Gelabert-Molina v. Flores-Lozada et al
Filing
14
OPINION AND ORDER DENYING Plaintiff's 10 Motion to Dismiss counterclaim. Signed by Judge Jay A. Garcia-Gregory on 07/20/2018. (ALP)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
ELSIE GELABERT MOLINA,
Plaintiff,
v.
CIVIL NO. 17-2139 (JAG)
JOSE A. FLORES, et al.,
Defendants.
OPINION AND ORDER
GARCIA-GREGORY, D.J.
Plaintiff Elsie Gelabert Molina (“Ms. Molina”) brings forth a tort action for negligence
against co-Defendant José A. Flores Lozada (“Mr. Flores”), co-Defendant Sor A. Rodriguez Ramos
(“Ms. Rodriguez”) and co-Defendant Cooperativa de Seguros Múnicipales (“CSM”) (collectively
as “Defendants”) alleging that Mr. Flores caused a car accident involving Ms. Molina in violation
of P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 31, § 5298.1 Docket Nos. 1, 4. CSM responded and filed a counterclaim
alleging that Ms. Molina is liable to CSM for the sum disbursed in relation to the car accident.
Docket No. 9. Pending before the Court is Ms. Molina’s Motion to Dismiss CSM’s counterclaim,
Docket No. 10, and CSM’s Opposition, Docket No. 12.
For the reasons stated below, Ms. Molina’s Motion to Dismiss CSM’s counterclaim is
DENIED.
The Court notes that Ms. Molina also brought suit against: Jane Doe, Richard Doe, Insurance Company ABC,
Company XYZ, John Foe and Jane Roe. Docket No.4.
1
CIVIL NO. 17-2139 (JAG)
2
BACKGROUND2
On September 4, 2016, Ms. Molina and Mr. Flores were involved in a car accident. Docket
No. 9 at 11. According to CSM, Ms. Molina invaded Mr. Flores’ lane and impacted the front left
side of the vehicle he was driving. Id. After impacting the vehicle Mr. Flores was driving, Ms.
Molina’s vehicle made a 180 degree turn and impacted another vehicle. Id. The vehicle Mr. Flores
was driving belonged to Ms. Rodriguez. Id. Ms. Rodriguez filed a claim with CSM, her insurance,
for the damage done to her car. Id. As a result of the claim under the policy, CSM had to pay Ms.
Rodriguez approximately $25,000 for the damages sustained to her vehicle. Id. at 12.
On August 28, 2017, Ms. Molina filed a Complaint against Defendants alleging the collision
resulted from Mr. Flores’ negligence.3 Docket Nos. 1, 4. Ms. Molina states she was driving her car
when Mr. Flores, driving on the opposite direction, invaded her lane and collided with the frontleft side of her vehicle. Docket No. 4 at 2-3. According to Ms. Molina she had to get medical
treatment and suffered damages in excess of $250,000. Id. at 4-5. On December 26, 2017, CSM
answered the Complaint and counterclaimed alleging it was Ms. Molina who crossed the lane and
collided with Mr. Flores’s vehicle. Docket No. 9 at 4.
On January 18, 2018, Ms. Molina moved to dismiss CSM’s counterclaim alleging the
counterclaim is barred by the statute of limitations. Docket No. 10 at 3. CSM opposed the motion
on January 26, 2018. Docket No. 12.
The Court borrows these facts from CSM’s counterclaim, Docket No. 9, and accepts as true all non-conclusory
allegations therein. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (noting that “a court must accept as true all of the
allegations contained in a complaint [except as] to legal conclusions.”).
2
3
On August 29, 2017, Ms. Molina filed a First Amended Complaint. Docket No. 4.
CIVIL NO. 17-2139 (JAG)
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STANDARD OF REVIEW
A defendant may move to dismiss an action for failure to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive dismissal under this standard, a
complaint must allege “a plausible entitlement to relief.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557
(2007). According to Twombly, the complaint must state enough facts to “nudge [the plaintiff’s]
claims across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Id. at 570. Therefore, to preclude dismissal
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), the complaint must rest on factual allegations sufficient “to
raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. at 555.
At the motion to dismiss stage, courts accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true
and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Grajales v. P.R. Ports Auth., 682 F.3d 40, 44
(1st Cir. 2012). Thus, the plaintiff bears the burden of stating factual allegations regarding each
element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable theory. Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851
F.2d 513, 515 (1st Cir. 1988). The First Circuit has cautioned against confounding the plausibility
standard with the likelihood of success on the merits, explaining that the plausibility standard
assumes “pleaded facts to be true and read in a plaintiff's favor.” Sepúlveda-Villarini v. Dep't of Educ. of
P.R., 628 F.3d 25, 30 (1st Cir. 2010) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). Even taking plaintiff’s wellpleaded allegations as true, however, courts need not address complaints supported only by “bald
assertions, unsupportable conclusions, periphrastic circumlocutions, and the like.” Aulson v.
Blanchard, 83 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1996). Likewise, unadorned factual statements as to the elements of
the cause of action are insufficient. Penalbert-Rosa v. Fortuno-Burset, 631 F.3d 592, 595 (1st Cir. 2011).
“Specific information, even if not in the form of admissible evidence, would likely be enough at
[the motion to dismiss] stage; pure speculation is not.” Id. at 596.
CIVIL NO. 17-2139 (JAG)
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ANALYSIS
Ms. Molina argues that CSM’s counterclaim should be dismissed because it is time-barred.
Docket No. 10 at 3. The Court disagrees.
In diversity cases, federal courts apply the law of the jurisdiction they are sitting in. See
Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99, 118 (1945); Alejandro-Ortiz v. P.R. Elec. Power Auth., 756 F.3d 23,
26-27 (1st Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). In Puerto Rico, tort actions carry a one-year limitations
period from “the time the aggrieved person had knowledge thereof.” P.R. Laws ann. tit. 31, § 5298.
A plaintiff will be deemed to have knowledge once he or she has notice of the injury and notice of
the individual(s) who caused the injury. Alejandro-Ortiz, 756 F.3d at 27 (citing Colón Prieto v. Geigel,
15 P.R. Offic. Trans. 313, 330-31 (1984)). The one-year limitation period can be interrupted (1) by
the institution of an action before the courts, (2) “by extrajudicial claim of the creditor, and [(3)]
by any act of acknowledgment of the debt by the debtor.” P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 31, § 5303; RodríguezGarcía v. Municipality of Caguas, 354 F.3d 91, 97 (1st Cir. 2004). “[O]nce the period of limitations is
interrupted through any of the ways available under Puerto Rico law and the tolling ends, the
statute of limitations begins to run anew.” Bryan v. Wal-Mart P.R., Inc., 951 F. Supp. 2d 236, 240
(D.P.R. 2013) (citations omitted); Santiago v. American Airlines, Inc., 840 F. Supp. 2d 500, 503 (1st Cir.
2012) (stating that “once the statute of limitation has been tolled it will begin to run anew.”).
This Court has previously found that the filing of a suit tolls the statute of limitations for
compulsory claims, but not permissive claims. Bonilla v. Trebol Motors Corp., 913 F. Supp. 655, 660
(D.P.R. 1995) (citations omitted); see Lopez-Gonzalez v. Municipality of Comerio, 404 F.3d 548, 552 (1st
Cir. 2005) (noting that under Puerto Rico law the institution of an action in court interrupts the
limitation period). A counterclaim is compulsory if the claim “arises out of the transaction or
CIVIL NO. 17-2139 (JAG)
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occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(a). When
determining whether a counterclaim arises out of the same transaction, courts look at “whether
the claims arose from a common nucleus of operative fact.” Global NAPs, Inc. v. Verizon New England
Inc., 603 F.3d 71, 88 (1st Cir. 2010) (internal quotations marks and citations omitted); see Iglesias v.
Mutual Life Ins. Co. of N.Y., 156 F.3d 237, 242 (1st Cir. 1998) (stating that a claim arose out of the same
transaction because “the same factual and legal issues are involved.” (citations omitted)).
Here, CSM’s counterclaim is compulsory. Ms. Molina’s claim arises out of a car crash that
happened on September 4, 2016. Docket No. 4 at 3-4. As a result of the crash and alleged
negligence by Mr. Flores, Ms. Molina states she suffered severe injuries and accrued damages in
excess of $250,000. Id. at 4-5. Likewise, CSM’s counterclaim arises out of the same car crash on
September 4, 2016. Docket No. 9 at 10-12. CSM alleges that as a result of Ms. Molina’s negligence,
CSM paid (under its policy) a sum of approximately $25,000 to Ms. Rodriguez, the owner of the
car, for the damages sustained to her vehicle. Id. at 12. CSM, as the vehicle’s insurer, seeks to
recover the claim paid to Ms. Rodriguez in relation to the accident that happened between Ms.
Molina and Mr. Flores. Id. Since the issues of fact and law raised by the Complaint and
counterclaim arise from the same transaction, CSM’s counterclaim is compulsory. Thus, the
tolling rule applicable to compulsory counterclaims applies to CSM’s counterclaim.
As CSM’s counterclaim is compulsory, it was timely filed. Pursuant to Puerto Rico law,
the statute of limitation for a compulsory counterclaim based on a tort action is one-year after the
initial complaint is filed. Bryan, 951 F. Supp. 2d at 240. Here, because Ms. Molina filed the
Complaint on August 28, 2017, Docket No. 1, CSM had until August 28, 2018, to file its
counterclaim. CSM filed its counterclaim on December 26, 2017. Docket No. 9. Thus, the Court
finds that CSM’s counterclaim is timely.
CIVIL NO. 17-2139 (JAG)
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A decision to the contrary would create an incentive for gamesmanship between litigants.
For example, if the statute of limitations was not tolled for compulsory claims, litigants would be
enticed to wait until the end of the limitation period to file, knowing that any counterclaim that
the opposing party could have would be barred. See Otero-Torres v. Collazo-Rivera, 2010 WL 3087481
at *2 (D.P.R. 2010) (citing Febo Ortega v. Tribunal Supremo, 2 P.R. Offic. Trans. 506 (1974) (noting
that “[s]hould the filing of a complaint not toll the period for both parties, plaintiffs could take
advantage of this situation by waiting until the end of the limitations period to file.”).
Accordingly, CSM’s counterclaim was timely filed.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby DENIES Ms. Molina’s Motion to Dismiss
CSM’s counterclaim.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
In San Juan, Puerto Rico, this Friday, July 20, 2018.
s/ Jay A. Garcia-Gregory
JAY A. GARCIA-GREGORY
United States District Judge
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