensation from wages and a failure to pay that
compensation”); Lehman v. Legg Mason, 532 F.Supp.2d 726, 733 (M.D. Pa. 2007) (“Accordingly,
a prerequisite for relief under the WPCL is a contract between employee and employer that sets
forth their agreement on wages to be paid.”).
Thus, to state a plausible WPCL claim, a plaintiff employee must allege facts
demonstrating that he or she was deprived of compensation the employee has earned according to
the terms of his or her contract with the defendant employer. Bansept v. G & M Automotive, 434
F. Supp. 3d 253, 260 (E.D. Pa. 2020); see also Sullivan v. Chartwell Inv. Partners, LP, 873 A.2d
710, 716 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2005) (“To present a [WPCL] wage-payment claim, [the plaintiff] ha[s]
to aver that he was contractually entitled to compensation from wages and that he was not paid.”).
Here, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to allege that her claim is based upon any
contract or agreement with Defendant. Br. in Supp. 6. Specifically, Defendant argues that Plaintiff
has failed to plead that “[Defendant] was contractually obligated to pay her, or the manner in which
[Defendant] breached such an obligation in failing to timely pay her wages.” Id. at 7; Reply 3.
Plaintiff argues that she has sufficiently alleged facts to support that an implied oral contract
existed between the parties. Resp. in Opp. 8.
Plaintiff is correct that, where a written contract does not exist, a plaintiff may “establish
the formation of an implied oral contract to recover under the WPCL.” Oxner v. Cliveden Nursing
Rehab Ctr. PA, L.P., 132 F. Supp. 3d 645, 649 (E.D. Pa. 2015). However, here, Plaintiff has failed
to allege sufficient facts to support an implied contract between her and Defendant. The Second
Amended Complaint alleges that Defendant placed Plaintiff into Defendant’s employ, see Sec.

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Am. Compl. ¶ 11, and it is therefore unclear to the Court, based on the current allegations, how
exactly Plaintiff was employed by Defendant, see Supra FN 2. Additionally, Plaintiff only alleges
that she was employed by Defendant and that Defendant failed to pay Plaintiff accurately. Id. ¶¶
4, 15.
In light of the above, the Second Amended Complaint fails to allege any facts by which
the Court can find that there was an implied contract because there are no allegations detailing
Plaintiff’s job title, duties, amount of pay, or frequency of pay. See Rosario v. First Student
Management LLC, Civil Action No. 15-6478, 2016 WL 4367019, at *8 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 16, 2016)
(finding that the “plaintiffs’ complaint [wa]s devoid of any allegations establishing an implied oral
contract” and that a plaintiff “must set forth more than the mere existence of an employer
relationship in order to establish a plausible claim for relief under the WPCL”); but cf. Schupack
v. Marketvision Research, Inc., Civil Action No. 16-6233, 2017 WL 2828687, at *3 (E.D. Pa. June
29, 2017) (finding that plaintiff had sufficiently alleged an implied contract when the plaintiff
alleged “that she performed market research services for [the defendant] in exchange for payment,
invoicing her hours at an hourly rate of $50/hour every two weeks”); see Gordon v. Maxim
Healthcare Services, Inc., Civil Action No. 13-7175, 2014 WL 3438007, at * (E.D. Pa. July 15,
2014) (finding that the plaintiff had plead facts to make the existence of an oral contract plausible
where the plaintiff alleged “she provided services as a home healthcare aide in exchange for wages
to be paid according to a week-long pay period, the payday for which followed in the next week”).
As such, Plaintiff has failed to allege that a contractual relationship exists and, as such, her claim
for violations of the WPCL is dismissed, without prejudice.

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3. Wrongful Termination
In the Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges wrongful termination on the basis that
“Defendant’s conduct in terminating Plaintiff [wa]s an adverse action, taken in retaliation to
frustrate her attempts to exercise the FLSA, []WPCL, and PMWA.” Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 45. In
her Response in Opposition, Plaintiff additionally argues that her wrongful termination claim is
brought based on Defendant’s violations of the Civil Rights Act. Resp. in Opp. 9. The Court
acknowledges that Plaintiff has raised allegations of racial discrimination in her Second Amended
Complaint, even if they are not directly raised by Plaintiff in detailing her wrongful termination
claim. Defendant argues that because each of the wrongs alleged by Plaintiff—here, violations of
the FLSA, WPCL, and PMWA 2—have statutory remedies available, Plaintiff’s wrongful
termination claim must be dismissed.
Defendant is correct that the Court cannot “entertain a separate common law action for
wrongful discharge where specific statutory remedies are available.”

Spriggs v. City of

Harrisburg, 679 F. Supp. 3d 144, 155 (M.D. Pa. 2023) (citing Clay v. Advanced Computer
Applications, 559 A.2d 917 (Pa. 1989)) (dismissing a wrongful discharge claim, with prejudice,
based on a finding that the common law wrongful discharge claim was preempted by a more
specific statute); Pierce v. New Process Co., 580 F. Supp. 1543, 1546 (W.D. Pa. 1984) (granting
summary judgment for the defendant as to a wrongful discharge claim because statutory relief
existed. Therefore, the Court will dismiss Plaintiff’s wrongful termination claim, with prejudice,
because the Court finds that amendment would be futile.

Defendant only argues that Plaintiff’s wrongful termination claim based on violations of the FLSA, WPCL, and
PMWA should be dismissed and raises no specific argument that Plaintiff’s wrongful termination claim based on a
violation of the Civil Rights Act should be dismissed. See Br. in Supp.; See Reply. Even so, as explained below, the
analysis for determining whether Plaintiff’s claim is preempted is the same whether she asserts violations under the
FLSA, WPCL, PMWA, or the Civil Rights Act.
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B. Motion to Strike
Because the Court is granting Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, the Court will not address
Defendant’s Motion to Strike, which was raised in the alternative.
IV.

Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, the Court will grant Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the

Second Amended Complaint as to Counts I and II, without prejudice, and as to Count III, with
prejudice. An appropriate Order of Court follows.
BY THE COURT:
/s/Robert J. Colville
Robert J. Colville
United States District Judge
DATED: March 7, 2025
cc: All counsel of record

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