Doe et al v. South Carolina Board of Education, The et al
Filing
65
ORDER granting 44 Motion for Summary Judgment; granting 45 Motion for Summary Judgment Signed by Honorable Bruce Howe Hendricks on 03/31/2016.(cscho, )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF SOUTH CAROLINA
ANDERSON DIVISION
John Doe, by his Guardian, Lisa
Geer, Bob Doe, by his Guardian,
Pamela Brownlee, Sam Doe, by his
Guardian, Lakesha Brownlee, and
Bill Doe, by his Guardian, Kim
Brownlee,
) Civil Action No.: 8:14-cv-02061-BHH
)
)
)
)
Opinion and Order
)
)
Plaintiffs, )
vs.
)
)
The South Carolina Board of
)
Education, Anderson County District
)
5, and T.L. Hanna High School,
)
Superintendent Tom Wilson,
)
Principal Sheila Hilton, Academic
)
Director Jeff Taylor, Resource Officer )
Jamie Hill, Vice Principal Chris
)
Bowen, 9th Grade Principal Mary Neil )
Anthony, and Resource Officer Willis )
Taylor
)
)
Defendants. )
______________________________
This matter is before the Court on Defendants’ motions for summary judgment
(ECF No. 44 & 45). For the reasons set forth herein, the Court grants summary
judgment on Plaintiffs’ federal claims, declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction
over the state claims, and dismisses the state claims without prejudice.
BACKGROUND
This case arises out of the expulsion of four students, Plaintiffs John Doe, Bob
Doe, Sam Doe, and Bill Doe, from T.L. Hanna High School (“T.L. Hanna”) in Anderson,
1
South Carolina. The students were expelled after school officials concluded that they
were engaged in gang related activity in violation of the School District’s Code of
Conduct. The alleged gang is known as “Outlaw” and included the four Plaintiff students
as well as others who did not attend T.L. Hanna. Outlaw is allegedly affiliated with “Hit
Squad,” which is described as a larger gang in the Anderson area. (See generally,
Hilton Aff. Exs. A-D, ECF No. 44-4.)
School officials learned about the alleged gang activity after an altercation
between Plaintiff Bill Doe and another student, in which the other student provoked Bill
Doe when he said, “Fuck Outlaw.” (Hilton Aff. ¶ 6, ECF No. 44-4.) Bill Doe was later
reported to have the word “Outlaw” written on his football shorts. (Id. ¶ 7.) On October
22, 2013, Bill Doe was confronted by school officials about the altercation and the word
written on his shorts. (Id. ¶ 8.) He allegedly admitted that he was a member of the
Outlaw gang, revealed the identities of three other alleged gang members who were
also T.L. Hanna students, and indicated he had been assigned missions that he was
required to complete for the gang, including writing “Outlaw” on his shorts and fighting
with someone over the weekend. (Id. ¶¶ 8-10.) Additionally, Bill Doe indicated that he
was afraid he would have his head bashed in if he failed to complete his mission or
identified other gang members to school officials. (Hilton Aff. Ex. B, ECF No. 40-4 at
23.) In addition to Principal Hilton, 9th Grade Principal Mary Neil Anthony, and
Resource Officer Jamie Hill (“Officer Hill”) were allegedly present when Bill Doe made
these statements on October 22, 2013. (Id.)
Based on the information they obtained from Bill Doe, school officials removed
the Plaintiffs from class on October 24, 2013. One of the students, Bob Doe, was
2
handcuffed by Officer Hill, who explained that while Bob Doe was not under arrest, he
was being handcuffed for his safety, the safety of the officer, and the safety of others in
the school. (Hill Dep. 21:10-17, ECF No. 45-8.) School officials also searched
backpacks, social media, and classroom materials and found further evidence
corroborating the Plaintiffs’ association with a group known as “Outlaw.” (Hilton Aff. ¶13,
ECF No. 44-4.) Plaintiffs have alleged that Outlaw is not actually a gang, but a rap
group. (See, e.g., Hilton Aff. Ex. B, ECF No. 44-4 at 52.)
Based on the evidence that they found, school officials suspended the Plaintiffs
and recommended that Sam Doe, John Doe, and Bill Doe be expelled from T.L. Hanna.
(See id. at 17-60.) In the case of Bob Doe, who is eligible for special education and
related services because of a learning disability, his IEP team recommended that his
placement be changed to home-based, and his mother consented to the change in
placement. (IEP Docs., ECF No. 44-13.) Upon receiving information from Principal
Hilton that Sam Doe, John Doe, and Bill Doe had been recommended for expulsion for
the remainder of the 2013-2014 school year, the school district’s hearing officer, Mike
Ruthsatz, notified each of the students’ parents by letter that due process hearings had
been scheduled for November 8, 2013, at the District Office. (Ruthsatz Aff. ¶ 3, ECF No.
44-3.)
Upon the request of Plaintiffs, the hearings were delayed until November 13,
2013, on which date, Mr. Ruthsatz, convened three separate hearings, one for each of
the Plaintiffs facing expulsion. (Id. ¶ 5-6.) Each Plaintiff was represented by their
attorney, Don Smith, who is also representing them in this action. (Id. ¶ 6.) Mr. Ruthsatz
submitted an affidavit indicating that each hearing lasted approximately forty-five
3
minutes to an hour, and that the students and their counsel were afforded an
opportunity to submit evidence and cross examine the school officials who provided
information in support of their expulsion. (See id. ¶¶ 9-11.) Following deliberations, Mr.
Ruthsatz
issued
written
decisions
on
November
25,
2013,
upholding
the
recommendation that Sam Doe, John Doe, and Bill Doe be expelled. (Ruthsatz Aff. Ex.
D, ECF No. 44-3 at 66-71.)
The Plaintiffs argue that they were denied due process because their counsel,
Don Smith, was not permitted to pursue certain lines of cross examination with some of
the witnesses who testified in support of the Plaintiffs’ expulsions. (Pl. Resp. to Mot.
Summ. J., ECF No. 49 at 4.) In support of this claim, Plaintiffs cite the transcript of the
hearing of Sam Doe, 16:16-17:1. Here is what is contained in those lines:
[UNIDENTIFIED SPEAKER]…behavior contract, failure to adhere to
Anderson School District Five Student Code of Conduct, his positive
identification as a gang member using the Anderson County Sheriff’s
Department and Anderson Police Department’s Gang Identification
Checklist and my duty to tell [sic] keep T.L. Hanna High School and its
2000 students, faculty, and staff safe, I am recommending [name blacked
out] for expulsion.
HEARING OFFICER: Anything further?
The Court is at a complete loss as to how the testimony cited illustrates that Mr. Smith
was “prohibited from impeaching the Defendants as they testified before the hearing
officer.”
On December 18, 2013, Plaintiffs’ counsel notified the school district that his
clients intended to appeal their expulsions to the school district’s board of trustees. (See
ECF No. 44-14 at 2.) On January 27, 2014, the board of trustees considered these
appeals; after concluding that there was substantial evidence to uphold the
recommended expulsions, the board of trustees denied the appeals in letters dated
4
January 30, 2014. (See ECF No. 44-15 at 2-4.) Pursuant to S.C. Code § 59-63-240,
Plaintiffs appealed the decision of the board of trustees to the Court of Common Pleas
for Anderson County. In an Order dated October 6, 2014, the Honorable R. Lawton
McIntosh upheld the board’s decision. (See Order, Doe v. Anderson County District 5,
C.A. No. 2014-CP-04-00381, ECF No. 44-12.) The Court finds the following excerpts
from Judge McIntosh’s order to be particularly relevant:
Petitioners claim that the District failed to prove the alleged gang activity
for which the expulsions were brought. In addition, Petitioners assert a
lack of due process and constitutional violations.
…
Section 59-63-240 of the South Carolina Code provides that a school
board’s decision to expel a student may be appealed to the proper court.
Thus, it is this Court’s role to review the record to determine whether there
is substantial evidence to support the Board’s decision and determine
whether the expulsion hearing provided sufficient due process, as well as
review any relevant statutory or constitutional claims which an aggrieved
party may make regarding any aspect of the procedures. After carefully
considering the entire record in this matter, including the memoranda of
law submitted on behalf of the parties, this Court finds that Petitioners
were afforded due process based upon statutory and case law, and that
there is substantial evidence in the record to support the Board’s action.
…
There is ample evidence in the Record to support the Board’s decision to
uphold the Petitioners’ expulsions from school.
…
In addition, Petitioners argue that their due process rights at their hearings
were violated. However, Courts have repeatedly held that strict rules of
evidence do not apply in student discipline matters and, among other
things, hearsay evidence is admissible.
…
(Id. at 1-4, 61.) Plaintiffs have appealed this Order to the South Carolina Court of
Appeals.
(See
Case
No.
2014-002377,
available
at
http://ctrack.sccourts.org/public/caseView.do?csIID=58049.) Plaintiff filed its complaint
1
In this instance, the pin cites correspond to the original pagination of the order, not the ECF pagination.
5
in the instant federal action on May 27, 2014, several months before Judge McIntosh
ruled on Plaintiffs’ appeal. (See ECF No. 1.)
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The court shall grant summary judgment “if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The movant bears the initial burden of
demonstrating that summary judgment is appropriate; if the movant carries its burden,
then the burden shifts to the non-movant to set forth specific facts showing that there is
a genuine issue for trial. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). If a
movant asserts that a fact cannot be disputed, it must support that assertion either by
“citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents,
electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those
made for purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other
materials;” or “showing . . . that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence
to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1).
Accordingly, to prevail on a motion for summary judgment, the movant must
demonstrate that: (1) there is no genuine issue as to any material fact; and (2) that he is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. As to the first of these determinations, a fact is
deemed “material” if proof of its existence or non-existence would affect disposition of
the case under applicable law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248
(1986). An issue of material fact is “genuine” if the evidence offered is such that a
reasonable jury might return a verdict for the non-movant. Id. at 257. In determining
whether a genuine issue has been raised, the court must construe all inferences and
6
ambiguities against the movant and in favor of the non-moving party. United States v.
Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962).
Under this standard, the existence of a mere scintilla of evidence in support of
the non-moving party’s position is insufficient to withstand a summary judgment motion.
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. Conclusory allegations or denials, without more, are
likewise insufficient. Ross v. Communications Satellite Corp., 759 F.2d 355, 365 (4th
Cir. 1985). “Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the
governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment. Factual disputes
that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
DISCUSSION
I.
Claim and Issue Preclusion
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by both claim and issue
preclusion. Even where a party seeks vindication of federal statutory and constitutional
rights, “[t]he preclusion rules of the state that entered the judgment control. Only if the
state judicial procedure fell below due process requirements can preclusion be denied.”
See 18 Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 4471 (2d ed.). Here,
the Court does not find that the state’s judicial procedure fell below due process
requirements so as to nullify issue and claim preclusion.
Issue preclusion, also known as collateral estoppel, “occurs when a party in a
second action seeks to preclude a party from relitigating an issue which was decided in
a previous action.” S. Carolina Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Ass'n v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
403 S.E.2d 625, 627 (S.C. 1991). A “party asserting collateral estoppel must
demonstrate that the issue in the present lawsuit was: (1) actually litigated in the prior
7
action; (2) directly determined in the prior action; and (3) necessary to support the prior
judgment.” Catawba Indian Nation v. State, 756 S.E.2d 900, 906 (S.C. 2014). As the
Fourth Circuit has observed, “[c]laim preclusion serves a variety of purposes. It protects
litigants against repetitive litigation, and it conserves judicial resources.” Serna v.
Holder, 559 F. App'x 234, 237 (4th Cir. 2014). It also “increases confidence in the
judicial system by avoiding inconsistent results and ensuring that private disputes have
final, settled outcomes.” Id.
Claim preclusion, which is often referred to as res judicata, “bars subsequent
actions by the same parties when the claims arise out of the same transaction or
occurrence that was the subject of a prior action between those parties.” Plum Creek
Dev. Co., Inc. v. City of Conway, 512 S.E.2d 106, 109 (S.C. 1999). The doctrine bars
not only claims that were actually raised in the prior action, but also claims “which might
have been raised in the former suit.” W Hilton Head Ctr. of S. Carolina, Inc. v. Pub.
Serv. Commn. of S. Carolina, 362 S.E.2d 176, 177 (S.C. 1987). Claim preclusion
applies “if (1) the identities of the parties are the same as in the prior litigation, (2) the
subject matter is the same as in the prior litigation, and (3) there was a prior
adjudication of the issue by a court of competent jurisdiction.” Catawba Indian Nation,
756 S.E.2d at 907. Additionally, claim preclusion applies to “the parties and their
privies.” Price v. City of Georgetown, 375 S.E.2d 335, 338 (S.C. App. 1988) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “In a claim preclusion context, privity ‘generally involves a
person so identified in interest with another that he represents the same legal right.’”
Jones v. HSBC Bank USA, N.A., 444 Fed. App’x 640, 644 (4th Cir. 2011) (unpublished)
(quoting FWB Bank v. Richman, 731 A.2d 916, 930 (Md. 1999)). Here, the Court
8
concludes that Defendants T.L. Hanna High School and its staff and officers should be
considered privies of Anderson County School District 5, the named party in the state
court action.
Plaintiffs raise several arguments that claim and issue preclusion do not affect
their claims, but their arguments are poorly supported and unpersuasive. First, Plaintiff
argues that “[f]ederal courts are not required to accord full faith and credit to
constitutionally infirm state court judgments.” (Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n to Defs.’ MSJ 5, ECF
No. 49.) Although not properly cited as such, this statement is actually a direct quote
from the Supreme Court’s ruling in Kremer v. Chem. Const. Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 482
(1982), but it is taken out of context and does not stand for the proposition for which it is
cited. If the quote meant what Plaintiffs suggest, parties wishing to challenge adverse
state court rulings on federal constitutional matters could simply file identical actions in
federal district court rather than going through the state appellate process and, if
necessary, petitioning the United States Supreme Court for certiorari. Clearly this is not
the law.
Second, Plaintiffs point out that “[c]ollateral estoppel [issue preclusion] does not
apply where the party against whom an earlier court decision is asserted did not have a
full and fair opportunity to litigate the claim or issue decided by the first court.” (ECF No.
49 at 5.) Plaintiffs argue that they “did not have a full and fair opportunity to litigate their
claims” because their “attorney was prohibited from using a line a [sic] questioning to
impeach Defendants.” Plaintiffs conflate what they consider a denial of a full and fair
opportunity to litigate their case in the expulsion hearings with a full and fair opportunity
to challenge the sufficiency of those hearings on due process grounds before the Circuit
9
Court. It is the latter that is relevant and gives rise to claim preclusion here. In other
words, even assuming that Plaintiffs were denied due process by their inability to
impeach witnesses at the expulsion hearings (a claim that is not supported by the
record), Plaintiffs had a full and fair opportunity to make the argument that they had
been denied due process in the Court of Common Pleas, and, in fact, did make this
argument. (See Common Pleas Order 6, ECF No. 44-12 (“Petitioners argue that their
due process rights at their hearings were violated.”).)
The State Court rejected Plaintiffs’ arguments, finding (1) there was substantial
evidence to justify the Board’s decisions to uphold the suspensions, (2) that the
Plaintiffs’ due process rights were not violated by Defendants because “strict rules of
evidence do not apply in student discipline matters,” and (3) that Plaintiffs’ First
Amendment rights were not violated either. (See id.) This ruling has preclusive effect.
Moreover, Plaintiffs appear to have filed an appeal with the South Carolina Court of
Appeals
that
is
still
pending.
(See
Case
No.
2014-002377,
available
at
http://ctrack.sccourts.org/public/caseView.do?csIID=58049.) Plaintiff has not argued to
this Court that S.C. Code § 59-63-240 or the process it establishes for appealing an
expulsion decision is unconstitutional; rather it appears that Plaintiff is essentially trying
to have this Court overrule the state court, which it cannot and will not do.
Federal courts in similar cases have found that a state court’s ruling, or even a
state administrative determination, should be given preclusive effect. See, e.g., Plough
By and Through Plough v. W. Des Moines Community Sch. Dist., 70 F.3d 512, 514-17
(8th Cir. 1995) (finding that the plaintiff was barred by issue preclusion and claim
preclusion from relitigating a due process claim in federal district court after the Iowa
10
State Board of Education rejected his argument that consideration of improper evidence
at a school board expulsion hearing violated his due process rights); Peterson v. Indep.
Sch. Dist. No. 811, 999 F. Supp. 665, 671-72 (D. Minn. 1998) (claim preclusion and
issue preclusion barred student from relitigating due process claims arising from his
expulsion when such claims had been rejected by the Department of Education acting
in a judicial capacity). Additionally, a plaintiff’s attempt to recast precluded claims should
be rejected. See id. at 672 (holding that the plaintiff “may not simply ‘repackage’ his due
process and Dismissal Act claims and present them to this court pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 when such claims have already been decided”). Here, the Court concludes that
Plaintiffs’ due process claims against all of the Defendants are foreclosed by issue
preclusion and that all of Plaintiffs’ constitutional claims against Anderson School
District 5 and its privies are barred by claim preclusion because they could have been
raised in the action in Circuit Court. (See Order 2, Doe v. Anderson County District 5,
C.A. No. 2014-CP-04-00381, ECF No. 44-12 (indicating that in addition to evaluating
“whether the expulsion hearing provided sufficient due process,” the court would
consider “any relevant statutory or constitutional claims which an aggrieved party may
make regarding any aspect of the procedures”).)
Alternatively, if this Court were to consider the merits of the Plaintiffs’ claims, it
would find for Defendants for substantially the same reasons set forth in Judge
McIntosh’s order. The Court agrees with Judge McIntosh and Defendants that Plaintiffs
were afforded due process, and the record more than adequately supports the
decisions of school officials and the board of trustees. See Reese v. Richland Sch. Dist.
Two, CV 3:13-03040-MGL, 2015 WL 9239785, at *5 (D.S.C. Dec. 17, 2015) (finding that
11
Defendants “complied with the statutory and constitutional requirements for procedural
and substantive due process” in a similar case).
II.
Qualified Immunity
Even if the Court were not inclined to find that the Plaintiffs’ constitutional claims
against the individual Defendants were barred by issue and claim preclusion, it would
still grant summary judgment on those claims because the individual Defendants are
entitled to qualified immunity. “The doctrine of qualified immunity balances two
important interests–the need to hold public officials accountable when they exercise
power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from harassment, distraction, and
liability when they perform their duties reasonably.” Danser v. Stansberry, 772 F.3d 340,
345 (4th Cir. 2014). “The doctrine protects government officials from liability for civil
damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or
constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Smith v.
Gilchrist, 749 F.3d 302, 307 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Stanton v. Sims, 134 S.Ct. 3, 4
(2013)). When an official properly asserts the defense of qualified immunity, the official
is entitled to summary judgment if either: (1) the facts, taken in the light most favorable
to the plaintiff, do not present the elements necessary to state a violation of a
constitutional right; or (2) the right was not clearly established, such that it would not
have been clear to a reasonable official that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he
confronted. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231–32 (2009). “Officials are not liable
for bad guesses in gray areas; they are liable for transgressing bright lines.” Maciariello
v. Sumner, 973 F.2d 295, 298 (4th Cir. 1992). “An official asserting the defense of
12
qualified immunity bears the burden of proof with respect to that defense.” Danser, 772
F.3d at 345.
Here, the Court easily concludes that the facts, even when construed in the light
most favorable to Plaintiffs, do not present the elements necessary to state a violation of
a constitutional right. As previously noted, the Court agrees with Judge McIntosh that
Defendants did not violate Plaintiffs’ due process and First Amendment rights. At best,
Plaintiffs seek to hold Defendants accountable for bad guesses in grey areas, and the
Court concludes that the individual Defendants are protected by sovereign immunity.
The Court also specifically finds that Officer Hill is entitled to qualified immunity on the
federal claims Plaintiffs assert against him. As far as the Court can tell, the only
meaningful allegations against Officer Hill beyond those generally advanced against
other school officials, involve his role in removing the Plaintiffs from their classrooms
and his decision to handcuff Defendant Bob Doe. These allegations simply do not state
a constitutional violation given the facts in the record. See Fisher v. City of Las Cruces,
584 F.3d 888, 894 (10th Cir. 2009) (noting that the Supreme Court recognized that
handcuffing was an appropriate response to officer-safety concerns even during
investigative detentions”); Hill v. Sharber, 544 F. Supp. 2d 670, 681 (M.D. Tenn. 2008)
(finding no constitutional violation where a high school student was handcuffed for a
limited period of time “and was informed at the time that he was being handcuffed solely
to protect his safety and that of the deputies”).
Plaintiffs’ analysis in response to the argument that the School District
Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity is contained in the following paragraph:
Clearly, the right to due process at an expulsion hearing is one to which
Defendants knew or should have known Plaintiffs were entitled. In
13
addition, Defendants based their belief that Plaintiffs were involved in
gang activity on the Plaintiffs wearing white tee-shirts, made rap music
[sic], wrote the word “outlaw” in their notebooks, and other harmless acts.
Plaintiffs believe that the evidence of their gang affiliations, or lack there of
[sic], points to a racial bias in the decision to recommend them from [sic]
expulsion. If true, Defendants could not have reasonably believe [sic] that
Plaintiffs’ expulsions could be recommended based on race.
(ECF No. 49 at 6.) The Court struggles to follow Plaintiffs’ argument, but will summarize
what it understands: Plaintiffs believe that their expulsions were motivated by race, and
if the Court accepts this belief as evidence, then Defendants are not entitled to qualified
immunity because they knew or should have known that an expulsion decision cannot
be based on race. If this is in fact what Plaintiffs are arguing, it is not a very good
argument. There are no allegations in the complaint that race played a role in Plaintiffs’
expulsion and there is no evidence in the record indicating that race was a factor. The
Court rejects Plaintiffs’ arguments and finds that all of the individual Defendants are
entitled to qualified immunity.
III.
The Court Declines to Exercise Supplemental Jurisdiction over the
Remaining State Law Claims
The remaining state law claims are so cursory and threadbare that the Court
doubts that most or any of them would survive summary judgment. However, the Court
need not reach these claims because it has dismissed all claims over which it had
original jurisdiction and declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the
remaining state court claims.
“The doctrine of supplemental jurisdiction allows district courts ‘authority to
decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction in limited circumstances, including ...
where the court dismisses the claims over which it has original jurisdiction.’” Bishop v.
County of Macon, 620 Fed. App’x 148, 150 (4th Cir. 2015)(unpublished) (quoting ESAB
14
Group, Inc. v. Zurich Ins. PLC, 685 F.3d 376, 394 (4th Cir. 2012)); see also Sikhs for J.
"SFJ", Inc. v. Facebook, Inc., 15-CV-02442-LHK, 2015 WL 7075696, at *7 (N.D. Cal.
Nov. 13, 2015) (“Where a district court has dismissed all claims over which it has
original jurisdiction, it may sua sponte decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over
remaining state law claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c).” (citation and quotation marks
omitted)). A district court maintains “wide discretion” to dismiss claims over which it has
supplemental jurisdiction. Yashenko v. Harrah’s NC Casino Co., 446 F.3d 541, 553 n.4
(4th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). “In deciding whether to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction, a court should consider ‘the values of judicial economy, convenience,
fairness, and comity.’” Bishop, 620 Fed. App’x at 50 (quoting Carnegie–Mellon Univ. v.
Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988)).
Here, the Court finds that the values of judicial economy, convenience, fairness,
and comity all favor the resolution of this matter in state court. If the Court could
summarize its opinion in this case in a single sentence, it would be that this case never
should have been in federal court in the first place. The Court also notes that Judge
Lewis declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction in a similar case after granting the
defendants summary judgment on due process claims. See Reese v. Richland Sch.
Dist. Two, CV 3:13-03040-MGL, 2015 WL 9239785, at *5 (D.S.C. Dec. 17, 2015).
“A case originally filed in federal court cannot be remanded to state court,” but
this does not prohibit the Court from declining supplemental jurisdiction and dismissing
the state court causes of action without prejudice, which is what the Court elects to do
here. Payne v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 75 Fed. App’x 903, 906 (4th
Cir. 2003)(unpublished). In the event a court declines to exercise supplemental
15
jurisdiction, the “period of limitations” for remaining claims “shall be tolled while the
claim is pending [in federal court] and for a period of 30 days after it is dismissed unless
State law provides for a longer tolling period.” Reese, 2015 WL 9239785, at *5 (citing 28
U.S.C. § 1367(d)). Plaintiffs should be aware of the limitations period, and act
accordingly if they wish to continue to pursue their claims in state court.
CONCLUSION
The Defendants’ motions for summary judgment (ECF Nos. 44 & 45) are
GRANTED with regard to Plaintiffs’ federal claims, including all claims under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, claims for violation of due process rights guaranteed by the United States
Constitution, and claims for violation of First Amendment rights.2 The Court declines to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state claims, and they are dismissed without
prejudice.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/Bruce Howe Hendricks
United States District Judge
March 31, 2016
Greenville, South Carolina
2
The Court would like to be more specific about which causes of action it is granting summary judgment
on, but Plaintiffs failed to label their causes of action and simply invoked 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the First
Amendment, and due process in their general allegations and prayer for relief.
16
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?