Career Counseling, Inc. v. Amerifactors Financial Group, LLC et al

Filing 229

ORDER denying [ECF No. 197] Plaintiff's Motion to Certify Class, and denying as moot Plaintiff's Motion to Appoint Class Counsel and Motion to Appoint Class Representative. [Id.] Signed by Honorable J Michelle Childs on 07/16/2021.(vdou, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF SOUTH CAROLINA
COLUMBIA DIVISION
Career Counseling, Inc. d/b/a Snelling
Staffing Services, a South Carolina
corporation, individually and as the
representative of a class of similarly
situated persons,

)
)
)
)
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
v.
)
)
Amerifactors Financial Group, LLC,
)
and John Does 1–5,
)
)
Defendants.
)
___________________________________ )

Civil Action No.: 3:16-cv-03013-JMC

ORDER AND OPINION

Plaintiff Career Counseling, Inc. d/b/a Snelling Staffing Services, on behalf of itself and
all others similarly situated, filed the instant putative class action seeking damages and injunctive
relief from Defendants Amerifactors Financial Group, LLC (“AFGL”) and John Does 1–5
(collectively “Defendants”) for alleged violations of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act
(“TCPA”) of 1991, as amended by the Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005 (“JFPA”), 47 U.S.C. §
227, and the regulations promulgated under the TCPA by the United States Federal
Communications Commission (“FCC”). (ECF No. 70.)
This matter is before the court on Career Counseling’s Motion for Class Certification,
Motion to Appoint Class Counsel, and Motion to Appoint Class Representative pursuant to Rule
23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (ECF No. 197). Specifically, Career Counseling
“requests that the [c]ourt certify [it]s proposed Class A, or, in the alternative, Class B, pursuant to
Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(3), appoint [Career Counseling] the class representative, and appoint
[it]s counsel as class counsel pursuant to Rule 23(g).” (ECF No. 197 at 3.) AFGL opposes the
Motions arguing that Career Counseling “fails to meet its burden to establish predominance or that
1

its proposed class is ascertainable, as required under both Rule 23 and Fourth Circuit law” and
“cannot demonstrate that it is an adequate or typical class representative, or that its proposed class
counsel can meet their duty to the proposed class.” (ECF No. 206 at 9, 10.) For the reasons set
forth below, the court DENIES Career Counseling’s Motion for Class Certification, and DENIES
AS MOOT its Motion to Appoint Class Counsel and Motion to Appoint Class Representative.
(ECF No. 197.)
I.
A.

RELEVANT BACKGROUND TO PENDING MOTIONS

The TCPA and the JFPA
The TCPA prohibits the faxing of unsolicited advertisements without “prior express

invitation or permission” from the recipient. S. Rep. No. 102-178, at 12. Congress’ primary
purpose in passing the TCPA was to protect the privacy interests of residential telephone
subscribers and the public from bearing the cost of unwanted advertising. Id. at 1; S. Rep. No.
109-76, at 3. Congress was expressly concerned because “[j]unk faxes create costs for consumers
(paper and toner) and disrupt their fax operations.” GAO@100, Telecommunications: Weaknesses
in Procedures and Performance Management Hinder Junk Fax Enforcement, https://www.gao.go
v/products/gao-06-425 (last visited July 15, 2021).
In 1992, the FCC released its interpretation of the TCPA, which established an exception
for unsolicited advertisement faxes (“junk faxes”) between parties with an established business
relationship (“EBR”). S. Rep. No. 109-76, at 2. The FCC relied on this interpretation until 2003,
when it reevaluated and created a stricter standard for junk faxes. Id. at 3. Under this new standard,
junk faxes could only be sent with prior express permission in the form of written consent from
the receiver, and an EBR (which initially had no specified limit) could only be relied upon by the
sender for eighteen (18) months after a purchase and three (3) months after an initial inquiry. Id.

2

at 4–5.
After this change, many petitions from businesses requested that the FCC return to its
previous interpretation of the TCPA, citing efficiency purposes and the enormous cost of
compliance with the new interpretation. Id. at 4. This caused the FCC to order a stay on these
new rules until 2005. Id.
In response, Congress passed the JFPA in 2005, codifying the EBR exception to the ban
on unsolicited advertising faxes, allowing those with a business relationship to bypass the written
consent rule. S. Rep. No. 109-76, at 1. The JFPA also requires that senders of junk faxes provide
notice of a recipient’s ability to opt out of receiving any future faxes containing unsolicited
advertisements.1 Id.
As a result of the foregoing, the JFPA expressly prohibits the faxing of unsolicited
advertisements. 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C). The JFPA defines “unsolicited advertisement” as “any
material advertising the commercial availability or quality of any property, goods, or services
which is transmitted to any person without that person’s prior express invitation or permission, in
writing or otherwise.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(5). The JFPA creates a private right of action for a
person or entity to sue a fax sender that sends an unsolicited advertisement and allows recovery of
1

Testimony in the JFPA legislative history outlined concerns about the prior written consent
requirement from the FCC. For example, National Association of Realtors Broker Dave Feeken
testified that not only would a written consent requirement be costly and time-consuming for
businesses, but it would also go against the legislative intent of the TCPA, as both the House and
the Senate considered and rejected an express written consent requirement for calls and faxes.
Junk Fax Bill: Hearing on S. 714 Before Comm. on S. Commerce, Sci., & Tourism, 109th Cong.
(2005) (Test. of Dave Feeken, 2005 WL 853591 (Apr. 13, 2005)). News-Register Publishing
Company President Jon E. Bladine pointed out that the signed consent leaves open the threat of
litigation for every small business. Id. (Test. of Jon Bladine, 2005 WL 853593 (Apr. 13, 2005).)
Bladine explained that fax numbers change, sometimes people misfile forms, and
miscommunications between companies happen. Id. Not only that, but companies could use a fax
in bad faith to sue another company, hoping they do not have the requisite consent form. Id. “[I]f
we’ve messed up that time,” he asks, “will we pay, even though we know – and the recipient in all
honesty knows – the issue isn’t about the fax at all?” Id.
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either actual monetary loss or $500.00 in damages, whichever is greater, for each violation. Id. at
§ 227(b)(3).
B.

The Parties
Career Counseling is an employment staffing agency, which acts as a middleman between

employers and prospective workers. (ECF No. 197-7 at 4/27:6–13.2) AFGL is an accounts
receivable financing firm that engages in factoring. (ECF No. 206-2 at 74/4:17–19.) Factoring is
a process in which AFGL purchases a business’s accounts receivable of unpaid invoices for a
discounted price with the intention of collecting the full value of the unpaid invoices at a later date.
(ECF No. 206-2 at 74/4:17–23; ECF No. 197-4 at 4/6:12–7:4.) In June of 2016, AFGL became
interested in marketing by fax and, as a result, contracted with AdMax, a fax marketer. (ECF No.
197-4 at 4/7:5–25.)
On or about June 28, 2016, Career Counseling received the following unsolicited fax:

2

The parties filed on the electronic docket condensed transcripts with 4 pages of testimony on
each page. For citation purposes, the number before the slash is the ECF page number and the
number after the slash is the transcript page number.
4

(ECF Nos. 70 at 3 ¶ 13, 70-1 at 2.) Career Counseling asserts that similar unsolicited faxes were
sent by or on behalf of AFGL to 58,945 other recipients. (E.g., ECF No. 197-13 at 15 ¶¶ 43, 44.)
On September 2, 2016, Career Counseling filed a putative Class Action Complaint in this
court alleging violation of the TCPA. (ECF No. 1 at 8 ¶ 27–13 ¶ 36.) On October 28, 2016, AFGL
filed a Motion to Dismiss. (ECF No. 29.) After the parties responded and replied to the Motion
to Dismiss (ECF Nos. 43, 47), the court entered an Order that granted AFGL’s Motion to Dismiss
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) and dismissed the Class Action Complaint without prejudice. (ECF No.
61 at 10.) After receiving leave from the court (see ECF No. 67), Career Counseling filed a First
Amended Class Action Complaint on November 28, 2017, alleging revised class claims for
violation of the TCPA. (See ECF No. 70.) AFGL then filed a Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 72)
on December 21, 2017, and a Motion to Stay Litigation Pending Resolution of Petition Before the
FCC (ECF No. 76) on February 2, 2018.3 On September 28, 2018, the court granted the stay, but
denied the Motion to Dismiss with leave to refile. (ECF No. 88.) The court subsequently extended
the stay twice. (ECF Nos. 92, 96.)
In response to the petition by AFGL asking the FCC “to clarify that faxes sent to ‘online
fax services’ are not faxes sent to ‘telephone facsimile machines,’” the Consumer and Government
Affairs Bureau4 (“CGAB”) issued a declaratory ruling on December 9, 2019, finding that an online
fax service that receives faxes “sent as email over the Internet” is not protected by the TCPA. See
3

AFGL hoped to stay the matter until (1) the court ruled on the pending Motion to Dismiss and
(2) the FCC took final agency action on AFGL’s pending petition for declaratory relief. (ECF No.
76 at 1.)
4
“The Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCC’s consumer
policies and serves as the agency’s connection to the American consumer.” FCC, https://www.fc
c.gov/consumer-governmental-affairs (last visited June 25, 2021).
The Consumer and
Governmental Affairs Bureau “serve[s] as the public face of the commission through outreach and
education, as well as through our consumer center, which is responsible for responding to
consumer inquiries and complaints.” Id. at https://www.fcc.gov/general/consumer-and-governme
ntal-affairs-bureau (last visited June 25, 2021).
5

Amerifactors Fin. Grp., LLC, CG Docket Nos. 02-278, 05-338, DA 19-1247, 2019 WL 6712128
(CGAB Dec. 9, 2019) (Pet. for Expedited Declaratory Ruling). Specifically, the CGAB found in
relevant part:
By this declaratory ruling, we make clear that an online fax service that effectively
receives faxes ‘sent as an email over the internet’ and is not itself ‘equipment which
has the capacity . . . to transcribe text or images (or both) from an electronic signal
received over a regular telephone line onto paper’ is not a ‘telephone facsimile
machine’ and thus falls outside the scope of the statutory prohibition.
Amerifactors Fin. Grp., LLC, 2019 WL 6712128, at *1.
The court lifted the stay on January 8, 2020, but stayed the case again on April 16, 2020,
after being informed by AFGL that it had sent a Notice of Constitutional Challenge (ECF No. 120)
to the Attorney General of the United States pursuant to Rule 5.1(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure drawing into question the constitutionality of the TCPA, as amended by the JFPA. On
May 18, 2020, the Government filed a response to AFGL’s Notice of Constitutional Challenge
asserting that “intervention [wa]s premature prior to Defendants’ filing[] a motion to dismiss on
constitutional grounds.” (ECF No. 126 at 2.)
On July 15, 2020, AFGL filed a Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint
pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). (ECF No. 137.) After considering the parties extensive
briefing (see ECF Nos. 139, 147, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170), the court denied AFGL’s Motion to
Dismiss on December 22, 2020. (ECF No. 171.) Thereafter, AFGL answered the Amended
Complaint and the parties engaged in extensive discovery regarding the extent to which the
facsimile at issue was sent to the putative class.
On March 16, 2021, Career Counseling filed the instant Rule 23 Motions. (ECF No. 197.)
On April 15, 2021, AFGL filed a Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Motion for Class
Certification, to which Career Counseling filed a Reply in Support of Its Motion for Class
Certification on April 30, 2021. (ECF Nos. 206, 211.) The court heard argument from the parties
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as to their respective positions at a hearing on May 19, 2021. (ECF No. 217.)
II.

JURISDICTION

This court has jurisdiction over Career Counseling’s claim alleging violation of the TCPA
via 28 U.S.C. § 1331, as it arises under the laws of the United States, and also via 47 U.S.C. §
227(b)(3), which empowers actions under the TCPA “in an appropriate court of th[e] State . . . .”
Id. See also Mims v. Arrow Fin. Servs., LLC, 565 U.S. 368, 386–87 (2012) (“Nothing in the text,
structure, purpose, or legislative history of the TCPA calls for displacement of the federal-question
jurisdiction U.S. district courts ordinarily have under 28 U.S.C. § 1331.”).
III.
A.

LEGAL STANDARD

Class Certification
Rule 23(a) provides that certification is only proper if: “(1) the class is so numerous that

joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;
(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the
class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). In addition to the foregoing requirements, the United States Court of Appeals
for the Fourth Circuit has held that a class cannot be certified if the class members are not
identifiable or ascertainable, stating “. . . Rule 23 contains an implicit threshold requirement that
the members of a proposed class be ‘readily identifiable.’” EQT Prod. Co. v. Adair, 764 F.3d 347,
358 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Hammond v. Powell, 462 F.2d 1053, 1055 (4th Cir. 1972)); see also
Krakauer v. Dish Network, LLC, 925 F.3d 643, 655 (4th Cir. 2019) (“Under this principle,
sometimes called ‘ascertainability,’ ‘a class cannot be certified unless a court can readily identify
the class members in reference to objective criteria.’” (quoting EQT Prod. Co., 764 F.3d at 358)).
Once the Rule 23(a) prerequisites are met, the proposed class must still satisfy one (1) of

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three (3) additional requirements for certification under Rule 23(b). See EQT Prod. Co., 764 F.3d
at 357 (quoting Gunnells v. Healthplan Servs., Inc., 348 F.3d 417, 423 (4th Cir. 2003)). Career
Counseling seeks certification under Rule 23(b)(3); therefore, it must show that “questions of law
or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual
members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods of fairly and efficiently
adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b) (emphasis added). “The predominance
requirement is similar to but ‘more stringent’ than the commonality requirement of Rule 23(a).”
Thorn v. Jefferson-Pilot Life Ins. Co., 445 F.3d 311, 319 (4th Cir. 2006) (citing Lienhart v. Dryvit
Sys., 255 F.3d 138, 146 n.4 (4th Cir. 2001)).
A party must produce enough evidence to demonstrate that class certification is in fact
warranted. See Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 350 (2011). If one of the
requirements necessary for class certification is not met, the effort to certify a class must fail. See
Clark v. Experian Information Solutions, Inc., 2001 WL 1946329, at *4 (D.S.C. March 19, 2001)
(citing Harriston v. Chicago Tribune Co., 992 F.2d 697, 205 (7th Cir. 1993)). The court must go
beyond the pleadings, take a “‘close look’ at relevant matters,” conduct “a ‘rigorous analysis’ of
such matters,” and make “‘findings’ that the requirements of Rule 23 have been satisfied.” See
Gariety v. Grant Thornton, LLP, 368 F.3d 356, 365 (4th Cir. 2004) (internal and external citations
omitted). While the court should not “include consideration of whether the proposed class is likely
to prevail ultimately on the merits,” id. at 366 (citing Eisen v. Carlisle and Jacquelin, 417 U.S.
156, 177–78 (1974)), “sometimes it may be necessary for the district court to probe behind the
pleadings before coming to rest on the certification question.” Id. (citing Gen. Tel. Co. of the
Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 160 (1982)).

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B.

Appointment of Class Representative
“[A] class representative must be part of the class and ‘possess the same interest and suffer

the same injury’ as the class members.” E. Tex. Motor Freight v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S. 395, 403
(1977) (quoting Schlesinger v. Reservists Comm. to Stop the War, 418 U.S. 208, 216 (1974)). To
accomplish this task, the court should appoint as class representative the person or persons who
are “most capable of adequately representing the interests of class members.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u4(a)(3)(B)(i). See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4) (class representative must be one who can “fairly
and adequately protect the interests of the class”).
C.

Appointment of Class Counsel
Rule 23 provides that “[u]nless a statute provides otherwise, a court that certifies a class

must appoint class counsel.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g)(1). “In appointing class counsel, the court:
(A) must consider: (i) the work counsel has done in identifying or investigating
potential claims in the action; (ii) counsel’s experience in handling class actions,
other complex litigation, and the types of claims asserted in the action; (iii)
counsel’s knowledge of the applicable law; and (iv) the resources that counsel will
commit to representing the class; (B) may consider any other matter pertinent to
counsel’s ability to fairly and adequately represent the interests of the class; (C)
may order potential class counsel to provide information on any subject pertinent
to the appointment and to propose terms for attorney’s fees and nontaxable costs;
(D) may include in the appointing order provisions about the award of attorney’s
fees or nontaxable costs under Rule 23(h); and (E) may make further orders in
connection with the appointment.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g)(1). Additionally, “[c]lass counsel must fairly and adequately represent the
interests of the class.” Id. at 23(g)(4).
IV.
A.

ANALYSIS

The Parties’ Arguments
1. Motion for Class Certification
Pursuant to Rules 23(a) and 23(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Career

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Counseling moves the court to certify the following proposed class:
All persons or entities who were successfully sent a fax, on or about June 24 and
28, 2016, stating: “AmeriFactors—Funding Is Our Business,” and “AmeriFactors
is ready to help your company with your financing needs.”
(ECF No. 197 at 1.) In the alternative, “if the [c]ourt finds it necessary to distinguish between
faxes received on a ‘stand-alone’ fax machine versus faxes received via an ‘online fax service,’”
Career Counseling moves for certification of a class defined as follows:
All persons or entities who were successfully sent a fax to their stand-alone fax
machine, on or about June 24 and 28, 2016, stating: “Amerifactors—Funding Is
Our Business,” and “Amerifactors is ready to help your company with your
financing needs.”
(Id. at 2.)
In support of its Motion, Career Counseling asserts that it satisfies Rule 23(a)’s criteria
because (1) fax logs demonstrate that AFGL successfully sent faxes; (2) there are six (6) questions
that are common to all class member’s claims5;(3) its claims are identical and based on the same
legal theory as the other class members; and (4) it is an adequate class representative because it
“has done everything it believes necessary to protect the class” and “[t]here has been no showing
of either an actual or potential conflict between Plaintiff and the members of the proposed Classes.”
(ECF No. 197-1 at 18–20.) Career Counseling further asserts that this case satisfies one (1) of
Rule 23(b)’s categories because common questions regarding AFGL’s transmission of an
unsolicited fax advertisement predominate over any individual issues and caselaw clearly supports
that proposition that a class action is “a superior method of adjudicating mass TCPA violations.”

5

Career Counseling specified that the six (6) questions are as follows: “whether the fax is an
advertisement, whether AFGL is the sender, whether AFGL can prove its affirmative defenses of
‘prior express invitation or permission’ or ‘established business relationship,’ whether the fax was
sent from a telephone facsimile machine, computer, or other device, to telephone facsimile
machines, whether the Amerifactors and Ryerson Orders are entitled to Skidmore deference, and
whether those Orders can be applied retroactively, can all be resolved at once with common
evidence.” (ECF No. 197-1 at 19.)
10

(Id. at 22 (citing Sandusky Wellness Ctr., LLC v. MedTox Sci., Inc., 821 F.3d 992, 998 (8th Cir.
2016) (“[C]lass certification is normal” in TCPA cases “because the main questions, such as
whether a given fax is an advertisement, are common to all recipients.”)).) In this regard, Career
Counseling asserts that “class members have little economic incentive to sue individually, given
that each class member would be limited to $500 to $1,500 per fax, and the TCPA does not provide
for shifting of attorney fees.” (Id. at 23.)
AFGL argues that class treatment is inappropriate because in order “[t]o determine whether
each Fax recipient received the Fax on a ‘telephone facsimile machine,’ as required by the TCPA,”
the court will “have to conduct an individualized inquiry into the type of equipment on which the
recipient received the Fax.” (ECF No. 206 at 41.) AFGL asserts that fax logs do not “show which
faxes were sent to an online or email-based facsimile service versus which faxes were sent to a
traditional fax machine.” (Id. (citing ECF No. 206-2 at 117 ¶ 53).) AFGL argues this inquiry “will
overwhelm any other purportedly common issues.” (Id. at 42.) Moreover, “individualized
inquiries are required to determine the manner in which a recipient received the Fax.” (Id. at 45.)
In addition to the foregoing, AFGL argues that Career Counseling’s Motion for
Certification should be denied because the court lacks both general jurisdiction and/or personal
jurisdiction over AFGL because it is a non-resident of South Carolina and there is no connection
between the putative class members’ claims and forum. (Id. at 47.)
2. Motion to Appoint Class Representative
Career Counseling contends that it “should be appointed class representative, as it has no
conflicts and will actively and adequately prosecute this action.” (ECF No. 197 at 2.)
AFGL opposes the appointment of Career Counseling as class representative. AFGL
argues that Career Counseling is an inadequate representative because its actions during discovery

11

demonstrate that it lacks knowledge about the case and is a pawn for its counsel. (See ECF No.
206 at 21–24.) To this point, AFGL asserts that Career Counseling’s “corporate representative
repeatedly referred to legal counsel in response to questions about the most basic aspects of this
litigation, including the discovery investigation, settlement negotiations and its obligations as class
representative.” (Id. at 24 (citing, e.g., Physicians Healthsource Inc. v. Allscripts Health Sols. Inc.,
254 F. Supp. 3d 1007, 1023 (N.D. Ill. 2017) (“A plaintiff who seeks to be the class representative
cannot simply shift its duties to class counsel.”)).) AFGL further asserts that Career Counseling’s
appointment to class representative could negatively affect any class recovery because Career
Counseling “is a repeat TCPA plaintiff and has trolled for TCPA violations in the fax context –
admitting that it provided at least 100 faxes to its counsel for review” while not attempting “to opt
out of receiving any further faxes.” (Id. at 25.) Finally, AFGL argues that Career Counseling
should not be appointed class representative because its claims are “not typical because it received
the Fax on a traditional fax machine, unlike numerous other class members.” (Id. at 26.)
3. Motion to Appoint Class Counsel
Career Counseling asserts that “the law firms of McGowan, Hood & Felder, and Anderson
+ Wanca, are highly experienced in class-action litigation and, in particular, TCPA class-action
litigation, and should be appointed class counsel under Rule 23(g).” (ECF No. 197 at 2.)
AFGL opposes the appointment of Career Counseling’s attorneys as class counsel. More
specifically, AFGL argues that the law firm of Anderson and Wanca is inadequate under Rule
23(g) because it has previously been found to have engaged in ethical impropriety by recording
telephone conversations in violation of state law. (ECF No. 206 at 20, 27 (citing ECF No. 2063).) AFGL next asserts that Anderson and Wanca has a conflict with one (1) putative class
member, American HomePatient, Inc. (“AHI”), because the firm has brought a TCPA claim

12

against AHI in another case. (Id. at 20 (citing Presswood, D.C., P.C. v. Am. HomePatient, Inc.,
No. 4:17-cv-01977-SNLJ, ECF No. 1-1 (E.D. Mo. July 14, 2017)).) Finally, AFGL argues that
Career Counseling’s attorneys throughout the litigation of this matter have demonstrated an
inability to efficiently handle class-based discovery. (Id. at 28.)
4. Relevance of the CGAB’s Ruling
The parties expressly disagree regarding the relevance of the CGAB’s declaratory ruling.
Career Counseling appears to contend that the court’s December 22, 2020 Order makes the
declaratory ruling inapposite. (See ECF No. 197-1 at 25.) However, even if this is not the case,
Career Counseling asserts that the CGAB’s declaratory ruling is an interpretive ruling and under
Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944), and Fourth Circuit law is “entitled to respect
only to the extent it has the power to persuade.” (Id. at 27 (quoting Carlton & Harris Chiropractic,
Inc. v. PDR Network, LLC, 982 F.3d 258, 264 (4th Cir. 2020)).) Ultimately, Career Counseling
asserts that the CGAB’s declaratory ruling has “no power to persuade and [is] entitled to no
deference.” (Id.)
AFGL counters arguing that the court is bound to defer to the CGAB’s ruling pursuant to
the Hobbs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2342, and, alternatively, should accept the ruling and defer to it as
required by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). (ECF No.
206 at 30.) However, even if the court agrees with Career Counseling that the declaratory ruling
is only entitled to Skidmore deference, AFGL argues that the CGAB’s ruling is persuasive because
it (1) came from the expert at interpreting the TCPA, (2) gives appropriate meaning to the TCPA’s
statutory language, and (3) “is consistent with both prior and later pronouncements.” (Id. at 35.)

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B.

The Court’s Review
1. Relevance of the CGAB’s Ruling
On December 9, 2019, the CGAB issued a declaratory ruling effectively finding that faxes

sent to ‘online fax services’ are not faxes sent to ‘telephone facsimile machines.’”

See

Amerifactors Fin. Grp., 2019 WL 6712128. The court observes that the parties’ instant class
certification dispute requires it to first consider whether the CGAB’s ruling is entitled to Hobbs
Act deference.6 To this point, “[i]f the Hobbs Act applies, a district court must afford FCC final
orders deference and may only consider whether the alleged action violates FCC rules or
regulations.” Murphy v. DCI Biologicals Orlando, LLC, 797 F.3d 1302, 1307 (11th Cir. 2015).
The Hobbs Act is applicable if a ruling is (1) of the FCC, (2) final, and (3) legislative instead of
interpretive. PDR Network, LLC v. Carlton & Harris Chiropractic, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 2051, 2055–
56 (2019) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2342(1)).
As to the first element, the court finds that the CGAB’s ruling is of the FCC. The CGAB
is a bureau that “acts for the [Federal Communications] Commission under delegated authority”
in matters of “adjudication and rulemaking.” 47 C.F.R. § 0.141. The Fourth Circuit has clarified
that “[w]hen a federal agency delegates its decision-making authority to a subdivision and
Congress has expressly permitted such delegation by statute, the decision of the subdivision is
entitled to the same degree of deference as if it were made by the agency itself.” MCImetro Access
6

The Hobbs Act states that the court of appeals has “exclusive jurisdiction to enjoin, set aside,
suspend (in whole or in part), or to determine the validity of . . . all final orders of the Federal
Communications Commission” made reviewable by 47 U.S.C. § 402(a). See 28 U.S.C. § 2342.
47 U.S.C. § 402(a) explains that any “proceeding to enjoin, set aside, annul, or suspend any order
of the Commission” may be brought under the manner prescribed in 28 U.S.C. § 158 except for
those listed in 28 U.S.C. § 402(b). 28 U.S.C. § 402(b) further lays out a list of exceptions to this
rule whereby decisions from the Commission may be appealed directly to the Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia, but none of those exceptions apply in this case. Therefore, the district
courts are required to comply with such orders unless the order is reversed by the FCC or otherwise
adjudicated by the court of appeals.
14

Transmission Servs. Inc. v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 352 F.3d 872, 880 (4th Cir. 2003). The
appropriate authority has been delegated to the CGAB both by the FCC and by Congress in statute.
See 47 C.F.R. § 0.141. Therefore, the CGAB acts as a delegated authority under the FCC, and any
order from the CGAB should be treated as if it were from the FCC.
Next, the court observes that the CGAB’s ruling is legislative, instead of interpretive. A
legislative order is issued “by an agency pursuant to statutory authority” and has “force and effect
of law” behind it. PDR Network, 139 S. Ct. at 2055. An interpretive ruling, on the other hand,
does not have the force and effect of law as it merely “advis[es] the public of the agency’s
construction of the statutes and rules which it administers.” Id. To become a legislative rule with
the full force and effect of law, a rule must also go through the three step “notice-and-comment
rulemaking” process under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553. Perez v. Mortg.
Bankers Ass'n, 575 U.S. 92, 96 (2015). This process requires the agency making the legislative
rule to (1) issue a “[g]eneral notice of proposed rule making,” (2) give interested parties the
opportunity to participate in the rule making by submitting written data and arguments, and (3)
include “a concise general statement of [its] basis and purpose” in the text of the final rule. Id. at
96.
The FCC has statutory authority to “promulgate binding legal rules” to carry out the
Communications Act of 1934 (which includes the TCPA). See Nat’l Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n
v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 980–81 (2006). That authority was delegated to the
CGAB by the FCC and Congress. As for three (3) step notice and comment rulemaking procedure,
there does not seem to be disagreement between the parties on steps two (2) and three (3). To
fulfill step two, the CGAB issued a public notice seeking comment on the AFGL’s petition for
declaratory ruling under the TCPA. (See ECF No. 98-1 at 7.) Several entities and individuals filed

15

their comments about the AFGL’s petition, including Career Counseling, its proposed expert
witness, and three (3) others opposing AFGL’s petition. Id. (See ECF No. 206 at 23.) To fulfill
step three (3), the CGAB wrote an introduction to the declaratory ruling, outlining their purposes
of answering AFGL’s petition and clarifying the language of the TCPA. (See ECF No. 98-1 at 13.)
The parties, however, disagree on whether the CGAB issued a general notice of proposed
rulemaking to fulfill step one (1). Career Counseling argues that the CGAB’s public notice for
comment on the AFGL’s petition “does not even come close to meeting the APA requirements”
and that “no rule was ever published in the Federal Register or codified in the FCC’s regulations.”
(ECF No. 211 at 17.) While the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553, generally requires
a notice of proposed rulemaking be published in the Federal Register, it makes an exception when
“persons subject [to the proposed rule] . . . are either personally served or otherwise have actual
notice thereof in accordance with law.” See id. This “actual notice” must include (1) the time,
place, and nature of public rule making proceedings, (2) reference to the legal authority under
which the rule is proposed, and (3) the terms of the proposed rule or a description of the subjects
and issues involved. Id. The public notice issued by the CGAB includes all of these requirements.
See Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau Seeks Comment on Amerifactors Fin. Grp., LLC
Petition for Expedited Declaratory Ruling Under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991,
CG Docket Nos. 02-278, 05-338, Public Notice, 32 FCC Rcd 5667 (2017). Therefore, the public
notice did not need to be published in the Federal Register to meet the APA requirements. See 5
U.S.C. § 553. Additionally, Career Counseling filed a comment against AFGL’s petition in
response to the public notice, meaning that Career Counseling did have knowledge of the
proceedings and a chance to submit their opinion for consideration. (ECF No. 98-1 at 7.) This

16

means that the CGAB did fulfill step one (1) of the notice and comment process, adequately giving
public notice to all parties. Therefore, because the CGAB’s declaratory ruling was issued by “an
agency pursuant to statutory authority” and has “force and effect of law” from completing the three
(3) step notice and comment rulemaking process, the ruling is legislative and not interpretive.7
PDR Network, 139 S. Ct. at 2055.8
Lastly, the court finds that the CGAB’s declaratory ruling is final. Under 47 C.F.R. §
1.102(1), non-hearing or interlocutory actions “taken pursuant to delegated authority” will be
“effective upon release of the document containing the full text of such action” unless the
designating authority orders otherwise.

Id.

Career Counseling has filed a petition for

reconsideration of the CGAB’s declaratory ruling (see ECF No. 139-2), and the FCC has the
discretion to “stay the effect of its action pending disposition of the petition for reconsideration.”
47 C.F.R. § 1.102(2). Even though the FCC has the authority to stay the CGAB’s ruling, it has
not yet done so and neither has Career Counseling specifically requested a stay on the ruling while
the appeal is being processed. Therefore, it stands to reason that under 47 C.F.R. § 1.102(1), the
CGAB’s ruling is in effect until the FCC says otherwise in response to an appeal.9
7

Career Counseling’s arguments about deference under Skidmore assume that the CGAB’s ruling
is interpretive and not legislative. (See ECF 197-1 at 19–20). As the court finds that the ruling is
legislative, this analysis does not apply.
8
Career Counseling points out that the United States Supreme Court ruled in PDR Network that a
different FCC ruling was interpretive instead of legislative. However, in that case, both parties
conceded that the rule was interpretive, negating the need for extensive analysis. Additionally, the
Supreme Court in PDR Network relied heavily on the absence of a notice and comment period,
whereas the rule in question in this case followed a much different process and did have a notice
and comment period initiated by a public notice for comment on the issue. Therefore, the ruling
that the relevant sections of the FCC rule was interpretive in PDR Network does not contradict the
legislative status of the CGAB’s ruling in this case.
9
Career Counseling argues that because a bureau decision must be appealed to the FCC before it
can be appealed in the courts, citing 47 U.S.C. § 155(c)(7), and that this is a condition precedent
for judicial review under the Hobbs Act, the order is not final. (See ECF No. 211 at 17.) However,
there is no legal precedent to suggest this concern outweighs the clearly defined statutory process.
See 47 U.S.C. § 155.
17

As a result of the foregoing, the court is required to find that the CGAB’s declaratory ruling
is entitled to Hobbs Act deference. If there is a putative class in this case, it will not have class
members who received a fax from AFGL by means of an online fax service.
2. Motion for Class Certification
a. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a)
Upon consideration, the court is persuaded that Career Counseling satisfies Rule 23(a)’s
enumerated requirements of “numerosity,” “commonality,” “typicality,” and “adequacy.” See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). More specifically, the court observes that numerosity is satisfied because
there are an estimated 20,989 members in the alternative Class B, who allegedly received faxes
to their stand-alone fax machines in violation of the TCPA, as amended by the JFPA. (ECF No.
197-10 at 5 ¶ 13.) Plainly, such a large number makes joinder impracticable.
Second, commonality is satisfied because this factor of Rule 23(a) “requires the plaintiff
to demonstrate that the putative class members ‘have suffered the same injury.’” Thomas v. FTS
USA, LLC, 312 F.R.D. 407, 417 (E.D. Va. 2016) (citation omitted). The court is persuaded that
Career Counseling’s general claim regarding its receipt of an unsolicited fax to a stand-alone fax
machine is not different from the claims of the absent class members.
Third, typicality, which is similar to commonality, is satisfied here because Career
Counseling and the putative class have an interest in prevailing in similar legal claims. Nolan v.
Reliant Equity Partners, LLC, 08-cv-062, 2009 WL 2461008, at *3 (N.D. W. Va. Aug. 10, 2009).
All class members, including Career Counseling, must eventually establish that they received
unsolicited faxes from AFGL to a stand-alone fax machine.
Fourth, adequacy of representation is satisfied here. Despite AFGL’s protestations to the
contrary, Career Counseling appears to be capable of fairly and adequately representing the

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interests of the putative class members who received a fax to a stand-alone fax machine.
However, implicit within Rule 23 is the “requirement that the members of a proposed class
be ‘readily identifiable.’” Krakauer, 925 F.3d at 655 (quoting EQT Prod. Co., 764 F.3d at 358).
In other words, members of a class must be ascertainable. This does not mean every member of
the class needs to be identified at the time of certification; rather, that there must be a
“administratively feasible [way] for the court to determine whether a particular individual is a
member” at some point. Id. at 658. The burden is on the plaintiff as the party moving to certify
the class.
In this case, Career Counseling must prove that a class of all persons or entities who were
successfully sent the fax in question to a stand-alone fax machine is ascertainable. (ECF No. 1971 at 1.) To accomplish this task, Career Counseling started with the 58,944 numbers to which the
fax in question was sent. (Id at 5.) From there, Career Counseling issued subpoenas to Local
Number Portability Administrator of the Number Portability Administrative Center to identify all
phone carriers for all phone numbers on the list. (ECF No. 197-10 at 1.) Next, they used the
responses to subpoena each identified phone carrier to determine whether the subscriber of each
phone number was utilizing “online fax services” on the date of the faxing.10 (Id.) Based on the
replies to their subpoenas, Career Counseling asserts the following:
1. As of March 16, 2021, 20,989 numbers on the original list of numbers that were
sent a fax were not provided an online fax service from their phone carrier (id. at
4); and
2. As of March 16, 2021, 206 numbers on the original list of numbers that were sent
a fax were provided an online fax service from their phone carrier. (Id.)

10

The phone carrier subpoenas asked two questions of the phone carriers about each number. First,
did the carrier provide an online fax service to that telephone number. Second, can the carrier
provide the names and addresses for each number. (See ECF No. 197-10.) 
19

In this regard, Career Counseling argues that at least 20,000 numbers were not using an online fax
service from their phone carrier at the time the faxes were sent “and thus received the Fax on a
stand[-]alone fax machine.” (ECF No. 211 at 22.) Therefore, according to Career Counseling, the
alternative Class B of at least 20,989 members is ascertainable.
In Sandusky Wellness Ctr., LLC v. ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc., 863 F.3d 460, 471 (6th
Cir. 2017), the Sixth Circuit opined that “where fax logs11 have existed listing each successful
recipient by fax number, . . . such a ‘record in fact demonstrates that the fax numbers are objective
data satisfying the ascertainability requirement.’” Id. (quoting Am. Copper & Brass, Inc. v. Lake
City Indus. Prods., Inc., 757 F.3d 540, 545 (6th Cir. 2014)). Referencing Sandusky and its progeny,
Career Counseling asserts that its proposed Class B is ascertainable because it presented fax logs
in support of its Motion for Class Certification containing “the list of the names, addresses, and
fax numbers” to the “stand-alone fax machine recipients.”12 (ECF No. 197-1 at 24–25.) The
following are exemplars of the fax logs relied on by Career Counseling:

11

For a document to operate as a fax log, it should provide “the date, time, number of pages,
destination fax number, and whether the transmission was successful.” FaxAuthority, What is a
Fax Log?, https://faxauthority.com/glossary/fax-log/ (last visited July 13, 2021).
12
There does not appear to be an on point Fourth Circuit opinion as to this issue. This court is not
convinced that the Fourth Circuit would agree with the Sixth Circuit’s position that a fax log fulfills
the ascertainability requirement. Ascertainability in the Sixth Circuit is an implied requirement
for Rule 23(b)(3) classes (see Sandusky, 863 F.3d at 466) while ascertainability in the Fourth
Circuit is a threshold requirement of all Rule 23 classes. See EQT Prod. Co., 764 F.3d 347 at 358.
To this point, the Fifth Circuit has found that even with a fax log, the individual inquiry into each
recipient on the list made class certification inappropriate. See Gene And Gene LLC v. BioPay
LLC, 541 F.3d 318, 327 (5th Cir. 2008).
20

21

(See ECF No. 199.) Career Counseling argues that these fax logs are objective data of successful,

completed fax transmissions thereby satisfying the ascertainability element for class certification.
(ECF No. 197-1 at 25.)
In contrast to the aforementioned, AFGL presents several Declarations to demonstrate that
Career Counseling’s proposed Class B does not satisfy the ascertainability requirement. In the
first such Declaration, attorney Whitney M. Smith asserts there are 4,000 numbers in Class B that
are associated with Verizon as the telephone carrier and Verizon “does not have information
available to allow it to determine whether the customer associated with the telephone numbers
used the number with a fax . . . service.” (ECF No. 206-1 at 3 ¶ 10.) In the Second Declaration of
Tammy Deloach, a paralegal at Charter Communications Operating, Inc. observes that 1,291 of
the phone numbers in the fax log belong to subscribers of Charter and it “is unable to determine
whether a VOIP number assigned to a customer account is utilized for voice calls or fax
transmissions . . . . cannot determine whether a VOIP subscriber used another provider’s online
fax service product . . . . [and] does not have a mechanism by which it can identify how a subscriber
is using its voice service, including whether a subscriber procured online fax service from a third
party or was using a stand-alone fax machine or any other technology to receive faxes.” (ECF No.
225-1 at 2–3 ¶ 9.) Finally, in the Declaration of Lisa Likely, the Director for AT&T Corp. states
that 12,874 of the numbers on the fax log belong to AT&T subscribers and AT&T cannot identify
whether the subscriber used “a stand-alone fax machine or any other technology to receive faxes”
or “confirm whether a subscriber received . . . a fax or used a fax machine.” (ECF No. 226-1 at 3
¶¶ 14, 15.)
To certify Career Counseling’s proposed Class B, the court must find that the
ascertainability requirement is established by a preponderance of the evidence. E.g., E&G, Inc. v.

22

Mount Vernon Mills, Inc., C/A No. 6:17-cv-318-TMC, 2019 WL 4034951, at *3 (D.S.C. Aug. 22,
2019) (“A plaintiff bears the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that class
certification is appropriate under Rule 23.” (citing Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338,
350-351 (2011))). More specifically, the fax logs must convey that the fax was successfully
received by the recipient. Sandusky Wellness Ctr., LLC v. ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc., 2016
WL 75535, at * (N.D. Ohio Jan. 7, 2016) (“[O]nly persons to whom faxes were ‘successfully sent’
are proper claimants under the TCPA.” (citing Imhoff Inv., LLC v. Alfoccino, Inc., 792 F.3d 627,
632–34 (6th Cir. 2015); Am. Copper, 757 F.3d at 545))).
In the Fourth Circuit, class certification is inappropriate when “class members are
impossible to identify without extensive and individualized fact-finding” as it needs to be
administratively feasible for the court to determine which individuals are members of the class.
EQT Prod. Co., 764 F.3d at 358. In considering the totality of evidence presented by the parties,
the court is not persuaded that a predominance of the evidence supports finding that a fax
designated as successfully sent on Career Counseling’s fax logs reached a stand-alone fax
machine.13 More specifically, if the purpose of TCPA/JFPA is to address a consumer’s loss of
paper and toner, the aforementioned fax logs are deficient because they do not show that a device
using toner and paper received the successfully sent fax. The court finds that it would need to
make an individualized inquiry of each class member to determine if the fax number identified in
the fax log actually was linked to a stand-alone fax machine on June 28, 2016.

Because such

individualized inquiries are necessary to ascertain the class, Class B is not ascertainable, and class

The Sixth Circuit also explained in Lyngaas that fax logs which showed receipt of the fax were
enough to meet the ascertainability requirement because the court could determine which
individuals received the fax. Lyngaas v. Ag, 992 F.3d 412, 430 (6th Cir. 2021).
13

23

certification is inappropriate. Accordingly, the court finds that Career Counseling cannot satisfy
all of the requirements of Rule 23(a).
B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3)
Because Career Counseling cannot satisfy all of Rule 23(a)’s requirements, consideration
of whether it meets Rule 23(b)’s requirements of predominance and superiority is futile.
3. Motion to Appoint Career Counseling Class Representative
Because the court did not certify a putative class, Career Counseling’s pending Motion to
Appoint It Class Counsel is now moot.
4. Motion to Appoint Class Counsel
As a result of its decision to deny the Motion for Class Certification, the court finds the
Career Counseling’s Motion to Appoint Class Counsel is moot.
V.

CONCLUSION

Upon careful consideration of the entire record and the parties’ arguments, the court hereby
DENIES Plaintiff Career Counseling, Inc.’s Motion for Class Certification (ECF No. 197).
Further, the court DENIES AS MOOT Career Counseling, Inc.’s Motion to Appoint Class
Counsel and Motion to Appoint Class Representative. (Id.)
IT IS SO ORDERED.

United States District Judge
July 16, 2021
Columbia, South Carolina

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