Hireguru LLC v. McKay et al
Filing
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ORDER AND OPINION granting 11 Motion to Remand to State Court. Clerk's Notice: Attorneys are responsible for supplementing the State Record with all documents filed in Federal Court. Signed by Honorable Margaret B Seymour on 8/31/2016.(mdea )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF SOUTH CAROLINA
COLUMBIA DIVISION
Hireguru, LLC,
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) C/A No. 3:16-cv-01669-MBS
Plaintiff,
)
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vs.
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ORDER AND OPINION
Julius Walker McKay, Jr.;
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McKay Consulting Group, LLC; and
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Sean Rankin,
)
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Defendants.
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____________________________________)
This matter is before the court on a motion for remand brought by Plaintiff Hireguru, LLC
(“Plaintiff”). ECF No. 11. Defendants Julius Walker McKay, Jr.; McKay Consulting Group, LLC;
and Sean Rankin (“Defendants”) have filed a memorandum in opposition to Plaintiff’s motion. ECF
No. 17.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff commenced this action on April 21, 2016 in the Court of Common Pleas for the
Fifth Judicial Circuit, Richland County, alleging that Defendants conspired to access and use
proprietary information from Plaintiff’s website, accessible at www.hireguru.com and
www.inervue.net. ECF No. 1-1. Plaintiff requested injunctive relief and asserted the following state
law causes of action: civil conspiracy, fraud, and breach of terms and conditions. Id. On May 24,
2016, Defendants removed the action to this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1338(a). ECF
No. 1. In their notice of removal, Defendants alleged that some or all of Plaintiff’s state law causes
of action were preempted by the Copyright Act of 1976, codified at 17 U.S.C. §§ 101, et seq.
(“Copyright Act”). On June 17, 2016, Plaintiff filed the instant motion to remand. ECF No. 11.
Defendants filed a response in opposition on July 5, 2016. ECF No. 17. Plaintiff filed a reply on July
15, 2016.
DISCUSSION
In its motion for remand, Plaintiff argues that Defendants have failed to meet their burden
in seeking removal under the doctrine of complete preemption. ECF No. 11 at 3. “[A]ny civil action
brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction,
may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the district court of the United States for the
district and division embracing the place where such action is pending.” 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). In
order to determine if an action arises under federal law, the court must apply the well-pleaded
complaint rule. See Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987). This rule provides that
“federal jurisdiction exists only when a federal question is presented on the face of the plaintiff's
properly pleaded complaint.” Id. A plaintiff “may avoid federal jurisdiction by exclusive reliance on
state law” in pleading its case. Id.
However, there is an “independent corollary” to the well-pleaded complaint rule, which is
known as the complete preemption doctrine. Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 393. Under this doctrine, a
defendant may argue federal preemption as a defense to a federal suit; and in certain instances, the
force of the preemptive statute may be “so extraordinary that it converts an ordinary state
common-law complaint into one stating a federal claim for purposes of the well-pleaded complaint
rule.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). A complaint purporting to raise only state law claims may
be deemed to “aris[e] under the . . . laws . . . of the United States” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and
be deemed removable to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b). In their notice of removal
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and subsequent memorandum, Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s claims are subject to the doctrine
of complete preemption. ECF Nos. 1 and 17.
The Fourth Circuit has addressed the doctrine of complete preemption as it relates to the
Copyright Act. In Rosciszewski v. Arete Associates, Inc., 1 F.3d 225, 229 (4th Cir. 1993), the Fourth
Circuit noted that the aim of the Act is to provide for the protection of “original works of authorship
fixed in [a] tangible medium of expression,” including “compilations and derivative works.” 17
U.S.C. §§ 102 and 103. Section 106 then enumerates the specific rights a copyright owner possesses
in exclusivity: (1) reproduce the copyrighted work; (2) prepare derivative works; (3) distribute
copies of the work by sale or otherwise; and, with respect to certain artistic works, (4) perform the
work publicly; and (5) display the work publicly. Rosciszewski, 1 F.3d at 229.
Next, the Fourth Circuit examined the portion of the Act providing for federal preemption:
[A]ll legal or equitable rights that are equivalent to any of the exclusive rights within
the general scope of copyright as specified by section 106 [of the Copyright Act] in
works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible medium of expression and come
within the subject matter of copyright as specified by sections 102 and 103 . . . are
governed exclusively by this title.
17 U.S.C. § 301. In examining the language of § 301, the Fourth Circuit established a two-prong
inquiry to aid courts in identifying whether state law claims are preempted: (1) the work is within
the scope of the “subject matter of copyright,” as specified in §§ 102 and 103; and (2) the rights
granted under state law are equivalent to any exclusive rights within the scope of federal copyright
as specified in § 106. Rosciszewski, 1 F.3d at 229.
Defendants assert that Plaintiff’s state law claims meet both prongs of the Rosciszewski
inquiry and are therefore preempted. Under the first prong, Defendants look to the “original works
of authorship” language of § 102. Defendants appear to characterize Plaintiff’s “ computer program
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and/or software” as original works of authorship, rendering them subject matters of copyright. ECF
No. 17 at 5. Plaintiff does not dispute that its “proprietary ideas and trade secrets” do not qualify as
original works of authorship.
Plaintiff does, however, argue that the second prong of Rosciszewski has not been met.
According to Plaintiff, the terms and conditions to which Defendants agreed,1 offer protections “well
beyond what is offered by the Copyright Act.” ECF No. 18 at 3. For example, Plaintiff highlights
language in its terms and conditions that prohibits users from “reverse enginer[ing] . . . any part of
the Website, Service or Content or any parts thereof.” ECF No. 11 at 4 n.3. However, under the
Copyright Act, reverse engineering has been deemed “fair use” and is not afforded protection. Atari
Games Corp. v. Nintendo of Am. Inc., 975 F.2d 832, 843 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (“[R]everse engineering
object code to discern the unprotectable ideas in a computer program is a fair use.”). From this,
Plaintiff argues that the terms and conditions on its website offer protections in excess of those
offered by the Copyright Act. Therefore, Plaintiff concludes, a breach of contract action seeking to
enforce those terms and conditions is broader than, and thus not equivalent to, a copyright
infringement cause of action.
Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim is not “qualitatively different from
a copyright infringement claim,” and thus preemption must occur. ECF No. 17 at 12 (citing
Rosciszewski, 1 F.3d at 229-30). Defendants rely on U.S. ex rel. Berge v. Bd. of Tr. of the Univ. of
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It appears that Defendants clicked or affirmed the terms and conditions on Plaintiff’s
website during the registration process. Complaint, ECF No. 1-1 ¶ 41. Courts have
recognized these “clickwrap agreements” as valid, enforceable contracts. See Kraft Real
Estate Investments, LLC v. HomeAway.com, Inc., No. 4:08-CV-3788, 2012 WL 220271, at
*7 (D.S.C. Jan. 24, 2012) (citing A.V. v. iParadigms, L.L.C., 544 F. Supp. 2d 473, 480 (E.D.
Va. 2008), rev'd in part on other grounds by A.V. ex rel. Vanderhye v. iParadigms, LLC,
562 F.3d 630 (4th Cir. 2009).
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Alabama, 104 F.3d 1453, 1463 (4th Cir. 1997), wherein the court stated that the second prong of
Rosciszewski will be satisfied unless there is an “extra element” to the state law claim. Under this
precedent, Defendants assert that Plaintiff’s state law claims have offered no such element.
However, Defendants do not address Plaintiff’s discussion of reverse engineering. Defendants fail
to address the “extra element” asserted by Plaintiff and instead surmise that Plaintiff’s breach of
contract claim is “substantively identical.” ECF No. 17 at 16. The court is unpersuaded by
Defendants’ argument and finds that Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim seeks to enforce an element
unavailable under the Copyright Act. The court agrees with Plaintiff and finds that the second prong
of Rosciszewski has not been met.
As for Plaintiff’s fraud cause of action, the court holds that it is not preempted by the
Copyright Act. While Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s allegation of fraud is essentially a backdoor
challenge to copyright infringement, courts have distinguished fraud from copyright infringement
and found no preemption. See Integrative Nutrition, Inc. v. Acad. of Healing Nutrition, 476 F. Supp.
2d 291, 298 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (“Therefore, the fraud claim contains, at the very least, the additional
element of intentional deception, which renders it qualitatively different from a claim for copyright
infringement.”) (internal quotations omitted).
Next, the court holds that Plaintiff’s civil conspiracy cause of action is not preempted by the
Copyright Act. Defendants rely on language from the Fourth Circuit stating that “the additional
elements required to prove conspiracy to infringe copyrights are not sufficient to escape the
Copyright Act's ambit of preemption.” See Tire Eng'g & Distribution, LLC v. Shandong Linglong
Rubber Co., 682 F.3d 292, 311 (4th Cir. 2012). However, the case upon which Defendants rely
involved both a civil conspiracy claim and a copyright infringement claim. Plaintiff brings no such
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copyright infringement claim, and as discussed above, the court will not construe its breach of
contract claim as such. Furthermore, courts have distinguished claims of civil conspiracy and found
no preemption when the underlying tort is something other than copyright infringement. See Xpel
Techs. Corp. v. Am. Filter Film Distribs., 2008 WL 3540345 at *8, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60893
at *24 (W.D.Tex. Aug. 11, 2008) (holding that civil conspiracy claim was not preempted with
respect to the underlying torts of fraud and misrepresentation).
CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, the court holds that Plaintiff’s state law claims are not completely
preempted by the Copyright Act, and thus removal is not proper. Given that the court does not have
original jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s claims, the court also declines to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Plaintiff’s motion to remand is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/ Margaret B. Seymour
MARGARET B. SEYMOUR
Senior United States District Court Judge
August 31, 2016
Columbia, South Carolina
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