Garcia-Rivera v. USA
Filing
9
OPINION AND ORDER denying re 1 MOTION to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence (2255) (Criminal Number 94-274.) filed by Jose Miguel Rodriguez-Rodriguez Signed by United States Magistrate Judge Justo Arenas on 7/8/2013.(Arenas, Justo)
1
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
2
3
4
JOSE MIGUEL RODRIGUEZRODRIGUEZ,
5
6
7
8
9
Petitioner
CIVIL NO. 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIM. NO. 94-274 (DRD))
vs.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent
10
11
12
13
14
OPINION AND ORDER
DENYING A SECOND OR SUCCESSIVE MOTION UNDER 28 U.S.C. § 2255
I.
15
16
17
18
19
A. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND: TRIAL LEVEL
As the result of party-goers going bad, petitioner Jose Miguel RodriguezRodriguez was charged on December 7, 1994, in a two-count superceding
indictment with crimes related to a murderous carjacking. (Criminal No. 94-274
20
21
(DRD), Docket No. 70). Six other defendants were also charged. Specifically
22
all defendants were charged in Count One of the indictment with carjacking, in
23
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119(3). Count Two charged petitioner and the other
24
defendants with the use and carrying of a firearm during and in relation to a
25
26
crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). The superceding
27
indictment charged aiding and abetting in addition to direct participation. See
28
18 U.S.C. § 2(b). The tangled motives for the victim’s murder by a group of
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
2
3
4
revelers included jealousy, envy and greed. See United States v. Rivera-
5
Figueroa, 149 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1998).
6
7
Three defendants, including petitioner, proceeded to trial on October 19,
8
1995. (Criminal No. 94-274 (DRD), Docket No. 197).
Among the witnesses
9
were three other defendants that testified against the ones that proceeded to
10
trial. Trial concluded on October 31, 1995 with all three defendants convicted
11
12
on both counts. (Criminal No. 94-274 (DRD), Docket No. 212). On February 7,
13
1996, petitioner was sentenced to a term of life imprisonment as to Count One
14
and five years in Count Two, to be served consecutively. (Criminal No. 94-274
15
(DRD), Docket No. 247).
16
B. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND: APPELLATE LEVEL
17
18
Petitioner filed a notice of appeal from the judgment of conviction on
19
February 12, 1996. (Criminal No. 94-274 (DRD), Docket No. 250).
20
issues raised, which included the constitutionality of the carjacking statute,
21
Among the
petitioner and the others argued prosecutorial misconduct, exclusion of a dying
22
23
declaration, and failure of the sentencing judge to depart downward in
24
sentencing. United States v. Rivera-Figueroa, 149 F.3d at 7. The conviction
25
was affirmed on May 5, 1998 as to both counts. A petitioner for a writ of
26
certiorari was filed and was denied on October 5, 1998. Rodriguez-Rodriguez v.
27
28
United States, 525 U.S. 910, 119 S.Ct. 251 (1998).
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
3
3
4
5
C.
FIRST MOTION UNDER 28 U.S.C. § 2255
Petitioner filed his first motion under 28 U.S.C. §2255 on October 5,
6
7
1999 attacking the validity of the sentence. (Civil No. 99-2115 (HL), Docket
8
No. 1). Among the grounds raised by petitioner was the denial of his Sixth
9
Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel.
10
Petitioner noted counsel’s
failure to object to the exclusion of an arguably exculpatory dying declaration,
11
12
as well as to the late filing of a motion for severance. Failure to object to the
13
presentence report’s sentencing recommendation and failure to seek a
14
downward departure were also raised. By opinion and order dated December
15
11, 2000, the court denied the motion and dismissed the action with prejudice.
16
(Civil No. 99-2115 (HL), Docket No. 7). Nevertheless, the court concluded that
17
18
trial counsel was ineffective.
Proceeding to the prejudice prong of the two
19
step process announced in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104
20
S. Ct 2052, 2064 (1984), and after analyzing petitioner’s arguments, the court
21
concluded that, notwithstanding ineffective performance of counsel, the result
22
23
24
25
26
of the proceedings would not have been any different. Rodriguez-Rodriguez v.
United States, 130 F. Supp.2d 313, 318-320 (D.P.R. 2000).
Petitioner then sought a certificate of appealability but the court found
that petitioner had not met the standard for issuing the certificate, which would
27
28
require that petitioner make a “substantial showing of the denial of a
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
4
3
4
5
constitutional right. “ 28 U.S.C. § 2255(c)(2). (Civil No. 99-2115 (HL), Docket
No. 13). Appellate review was terminated on May 28, 2002. (Civil No. 99-2115
6
7
(HL), Docket No. 15)). A petitioner for a writ of certiorari was filed and was
8
denied on February 24, 2003. Rodriguez-Rodriguez v. United States, 537 U.S.
9
1195, 123 S.Ct. 1250 (2003).
10
D. SECOND OR SUCCESSIVE MOTION UNDER 28 U.S.C. § 2255
11
12
This matter is before the court on attested motion to vacate, set aside or
13
correct sentence filed by petitioner on March 22, 2013. (Docket No. 1).
14
Petitioner argues that early in the proceedings, the prosecution first offered a
15
plea agreement of 35 years imprisonment and then lowered it to 30 years but
16
17
he proceeded to trial upon advice of defense counsel expecting to get a better
18
offer right before the start of voir dire, and in the belief that the evidence was
19
not that strong against petitioner. Then counsel told petitioner that a better
20
deal might be gotten after jury selection. Upon the advice of counsel,
21
petitioner proceeded to trial hoping for a better offer. Things did not work out
22
23
as well as planned as the evidence was overwhelming, evidence which included
24
the testimony of three cooperating co-defendants. Conviction followed.
25
26
Petitioner argues that his attorney’s conduct fell below the standard of
effective assistance related to plea bargaining under two recent Supreme Court
27
28
decisions, Lafler v. Cooper, ___ U.S.___, 132 S.Ct. 1376, 182 L. Ed. 398
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
5
3
4
5
(2012) and Missouri v. Frye, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 1399, 182 L. Ed. 379
(2012).
In Missouri v. Frye, 132 S.Ct. at 1408, the Supreme Court held that,
6
7
as a general rule, defense counsel has the duty to communicate formal offers
8
from the prosecution to accept a plea on terms and conditions that may be
9
favorable to the accused.
10
If such a formal offer was not communicated to a
defendant, and the offer thus lapsed, then “...defense counsel did not render
11
12
the effective assistance that the Constitution requires.” Id.; see Lafler v.
13
Cooper, 132 S.Ct. at 1390-91.
14
of counsel where a plea offer has lapsed or been rejected because of counsel’s
15
“To show prejudice from ineffective assistance
deficient performance, defendants must demonstrate a reasonable probability
16
17
they would have accepted the earlier plea offer had they been afforded
18
effective assistance of counsel. Missouri v. Frye, 132 S.Ct. at 1409.
19
defendants must also demonstrate “ . . a reasonable probability that the plea
20
would have been entered without the prosecution canceling it or the trial court
21
The
refusing to accept it . . .” Id.
22
23
Petitioner notes that had counsel followed petitioner’s intentions before
24
trial to accept the thirty years offered, this would certainly have avoided the
25
life sentence that he ultimately received. Petitioner imparts transcendental
26
meaning to the holdings of Lafler and Frye, and further stresses that either a
27
28
statutory or constitutional right that has been newly recognized can trigger a
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
6
3
4
5
renewed limitations period under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3), which I discuss
below.
6
7
Parties were deemed to have consented to disposition before a United
8
States magistrate judge and the court ordered the reference under the
9
authority of 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1) on May 17, 2013. (Docket No. 4).
10
The United States filed a response in opposition to the motion to vacate
11
12
on June 12, 2013. (Docket No. 8). The argument is terse. It states that since
13
this is a second or successive § 2255 motion, petitioner was required to obtain
14
a certificate of appealability from the court of appeals before proceeding in the
15
district court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A). Because that has not happened,
16
17
this court cannot exercise jurisdiction to entertain the motion to vacate. The
18
United States goes further and notes that even if permission to proceed had
19
been granted by the court of appeals, the petition would fail on the merits
20
since Lafler and Frye do not establish a new rule of constitutional law
21
concerning the right to effective assistance of counsel during the plea
22
23
bargaining process. Indeed, it argues, citing post-Lafler and Frye case law,
24
that both cases merely applied well-established principles announced in
25
Strickland v. Washington, supra. Nor is either case applied retroactively,
26
particularly since neither contains express language to that effect, and
27
28
furthermore because the relief sought was always available after Strickland and
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
7
3
4
5
therefore it was also available at the time the first section 2255 motion was
filed almost fourteen years ago.
A fortiori, the focal lens of the United States’
6
7
argument falls upon the defense of limitations. Indeed, the government limits
8
its entire argument to the lack of portent of the Lafler and Frye decisions and
9
to the defense of limitations.
10
II
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, a federal prisoner may move for post conviction
relief if:
the sentence was imposed in violation of the
Constitution or laws of the United States, or that the
court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence,
or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum
authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral
attack . . . .
28 U.S.C. § 2255(a); Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 426-27 n.3 (1962);
19
20
David v. United States, 134 F.3d 470, 474 (1st Cir. 1998). The burden is on
21
the petitioner to show his entitlement to relief under section 2255, David v.
22
United States, 134 F.3d at 474, including his entitlement to an evidentiary
23
hearing. Cody v. United States, 249 F.3d 47, 54 (1st Cir. 2001) (quoting
24
25
United States v. McGill, 11 F.3d 223, 225 (1st Cir. 1993)); Cintron-Boglio v.
26
United States,___F.Supp.2d___, 2013 WL 1876789 (May 6, 2013) at *3.
27
Petitioner has asked for an evidentiary hearing. Nevertheless, it has been held
28
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
8
3
4
5
that an evidentiary hearing is not necessary if the 2255 motion is inadequate
on its face or if, even though facially adequate, “is conclusively refuted as to
6
7
the alleged facts by the files and records of the case.” United States v. McGill,
8
11 F.3d at 226 (quoting Moran v. Hogan, 494 F.2d 1220, 1222 (1st Cir.
9
1974)). “In other words, a ‘§ 2255 motion may be denied without a hearing as
10
to those allegations which, if accepted as true, entitle the movant to no relief,
11
12
or which need not be accepted as true because they state conclusions instead
13
of facts, contradict the record, or are ‘inherently incredible.’” United States v.
14
McGill, 11 F.3d at 226 (quoting Shraiar v. United States, 736 F.2d 817, 818
15
(1st Cir. 1984)); Barreto-Rivera v. United States, 887 F. Supp.2d 347, 358
16
17
(D.P.R. 2012). In this case, the district court had determined that defense
18
counsel was ineffective, although it did not consider counsel ineffective in the
19
plea bargaining process which was not before its consideration. However,
20
what remain are legal issues that neither require nor invite an evidentiary
21
hearing.
22
23
24
25
26
A. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to . . . the
Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const. amend. 6. To establish a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner “must show that
27
28
counsel's performance was deficient,” and that the deficiency prejudiced the
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
9
3
4
5
petitioner. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687. “This inquiry involves a
two-part test.” Rosado v. Allen, 482 F. Supp. 2d 94, 101 (D. Mass. 2007).
6
7
“First, a defendant must show that, ‘in light of all the circumstances, the
8
identified acts or omissions were outside the wide range of professionally
9
competent assistance.’” Id. (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at
10
690.) “This evaluation of counsel's performance ‘demands a fairly tolerant
11
12
approach.’” Rosado v. Allen, 482 F. Supp. 2d at 101 (quoting Scarpa v.
13
DuBois, 38 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 1994)). “The court must apply the performance
14
standard ‘not in hindsight, but based on what the lawyer knew, or should have
15
known, at the time his tactical choices were made and implemented.’” Rosado
16
17
v. Allen, 482 F. Supp. 2d at 101 (quoting United States v. Natanel, 938 F.2d
18
302, 309 (1st Cir. 1991)). The test includes a “strong presumption that
19
counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
20
assistance.” Smullen v. United States, 94 F.3d 20, 23 (1st Cir. 1996) (quoting
21
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 689); Perocier-Morales v. United States,
22
23
887 F.Supp.2d 399, 416 (D.P.R. 2012). “Second, a defendant must establish
24
that prejudice resulted ‘in consequence of counsel's blunders,’ which entails ‘a
25
showing of a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional
26
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”’” Rosado v.
27
28
Allen, 482 F. Supp. 2d at 101 (quoting Scarpa v. DuBois, 38 F.3d at 8)
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
10
3
4
5
(quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 694); see Padilla v. Kentucky,
559 U.S. 356, 130 S. Ct. 1473, 1482 (2010) (quoting Strickland v.
6
7
Washington, 466 U.S. at 688): Argencourt v. United States, 78 F.3d 14, 16 (1st
8
Cir. 1996); Scarpa v. Dubois, 38 F.3d at 8; López-Nieves v. United States, 917
9
F.2d 645, 648 (1st Cir. 1990) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at
10
687); De-La-Cruz v. United States, 865 F.Supp.2d 156, 166 (D.P.R. 2012).
11
12
However, “[a]n error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable, does not
13
warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no
14
effect on the judgment.” Argencourt v. United States, 78 F.3d at 16 (quoting
15
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 691). Thus, “[c]ounsel's actions are to
16
17
be judged ‘in light of the whole record, including the facts of the case, the trial
18
transcript, the exhibits, and the applicable substantive law.’” Rosado v. Allen,
19
482 F. Supp. 2d at 101 (quoting Scarpa v. DuBois, 38 F.3d at 15). The
20
defendant bears the burden of proof for both elements of the test. Cirilo-
21
Muñoz v. United States, 404 F.3d at 530, (citing Scarpa v. DuBois, 38 F.3d at
22
23
8-9); Espinal-Gutierrez v. United States, 887 F.Supp.2d 361, 374 (D.P.R.
24
2012).
25
26
B. SECOND OR SUCCESSIVE 2255 MOTION
Congress has established strict limitations and requirements in order for
27
28
a federal convict to file a motion under section 2255 seeking a post-conviction
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
11
3
4
remedy. For example, in 1996 Congress amended section 2255, imposing
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
more restrictions upon petitioners seeking relief under such section. The last
paragraph of section 2255 now reads:
A second or successive motion must be certified
as provided in section 2244 by a panel of the
appropriate court of appeals to contain—
(1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and
viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be
sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence
that no reasonable factfinder would have found the
movant guilty of the offense; or
(2) a new rule of constitutional law, made
retroactive to cases on collateral review by the
Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.
15
16
17
Title 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h).
It is then settled that before submitting a second or successive petition
18
19
under section 2255, it is necessary to obtain the proper certification from the
20
court of appeals, pursuant to section 2244, “authorizing the district court to
21
consider the [section 2255] application.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A); In re
22
Goddard, 170 F.3d 435, 436 (4th Cir. 1999); see Cintron-Caraballo v. United
23
24
States, 865 F. Supp. 2d 191, 196-197 (D.P.R. 2012). Absent the proper
25
certification from the court of appeals, the district court is without jurisdiction
26
and therefore precluded from entertaining a section 2255 application. United
27
States v. Key, 205 F.3d 773, 774 (5th Cir. 2000); Coplin-Bratini v. United
28
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
12
3
4
States, 2009 WL 605758 (Mar. 9, 2009), citing Trenkler v. United States, 536
5
6
F.3d 85 (1st Cir. 2008).
If a circuit court, upon request, determines that there
7
is something unusual in a second or successive request to merit further
8
inquiry, it can grant the application and refer it to the district court. See e.g.
9
Moreno-Morales v. United States 334 F.3d 140, 145 (1st Cir. 2003); Rodriguez
10
11
12
v. Martinez, ___F.Supp.2d___, 2013 WL 1298023 (Jan. 30, 2013) at *11.
The present petition is clearly such a second or successive 2255 motion.
13
Since it is a successive petition, petitioner should have requested the
14
authorization of the court of appeals before filing the present petition in the
15
district court. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2244(b)(3)(A), 2255(h). See Munoz v. United
16
17
States, 331 F.3d 151, 153 (1st Cir. 2003).
18
court of appeals that the district court acquires jurisdiction to entertain second
19
or successive petitions under section 2255, the district court is precluded from
20
Since it is from the order of the
considering such petition absent the abovementioned authorization. Burton v.
21
22
23
24
25
Stewart, 549 U.S. 147, 154 (2007); United States v. Key, 205 F.3d at 774.
C. DISMISSAL vs. TRANSFER
While not considered by the parties, a silent issue is whether the petition
should be dismissed or transferred to the court of appeals to be considered in
26
27
28
such court as a request for authorization to file a second petition under section
2255. Various circuits have endorsed or mandated the practice of transferring
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
13
3
4
the case to the court of appeals under 28 U.S.C. § 1631, for the petition to be
5
6
considered in such forum as a request for authorization to file their section
7
2255 petition in the district court. In re Green, 215 F.3d 1195, 1196 (11th Cir.
8
2000); Haugh v. Booker, 210 F.3d 1147, 1150 (10th Cir. 2000); Corrao v.
9
United States, 152 F.3d 188, 190 (2nd Cir. 1998); In re Sims, 111 F.3d 45, 47
10
11
(6th Cir. 1997). The First Circuit Court of Appeals has endorsed the dismissal
12
without prejudice of a section 2255 petition that does not have the proper
13
certification of approval from the court of appeals. Pratt v. United States, 129
14
F.3d 54, 57 (1st Cir. 1997); Ellis v. United States, 446 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.
15
Mass. 2006).
Nevertheless, before dismissing such a petition for failure to
16
17
obtain the approval of the court of appeals, “a court is authorized to consider
18
the consequences of a transfer by taking ‘a peek at the merits’ to avoid raising
19
false hopes and wasting judicial resources that would result from transferring a
20
case which is clearly doomed.” Haugh v. Booker, 210 F.3d at 1150; Phillips v.
21
22
Seiter, 173 F.3d 609, 610-11 (7th Cir. 1999); see also Christianson v. Colt
23
Indus. Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 818 (1988)(discussing the authority to
24
transfer to a court of appeals under 28 U.S.C. § 1631); United States v.
25
Caribe-Garcia, 711 F.Supp. 2d 225, 227-228 (D.P.R. 2010). Since the petition
26
27
28
for relief is time-barred, it should be dismissed, not transferred, and does not
invite further discussion. Cf. 28 U.S.C. § 1631.
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
14
3
4
Title 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3) reads as follows:
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
(f) A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to a
motion under this section. The limitation period shall run from
the latest of...
...
(3) the date on which the right asserted was initially
recognized by the Supreme Court, if that right has been newly
recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively
applicable to cases on collateral review;
...
13
14
D. NEWLY RECOGNIZED RIGHT
15
Petitioner’s substantive argument relies on a “newly recognized right” as
16
arguably provided by Lafler v. Cooper and Frye v. Missouri, supra. A review of
17
recent circuit case law reveals tellingly that the majority of the circuit courts,
18
19
all that have considered the matter, have found that neither Supreme Court
20
decision announced such a “newly recognized right”.
21
States, 711 F.3d 315, 316 (2d Cir. 2013); Williams v. United States, 705 F.3d
22
293, 294 (8th Cir. 2013); In re King, 697 F.3d 1189 (5th Cir. 2012); Hare v.
23
24
25
26
27
28
Gallagher v. United
United States, 688 F.3d 878-80 (7th Cir. 2012); Buenrostro v. United States,
697 F.3d 1137-40 (9th Cir. 2012); In Re Graham, 714 F.3d 1181, 1182-83
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
15
3
4
(10th Cir. 2013); In re Perez, 930, 932-34 (11th Cir. 2012)1. Petitioner relies
5
6
generally on the principles of Strickland. Clearly, Frye and Lafler are
7
refinements of Strickland v. Washington and Hill v. Lockhart,2 both of which
8
ring a death knell to the “newly recognized right” argument. And even
9
assuming Frye and Cooper announced “a new rule of constitutional law”,
10
11
neither case contains any express language as to retroactivity. Gallagher v.
12
United States, 711 F.3d at 316.
13
run.
14
Conclusively, the statute of limitation has well
III
15
CONCLUSION
16
17
There are at least three reasons why the petition must be dismissed:
18
1) this is a second or successive 2255 motion, and therefore this court
19
lacks subject matter jurisdiction to entertain it.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
1
Most of these cases are compiled in Lebron-Cepeda v. United States, 2013
WL 2252952 (May 22, 2013) at *2; Hestle v. United States, 2013 WL 1147712
(E.D. Mich., Mar. 19, 2013).
2
See Gallagher v. United States, 711 F.3d at 315-16; Williams v. United
States, ___F.Supp.2d___, ___, 2013 WL239839 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 2013) at *5;
Perocier-Morales v. United States, 887 F. Supp. 2d at 407; cf. United States v.
Martinez, 2013 WL 951277 (D.Mass. Mar. 8, 2013) at *3.
1
2
CIVIL 13-1235 (JA)
(CRIMINAL 94-274 (DRD))
16
3
4
2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on
5
6
collateral review by the Supreme Court,3 that was previously unavailable, has
7
not been presented to this court, (a court which lacks subject matter
8
jurisdiction), for its consideration.
9
3) the successive motion to vacate sentence is time-barred.
10
11
Final judgment having been entered in a first 2255 motion, this court
12
lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a second or successive 2255 motion.
13
Therefore, the motion to vacate, set aside or correct sentence is denied
14
without evidentiary hearing, and this action is dismissed. The Clerk is directed
15
to enter judgment accordingly.
16
17
At San Juan, Puerto Rico, this 8th day of July, 2013
18
19
S/JUSTO ARENAS
United States Magistrate Judge
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
3
See 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (h)(2), previously § 2255 ¶ 8.
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?