Knighton v. Mills

Filing 27

MEMORANDUM AND OPINION as set forth in following order. Signed by District Judge Thomas W Phillips on 8/29/11. (c/m)(ABF)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE

CHRISTOPHER KNIGHTON
Petitioner,
v.

DAVID MILLS, Warden,
Respondent.

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3:07-cv-2
Phillips

MEMORANDUM

This is a petition for the writ of habeas corpus, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, filed by
petitioner Christopher Knighton ("petitioner"). The matter is before the court on the answer
to the petition filed by the Tennessee Attorney General on behalf of the respondent and
petitioner's response thereto. For the following reasons, the petition for the writ of habeas
corpus will be DENIED and this action will be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.

I.

Standard of Review

A state prisoner is entitled to habeas corpus relief "only on the ground that he is in
custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254. Under Rule 8 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases In The United States
District Courts, the court is to determine, after a review of the answer and the records of the
case, whether an evidentiary hearing is required. If no hearing is required, the district judge
is to dispose of the case as justice dictates. If the record shows conclusively that petitioner
is not entitled to relief under § 2254, there is no need for an evidentiary hearing and the
petition should be denied. Baker v. United States, 781 F.2d 85, 92 (6th Cir. 1986).

II.

Factual Background

The respondent has provided the court with copies of the relevant documents as to
petitioner's direct appeal and post-conviction proceedings. [Court File No. 11, Notice of
Filing of Documents, Addenda 1-8; Court File No. 16, Notice of Filing of Documents,
Addenda 9-13].1 Petitioner was convicted by a jury in the Circuit Court for Blount County,
Tennessee, of aggravated rape, aggravated burglary, and theft of property over $1000. He
was sentenced to concurrent sentences of six years and five years, respectively, on the

1

Addenda 1-8 were filed in connection with respondent's motion to dismiss the petition as
untimely, which was denied. Addenda 9-13 were filed in connection with respondent's subsequent
answer to the petition.
2

aggravated burglary and theft convictions, to be served consecutively to a sentence of 25
years on the aggravated rape conviction, for a total effective sentence of 31 years. The
convictions were affirmed by the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals on direct appeal.
State v. Knighton, No. E2000-00746-CCA-R3, 2001 WL 125952 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 15,
2001) [Addendum 2].
On direct appeal, petitioner challenged, inter alia, the sufficiency of the evidence to
convict him of aggravated rape. In a lengthy summary, the Tennessee Court of Criminal
Appeals stated the evidence against petitioner as follows:
The victim was 27 years old at the time of the crime. She was single
and lived alone except that her boyfriend, Stacy Sudderth, sometimes stayed
overnight. On the morning of April 6, 1998, she went to work at her regular
job at Densco Manufacturing in Maryville, Tennessee.
Seneca Teeter testified that the defendant and Andre Jackson made
several telephone calls to her on April 6. The defendant told her they were at
the victim's home. Evidence from the telephone company corroborated Ms.
Teeter's testimony. According to the telephone company records, six telephone
calls were made between the hours of 1:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. from the
victim's home telephone number to Ms. Teeter.
The presence of someone in the victim's home was corroborated by
Patricia Norman, the victim's next door neighbor. She testified that between
2:00 and 2:30 in the afternoon, she saw someone peeking out of the victim's
window.
The victim returned home between 5:00 and 5:30 in the afternoon. She
went into her bathroom and was confronted by two men. Both were dressed in
black, were wearing black ski masks and had gloves on their hands. The
defendant was the shorter of the two and had a handgun in his hand. Jackson
had a knife in his hand.¹ The victim was forced into the bedroom where the
defendant tied her hands with a telephone cord, and Jackson removed her
clothes by cutting them. The defendant left the bedroom while Jackson
remained and forcibly raped her. When Jackson was over her, he lifted his
3

mask, and the victim could see the bottom part of his face. The man was
lighter than her.² He had gold in his mouth and facial hair. She also observed
that he had on red tennis shoes.³ Jackson inserted himself into her but stopped
when she told him she was hurting. He did not ejaculate inside her. During the
process, Jackson told the victim that the rape was not about her, but that it was
because her boyfriend, Stacy Sudderth, owed them money.4
¹Through the testimony of a witness and through a stipulation, the State
established that the defendant was 5'8", and Jackson was 6'2". The
victim could not identify the defendant and Jackson. Their identity and
involvement in these crimes was established by direct and
circumstantial evidence from several witnesses.
²The victim, Jackson, and the defendant are of the black race.
³Another witness saw Jackson later in the day and gave the same
description.
4

This testimony was corroborated in part by Stacy Sudderth who
testified he had previously had words with the defendant.

As they were leaving, the two men took the victim's cell phone and her
jewelry. They told her that if she did not have $10,000 by ten o'clock that
night, they were going to kill her, her boyfriend, and her family. The men put
the victim into a closet and left. After the two men left, the victim was able to
telephone a friend, Syreeta Tate.
Ms. Tate and her three-year-old son came to the victim's house and
found the victim naked with her hands tied behind her back. Ms. Tate untied
the victim and left because she was concerned the two men were still near, and
she did not want to endanger her son. After leaving, Ms. Tate located Stacy
Sudderth and sent him to the victim's house.
After Ms. Tate left, the victim called her cousin, Offie Blake, who
called the police. Several police officers came to the victim's house. One of the
officers testified that the victim was hysterical, sobbing and gulping for air.
She told him she had been attacked by two men wearing masks who were
armed with a pistol and knife. She told him that she had been raped. The
officer testified that the house had been ransacked, and the furniture looked
like it had been damaged or destroyed. The testimony of the officer concerning
the victim's condition and state of mind and the condition of her house was
4

corroborated by the testimony of other police officers and by the victim's
boyfriend.
At about 5:30 p.m., Melissa Ann Carter, who lived near the victim,
observed two men wearing ski masks run to the porch of the house next door.
She observed them remove their ski masks and recognized them to be the
defendant and Andre Jackson.
At about the same time, Jackson called his girlfriend, Stephanie Delapp,
and asked her to come get them. According to the records of the telephone
company, the call was made from the victim's cell phone. As Miss Delapp
turned on to the street where Jackson and the defendant were standing, a group
of young boys threw a rock at her car. Jackson and the defendant confronted
the boys. Syreeta Tate testified to seeing the same confrontation after she left
the victim's house. The defendant and Jackson were standing in the street near
the victim's home, and the defendant had a gun in his pants.
The victim was carried to the emergency room at the Blount Memorial
Hospital. The emergency room physician testified that the victim was
distraught, upset, crying and angry. She had linear bruises on her wrists which
were consistent with her history of being tied by a telephone cord. The
examination revealed a clitoral tear which appeared to have occurred within
the past two to four hours. The tear was consistent with forceful sex.5
5

A forensic serologist and DNA analyst at the Tennessee Bureau
of Investigation testified she was unable to obtain a DNA profile
because no semen had been emitted during the rape.

Maurice Asbury testified that on the morning of April 6, the defendant
told him that he was going to f --- some girl. Later, Asbury and the defendant
picked up Andre Jackson at his house. Late that night, the defendant called
Asbury. The telephone records revealed that the call was made from the
victim's cell phone.
During the late night of April 6 or the early morning of April 7, Andre
Jackson was killed. His death was determined to be a homicide.
Diva Brown, Andre Jackson's mother, testified that a few days after her
son was killed, she talked with the defendant. The defendant told her that
Stacy Sudderth had sold Andre Jackson and him some bad drugs at a price of
about $3000. He said they went to the victim's house to see if they could
5

confiscate something to make up for the money that had been taken from them.
The defendant denied that they raped her but admitted they were in her house.
Id. at **1-3. The appellate court concluded the evidence was sufficient to support the
conviction for aggravated rape, id. at *3, and that the other allegations of error lacked merit,
id. at **4-7.
Petitioner then filed a petition for post-conviction relief, in which he asserted various
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. The petition was denied after an evidentiary
hearing and the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the denial of post-conviction
relief. Knighton v. State, No. E2005-02534-CCA-R3-PC, 2006 WL 1864472 (Tenn. Crim.
App. July 5, 2006) [Addendum 8], perm. app. dismissed, id. (Tenn. Oct. 2, 2006).
In support of his petition for the writ of habeas corpus, petitioner alleges the following
ten (10) grounds for relief, as paraphrased by the court, which he claims violated his rights
to due process and a fair trial:
1.

The evidence was insufficient to support the conviction for aggravated rape.

2.

The voir dire process was defective because it resulted in the unconstitutional
voir dire of unsworn jurors.

3.

The trial court erred in refusing to excuse two jurors for cause.

4.

The prosecution intentionally and systematically excluded males from the jury.

5.

The indictment was insufficient to charge petitioner with aggravated rape.

6.

The trial court erred in allowing petitioner's prior convictions to be introduced
for impeachment purposes.

7.

Petitioner was denied effective assistance of counsel due to counsel's failure
to advise him of the applicable law before rejecting a plea offer.
6

8.

Petitioner was denied effective assistance of counsel due to counsel's failure
to object to the State's use of peremptory challenges to exclude males from the
jury.

9.

Petitioner was denied effective assistance of counsel due to counsel's use of an
ill-advised trial defense.

10.

Petitioner was denied effective assistance of counsel due to counsel's failure
to challenge petitioner's sentence on direct appeal.

The respondent contends that petitioner is not entitled to relief because the decisions
of the state courts rest on reasonable determinations of the facts and reasonable applications
of federal constitutional law, and that any claim not raised in the state courts has been
procedurally defaulted.

III.

Procedural Default

The doctrine of procedural default is an extension of the exhaustion doctrine. A state
prisoner's petition for a writ of habeas corpus cannot be granted by a federal court unless the
petitioner has exhausted his available state court remedies. 28 U.S.C. § 2254. This rule has
been interpreted by the Supreme Court as one of total exhaustion. Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S.
509 (1982). Thus, each and every claim set forth in the federal habeas corpus petition must
have been presented to the state appellate court. Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270 (1971). See
also Pillette v. Foltz, 824 F.2d 494, 496 (6th Cir. 1987) (Exhaustion "generally entails fairly
presenting the legal and factual substance of every claim to all levels of state court review.").

7

Moreover, the substance of the claim must have been presented as a federal constitutional
claim. Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 162-63 (1996).
Petitioner cannot file another state petition for post-conviction relief. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-30-102(c). Accordingly, he has no remedy available to him in the Tennessee state
courts for challenging his conviction and is deemed to have exhausted his state remedies.
It is well established that a criminal defendant who fails to comply with state
procedural rules which require the timely presentation of constitutional claims waives the
right to federal habeas corpus review of those claims "absent a showing of cause for the noncompliance and some showing of actual prejudice resulting from the alleged constitutional
violation." Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 84 (1977). Accord Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S.
107, 129 (1982) ("We reaffirm, therefore, that any prisoner bringing a constitutional claim
to the federal courthouse after a state procedural default must demonstrate cause and actual
prejudice before obtaining relief.").
In all cases in which a state prisoner has defaulted his federal
claims in state court pursuant to an independent and adequate
state procedural rule, federal habeas review of the claims is
barred unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default
and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal
law, or demonstrate that failure to consider the claims will result
in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.
Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). "When a state-law default prevents the
state court from reaching the merits of a federal claim, that claim can ordinarily not be
reviewed in federal court." Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 801 (1991).

8

IV.

State Court Findings

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), petitioner may not obtain federal habeas corpus relief
with respect to a claim that was adjudicated on the merits in a state court proceeding unless
the state court decision (1) was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,
clearly established federal law or (2) was not reasonably supported by the evidence presented
to the state court. In addition, findings of fact by a state court are presumed correct and
petitioner must rebut the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence. 28
U.S.C. § 2254(e). Petitioner has failed to rebut, by clear and convincing evidence, the
findings of the state courts and they will be presumed correct by this court.
The Supreme Court, in Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 (2000), clarified the
distinction between a decision "contrary to," and an "unreasonable application of," clearly
established Supreme Court law under § 2254(d)(1). A state court decision is "contrary to"
Supreme Court precedent "if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached
by [the Supreme Court] on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently
than [the Supreme Court] has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts." Id. at 413. A
state court decision "involves an unreasonable application of clearly established Federal law"
only where "the state court's application of clearly established federal law was objectively
unreasonable." Id. at 409. A federal habeas court may not find a state adjudication to be
"unreasonable" "simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the
relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or

9

incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be unreasonable." Id. at 411. In light of the
foregoing, the court will consider petitioner's claims for relief.

V.

Discussion of Claims

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

In a federal habeas corpus proceeding in which a state prisoner challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction, the petitioner "is entitled to a
determination whether the record evidence could support a finding of guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt." Moore v. Duckworth, 443 U.S. 713, 714 (1979). However, the petitioner
is entitled to habeas relief only "if it is found that upon the record evidence adduced at the
trial no rational trier of fact could have found proof beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324 (1979). See Brofford v. Marshall, 751 F.2d 845, 856 (6th Cir.
1985).
When reviewing a jury's verdict under a sufficiency of the evidence standard, a court
must consider all the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. at 319. Witness credibility is an issue to be left solely within the province
of the jury, Deel v. Jago, 967 F.2d 1079, 1086 (6th Cir. 1992); United States v. Schultz, 855
F.2d 1217, 1221 (6th Cir. 1988), and substantial deference should be given to the trier of fact.
United States v. Ayotte, 741 F.2d 865, 867 (6th Cir. 1984). "[T]he federal court sitting in
habeas should not attempt to substitute its own opinion for that of the jury which convicted
10

the petitioner." York v. Tate, 858 F.2d 322, 329 (6th Cir. 1988). A conviction should be
affirmed if any rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. United States v. Bourjaily, 781 F.2d 539, 544 (6th Cir. 1986), aff'd, 483
U.S. 171 (1987).
Petitioner claims the evidence was not sufficient to convict him of aggravated rape
because there was no proof that he penetrated the victim, and at most, facilitated penetration
by another. He also refers to the indictment against him, which charged him in count one
with having by use of force sexually penetrated the victim while armed with a knife and in
count two with having by use of force sexually penetrated the victim while aided and abetted
by another.2 [Addendum 9, Technical Record on Direct Appeal, p. 2, Indictment]. Petitioner
raised this claim on direct appeal.
In considering petitioner's claim that the evidence was not sufficient to support his
conviction for aggravated rape, the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals first observed:
Since a verdict of guilty removes the presumption of innocence and replaces
it with a presumption of guilt, the accused has the burden in this Court of
illustrating why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict returned by
the jury. This Court will not disturb a verdict of guilty due to the sufficiency
of the evidence unless the facts contained in the record and any inferences
which may be drawn from the facts are insufficient, as a matter of law, for a
rational trier of fact to find the accused guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. Knighton, 2001 WL 125952 at *3 (citations omitted).
The appellate court then rejected the claim.

2

Petitioner also challenges the sufficiency of the indictment for aggravated rape, which claim
is considered infra at 18-20.
11

We find that the evidence was sufficient to convict the defendant of the
crime of aggravated rape. Although the victim was unable to identify the
defendant, there was ample evidence upon which the jury could find the
defendant guilty of this crime. The testimony of the victim that she was raped
was uncontradicted and was corroborated by several witnesses including the
emergency room physician. She also testified as to the manner in which the
rape occurred and was able to offer descriptions to distinguish the two men.
The presence of Andre Jackson and the defendant in the victim's home was
established through the testimony of several witnesses and was corroborated
by the telephone records, which established that the defendant and Jackson
made several calls from the victim's home phone and cell phone. Also of
significance was the testimony of Melissa Ann Carter, who observed the
defendant and Andre Jackson removing ski masks late in the afternoon of
April 6 near the victim's home, and the testimony of Seneca Teeter and
Stephanie Delapp, who saw Jackson and the defendant near the victim's home
immediately after the rape. We find that this evidence is clearly sufficient to
establish that the defendant was present in the home of the victim on the
afternoon of April 6, 1998, and that he assisted and aided Andre Jackson in
raping the victim.
Id.
This court has reviewed the transcript of evidence at petitioner's trial [Addendum 10,
Vol. 1-6, Transcript of Evidence, pp. 1-481] and finds the decision by the Tennessee Court
of Criminal Appeals is supported in the record. There is no question that the victim was
forcibly raped at knife point. There was ample evidence that petitioner was in the victim's
home at the time of rape, and that he held a gun on her and tied her hands behind her back
prior to Andre Jackson actually raping her.
Based upon the foregoing, the appellate court's decision was neither contrary to, nor
did it involve an unreasonable application of, federal law. Accordingly, petitioner is not
entitled to relief on his claim that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for
aggravated rape.
12

B. Voir Dire / Unsworn Jurors

Petitioner alleges that a defective voir dire resulted in unsworn jurors. As the
Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals explained,
The record reflects that 24 jurors were initially brought into the
courtroom and were sworn before voir dire. It later became necessary to call
additional jurors, but the trial court apparently overlooked administering the
oath to them. His failure to do so was not brought to his attention by either the
State or the defendant, and this issue was not raised until the motion for a new
trial. In ruling upon the motion, the trial court stated that all jurors had
attended an orientation session before the trial. At that time, they were all
sworn and instructed upon the importance of understanding questions asked
during the voir dire and answering those questions truthfully. The defendant
does not claim any prejudice as the result of failing to swear the additional
jurors nor does he claim that any juror did not truthfully answer questions
asked upon voir dire.
This Court addressed the same issue in State v. Lillard, No.
03C01-9704-CC-00123 (Tenn.Crim.App., filed December 23, 1997, at
Knoxville), and held that although Rule 24 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal
Procedure requires that prospective jurors be sworn to answer truthfully
questions they will be asked during the selection process, the failure to do so
was harmless error when the defendant made no allegations that the jury was
not fair and impartial.
Herein, there is no allegation or evidence that the jury was not fair and
impartial or that the defendant was prejudiced by the failure of the trial court
to swear all prospective jurors. We find this error to be harmless.
Id. at *4.
Petitioner raised this issue in the state courts solely as a violation of state law,
specifically Rule 24 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure. [Addendum 9, Technical

13

Record on Direct Appeal, p. 74, Motion for New Trial, ¶ 2; Addendum 1, Brief of the
Appellant on Direct Appeal, pp. 7-9].
Because this was decided as a matter of state law, it "is not cognizable in a federal
habeas corpus proceeding." Spalla v. Foltz, 788 F.2d 400, 405 (6th Cir. 1986). See also
Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991) ("we reemphasize that it is not the province
of a federal habeas court to reexamine state court determinations on state law questions");
Lewis v. Jeffers, 497 U.S. 764, 779 (1990) ("federal habeas corpus relief does not lie for
errors of state law"); Pulley v. Harris, 465 U.S. 37, 41 (1984) ("A federal court may not issue
the writ on the basis of a perceived error of state law."); Sinistaj v. Burt, 66 F.3d 804, 807
(6th Cir. 1995) ("Errors of state law alone cannot form the basis of relief under federal
habeas corpus.").
To the extent petitioner now alleges his federal constitutional rights were violated in
this regard, that claim was not presented to the state courts and thus has been procedurally
defaulted. Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this claim.

C. Trial Court's Refusal to Excuse Two Jurors for Cause

Petitioner alleges that the trial court erred in refusing to excuse two jurors for cause.
As the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals explained,
The third issue presented for review is the contention that the trial court
erred in refusing to excuse two jurors for cause. One juror had had her house
burglarized and was assaulted during the process (juror # 18). The other juror
read about the case in the newspaper and worked at the same company as the
victim (juror # 14). The defendant contends that he was required to use
14

peremptory challenges to remove these two jurors which caused him to
exhaust his challenges.
There is nothing in the record to suggest that the burglary and assault
upon juror # 18 caused her to have any bias in favor of the State or that it
influenced her in any manner. Likewise, juror # 14 said that although he had
read a news account of the crime, he remembered little about what he had read,
and he had no opinion about the case. He also said that while he worked at the
same company as the victim, he did not know her. There is no evidence which
suggests that juror # 14 was influenced or biased by what he read in the
newspaper or because he worked at the same plant as the victim.
It is well established that the trial court has wide discretion in
determining the qualifications of a juror. The trial court's decision will not be
overturned unless there is a clear showing of an abuse of discretion. There is
no showing of abuse of discretion in the trial court's refusal to excuse these
jurors for cause. This issue is without merit.
State v. Knighton, 2001 WL 125952 at *4 (internal citations omitted).
Petitioner also raised this issue in the state courts solely as a violation of state law,
specifically Rule 24 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure. [Addendum 9, Technical
Record on Direct Appeal, p. 74, Motion for New Trial, ¶¶ 3 and 4; Addendum 1, Brief of the
Appellant on Direct Appeal, pp. 10-12]. Thus, the claim is not cognizable in this proceeding
as a matter of state law and, to the extent petitioner now alleges his federal constitutional
rights were violated in this regard, the claim has been procedurally defaulted. Petitioner is
not entitled to relief on this claim.

D. Exclusion of Males from Jury

Petitioner alleges that the prosecution intentionally and systematically excluded males
from the jury through the use of peremptory challenges, leaving a jury of all Caucasian
15

women to hear his case. The Tennessee Supreme Court considered this claim as a matter of
federal constitutional law as well as state law, and found that the issue was waived.
In his fourth issue presented for review, the defendant alleges the State
intentionally and systematically excluded males from the jury. The record
reflects that the State exercised seven peremptory challenges and all of them
were males. No males sat on the jury. The defendant made no objection to the
State's peremptory challenges during the jury selection process and did not
raise this issue until the motion for a new trial.
In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed. 69 (1986),
the Supreme Court of the United States held that "the equal protection clause
forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential jurors solely on account of their
race". In J.E.B. v. Alabama, ex rel. T. B., 511 U.S. 127, 114 S.Ct. 1419, 128
L.Ed.2d 89, 128 L.Ed. 89 (1994), the Supreme Court held that peremptory
strikes made solely on the basis of gender also violate the dictates of the equal
protection clause. The Supreme Court of Tennessee has addressed this issue
in holding that a defendant could not use peremptory strikes to remove all
females from the jury venire. State v. Turner, 879 S.W.2d 819, 823
(Tenn.1994). The procedure for invoking the protection of Batson is well
established and recently outlined in State v. Spratt, 31 S.W.3d 587
(Tenn.Crim.App.2000).
Here the defendant must establish a prima facie case that a juror is
being challenged on the basis of gender. See Spratt, 31 S.W.3d at 596. Once
the defendant has presented a prima facie case, the trial court shall require the
State to give a gender-neutral reason for the challenge. See id. If a
gender-neutral explanation is given, the court must then determine whether the
defendant has established purposeful discrimination. See id. The court in
Spratt outlined the trial court's duties as follows:
The trial judge must carefully articulate specific reasons
for each finding on the record, i.e., whether a prima facie case
has been established; whether a neutral explanation has been
given; and whether the totality of the circumstances support a
finding of purposeful discrimination. The trial court's factual
findings are imperative in this context. On appeal, the trial
court's findings are to be accorded great deference and not set
aside unless clearly erroneous. Thus, specificity in the findings
are crucial.
16

Spratt, 31 S.W.3d at 596 (quoting Woodson v. Porter Brown Limestone Co.,
Inc., 916 S.W.2d 896, 906 (Tenn.1996)) (citations omitted).
In this case the defendant did not object to the State's peremptory
challenges, and, consequently, did not establish a prima facie case that the
jurors were being challenged on the basis of gender. As a result, no gender
neutral explanations were offered by the State, and the trial court made no
factual findings. The failure of the defendant to timely raise a Batson violation
was addressed in State v. Elmore, No. 03C01-9711-CR-00514
(Tenn.Crim.App., filed September 8, 1998, at Knoxville). In Elmore, the Court
noted that the remedy for the discriminatory exercise of a peremptory
challenge is for the Court to disallow the exclusion of the challenged juror.
The Court held that the defendant was not entitled to appellate relief when the
defendant failed to raise his objections in time to allow the Court to cure an
alleged discrimination.
Based upon the cases cited herein, we hold that the defendant failed to
timely raise the issue of a Batson violation and waived that issue.
State v. Knighton, 2001 WL 125952 at *5.
The finding by the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals that petitioner did not object
to the prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges is supported in the record. In postconviction proceedings, counsel for petitioner admitted that he did not object to the exclusion
of males from the jury.3 Likewise, the appellate court's conclusion that petitioner waived his
Batson claim was neither contrary to, nor did involve an unreasonable application of, federal
law. See Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 358 (1991) (In order to raise a Batson claim,
a defendant first "must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor has exercised
peremptory challenges" on an improper basis). Accordingly, petitioner is not entitled to
relief on this claim.
3

This admission is considered with respect to petitioner's claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, infra at 27-28.
17

E. Insufficient Indictment

Petitioner alleges that the indictment was legally insufficient to charge him with
aggravated rape, because it did not reasonably inform him of the charge against him. As
noted earlier, the indictment charged petitioner in count one with having by use of force
sexually penetrated the victim while armed with a knife and in count two with having by use
of force sexually penetrated the victim while aided and abetted by another. [Addendum 9,
Technical Record on Direct Appeal, p. 2, Indictment]. The Tennessee Court of Criminal
Appeals considered and rejected this claim.
In his fifth issue presented for review, the defendant insists the
indictment charging him with aggravated rape was legally insufficient.
The defendant was indicted for aggravated rape in alternative counts.
In Count One, the indictment alleged the defendant forcefully raped the victim
while armed with a knife. In Count Two, the indictment alleged that the
defendant forcefully raped the victim while aided and abetted by another
person. The defendant argues that it was Andre Jackson who had the knife and
who actually raped the victim and, consequently, the indictment did not
provide sufficient notice to him of the charges being made. On the other hand,
the State argues that it was entitled to rely upon the criminal responsibility
statute and that the indictment was sufficient.
In State v. Hammonds, 30 S.W.3d 294 (Tenn.2000), our Supreme Court
summarized the constitutional notice requirements of an indictment. The
indictment must contain allegations that (1) enable the accused to know the
acquisition to which answer is required; (2) furnish the trial court an adequate
basis for entry of a proper judgment; and (3) protect the accused from a
subsequent prosecution for the same offense. Hammonds, 30 S.W.3d at 299.
In State v. Lemacks, 996 S.W.2d 166 (Tenn.1999), the Court held that an
indictment that alleges all of the elements of an offense will not be held
insufficient if it fails to allege the specific theory by which the State intends to
prove each element. In Lemacks, the defendant was indicted for DUI and the
18

jury was instructed that Lemacks could be found guilty of DUI by finding that
he was driving the vehicle while under the influence of an intoxicant or if he
was criminally responsible for allowing another party to drive the automobile
while under the influence of an intoxicant. Lemacks, 986 S.W.2d at 170-71.
The Court noted that criminal responsibility is not a separate, distinct crime but
is a theory by which the State may prove the defendant's guilt of the alleged
offense. The Lemacks Court continued that criminal responsibility is a
codification of the common law theory of aiding and abetting and that any
person who aids or abets in the commission of a criminal offense is guilty in
the same degree as the principal who committed the crime. Id. at 170-71.
Furthermore, it is not necessary that the indictment charge the defendant with
criminal responsibility. State v. Johnson, 910 S.W.2d 897, 900
(Tenn.Crim.App.1995).
We recognize that the indictment was factually in error by alleging that
the defendant, rather than Jackson, committed the rape. However, the evidence
established that the defendant participated in the rape by aiding and abetting
Jackson. The State was entitled to rely upon the theory of criminal
responsibility. Accordingly, this issue is without merit.
State v. Knighton, 2001 WL 125952 at *6.
Petitioner also raised this issue in the state courts as a matter of state law, [Addendum
9, Technical Record on Direct Appeal, p. 74, Motion for New Trial, ¶¶ 8 and 9; Addendum
1, Brief of the Appellant on Direct Appeal, pp. 16-19], and the ruling of the Tennessee Court
of Criminal Appeals was based solely upon state law. The claim is thus not cognizable in
this proceeding.
The court notes that, in his brief on direct appeal, the petitioner made a passing
mention of the U.S. Constitution, without reference to a specific section of the Constitution
and without citation to authority. Such a passing mention is not sufficient to exhaust the
claim for federal habeas corpus purposes. See Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 162-63
(1996) (in order to exhaust a claim, the substance of the claim must have been presented to
19

the state courts as a federal constitutional claim). Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this
claim.

F. Use of Prior Convictions for Impeachment

Again, petitioner raised this issue in the state courts solely as a violation of state law,
specifically Rule 609 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, [Addendum 1, Brief of the
Appellant on Direct Appeal, pp. 20-21], and the ruling of the Tennessee Court of Criminal
Appeals was based solely upon state law.
In the final issue, the defendant asserts that the trial court erred in ruling
that the defendant's previous convictions for distributing drugs was admissible
for impeachment purposes.
The record reflects that the defendant has two prior felony convictions
for delivering a controlled substance. The trial court found that if the defendant
testified, the convictions were admissible for impeachment purposes under
Tennessee Rules of Evidence 609. The trial court rationalized that there was
no relation between drug charges and the crimes for which the defendant was
on trial, the crimes were recent, and that there were several State witnesses
who had similar convictions.
The defendant argues that the prior drug convictions were not relevant
to the issue of credibility and that the unfair prejudicial effect outweighed the
probative value of the impeaching convictions because of evidence that the
motive for these crimes was a prior drug deal between the victim's boyfriend,
the defendant and Andre Jackson.
In State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661 (Tenn.1999), our Supreme Court
addressed the criteria to be considered in a Rule 609 hearing as follows:
In determining whether the issue of credibility outweighs
its unfair prejudicial effect upon the substantive issues, two
criteria are especially relevant. A trial court should first analyze
the relevance the impeaching conviction has to the issue of
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credibility.... If the conviction is probative of the defendant's
credibility, the trial court should secondly "assess the similarity
between the crime on trial and the crime underlying the
impeaching conviction."
Mixon, 983 S.W.2d at 674.
In Tennessee, the law as to whether offenses based upon sale or
delivery of drugs is relevant to the issue of credibility is about as certain as an
election in Florida. Recently, this Court held that the sale of cocaine does not
involve dishonesty or false statement as contemplated by Rule 609. State v.
Walker, 29 S.W.3d 885, 891 (Tenn.Crim.App.1999). However, this Court held
to the contrary in State v. Brian Roberson, No. 01C01-9801-CC-0043,
(Tenn.Crim.App., filed Dec. 21, 1998) and in State v. Gibson, 701 S.W.2d 627,
629 (Tenn.Crim.App.1985). In State v. Dooley, 29 S.W.3d 542, 554,
(Tenn.Crim.App.2000), this Court recognized that the admission of a prior
felony drug conviction is probative to the issue of an accused's credibility and
held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that a prior drug
conviction was relevant to the issue of credibility in a second degree murder
case. Further, in State v. Toon, 872 S.W.2d 922, 927 (Tenn.Crim.App.1993),
this Court held that it was within the trial court's discretion to find that felony
drug convictions were relevant to the defendant's credibility.
The illegal sale of drugs is an extremely profitable criminal enterprise,
and its very nature involves a sustained intent to violate the law and the use of
deceptive practices. These crimes are normally not detected in the absence of
a police undercover operation. People who deal in drugs frequently suffer an
addiction to drugs and commit other crimes to obtain money to buy drugs.
These circumstances all involve elements of dishonesty. We find that the better
reasoned view is expressed in those cases which hold that felony drug
convictions are relevant to the issue of credibility.
Having concluded that these convictions are relevant, it is next
necessary to determine whether the prejudicial effect outweighs the probative
value of the evidence. The trial court found that the crimes for which the
defendant was on trial were dissimilar to his prior convictions and that the
prejudicial effect would be diminished because some of the State witnesses
had prior convictions. We cannot say that the trial court erred in finding the
probative value of the evidence outweighed its prejudice effect.
State v. Knighton, 2001 WL 125952 at **6-7.
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Accordingly, the claim is not cognizable in this proceeding and, to the extent
petitioner now alleges his federal constitutional rights were violated in this regard, the claim
has been procedurally defaulted. Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this claim.

G. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) the Supreme Court established a
two-part standard for evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel:
First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient. This
requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not
functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel's errors were so
serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.
Id. at 687.
To establish that his attorney was not performing "within the range of competence
demanded of attorneys in criminal cases," McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 (1970),
petitioner must demonstrate that the attorney's representation "fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687-88. In judging an
attorney's conduct, a court should consider all the circumstances and facts of the particular
case. Id. at 690. Additionally, "a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's
conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the
defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged
action 'might be considered sound trial strategy.'" Id. at 689 (quoting Michel v. Louisiana,

22

350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)). A finding of serious attorney incompetence will not justify setting
aside a conviction, however, absent prejudice to the defendant so as to render the conviction
unreliable. Id. at 691-92.
Petitioner alleges four instances of ineffective assistance of counsel: (1) counsel
failed to advise him of the applicable law before rejecting a plea offer; (2) counsel failed to
object to the State's use of peremptory challenges to exclude males from the jury; (3) counsel
used an ill-advised trial defense; and (4) counsel failed to challenge petitioner's sentence on
direct appeal. These claims were considered and rejected by the Tennessee Court of
Criminal Appeals in post-conviction proceedings.
The court notes that in doing so, the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals observed
that Strickland v. Washington's two-prong test is the standard for considering ineffective
assistance claims. Knighton v. State, 2006 WL 1864472 at *4. In considering petitioner's
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, the appellate court first summarized the testimony
adduced during the post-conviction evidentiary hearing.
At the evidentiary hearing, the petitioner testified that he was eighteen
years old when the offenses occurred and nineteen years old by the time of his
trial. He said he had very little communication with his counsel before the trial,
counsel having met with him on only one occasion, two days before the trial,
for approximately thirty minutes. He testified he called counsel's office fifteen
to twenty times but was only able to speak with his counsel's secretary. The
petitioner said his grandfather went to his counsel's office, but he did not think
his grandfather had ever been able to talk to his counsel. He also testified that
he did not talk to his counsel during the appeal process and that they never
discussed whether sentencing issues would be raised on appeal.
The petitioner testified that his attorney told him he was facing a rape
charge for which he might be convicted but that his attorney did not explain
23

to him that he could be convicted based on evidence that Jackson, not he,
physically penetrated the victim. The petitioner said he rejected a plea offer
from the state for a ten-year sentence to the aggravated rape charge but
claimed if he had understood that he could be found criminally responsible for
the crime, he would have accepted the offer.
The petitioner testified that he was tried before an all-female jury. He
said the state exercised peremptory challenges excusing all the men from the
panel. The petitioner testified that trial counsel told him that the state's strategy
of seeking an all-female jury in a rape case would probably backfire and that
counsel wrote the issue on a legal pad and said that this was a basis for appeal.
Relative to trial counsel's selection of defense strategy, the petitioner
claimed that he and his attorney never discussed the relative strength of the
state's case regarding identification of him as one of the perpetrators. He said
his attorney also never advised him of the relative strength of the state's case
regarding his culpability for the crimes that occurred.
The attorney who represented the petitioner at the trial and on direct
appeal testified that he met with the petitioner at the jail several times to
discuss the petitioner's case. Counsel told the petitioner he could be convicted
of aggravated rape even though he did not commit the physical act of rape,
although counsel was unsure whether they specifically discussed the theories
of criminal responsibility and facilitation in legal terms. Counsel said that he
conveyed the plea offer to the petitioner but that before they were able to
discuss the offer fully and reach a decision, the state withdrew the offer
because it had made a mistake in extending it.
The attorney testified he did not object to the state's use of peremptory
challenges to exclude men from the jury because he felt that a panel of women
might not be fond of the victim because of her lifestyle. He did raise the jury
composition issue on direct appeal.
Relative to trial strategy, the attorney testified that he was somewhat
limited by the petitioner's insistence that he had not been present at the crime
scene and had no involvement in the crimes. The attorney said he was
disinclined to pursue an inconsistent defense strategy which advanced that the
petitioner was not present, but even if he were present, his culpability was
limited. The attorney said he was concerned with presenting a defense which
conceded the petitioner's presence but focused on minimizing his culpability

24

because if the petitioner were to testify, the minimal culpability defense would
be at odds with the petitioner's testimony that he was not involved at all.
The attorney said he did not recall his thought process in deciding
whether to raise an issue in the direct appeal relative to consecutive
sentencing. He did not recall whether he had raised the issue, and he conceded
he probably had not because it was not addressed in the appellate opinion.
The petitioner offered the testimony of Maurice Asbury in support of
his post-conviction claim. Asbury had testified at trial for the state that the
petitioner had come to his home in the early morning of the day the crimes
took place. According to Asbury's trial testimony, the petitioner had said that
"he was going to f-some girl." At the post-conviction hearing, Asbury testified
he had given a statement to the police before the petitioner's trial, but he could
not recall whether he had spoken with defense counsel. He testified that the
petitioner's attorney had never asked him on cross-examination if the petitioner
had said anything about this statement being in reference to the victim, as
opposed to someone with whom the petitioner planned to have consensual
relations. Asbury said he took the petitioner's statement to mean the latter and
would have said so had he been asked.
Id. at **1-3.
This court has reviewed the transcript of evidence at petitioner's post-conviction
hearing. [Addendum 12, Vol. 1-2, Transcript of Post-Conviction Evidentiary Hearing, pp.
1-74]. The summary of testimony is supported in the record.
The appellate court also summarized the trial court's findings of fact and conclusions
of law.

The trial court entered a written order detailing its findings of fact and
conclusions of law. It accredited counsel's testimony that the state withdrew
the plea offer before the petitioner could accept or reject it, and, thus, it was
not necessary to determine whether the petitioner ultimately would have
accepted the agreement. The court dismissed the petitioner's complaint relative
to the all-female jury, finding that the petitioner and his attorney had discussed
the issue and that counsel thought that the all-female jury might actually
benefit the defense. The trial court found that counsel had been deficient in
25

failing to raise a consecutive sentencing issue on direct appeal. The court
found, however, that in view of petitioner's prior record, the petitioner had not
carried his burden of proving that the appellate court would have granted
relief. It also found that the petitioner had not carried his burden regarding
mitigating proof that should have been presented at the sentencing hearing.
The court found that although a minimal culpability defense would have been
more plausible than the identity defense offered, trial counsel was not able to
present a defense that was contrary to what the petitioner represented the facts
to be. The court accredited counsel's testimony that the petitioner told counsel
he was not present at the crime scene, and the court noted that the presentence
report that was an exhibit at the post-conviction hearing reflected that the
petitioner told the officer who prepared the report, “I was not involved at all.”
After disposing of all the petitioner's factual contentions, the trial court held
that the petitioner had failed to carry his burden of proof and denied relief.
Id. at *3.
This summary is also supported in the record. [Addendum 6, Technical Record in
Post-Conviction Proceedings, pp. 64-67, Order dismissing Post-Conviction Petition].
Petitioner first alleges that counsel did not properly advise him of the applicable law
before he rejected the plea offer. According to petitioner, he was not aware he could be
convicted of rape based upon criminal responsibility. The Tennessee Court of Criminal
Appeals found this allegation lacked merit.
The petitioner's first appellate claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
is that his attorney did not adequately advise him of the applicable law of
criminal responsibility before he rejected a plea offer. As his attorney testified
and the trial court found, the state withdrew the plea offer before the petitioner
had time to act on it. The evidence does not preponderate against this finding.
Given this finding that there was no plea agreement for the petitioner to accept,
he cannot demonstrate prejudice from any alleged deficiencies of counsel in
advising him with regard to the plea agreement.
Knighton v. State, 2006 WL 1864472 at *4 (internal citations omitted).

26

This court agrees. Since the State had withdrawn the offer of ten years prior to
acceptance, whether petitioner would have accepted it under applicable law is immaterial.
Petitioner next alleges that counsel failed to object to the State's use of peremptory
challenges to exclude males from the jury. Trial counsel testified at the post-conviction
hearing that, as part of trial strategy, he thought that a female jury might be more "moralistic"
against the victim given the fact that her long-time boyfriend, who would be testifying, was
a convicted drug dealer. [Addendum 12, Post-Conviction Evidentiary Hearing, Vol. 2, p. 8].
For that reason, the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals found the issue lacked merit.
Second, the petitioner argues that his attorney was ineffective because
he failed to object to the state's exercise of peremptory challenges to strike men
from the jury venire. The lower court accredited the testimony of the
petitioner's attorney about his tactical decision not to object to the state's
apparent strategy of excluding men from the jury because counsel believed the
state's strategy might backfire. The evidence before us does not preponderate
against that finding relative to counsel's strategic choice.
Knighton v. State, 2006 WL 1864472 at *5 (citation omitted). This court agrees and will not
second-guess counsel's trial strategy. See Hughes v. United States, 258 F.3d 453 (6th Cir.
2001).
Counsel is also accorded particular deference when conducting voir
dire. An attorney's actions during voir dire are considered to be matters of trial
strategy. A strategic decision cannot be the basis for a claim of ineffective
assistance unless counsel's decision is shown to be so ill-chosen that it
permeates the entire trial with obvious unfairness.
Id. at 457.
As his third claim, petitioner challenges counsel's choice of trial strategy. The trial
court considered and rejected this claim as follows:
27

Knighton complained that his trial counsel was ineffective in that the
defense put forth to the jury was that the petitioner did not participate in the
events at the home of [the victim], and therefore was not guilty. The
petitioner's testimony has changed. He now admits that he was with Andre'
Jackson and was involved in a burglary of [the victim's] home. Knighton also
admits that Deva Brown's (Andre' Jackson's mother) testimony at trial as to
what Mr. Knighton told her about his and her son's reasons for being at [the
victim's] home was true. Mr. Knighton's testimony in his post conviction
hearing is of course opposite from the position taken at trial and sentencing.
Note Exhibit "2", the pre-sentence report, wherein he told the pre-sentence
officer that "I was not involved at all". Post conviction counsel argues that a
more effective defense would have been to dispute the culpability of Knighton
in the rape and to admit his presence in [the victim's] home and explain exactly
why he and Mr. Jackson were there. Of course that would have been a much
more plausible defense, however, trial counsel cannot put forth a defense that
is contrary to what his client is telling him. This is confirmed by [counsel's]
testimony that his client repeatedly told him that he was not at [the victim's]
home, and in fact, [the victim] could not identify either of her assailants. This
issue is without merit as well.
[Addendum 6, Technical Record in Post-Conviction Proceedings, pp. 66-67, Order
dismissing Post-Conviction Petition]. The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals agreed with
the trial court.
The petitioner contends that his attorney should have defended the
charges by minimizing the petitioner's involvement in them, rather than
focusing on weaknesses in the state's evidence identifying the petitioner as a
perpetrator. The evidence does not preponderate against the trial court's
finding that counsel strategically chose the identity defense because the
petitioner denied any involvement in the crimes and a minimal culpability
defense would have been inconsistent with that denial. The record
demonstrates that the petitioner maintained complete innocence, even after the
jury's verdict finding him guilty of the offenses. The petitioner's attorney
cannot be faulted for choosing a strategy that was consistent with his client's
insistence he was not present at the crime scene.

28

Knighton v. State, 2006 WL 1864472 at *5 (citation omitted). This court agrees with the
findings and conclusions of the state courts. Counsel's trial strategy was necessitated by
petitioner's version of events.
For his last claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, petitioner alleges that counsel
failed to challenge on appeal the fact that petitioner received not only the maximum sentence
for aggravated rape, but also that the sentence was ordered consecutive. The trial court
determined that the issue of sentencing should have been raised on direct appeal, but did not
believe petitioner would have received any relief based upon his criminal record.
[Addendum 6, Technical Record in Post-Conviction Proceedings, p. 67, Order dismissing
Post-Conviction Petition].
The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals concurred with the trial court's conclusion.
Finally the petitioner claims that his attorney was ineffective because
he failed to raise sentencing issues on direct appeal. The trial court found that
counsel's performance was deficient in this respect but that the petitioner had
not demonstrated how he was prejudiced. In his brief, the petitioner makes
conclusory statements that the maximum sentence imposed for aggravated rape
should have been appealed because he did not physically penetrate the victim
and was not in the room when Jackson did so. He argues his aggravated
burglary conviction was worthy of mitigation because he only went to the
victim's home attempting to recover property he believed was his. He asserts,
without citing to the record, "[t]he mitigating evidence is in the trial record."
The petitioner's brief does not address the issue of consecutive sentencing. The
petitioner has cited no authority to this court supporting his position that he
was entitled to sentencing relief, had the appropriate issues been raised in the
trial court and on direct appeal. We hold that the petitioner has failed to show
he was prejudiced by his attorney's failure to attack the consecutive nature of
his sentences.
Knighton v. State, 2006 WL 1864472 at *5.

29

This court agrees that petitioner has failed to demonstrate ineffective assistance of
counsel with respect to the sentencing issues. "An error by counsel, even if professionally
unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the
error had no effect on the judgment." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 691.
As the Sixth Circuit has observed, "our role on habeas review is not to nitpick
gratuitously counsel's performance. After all, the constitutional right at issue here is
ultimately the right to a fair trial, not to perfect representation." Smith v. Mitchell, 348 F.3d
177, 206 (6th Cir. 2003). Under the circumstances, petitioner received "constitutionally
adequate representation." Pillette v. Berghuis, 408 F. App'x 873, 891 (6th Cir. 2010).
Based upon the foregoing, this court concludes that the state courts' determinations
that petitioner received the effective assistance of counsel were neither contrary to, nor did
they involve an unreasonable application of, federal law as established by the Supreme Court
in Strickland v. Washington. Petitioner is not entitled to relief on his claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel.

VI.

Conclusion

The petition for habeas corpus relief will be DENIED and this action will be
DISMISSED. Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases In The United States
District Courts. Petitioner having failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right, a certificate of appealability SHALL NOT ISSUE. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c);

30

Rule 22(b) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. The court CERTIFIES that any
appeal from this action would not be taken in good faith and would be totally frivolous. See
Rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. The court will further DENY
petitioner leave to proceed in forma pauperis on appeal.

AN APPROPRIATE ORDER WILL ENTER.
s/ Thomas W. Phillips
United States District Judge

31