Burrows v. General Motors Company

Filing 34

OPINION AND ORDER: Defendant General Motors Company's Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 4 ) for lack of personal jurisdiction is GRANTED. The claims against Defendant General Motors Company are DISMISSED. The court further o rders that Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint (ECF No. 29 ) is GRANTED as to Plaintiff's request to add General Motors LLC as a defendant to this action, but declines to accept the proposed amended complaint as attached to the motion. Instead, Plaintiff may amend his complaint in a manner consistent with this order. Such, amended complaint must be filed within fourteen (14) days of this order. The Clerk is directed to add General Motors LLC as a party to this action. If Plaintiff fails to file the amended complaint within the time set forth in this order, this action may be subject to dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). Plaintiff shall undertake prompt and diligent effort to serve the new defendant along with a copy of this order and to file proof of service promptly as required. Signed by Honorable Mary G Lewis on 7/31/2013.(prou, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF SOUTH CAROLINA
FLORENCE DIVISION
Victoria F. Burrows as Personal
Representative for the Estate of Allen Ray
Floyd,

) Civil Action No.: 4:12-cv-02823
)
)
)
Plaintiff, )
OPINION AND ORDER
)
v.
)
)
General Motors Company,
)
)
Defendant. )
__________________________________
Before this court is Defendant General Motors Company’s (“Defendant”) Motion to
Dismiss (ECF No. 4) Plaintiff’s causes of action asserted against it pursuant to Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) on the basis that this court has no personal jurisdiction
over Defendant. Defendant submits a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings in the
alternative pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) on the basis that the strict
liability and negligence and/or reckless conduct claims asserted by Victoria F. Burrows as
Personal Representative for the Estate of Allen Ray Floyd (“Plaintiff”) are barred by the
applicable statute of limitations. Also before this court is Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend
Complaint brought pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a). For the reasons set
forth herein, this court grants Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and also grants Plaintiff’s
Motion to Amend Complaint.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff filed this action on July 5, 2012, in the Court of Common Pleas for Horry
County, South Carolina. (ECF No. 1-1.)

Defendant removed this case to the United

States District Court for the District of South Carolina, Florence Division, on the basis that

this court has original subject matter jurisdiction over the action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§
1332 and 1441, et seq. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff is a citizen and resident of Greenville County,
South Carolina. (ECF No. 1-1 at 4.) Defendant is a corporation organized and existing
pursuant to the laws of the State of Delaware, with its principal place of business in the
State of Michigan. (ECF No. 1 at 1.) In her complaint, Plaintiff seeks damages on state law
claims of strict liability, breach of warranty, and negligent and/or reckless conduct related
to an automobile accident involving a 2006 Chevrolet Cobalt that occurred on July 3, 2009
in Horry County, South Carolina. (ECF No. 1-1.) Plaintiff seeks compensatory, exemplary,
and special damages, in addition to attorney’s fees and costs. (ECF No. 1-1 at 13.) Plaintiff
did not move to remand. On October 5, 2012, Defendant filed its Motion to Dismiss, or in
the Alternative, Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. (ECF No. 4.) On December 12,
2012, Plaintiff moved, with Defendant’s consent, for a stay of the scheduling order for
health reasons and also sought additional time to respond to the Motion to Dismiss. (ECF
No. 15.) On June 7, 2013, Plaintiff moved, with the consent of Defendant, for an extension
of time to respond to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 4), stating that Plaintiff’s
counsel was back in his office and able to file a response. Plaintiff was granted an
extension of time until June 30, 2013. (ECF No. 26.) Having received no response as of
June 30, 2013, the court directed Plaintiff to respond by July 11, 2013. (ECF No. 27.) The
court is now in receipt of Plaintiff’s response and the Motion is now ripe for review.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Upon a defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff
has the burden of showing that jurisdiction exists. See In re Celotex Corp., 124 F.3d 619,
628 (4th Cir.1997); Carefirst of Md., Inc. v. Carefirst Pregnancy Ctrs., Inc., 334 F.3d 390,
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396 (4th Cir.2003). Generally, when a district court decides a pre-trial motion to dismiss
for lack of personal jurisdiction without holding an evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff need only
make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction and the court is to construe the
pleadings, affidavits and other supporting documents presented to the court in the light
most favorable to plaintiff by assuming credibility and drawing all inferences and resolving
all factual disputes in the plaintiff's favor. See Masselli & Lane, PC v. Miller & Schuh, PA,
No. 99-2440, 2000 WL 691100, at *1 (4th Cir. May 30, 2000) (unpublished opinion); Mylan
Labs., Inc., v. Akzo, N.V., 2 F.3d 56, 60 (4th Cir. 1993); Combs v. Bakker, 886 F.2d 673,
676 (4th Cir. 1989). In doing so, however, the court need not “‘credit conclusory allegations
or draw farfetched inferences.’” Masselli, 2000 WL 691100, at *1 (quoting
Ticketmaster-New York, Inc. v. Alioto, 26 F.3d 201, 203 (1st Cir. 1994)). In ruling on a
motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the court may consider evidence outside
the pleadings, such as affidavits and other evidentiary materials, without converting the
motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. Magic Toyota, Inc. v. Southeast
Toyota Distributors, Inc., 784 F. Supp. 306, 310 (D.S.C. 1992).
I.

Minimum Contacts

In determining whether personal jurisdiction exists over a non-resident defendant,
the court must perform a two-step analysis. The court must first determine whether the
South Carolina (forum state) long-arm statute provides a basis for asserting jurisdiction
over the defendant. See Young v. FDIC, 103 F.3d 1180, 1191 (4th Cir.1997). Then, the
court must determine that the exercise of personal jurisdiction does not violate the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Anita’s
New Mexico Style Mexican Food, Inc. v. Anita’s Mexican Foods Corp., 201 F.3d 314, 317
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(4th Cir. 2000). South Carolina’s long-arm statute has been construed to extend to the
outer limits allowed by the Due Process Clause. Foster v. Arletty 3 Sarl, 278 F.3d 409, 414
(4th Cir. 2002). Thus, the dual jurisdictional requirements collapse into a single inquiry as
to whether the defendant has “certain minimum contacts” with the forum, such that
“maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice.’” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (internal citations
omitted).
The analytical framework for determining whether minimum contacts exist differs
according to which species of personal jurisdiction—general or specific—is alleged. See
generally ESAB Group v. Centricut, 126 F.3d 617, 623–24 (4th Cir.1997). When a cause
of action arises out of a defendant’s contacts with the forum, a court may seek to exercise
specific jurisdiction over that defendant if it purposefully directs activities toward the forum
state and the litigation results from alleged injuries that arise out of or relate to those
activities. See Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414
(1984). When the cause of action does not arise out of the defendant’s contacts with the
forum, however, general jurisdiction may be exercised upon a showing that the defendant’s
contacts are of a “continuous and systematic” nature. Id. at 415-416.
II.

Fair Play and Substantial Justice

After addressing the defendant’s contacts as set forth above, the court is to then
consider whether the exercise of jurisdiction “would comport with ‘fair play and substantial
justice’” Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476 (1985) (citing Int’l Shoe Co.,
326 U.S. at 320). In determining whether the exercise of jurisdiction comports with fair play
and substantial justice, the court evaluates the following factors: 1) the burden on the
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defendant; 2) the forum State’s interest in adjudicating the dispute; 3) the plaintiff’s interest
in obtaining convenient and effective relief; 4) the interstate judicial system’s interest in
obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies; and 5) the shared interest of the
several States in furthering fundamental substantive social policies. Christian Science Bd.
of Dirs. of the First Church of Christ, Scientist v. Nolan, 259 F.3d 209, 217 (4th Cir.2001)
(quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 477)).
ARGUMENT/ANALYSIS
I. Personal Jurisdictional Analysis.
Defendant asserts that this court lacks personal jurisdiction over the company and
that Plaintiff’s complaint should be dismissed. As a separate legal basis for dismissing
Plaintiff’s claims, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s state law claims of strict liability and
negligent and/or reckless conduct are barred by the statute of limitations under South
Carolina law. (ECF No. 4-1 at 2.) Defendant submitted the Declaration of Anne T. Larin
(“Declaration”), Secretary of named Defendant General Motors Company, in support of its
Motion to Dismiss. (ECF No. 4-2.) According to the Declaration, Defendant is a Delaware
corporation with its principal place of business in Michigan and is a holding company that
has no automotive business operations. (ECF No. 4-2, ¶¶ 2-3.)

The Declaration further

states that Defendant is not involved in the design, manufacture, sale or distribution of
automobiles and had no role in the design, manufacture, sale, distribution, or servicing of
the 2006 Chevrolet Cobalt that is the subject of this action. (ECF No. 4-2, ¶¶ 3-4.) The
named Defendant does not engage in any business in South Carolina, does not own any
property in South Carolina, does not have a designated agent for service of process in
South Carolina, and does not place any products into a stream of commerce that enters
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South Carolina. (ECF No. 4-2, ¶ 11.)
The Secretary also declares that automotive business operations in the United
States are now conducted by General Motors LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company
(“LLC”) which is owned by General Motors Holdings LLC, an intermediate subsidiary of
General Motors Company. (ECF No. 4-2, ¶¶ 5-6.) The Declaration affirms that General
Motors LLC was known as General Motors Company for a short period of time between
July 9, 2009 and October 16, 2009 (after the subject accident) and during that time
acquired substantially all of the assets of Motors Liquidation Company (formerly known as
General Motors Corporation). (ECF No. 4-2, ¶ 7.) The ultimate conversion to General
Motors LLC was part of a bankruptcy reorganization finalized in late 2009, and which
resulted in a new parent company called General Motors Company. (ECF No. 4-2, ¶ 8.)
The named defendant, the current General Motors Company’s only asset is 100%
ownership interest in General Motors Holding LLC, which holds all of the assets and
liabilities (except those related to United States automotive operations) transferred from
General Motors LLC. (ECF No. 4-2, ¶ 8.)
Defendant maintains that the court lacks general personal jurisdiction over
Defendant because the company does not have the continuous and systematic contacts
with South Carolina necessary to make it “at home” in the state. (ECF No. 4-1 at 5.)
Defendant also reasons that it is not subject to specific jurisdiction in South Carolina
because it did not purposely direct any actions toward the state of South Carolina and was
not involved in the design, manufacture, sale, distribution, or servicing of the subject 2006
Chevrolet Cobalt. (ECF No. 4-1 at 8.) Without citing any relevant law or facts, in her
opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff takes the position that General Motors
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Corporation was registered to do business in South Carolina in 2006 when it allegedly
manufactured and sold the Chevrolet Cobalt at issue in this case. (ECF No. 30 at 3.)
Plaintiff argues that Defendant cannot use the reorganization arrangement between
General Motors LLC and General Motors Company to dissolve all of the contacts that
General Motors Corporation may have had with the state. (ECF No. 30 at 3-4.) Plaintiff
further contends that General Motors LLC is the alter ego of General Motors Company.
Thus, by serving General Motors Company, the parent, Plaintiff contends that she has also
served General Motors LLC, the company that is registered to do business in South
Carolina and is “the manufacturer, seller, and distributor and otherwise authorized
distributor for General Motors cars made after 2009.” (ECF No. 30 at 5.) For these
reasons, Plaintiff believes she should be permitted to add General Motors LLC as a
defendant. (ECF No. 5.)
In order to find that Defendant’s contacts with the state are sufficient to establish
specific jurisdiction, the court must determine that the “out-of-state defendant engage[d] in
some activity purposely aimed toward the forum state and that the cause of action [arose]
directly from that activity.” ESAB Group, Inc. v. Centricut, LLC, 34 F.Supp.2d 323, 331-32
(D.S.C. 1999). The defendant’s actions must have been “directed at the forum state in
more than a random, fortuitous, or attenuated way.” Mitrano v. Hawes, 377 F.3d 402, 407
(4th Cir. 2004)(internal citation omitted). Upon a defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of
personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff has the burden of showing that jurisdiction exists. See
Carefirst of Md., Inc., 334 F.3d at 396. To determine whether a plaintiff has satisfied this
burden, the court may consider both defendant’s and plaintiff’s pleadings, affidavits, and
other supporting documents presented to the court and must construe “all relevant pleading
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allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, assume credibility, and draw the most
favorable inferences for the existence of jurisdiction.” Combs v. Bakker, 886 F.2d 673, 676
(4th Cir.1989). Based on the record before it, the court finds that Plaintiff has not satisfied
her burden. Defendant here, General Motors Company, has put forth the declaration of
Ms. Laurin which indicates that General Motors Company had no role in the design,
manufacture, sale, distribution, or servicing of the 2006 Chevrolet Cobalt at issue in this
case and that it does not engage in business operations in South Carolina, own property
in South Carolina, have a designated agent for service of process in South Carolina, and
does not place products into a stream of commerce that enter into South Carolina. (ECF
No. 4-2.) At the time of the accident in question, which was prior to the bankruptcy related
restructuring, it appears that the bankrupt General Motors Corporation, not sued in this
matter, was in fact the entity involved in the design, assembly, and sale of the 2006
Chevrolet Cobalt. (ECF No. 32 at 2.) Plaintiff does not challenge the statements declared
by Defendant nor does she identify any activity or conduct of General Motors Company to
support the assertion of jurisdiction over that entity. Plaintiff only conclusively states that
jurisdiction exists over Defendant without any support, but in determining whether plaintiff
has satisfied her burden, the court need not “credit conclusory allegations or draw
farfetched inferences.” Global Technology Intern., Ltd. v. Continental Automotive Systems,
Inc., No. 0:12–3041–CMC, 2013 WL 1809773, *2 (D.S.C. Apr. 29, 2013 (internal citation
omitted). Accordingly, specific jurisdiction over Defendant is lacking in this case.
Similarly, the court finds no basis for the assertion of general jurisdiction over
Defendant. In order to exercise general jurisdiction over Defendant, the court must find that
its connection with South Carolina establishes a “continuous and systematic affiliation
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necessary to empower [the state] courts to entertain claims unrelated to the foreign
[sister-state] corporation’s contacts with the State.” Goodyear Dunlop Tire Operations, S.A.
v. Brown, 131 S.Ct. at 2846, 2851 (2011). The affiliation with the state must be so
“continuous and systematic” as to render the defendant “essentially at home in the forum
state.” Id. The Fourth Circuit has noted that “broad constructions of general jurisdiction
should be generally disfavored.” Nichols v. G.D. Searle & Co., 991 F.2d 1195, 1200 (4th
Cir. 1993). Here again, Plaintiff has not challenged the statements declared by Defendant
nor does she identify any activity or conduct of General Motors Company to support the
assertion of jurisdiction. Without a basis to exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendant,
the claims pending against General Motors Company are subject to dismissal.
II.

Motion to Amend.
In her opposition (ECF No. 30) and formally in a separate motion to amend (ECF No.

29), Plaintiff seeks to amend her complaint to add General Motors LLC as a defendant in
this action. Plaintiff attaches her proposed amended complaint which sets forth additional
jurisdictional allegations related to Defendant General Motors Company and proposed
defendant General Motors LLC. (ECF No. 29-1.) Defendant responds that amendment of
the pleadings to add General Motors LLC as a defendant would be futile because that
company is not legally responsible for any liabilities arising from the subject incident. (ECF
No. 32 at 2.) Defendant has submitted significant additional materials in support of its
motion to dismiss which appear particularly relevant to the question of whether an
amendment to add General Motors LLC would be futile.

Defendant also filed a

memorandum in opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend Complaint asserting the same
futility argument based on the assumed liabilities of General Motors LLC. (ECF No. 33.)
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Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) sets forth a permissive standard for
amendment by providing that the court “should freely give leave [to amend] when justice
so requires.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2); Davis v. Va. Commonwealth Univ., 180 F.3d 626, 628
(4th Cir.1999) (noting that the disposition to amend is within the sound discretion of the
district court). “If the underlying facts or circumstances relied upon by a plaintiff may be a
proper subject of relief, he ought to be afforded an opportunity to test his claim on the
merits.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). A motion for leave to amend should
only be denied when there is undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motives, repeated failure
to cure deficiencies by previously-allowed amendments, undue prejudice, or where the
amendment would be futile. Id.; see also United States v. Pittman, 209 F.3d 314, 317 (4th
Cir.2000); Shealy v. Winston, 929 F.2d 1009, 1014 (4th Cir.1991). At issue is Defendant’s
position that allowing Plaintiff to amend her complaint to add General Motors LLC would
be futile because General Motors LLC did not assume responsibility for product liability
claims arising from accidents involving GM vehicles that occurred prior to the July 10, 2009
closing date. (ECF No. 32 at 3.)
Courts generally favor the “resolution of cases on their merits.” Davis v. Piper
Aircraft Corp., 615 F.2d 606, 613 (4th Cir.1980). “Thus, the substantive merits of a
proposed claim are typically best left for later resolution, e.g., under motions to dismiss or
for summary judgment under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) or Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, respectively, or for
resolution at trial.” Rambus, Inc. v. Infineon Technologies, AG, 304 F.Supp.2d 812, 819
(E.D.Va.,2004); see also Davis v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 615 F.2d at 613 (“Unless a proposed
amendment may clearly be seen to be futile because of substantive or procedural
considerations, conjecture about the merits of the litigation should not enter into the
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decision whether to allow amendment.”) Still, a court may deny a motion to amend on the
ground of futility “when the proposed amendment is clearly insufficient or frivolous on its
face.” Johnson v. Oroweat Foods Co., 785 F.2d 503, 510 (4th Cir. 2009). Here, the court
does not find that Plaintiff’s proposed amendment is clearly frivolous on its face and
therefore will not deny Plaintiff leave to amend the complaint to add General Motors LLC
as a defendant on the basis of futility raised by Defendant on behalf of a putative
defendant. General Motors LLC is able defend itself against any allegations directed
toward it related to the liabilities it may or may not have assumed as a part of the
bankruptcy proceedings and raise any appropriate and applicable defenses on its own.1
The court does note that Plaintiff is not seeking to simply amend a pleading to add
a new claim against an existing party, she is instead seeking to pursue claims against an
entirely different party. The Fourth Circuit has indicated that the addition of parties to a
complaint may be broadly construed as a “change[ ]” in a “party or the naming of a party
against whom a claim is asserted” as described in Rule 15(c)(1)(C). See Goodman v.
Praxair, Inc., 494 F.3d 458, 468 (4th Cir. 2007); see also Krupski v. Costa Crociere S. p.
A., 130 S.Ct. 2485, 2493 n. 3(2010) (referring to a plaintiff’s filing of an amended complaint
to bring in a new defendant as the “typical case” of Rule 15(c)(1)(C)’s applicability).
Without expressing any opinion as to the assertions made by Plaintiff in her Memorandum
in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and whether the requirements of Rule

1

The court does acknowledge the differences between this case and one cited by
Plaintiff, Betty Johnson v. General Motors Company, 2:12-cv-01306-PMD (D.S.C.
2012), where General Motors LLC elected to accept service on behalf of General
Motors Company and consented to an amendment of the caption in that case to reflect
General Motors LLC as the correct party-defendant because General Motors LLC had in
fact sold the 2010 vehicle at issue in that case. (ECF No. 30-1 at 9.)
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15(c)(1)(C) have been satisfied, the court grants Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend to add General
Motors LLC as a party defendant. “Any unfairness caused by the amendment [can] only
be claimed by [General Motors LLC], the new party.” See Goodman, 494 F.3d at 469.
Because this court has granted General Motors Company’s Motion to Dismiss for lack of
personal jurisdiction, there is no need to further address the protections provided in Rule
15(c) as it relates to that defendant. As noted by Defendant, the entities are separate and
distinct entities. (ECF No. 32 at 2.) The core requirements of Rule 15(c), however, do still
stand to “preserve for the new party the protections of a statute of limitations” by “assur[ing]
that the new party had adequate notice within the limitations period and was not prejudiced
by being added to the litigation.” Goodman, 494 F.3d at 470 (emphasis in original).
Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend is granted in the court’s discretion. The court will allow
Plaintiff to proceed on her amended complaint and she will be required to serve the new
defendant pursuant to Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.2

2

Plaintiff asserts, without more, that by serving General Motors Company, she
has also served General Motors LLC due to a parent/subsidiary relationship. (ECF No.
30 at 5.) The court rejects this argument’s applicability here; service upon General
Motors Company does not automatically satisfy any service of process obligations owed
to General Motors LLC nor do General Motors LLC’s potential contacts with this state
automatically confer personal jurisdiction on General Motors Company. See Harris v.
Deere & Co., 223 F.2d 161, 163 (4th Cir. 1955)(“[I]t cannot be said that a corporation is
doing business within a state merely because a wholly owned and controlled subsidiary
is selling its product there, if the separate corporate entities are observed...”); Saudi v.
Northrop Grumman Corp., 427 F.3d 271, 276-277 (4th Cir. 2005)(“[I]t is generally the
case that the contacts of a corporate subsidiary cannot impute jurisdiction to its parent
entity.”); Goldrick v. D.M. Picton Co.,56 F.R.D. 639, 642 (E.D.Va. 1971)(“The doing
business of a subsidiary corporation in a state does not without more confer jurisdiction
over the non-resident parent corporation...[a]nd the converse of the above principle is
true, the service of process on the parent company does not permit the Court to
exercise personal jurisdiction over the wholly owned subsidiary, if they are two separate
distinct entities and so operate.”); United States ex rel. Vallejo v.
Investronica, Inc., 2 F. Supp. 2d 330, 335 (W.D.N.Y. 1998) (“The law is well settled that
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CONCLUSION
For the above-stated reasons, Defendant General Motors Company’s Motion to
Dismiss (ECF No. 4) for lack of personal jurisdiction is GRANTED. The claims against
Defendant General Motors Company are DISMISSED.
The court further orders that Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend Complaint (ECF No. 29)
is GRANTED as to Plaintiff’s request to add General Motors LLC as a defendant to this
action, but declines to accept the proposed amended complaint as attached to the motion.
Instead, Plaintiff may amend his complaint in a manner consistent with this order. Such
amended complaint must be filed within fourteen (14) days of this order. The Clerk is
directed to add General Motors LLC as a party to this action. If Plaintiff fails to file the
amended complaint within the time set forth in this order, this action may be subject to
dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). Plaintiff shall undertake prompt
and diligent effort to serve the new defendant along with a copy of this order and to file
proof of service promptly as required.

IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/Mary G. Lewis
United States District Judge

service of process on a wholly-owned subsidiary does not constitute service of process
on a parent corporation where separate corporate identities are maintained.”); T.S.
Ragsdale Co., Inc. v. General Drivers & Helpers Local No. 509, No. 71-1017, 1972 WL
747, *6 (Jan. 6, 1972)(“This corporate analogy is significant, for, in the corporate
sphere, the mere relationship of parent and subsidiary would be insufficient to sustain
service on the subsidiary in an action against the parent.”)

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July 31, 2013
Spartanburg, South Carolina

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