Holland v. USA
Filing
7
MEMORANDUM AND OPINION as set forth in following order. Signed by District Judge R Leon Jordan on 8/1/19. (c/m to Michael B Holland #43501-074, BUTNER #2, P.O. Box 1500, Butner, NC 27509-1500)(ABF)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
AT GREENEVILLE
MICHAEL B. HOLLAND,
Petitioner,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent.
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Nos. 2:16-CV-221, 2:10-CR-111
Judge Jordan
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Petitioner Michael B. Holland’s pending pro se motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his
sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is before the Court for disposition [Doc. 1]. 1 The United States
responded in opposition [Doc. 2]. Petitioner did not reply, and the time to reply has now passed.
E.D. Tenn. L.R. 7.1, 7.2. Also pending before the Court are Petitioner’s motion for appointment
of counsel and two motions to supplement his § 2255 motion [Docs. 3-5].
The Court has reviewed the parties’ submissions and now finds that the record in this case
establishes conclusively that Petitioner is not entitled to relief under § 2255; thus, no evidentiary
hearing is necessary. See Rule 8(a), Rules Governing § 2255 Cases. For the following reasons,
Petitioner’s § 2255 motion [Doc. 1] will be DENIED and DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE, his
motion to appoint counsel [Doc. 3] will be DENIED, and his motions to supplement [Docs. 4-5]
will be GRANTED. 2
1
2
Unless otherwise indicated, document references in this Opinion are to Case No. 2:16-CV-221.
The Court will grant Petitioner’s motions to supplement because they flesh out the undeveloped claim
under Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2251 (2015), asserted in his § 2255 motion, and because allowing
supplementation will facilitate review of his Johnson claim.
II.
MOTION TO VACATE
Petitioner offers two general grounds for § 2255 relief. Petitioner’s first claim is based on
Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), in which the Supreme Court held that the residual
clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”) was unconstitutionally vague [Doc. 1 at 3].
Petitioner’s second claim is that his counsel gave him ineffective assistance by failing to explain
to him mitigating factors, specifically the import of his mental health issues [Id. at 4]. A proper
explanation of this mitigating factor, according to Petitioner, would have afforded him a downward
departure in his sentence [Id.].
Respondent opposes the motion, arguing that it is untimely, that Petitioner’s Johnson claim
is barred by the § 2255 waiver in his plea agreement, and that the Johnson claim furnishes no basis
for relief [Doc. 2]. Petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance, so argues Respondent, likewise is
untimely and also is without merit.
A.
Procedural and Factual Background
Petitioner was charged in an indictment with two counts of Hobbs Act robbery, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1951 [Doc. 1, Case No. 2:10-CR-111]. The government filed an information to
establish Petitioner’s prior felony convictions for robbery, attempted aggravated robbery (2
convictions), and armed robbery [Doc. 16, Case No. 2:10-CR-111]. Nearly two years after the
Hobbs Act robberies, Petitioner agreed to plead guilty, pursuant to a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) negotiated
plea agreement, to Hobbs Act robbery as charged in counts one and two in the indictment [Doc.
38, Case No. 2:10-CR-111].
As a factual basis for his plea, Petitioner stipulated to the following facts:
2
Just before midnight on September 26, 2010, Johnson City, Tennessee police officers
responded to a reported armed robbery [Id. at ¶ 3]. The officers spoke with the cashier at a
Roadrunner Market on Unaka Avenue, who told them that a tall, skinny black male, wearing blue
jeans and a green jacket, entered the store, and came behind the counter, while holding one hand
over his mouth and a white-handled steak knife in the other hand. The robber had the cashier give
him the money from two cash register drawers, then the robber got into a gray Toyota Camry being
driven by a white female. The incident was captured on video surveillance equipment.
Some two and a half hours later, at 2:35 a.m. on September 27, 2010, police officers
responded to a 911 call reporting an armed robbery at a Roadrunner Market on Cherokee Road in
Johnson City. During the call, the cashier stated that a slightly-bearded, black male, wearing blue
jeans and a green hoodie, put a knife to the cashier’s neck, and took all the cash, including a roll
of dimes and a roll of quarters, from two cash register drawers. The cashier said that the robber
was driving an older model, gray Toyota Camry or Nissan.
Officers noted the similarities between the two robberies. Shortly thereafter, officers
stopped a 1989 gray Toyota Camry, which matched the description of the car used in the robberies.
Petitioner was driving the car, and he was wearing blue jeans and a green hoodie. A roll of
quarters, a roll of dimes, and a steak knife were lying on the front seat of the car. The second
cashier was taken to the site of the police stop, and the cashier immediately identified Petitioner
as the robber. Petitioner had $154 in cash in his pocket. Petitioner admitted that he committed
both robberies as charged.
To show that the robberies affected interstate commerce, a corporate seller in Oklahoma
submitted an invoice showing that it had provided items to be sold in both Roadrunner locations.
The United States agreed to move to withdraw the information to establish Petitioner’s prior
3
convictions, so as to remove that potential sentence-enhancement vehicle as a barrier to the 240month sentence bargained for in the plea agreement.
On March 15, 2012, two weeks and a few days after the plea agreement was filed with the
Court, Petitioner pled guilty to both Hobbs Act robberies [Doc. 42, Chg. of Plea Hr’g Minute
Entry, Case No. 2:10-CR-111].
Thereafter, the United States Probation Office issued a
Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) to assist the Court in sentencing Petitioner [PSR, Case
No. 2:10-CR-111].
The probation officer who prepared the PSR determined that Petitioner’s base offense level
for the Hobbs Act robbery in count 1 was 20 [Id. at ¶ 19]. A three-level enhancement under USSG
§ 2B2.1(b)(2)(E) for brandishing or possession of a dangerous weapon resulted in an adjusted
offense level of 23 [Id. at ¶¶ 20, 24]. The base level offense for the Hobbs Act robbery in count 2
was 20 [Id. at ¶ 25]. Adding four points for using a dangerous weapon in committing the crime
boosted the adjusted offense level to 24 [Id. at ¶¶ 26, 30]. An upward, two-unit multiple count
adjustment to the greater of the two above offenses (24 in count 2) yielded a combined adjusted
offense level of 26 [Id. at ¶¶ 31-34].
Petitioner’s career offender designation upped his combined adjusted offense level to 37,
USSG § 4B1.1, 3 but a 3-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility reduced his total offense
level to 34 [Id. at ¶¶ 35-38]. Petitioner’s career offender status produced a criminal history
category of VI, see § 4B1.1(b), and his resulting advisory guidelines range was 262 to 327 months’
3
Petitioner’s predicate prior felony Tennessee convictions for the application of the career offender
guideline were: (1) an armed robbery conviction in 1991 (8-year sentence); (2) an aggravated robbery
conviction in 1993 (9-year sentence); and (3) a 2001attempted aggravated robbery conviction (10-year
sentence) [PSR at ¶¶ 46-47, 49].
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imprisonment [Id. at ¶¶ 53,79]. The parties filed notices indicating that they had no objections to
the PSR [Docs. 43, 44, Case No. 2:10-CR-111].
Based on Petitioner’s Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement, the Court imposed a concurrent
240-month term of imprisonment on each count and a two concurrent 3-year terms of supervised
release [Doc. 47 (Judgment), Case No. 2:10-CR-111]. Petitioner did not file a direct appeal,
consonant with the appeal-waiver provision in the plea agreement [Doc. 38 at ¶ 8(a), Case No.
2:10-CR-111]. Instead, Petitioner submitted this pro se § 2255 motion to vacate [Doc. 1].
B.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
To obtain relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, a petitioner must demonstrate “(1) an error of
constitutional magnitude; (2) a sentence imposed outside the statutory limits; or (3) an error of fact
or law . . . so fundamental as to render the entire proceeding invalid.” Short v. United States, 471
F.3d 686, 691 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Mallett v. United States, 334 F.3d 491, 496–97 (6th Cir.
2003)). To warrant relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 because of constitutional error, the error must
be one of constitutional magnitude which had a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the
proceedings. Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993) (citation omitted) (§ 2254 case);
Jefferson v. United States, 730 F.3d 537, 549 (6th Cir. 2013) (applying Brecht test to § 2255
motion).
To warrant relief for a non-constitutional error, a petitioner must show a fundamental
defect in the proceeding that resulted in a complete miscarriage of justice or an egregious error
that violated due process. Reed v. Farley, 512 U.S. 339, 354 (1994); Riggs v. United States, 209
F.3d 828, 831 (6th Cir. 2000); Jones v. United States, 178 F.3d 790, 796 (6th Cir. 1999) (observing
that a sentencing guidelines error “does not warrant collateral relief under § 2255 absent a complete
miscarriage of justice”). Also, a petitioner “must clear a significantly higher hurdle than would
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exist on direct appeal” to secure collateral relief. United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 166 (1982);
Regalado v. United States, 334 F.3d 520, 528 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Frady, 456 U.S. at 166). The
Supreme Court has described the § 2255 remedy as “comprehensive,” but, at the same time, has
cautioned that “it does not encompass all claimed errors in conviction and sentencing.” United
States v. Addonizio, 442 U.S. 178, 185 (1979).
C.
DISCUSSION
The Court turns first the threshold issues of timeliness and waiver to determine whether it
can address Petitioner’s motion to vacate or the claims raised therein.
1.
Timeliness
Motions under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 asking for collateral relief are subject to a one-year statute
of limitation, running from one of four dates. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1)-(4). Usually, the date on
which the judgment of conviction becomes final is the relevant date. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1).
However, a new statute of limitation is triggered for claims based on a right which “was initially
recognized by the Supreme Court, if that right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court
and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3). The
Court must determine, under both §§ 2255(f)(1) and (f)(3), the limitations period that applies to
Petitioner’s motion to vacate.
a.
Subsection One
Under subsection one, § 2255(f)(1), the one-year limitations period begins to run on the
date a conviction becomes final. Petitioner’s judgment of convictions was entered on July 17,
2012 [Doc. 47, Case No. 2:10-CR-111].
As noted, Petitioner did not file a notice of appeal.
Hence, Petitioner’s judgment became final fourteen days later, on August 1, 2012, (July 18, 2012 4
4
Rule 6(a)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure directs that the day of the event that triggers a period
that is stated in days is excluded from the computation of that period. See Rule 12, Rules Governing § 2255
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plus 14 days), upon the lapse of the period to file a notice of appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1)(A)
(setting a 14-day period for a criminal defendant to file a notice of appeal); see also SanchezCastellano v. United States, 358 F.3d 424, 428 (6th Cir. 2004) (holding that “the judgment
becomes final upon the expiration of the period in which the defendant could have appealed to the
court of appeals, even when no notice of appeal was filed”).
This means that Petitioner had one year from August 1, 2012, i.e., until August 1, 2013, to
file a timely § 2255 motion under subsection one. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f) (“A 1-year period of
limitation shall apply to a motion under this section.”). Petitioner filed his § 2255 motion on June
27, 2016, just shy of three years too late. Thus, his § 2255 motion, inclusive of the claims of
ineffective assistance, is untimely under the first subsection of the statute, as argued in the
government’s response [Doc. 2 at 17 n.8].
b.
Subsection Three
Under subsection three, a petition is timely so long as it is filed within one year after the
Supreme Court issues an opinion newly recognizing a right and holding that it applies retroactively
to cases on collateral review. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3). In Johnson, the case on which Petitioner
relies to challenge his career offender status, the Supreme Court announced a substantive rule of
constitutional law, which applies retroactively to cases on collateral review. See Welch v. United
States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1266 (2016). Therefore, Petitioner’s § 2255 motion, specifically the claim
raised under the authority of Johnson, is timely under subsection three. See Packett v. United
States, 738 F. App’x 348, 350–51 (6th Cir. 2018) (finding that a petitioner’s “§ 2255 motion was
filed within one year of the Johnson decision and is, therefore, timely”).
Proceedings (permitting application of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that are not inconsistent with
statutory provisions or the § 2255 Rules). Hence, the computation of Petitioner’s 14-day appeal period
excludes July 17, 2012, and starts on July 18, 2012.
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2.
Waiver (Johnson claim)
Respondent relies on a provision set forth in the negotiated plea agreement for its assertion
that Petitioner has waived his right to challenge his career-offender designation based on the
Johnson rule [Doc. 2 at 4]. As Respondent correctly points out, Petitioner’s plea agreement
contained a provision waiving his right to file a § 2255 motion, except for claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel or prosecutorial misconduct unknown to him by the time of entry of judgment
[Doc. 38 at ¶ 8(b), Case No. 2:10-CR-111].
It is well recognized that a party may waive a provision intended for his benefit in a contract
or statute. Shutte v. Thompson, 82 U.S. 151 (1872). Even fundamental constitutional rights may
be waived, and the waiver is enforceable if it is made knowingly and voluntarily. “[A] defendant’s
informed and voluntary waiver of the right to collaterally attack a conviction and sentence is
enforceable.” In re Acosta, 480 F.3d 421, 422 (6th Cir. 2007); accord Davila v. United States, 258
F.3d 448, 450-52 (6th Cir. 2001); Watson v. United States, 165 F.3d 486, 489 (6th Cir. 1999).
Therefore, if Petitioner understood the terms of the plea agreement and made the waiver of his
right to file a § 2255 motion voluntarily and knowingly, the waiver is valid and enforceable.
Although no transcript of the Court’s change of plea hearing is in the record, this Court
recalls that it verified, in testimony under oath by Petitioner, that he had read the plea agreement
or that the plea agreement had been read to him, that he discussed the plea agreement with counsel
and understood all its provisions, and that he had had fully discussed the waiver provision with his
attorney [Doc. 46 (minutes), Case No. 2:11-CR-111]. It is clear to this Court that Petitioner’s
waiver of his right to file a § 2255 motion was voluntarily and knowingly made. Thus, because
the Johnson-based claim does not fall within the limited scope of claims that were exempted from
the waiver provision, it is barred by that provision.
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3.
Johnson Claim (Law and Analysis)
Not only is Petitioner’s Johnson claim barred by his knowing and voluntary waiver of his
right to file a § 2255 motion but, as the United States points out in its response, Johnson does not
change Petitioner’s sentence or provide him a basis for relief.
To reiterate, Johnson held that ACCA’s definition of “violent felony” was so vague that it
violated due process. 5 Petitioner asserts that the reasoning underlying Johnson likewise applies to
the career offender guideline’s definition of “crime of violence,” which means that the cited
guideline that was used in the PSR to calculate his sentence for his Hobbs Act robbery convictions
rests on an equally vague definition.
Petitioner accurately states that Johnson struck down the ACCA’s residual clause, but he
fails to acknowledge that Johnson did not address, recognize, analyze, or rule on any issue of
vagueness that might inhere in the career offender guideline. Moreover, in a post-Johnson
decision, the Supreme Court foreclosed Petitioner’s claim.
In Beckles v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 886 (2017), a case decided after the United States
filed its response in Petitioner’s case, the Supreme Court held that the sentencing guidelines are
not subject to a due process challenge as vague. Id. at 894 (reasoning that because the guidelines
“merely guide the district courts’ discretion, [they] are not amenable to a vagueness challenge”).
Commenting that the sentencing system that preceded the guidelines was purely discretionary and
not unconstitutionally vague, the Supreme Court observed that it was difficult to see “how the
present system of guided discretion could be [unconstitutionally vague].” Id. at 894. Due process’s
5
The ACCA defines a “violent felony,” in part, as a crime that “is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves
use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to
another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B) (emphasis added). Johnson invalidated the italicized part of the
definition as vague. 135 S. Ct. at 2563.
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notice requirement was satisfied in that the applicable statutory range cabined the “permissible
bounds of the court’s sentencing discretion.” Id. at 895. Due process concerns about arbitrary
enforcement were not implicated because the guidelines prohibited no conduct and established no
minimum and maximus penalties for any crime. Id. at 894-95. Ultimately, the Supreme Court
concluded “that § 4B1.2(a)’s residual clause is not void for vagueness.” Id.
Undeterred by the Beckles ruling, Petitioner suggests that, despite Beckles, his Hobbs Act
robberies do not fall within the definitional scope of a “crime of violence” in § 4B1.2(a).
Petitioner’s argument runs counter to this circuit’s precedents, which he cites but misreads.
In United States v. Gooch, 850 F.3d 285 (6th Cir. 2017), a case relied on by Petitioner in
his motions to supplement, the Sixth Circuit announced that it would “join our sister circuits in
ruling that Hobbs Act robbery constitutes a crime of violence.” Id. at 292 (listing cases), cert.
denied, 137 S. Ct. 2230, 198 L. Ed. 2d 670 (2017). Though Gooch was decided in the context of a
firearms-related conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) rather than the guidelines, the Sixth Circuit
has suggested that its holding applies similarly to the career offender guideline. See United States
v. Banks, 722 F. App’x 505, 508 (6th Cir. 2018) (commenting that the defendant, convicted of
conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery, did not address “any differences between the statutory
and the Guidelines crime-of-violence definitions, or otherwise explain why Gooch and [United
States v. Tibbs, 685 F. App’x 456 (6th Cir. 2017)] are not dispositive here”); see also United States
v. Perry, 703 F.3d 906, 910 (6th Cir. 2013) (instructing that “whether a conviction is a ‘violent
felony’ under § 924(e) is analyzed the same way as whether a conviction is a ‘crime of violence’
under USSG § 4B1.2”).
Also, in the motions to supplement, Petitioner offers post-Johnson cases, including
Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018), United States v. Camp, 903 F.3d 594 (6th Cir. 2018),
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and a host of other federal court decisions [Docs. 4-5], as new authority to support his Johnson
claim. Dimaya applied the reasoning in Johnson to invalidate the residual clause of 18 U.S.C. §
16(b)’s definition of a “crime of violence” in the Immigration and Nationality Act. 138 S. Ct. at
1223. However, Dimaya did not invalidate, modify, or change the career offender guideline.
Dimaya does not help Petitioner.
Moreover, even after Dimaya, a Hobbs Act robbery remains a predicate “crime of
violence” for career offender purposes under the use-of-force clause of § 924(c). United States v.
Richardson, 906 F.3d 417, 425 (6th Cir. 2018), overruled on other grounds, No. 18-7036, 2019
WL 2493913 (U.S. June 17, 2019); Camp, 903 F.3d at 597 (citing United States v. Gooch, 850
F.3d 285, 292 (6th Cir. 2017)); see also In re Gordon, No. 18-3449, 2018 WL 3954189, at *1 (6th
Cir. Aug. 14, 2018) (remarking that even if “Dimaya applies to § 924(c)(3)(B), that rule has no
effect on [petitioner’s] case because his convictions for Hobbs Act robbery qualify as crimes of
violence under § 924(c)(3)(A)”).
Petitioner next argues that his prior convictions for armed robbery, aggravated robbery,
and attempted aggravated robbery do not constitute “violent felony convictions” as that term is
defined in the guidelines. The Court infers that, based on these arguments, Petitioner is claiming
that, absent these convictions, he lacks the necessary convictions for career offender enhancement
[Doc. 5 at 2-3].
Unfortunately for Petitioner’s challenge to his prior convictions, a Tennessee robbery
conviction is a violent felony. In United States v. Mitchell, 743 F.3d 1054 (6th Cir. 2014), the
Sixth Circuit held that a Tennessee robbery conviction is “categorically a ‘violent felony’ under ...
the ACCA” because it requires a degree of force that satisfies the ACCA’s elements clause. Id. at
1058-60. Also, contrary to Petitioner’s suggestion that the Sixth Circuit “conceded” in 2018 that
11
Mitchell was “wrongly decided,” [Doc. 5 at 3], this circuit recently ruled that “Mitchell’s holding
applies with equal force to Tennessee robbery and Tennessee aggravated robbery.” United States
v. Porter, 765 F. App’x 128, 129 (6th Cir. 2019). The same reasoning supporting that robbery and
aggravated robbery are violent felony convictions holds true for a Tennessee attempted aggravated
robbery conviction. United States v. Lester, 719 F. App’x 455, 458 (6th Cir. 2017); see also United
States v. Perry, 703 F.3d 906, 910 (6th Cir. 2013) (“Whether a conviction is a ‘violent felony’
under § 924(e) is analyzed the same way as whether a conviction is a ‘crime of violence’ under
USSG § 4B1.2.”). Therefore, Petitioner’s Tennessee robbery-related convictions were “prior
violent felony convictions” as that term is defined in USSG § 4B1.2(c). 6
Finally, and perhaps most significantly, Petitioner was not classified or sentenced under
the guidelines’ residual clause in USSG § 4B1.2 [Doc. 2 at 16]. Instead, Petitioner was sentenced
pursuant to his Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement, and not the guidelines. Because Johnson has no
application in Petitioner’s case, any sentencing claim predicated on Johnson is legally and
factually frivolous and provides no basis for relief.
4.
Ineffective Assistance Claim (Law and Analysis)
Although the Court has found that Petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance is untimely
under § 2255(f)(1), the claim similarly fails on the merits.
A petitioner alleging ineffective assistance must satisfy the two-part test set forth in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1987). First, the petitioner must establish, by
identifying specific acts or omissions, that counsel’s performance was deficient and that counsel
did not provide “reasonably effective assistance,” id., as measured by “prevailing professional
6
A defendant has incurred “two prior felony convictions” if, inter alia, he committed the instant offense
after he sustained at least two felony convictions of a crime of violence. USSG § 4B1.2(c).
12
norms.” Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 380 (2005). A court must presume that counsel’s
assistance was effective, and a petitioner bears the burden of showing otherwise. Mason v.
Mitchell, 320 F.3d 604, 616–17 (6th Cir. 2003); Wong v. Money, 142 F.3d 313, 319 (6th Cir. 1998)
(instructing reviewing courts to “remember that ‘counsel is strongly presumed to have rendered
adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional
judgment’”) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 (directing
that courts “must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range
of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that .
. . the challenged action might be considered sound . . . strategy” (internal citation omitted)). “[T]he
constitutional right at issue here is ultimately the right to a fair trial, not to perfect representation.”
Smith v. Mitchell, 348 F.3d. 177, 201 (6th. Cir 2003) (citing Strickland).
Second, a petitioner must demonstrate “a reasonable probability that, but for [counsel’s
acts or omissions], the result of the proceedings would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome,” id., and “requires a substantial, not just conceivable, likelihood of a different result.”
Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 189 (2011) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In
a guilty plea context, to establish prejudice a petitioner “must show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted
on going to trial.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985). Yet, “[a]n error by counsel, even if
professionally unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding
if the error had no effect on the judgment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691; see also Smith v. Robbins,
528 U.S. 259, 285–86 (2000). Furthermore, if “it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim
13
on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice . . . that course should be followed.” Strickland, 466
U.S. at 697.
Petitioner submits that he does not believe that his counsel explained to him the mitigating
factors applicable to his case, and he speculates that his mental health condition would have
afforded him a basis for a downward departure [Doc. 1 at 4].
Mental conditions may be relevant in determining whether a departure is warranted, if such
conditions, individually or in combination with other offender characteristics, are present to an
unusual degree and distinguish the case from the typical cases covered by the guidelines. USSG §
5H1.3 Mental and Emotional Conditions (Policy Statement) (Sentencing Guidelines Manual
(2015)). In some cases, a downward departure may be appropriate for specific treatment purposes.
Id. (citing USSG 5C1.1 Application Note 6).
The Sixth Circuit has “repeatedly found information relating to an individual’s. . . mental
health . . . among other things, to be relevant to sentencing.” United States v. Pineda, 755 F. App’x
543, 548 (6th Cir. 2018 (Stranch, J., concurring). Thus, counsel may give ineffective assistance
by failing to seek a downward departure where the supporting evidence of the mental condition
might have convinced the Court to adjust a sentence downward. United States v. Parker, 57 F.
App’x 803, 805 (10th Cir. 2003) (denying a certificate of appealability where a petitioner failed to
show a “reasonable probability” that the court would have imposed a shorter sentence had counsel
sought a downward departure for his mental health history).
Here, Petitioner does not offer the Court any facts to flesh out his claim. For example,
Petitioner does not identify the mental condition from which he suffers that is present “to an
unusual degree” or distinguishable from mental disorders in “typical cases.” Similarly, Petitioner
fails to connect his unstated mental condition to the facts of his case or to those of other cases to
14
show that his mental disability is such that it qualifies for a downward departure. Without factual
support, Petitioner’s ineffective assistance claim is conclusory. A motion that merely states
general conclusions of law without substantiating allegations with facts is without legal merit.
Loum v. Underwood, 262 F.2d 866, 867 (6th Cir. 1959); United States v. Johnson, 940 F. Supp.
167, 171 (W.D. Tenn. 1996).
Furthermore, there are no allegations of prejudice. To paraphrase the paramount case on
guilty-plea prejudice flowing from counsel’s deficient performance, “Petitioner did not allege in
his [§ 2255 motion] that, had counsel correctly informed him about his [mitigating factors], he
would have pleaded not guilty and insisted on going to trial.” Hill, 474 U.S. at 60. Too, as the
United States argues in its response, the Court’s acceptance of the plea agreement obliged it to
impose the 240-month sentence and left no room to downwardly depart from that sentence.
Lastly, according to Petitioner’s mental evaluation, his principle diagnosis was malingering
and his current conditions were determined to be well-treated and not to require special
considerations in prison placement [Doc. 25 (sealed), Case No. 2:10-CR-111]. The Court had
access to the mental evaluation, would have considered the evaluation had Petitioner’s mental
condition been advanced as a basis for downward departure, but under the circumstances presented
in the record, would have not have granted one, had counsel so moved. Counsel is not required to
advance hollow arguments to avoid a charge of ineffective assistance, Krist v. Foltz, 804 F.2d 944,
946-47 (6th Cir. 1986), and cannot be ineffective for failure to raise a groundless claim. Greer v.
Mitchell, 264 F.3d 663, 676 (2001). Petitioner’s ineffective assistance claim lacks merit.
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III.
OTHER PENDING MOTIONS
Petitioner argues, in his motion requesting court-appointed counsel [Doc. 3], that he is
incarcerated and is unable to investigate all the existing issues in his case and (by implication) that
appointed counsel could perform that task for him.
Because Petitioner’s § 2255 motion is untimely, lacks merit, does not entitle him to
collateral relief, and will be denied, his motion for appointment of counsel [Id.] will be DENIED
as moot. For the reasons expressed earlier in this Opinion, Petitioner’s motions to supplement
[Docs. 4-5] will be GRANTED.
IV.
CONCLUSION
In view of the foregoing law and analysis of Petitioner’s claims, as discussed in this
Opinion, Petitioner’s motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence [Doc. 1] will be DENIED
and DISMISSED.
V.
CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), the Court must determine whether a certificate of
appealability should be granted. A certificate should issue if a petitioner has demonstrated a
“substantial showing of a denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). A petitioner
whose claims have been rejected on the merits satisfies the requirements of § 2253(c) by showing
that jurists of reason would find the assessment of the claims debatable or wrong. Slack v.
McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). A petitioner whose claims have been rejected on a
procedural basis must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would debate the correctness of the
Court’s procedural ruling. Id.; Porterfield v. Bell, 258 F.3d 484, 485-86 (6th Cir. 2001).
Having examined each of Petitioner’s claims under the Slack standard, the Court finds that
reasonable jurists could not find that the dismissal of his claims or the procedural rulings made on
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the claims was debatable or wrong. Because reasonable jurists could not disagree with the Court’s
denial of the § 2255 motion and could not conclude that issues offered in the motion are “adequate
to deserve encouragement to proceed further,” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327 (2003),
the Court will DENY issuance of a certificate of appealability. Fed. R. App. P. 22(b). The Court
will CERTIFY that any appeal from this action would not be taken in good faith, Fed. R. App. P.
24(a), and consequently will DENY Petitioner leave to proceed in forma pauperis on appeal.
A separate judgment will enter.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
ENTER:
s/ Leon Jordan
United States District Judge
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