Lancaster v. Social Security Administration, Commissioner of
Filing
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MEMORANDUM AND OPINION as set forth in following order. Signed by Magistrate Judge Debra C Poplin on 9/27/19. (ABF)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
MARK S. LANCASTER,
Plaintiff,
v.
ANDREW M. SAUL,1
Acting Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant.
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No. 3:18-CV-142-DCP
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This case is before the undersigned pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b), Rule 73 of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure, and the consent of the parties [Doc. 20]. Now before the Court are
Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment and Memorandum in Support [Docs. 21 & 22] and
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment and Memorandum in Support [Docs. 23 & 24]. Mark
S. Lancaster (“Plaintiff”) seeks judicial review of the decision of the Administrative Law Judge
(“the ALJ”), the final decision of Defendant Andrew M. Saul (“the Commissioner”). For the
reasons that follow, the Court will DENY Plaintiff’s motion and GRANT the Commissioner’s
motion.
I.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On January 13, 2015, Plaintiff filed an application for supplemental security income
pursuant to Title XVI of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1381 et seq., alleging disability
beginning on August 8, 2011. [Tr. 10, 59, 161]. After his application was denied initially and
1
Andrew M. Saul was sworn in as the Commissioner of Social Security on June 17, 2019,
during the pendency of this case. Therefore, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d),
Andrew M. Saul is substituted as the Defendant in this case.
upon reconsideration, Plaintiff requested a hearing before an ALJ. [Tr. 104–06]. A hearing was
held on March 7, 2017. [Tr. 24–58]. On September 19, 2017, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was
not disabled. [Tr. 10–19]. The Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for review on March 6,
2018 [Tr. 1–6], making the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the Commissioner.
Having exhausted his administrative remedies, Plaintiff filed a Complaint with this Court
on April 4, 2018, seeking judicial review of the Commissioner’s final decision under Section
405(g) of the Social Security Act. [Doc. 1]. The parties have filed competing dispositive motions,
and this matter is now ripe for adjudication.
II.
ALJ FINDINGS
The ALJ made the following findings:
1. The claimant has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since
January 13, 2015, the application date (20 CFR 416.971 et seq.).
2. The claimant has the following severe impairments: major
depressive disorder, recurrent, severe, without psychotic features
(20 CFR 416.920(c)).
3. The claimant does not have an impairment or combination of
impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of one of
the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1
(20 CFR 416.920(d), 416.925 and 416.926).
4. After careful consideration of the entire record, I find that the
claimant has the residual functional capacity to perform medium
work as defined in 20 CFR 416.967(c) except that the claimant could
understand, remember, and carry out simple and low-level detailed
instructions and tasks; could never have contact with the public, and
occasionally have contact with co-workers, and supervisors in an
environment where workplace changes are occasionally and
gradually introduced.
5. The claimant is capable of performing past relevant work as an
electrician’s helper (Dictionary of Occupational Titles entry
824.261-022, medium, semiskilled, SVP 3). This work does not
require the performance of work-related activities precluded by the
2
claimant’s residual functional capacity (20 CFR 416.965).
6. The claimant has not been under a disability, as defined in the
Social Security Act, since January 13, 2015, the date the application
was filed (20 CFR 416.920(f)).
[Tr. 12–18].
III.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When reviewing the Commissioner’s determination of whether an individual is disabled
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), the Court is limited to determining whether the ALJ’s decision
was reached through application of the correct legal standards and in accordance with the
procedure mandated by the regulations and rulings promulgated by the Commissioner, and
whether the ALJ’s findings are supported by substantial evidence. Blakley v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
581 F.3d 399, 405 (6th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted); Wilson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541,
544 (6th Cir. 2004).
Substantial evidence is “more than a scintilla of evidence but less than a preponderance; it
is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
Cutlip v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 25 F.3d 284, 286 (6th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted). It
is immaterial whether the record may also possess substantial evidence to support a different
conclusion from that reached by the ALJ, or whether the reviewing judge may have decided the
case differently. Crisp v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 790 F.2d 450, 453 n.4 (6th Cir. 1986).
The substantial evidence standard is intended to create a “‘zone of choice’ within which the
Commissioner can act, without the fear of court interference.” Buxton v. Halter, 246 F.3d 762,
773 (6th Cir. 2001) (quoting Mullen v. Bowen, 800 F.2d 535, 545 (6th Cir. 1986)). Therefore, the
Court will not “try the case de novo, nor resolve conflicts in the evidence, nor decide questions of
credibility.” Garner v. Heckler, 745 F.2d 383, 387 (6th Cir. 1984) (citation omitted).
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On review, the plaintiff “bears the burden of proving his entitlement to benefits.” Boyes v.
Sec’y. of Health & Human Servs., 46 F.3d 510, 512 (6th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted).
IV.
DISABILITY ELIGIBILITY
“Disability” is the inability “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any
medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or
which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve months.”
42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A) and 1382c(a)(3)(A). A claimant will only be considered disabled:
if his physical or mental impairment or impairments are of such
severity that he is not only unable to do his previous work but
cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage
in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the
national economy, regardless of whether such work exists in the
immediate area in which he lives, or whether a specific job vacancy
exists for him, or whether he would be hired if he applied for work.
42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(2)(A) and 1382c(a)(3)(B).
Disability is evaluated pursuant to a five-step analysis summarized as follows:
1. If claimant is doing substantial gainful activity, he is not disabled.
2. If claimant is not doing substantial gainful activity, his
impairment must be severe before he can be found to be disabled.
3. If claimant is not doing substantial gainful activity and is
suffering from a severe impairment that has lasted or is expected to
last for a continuous period of at least twelve months, and his
impairment meets or equals a listed impairment, claimant is
presumed disabled without further inquiry.
4. If claimant’s impairment does not prevent him from doing his
past relevant work, he is not disabled.
5. Even if claimant’s impairment does prevent him from doing his
past relevant work, if other work exists in the national economy that
accommodates his residual functional capacity (“RFC”) and
vocational factors (age, education, skills, etc.), he is not disabled.
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Walters v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 127 F.3d 525, 529 (6th Cir. 1997) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520).
A claimant’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”) is assessed between steps three and four and is
“based on all the relevant medical and other evidence in your case record.” 20 C.F.R. §§
404.1520(a)(4), -(e) and 416.920(a)(4), -(e). An RFC is the most a claimant can do despite her
limitations. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a)(1) and 416.945(a)(1).
The claimant bears the burden of proof at the first four steps. Walters, 127 F.3d at 529.
The burden shifts to the Commissioner at step five. Id. At the fifth step, the Commissioner must
prove that there is work available in the national economy that the claimant could perform. Her
v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 203 F.3d 388, 391 (6th Cir. 1999) (citing Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137,
146 (1987)).
V.
ANALYSIS
Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ’s RFC determination is not supported by substantial evidence,
as he contends that the ALJ improperly weighed the medical opinions of record. First, Plaintiff
challenges the ALJ’s assignment of great weight to the opinions of the nonexamining state agency
psychologists, and little weight to the opinions of the examining psychological consultants, as “the
assessments of the examiners were essentially rejected in favor of the opinion of a non-examining
physician.” [Doc. 22 at 8]. Plaintiff claims the ALJ improperly rejected the opinions of four
physical and psychological consultative examiners, while assigning great weight to the opinions
of the nonexamining state agency physicians. Further, Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ “failed to
adequately address Plaintiff’s mental health records in full when arriving at the mental-health
related limitations Plaintiff suffers from when determining Plaintiff’s residual functional
capacity.” [Id. at 12]. The Court will address Plaintiff’s specific allegations of error in turn.
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A.
ALJ’s Treatment of the Medical Opinions
Plaintiff claims that the ALJ improperly assigned great weight to the opinions of the
nonexamining state agency physicians over the opinions of the examining physical and
psychological consultative examiners, as Plaintiff asserts that the opinions of the consultative
examiners are more consistent with the medical record. However, the Commissioner responds
that the ALJ appropriately afforded great weight to the opinions of the state agency physicians by
finding that they were more consistent with the medical record, and stated her reasoning for the
weight assigned to each opinion. [Doc. 24 at 17].
1.
Medical Opinions
Robert Blaine, M.D., consultatively examined Plaintiff on April 7, 2014. [Tr. 279]. Dr.
Blaine reviewed Plaintiff’s allegations of neck, hip, and knee pain, and assessed that Plaintiff could
stand or walk for two hours in an eight-hour day, as well as sit for eight hours, with reasonable rest
breaks. [Tr. 281]. Additionally, Dr. Blaine found that Plaintiff could lift and carry twenty pounds
infrequently. [Id.].
Jeffrey Summers, M.D., consultatively examined Plaintiff on April 8, 2015. [Tr. 288]. Dr.
Summers noted that Plaintiff reported problems with “stiffness and aching pain in all [of his]
joints,” as well as that he had been diagnosed with arthritis, but had been treated with medications
with modest improvement and did not require any related surgery. [Id.]. On examination, Dr.
Summers summarized that Plaintiff “has a decrease in range of motion of his cervical and lumbar
spine areas with limited effort,” and “[b]ased on these findings, it is reasonable to expect Mr.
Lancaster will have difficulty twisting/turning his head, elevating his arms about shoulder level,
and reaching/pushing/pulling.” [Tr. 290]. Additionally, Dr. Summers found that Plaintiff would
have difficulty bending, stooping, kneeling, squatting, crouching, crawling, climbing, and lifting
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twenty pounds; while he appeared capable of working from a seated position, and operating hand
and foot controls. [Id.].
In the disability decision, the ALJ found that Dr. Blaine and Dr. Summers’ opinions were
inconsistent with the objective evidence of Plaintiff’s treatment, and assigned the opinions little
weight “because they are overly restrictive and not consistent with the diagnostic reports in
evidence.” [Tr. 16]. However, the ALJ noted that “out of an abundance of caution,” she reduced
Plaintiff’s physical RFC to medium work, “notwithstanding the absence of definitive physical
diagnosis and consistent treatment.” [Id.].
With respect to Plaintiff’s mental impairments, Plaintiff was consultatively examined by
Ellen Denny, Ph.D., on February 20, 2014. [Tr. 282]. Dr. Denny noted that Plaintiff reported that
he was admitted to LeConte Center the previous summer because he was suicidal, as well as that
he had been in outpatient treatment at Helen Ross McNabb for psychiatric treatment “for the past
year or so.” [Id.]. Dr. Denny detailed that Plaintiff reported that he worked as an electrician for
his father’s business from 1992 until two-and-a-half years prior to the examination, “when he
developed physical problems that prevented him from doing the job.” [Tr. 285]. As a result, Dr.
Denny noted that Plaintiff stated that he has been chronically depressed since the loss of his job,
as well as has panic attacks while driving because he is afraid of being hit by another car. [Id.].
Dr. Denny further detailed that Plaintiff is able to do “a few of the household chores,” although
tasks take him a long time, he makes homemade meals, he does not get out much due to being
“ashamed over his current situation,” and that he has lost around 140 pounds over the past six
years due to a loss of appetite. [Id.]. Additionally, Dr. Denny reported that Plaintiff stated that he
gets along well with others and has meaningful relationships with his parents, as well as that further
testing would be necessary in order to clarify a dyslexia diagnosis. [Id.].
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Therefore, Dr. Denny diagnosed persistent depressive disorder, late onset, with persistent
major depressive episode, moderate to severe; agoraphobia; and rule out learning disability. [Id.].
First, Dr. Denny noted that Plaintiff reported “symptoms and medical conditions that would need
to be assessed by a physician in determining the limiting effect on [his] ability to work.” [Id.].
However, Dr. Denny found that Plaintiff displayed moderate impairment in understanding and
remembering, as well as sustaining concentration and attention and adapting to changes and
requirements, but that he displayed mild impairment in interacting with others. [Id.].
Kevin Blanton, Ph.D., consultatively examined Plaintiff on April 23, 2015. [Tr. 291]. Dr.
Blanton reviewed Plaintiff’s current medications, personal and family history, work history,
substance abuse history, current signs and symptoms, as well as performed a mental status
examination. [Tr. 291–94]. Accordingly, Dr. Blanton diagnosed Plaintiff with major depressive
disorder, single episode, moderate; unspecified anxiety disorder; and panic disorder, provisional.
[Tr. 294]. Therefore, Dr. Blanton opined that Plaintiff’s ability to understand and remember
instructions was moderately impaired as a result of mood and anxiety difficulties; while his ability
to sustain attention and concentration, interact with people, and adapt to changes in routine or
work-like settings were all moderately to severely impaired. [Tr. 294–95].
In the disability decision, the ALJ noted that Dr. Denny found moderate to severe
limitations regarding Plaintiff’s adaption, while Dr. Blanton found moderate to severe limitations
of attention and concentration. [Tr. 16]. However, the ALJ afforded both opinions little weight,
as they were “overly restrictive” in terms of Plaintiff’s treatment records and progress notes from
Helen Ross McNabb. [Tr. 16–17]. With respect to Plaintiff’s ability to adapt, the ALJ detailed
that Plaintiff’s therapist noted that although he mentioned being “stressed and depressed” about
his finances, he was calm, engaged, well-groomed, and declined the offer of “community
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resources.” [Tr. 17 (citing Tr. 439, 531)]. The ALJ therefore found that this was inconsistent with
the opined limitations related to Plaintiff’s ability to adapt. [Tr. 17]. Additionally, the ALJ detailed
that Plaintiff reported to his therapist on January 5, 2015 that his attention and concentration were
“pretty good,” as well as that Plaintiff’s thought processes were found to be focused and logical,
with his concentration fair. [Id. (citing Tr. 439, 515)]. The ALJ noted that these progress notes
were inconsistent with Plaintiff’s reports to the consultative examiners, and the ALJ found that
Plaintiff’s allegations were not consistent with the medical evidence. [Tr. 17].
The ALJ therefore assigned great weight to the opinions of the nonexamining state agency
psychologists, “who found no more than moderate mental limitation[s],” based upon the discussed
progress notes. [Id.]. Eran Stanley, M.D., assessed the evidence of record at the initial level of
the agency’s review on May 4, 2015, and opined that Plaintiff was not significantly limited in the
ability to remember locations and work-like procedures or the ability to understand and remember
very short and simple instructions, but that he was moderately limited in the ability to understand
and remember detailed instructions. [Tr. 67]. When assessing Plaintiff’s sustained concentration
and persistence limitations, Dr. Stanley found that Plaintiff was not significantly limited in the
ability to carry out very short and simple instructions, perform activities within a schedule, sustain
an ordinary routine without special supervision, or make simple work-related decisions; but that
Plaintiff was moderately limited in the ability to carry out detailed instructions, maintain attention
and concentration for extended periods, work in coordination with or in proximity to others without
being distracted by them, and the ability to complete a normal workday and workweek without
interruptions from psychologically based symptoms. [Id.].
When reviewing Plaintiff’s social interaction limitations, Dr. Stanley found that Plaintiff
was markedly limited in the ability to interact with the general public; moderately limited in the
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ability to accept instructions and respond appropriately to criticism from supervisors and get along
with coworkers or peers without distracting them or exhibiting behavioral extremes; and that
Plaintiff was not significantly limited in the ability to ask simple questions or request assistance
and maintain socially appropriate behavior. [Tr. 68]. Lastly, when assessing Plaintiff’s adaption,
Dr. Stanley found that Plaintiff was moderately limited in his ability to respond appropriately to
changes in the workplace; but that he was not significantly limited in the ability to be aware of
normal hazards and take appropriate precautions, travel in unfamiliar places or use public
transportation, and the ability to set realistic goals or make plans independently of others. [Id.].
Accordingly, Dr. Stanley opined that Plaintiff could understand and remember simple and
low detail tasks, and that, despite some difficulty, he could concentrate and persist for the above
tasks for an eight-hour day, with customary breaks, within the applied restrictions. [Id.]. Further,
Dr. Stanley found that Plaintiff could not effectively interact with the public, but that he was able
to superficially work with co-workers and supervisors, although within the applied restrictions.
[Id]. Lastly, Dr. Stanley opined that Plaintiff could adapt to infrequent change and set independent
goals within the previously-opined restrictions. [Id.]. Hillel Raclaw, Ph.D., reviewed the evidence
of record at the reconsideration level of the agency’s review on July 28, 2015, and opined identical
limitations with respect to Plaintiff’s understanding and memory, sustained concentration and
persistence, social interaction, and adaption limitations. [Tr. 81–83].
2.
General Challenge to Assignment of Great Weight to Opinions of
Nonexamining State Agency Physicians
Plaintiff broadly challenges the ALJ’s assignment of great weight to the opinions of the
nonexamining state agency physicians over the opinions of the consultative psychological
examiners.
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Opinions from non-treating sources are never assessed for controlling weight but are
evaluated using the regulatory balancing factors set forth in 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(c). Gayheart
v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 710 F.3d 365, 376 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)). These
opinions are weighed “based on the examining relationship (or lack thereof), specialization,
consistency, and supportability.” Id. (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)). “Other factors ‘which tend
to support or contradict the opinion’ may be considered in assessing any type of medical
opinion.” Id. (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(6)). An ALJ is only required to provide good
reason for explaining the weight assigned to the opinion of a “treating source.” 20 C.F.R. §
416.927(c)(2); see Perry v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 501 F. App’x 425, 426 (6th Cir. 2012) (“An ALJ
need not ‘give good reasons’ for the weight he assigns opinions from physicians who, like Dr.
Pickering, have examined but not treated a claimant.”).
“State agency medical consultants . . . are ‘highly qualified physicians and psychologists
who are experts in the evaluation of the medical issues in disability claims under the [Social
Security] Act.’” Miller v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 811 F.3d 825, 834 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting Soc.
Sec. Rul. 96–6p, 1996 WL 374180, at *2 (July 2, 1996)).
Therefore, “[i]n appropriate
circumstances, opinions from State agency medical and psychological consultants and other
program physicians and psychologists may be entitled to greater weight than the opinions of
treating or examining sources.” SSR 96–6p, 1996 WL 374180, at *3. “One such circumstance
. . . [is] when the ‘State agency medical . . . consultant’s opinion is based on review of a complete
case record.’” Blakley v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 581 F.3d 399, 409 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting SSR
96–6p, 1996 WL 374180, at *3).
However, “the ALJ is ‘under no special obligation’ to provide great detail as to why the
opinions of the nonexamining providers ‘were more consistent with the overall record’ than the
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examining, but nontreating providers.” Jenkins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., No. 3:14-cv-1713, 2017 WL
2692624, at *9 (M.D. Tenn. June 21, 2017) (citing Norris v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 461 F. App’x
433, 440 (6th Cir. 2012)); see Barker v. Shalala, 40 F.3d 789, 794 (6th Cir. 1994) (explaining that
opinions from one-time consultative examiners are not due any special degree of deference). “[A]n
ALJ may credit the views of a nonexamining doctor over those of someone who has examined the
claimant where the nonexaminer’s opinion is better supported by the objective evidence and more
consistent with the record as a whole.” Dixon v. Astrue, No. 2:11-CV-148, 2012 WL 441194, at
*4 (E.D. Tenn. Feb. 10, 2012) (citing Combs v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 459 F.3d 640, 652 (6th Cir.
2006)). The opinions of the nonexamining state agency consultants were properly found to be
more consistent with the medical record, and the ALJ appropriately explained her decision in
weighing the respective opinions. See Norris, 461 F. App’x at 440 (“While perhaps the ALJ could
have provided greater detail, particularly as to why the nonexamining opinions were more
consistent with the overall record, the ALJ was under no special obligation to do so insofar as he
was weighing the respective opinions of nontreating versus nonexamining sources.”) (citing Smith
v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 482 F.3d 873, 876 (6th Cir. 2007)).
The Court notes that although an ALJ is required to consider every medical opinion in the
record, 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c), she is not bound to adopt any particular opinion when formulating
a claimant’s RFC. See Rudd v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 531 F. App’x 719, 728 (6th Cir. 2013) (“[T]o
require the ALJ to base her RFC finding on a physician’s opinion, ‘would, in effect, confer upon
the treating source the authority to make the determination or decision about whether an individual
is under a disability, and thus would be an abdication of the Commissioner’s statutory
responsibility to determine whether an individual is disabled.’”) (quoting SSR 96-5p, 1996 WL
374183 (July 2, 1996)). The ALJ is responsible for weighing medical opinions, as well as
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resolving conflicts in the medical evidence of record. Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 399
(1971); see also 20 C.F.R. § 416.946(c) (stating the final responsibility for assessing a claimant’s
RFC rests with the ALJ).
Ultimately, the Court finds that the ALJ’s assignment of little weight to the opinions of the
examining consultants is supported by substantial evidence, as the ALJ was not required to accept
the opinions of the examining physicians due to the fact that they had examined Plaintiff. Plaintiff
largely fails to provide specific challenges to the ALJ’s reasoning behind the assignment of little
weight to the opinions of the consultative examiners; rather, Plaintiff claims that the ALJ’s RFC
determination is not supported by substantial evidence because the consultative examiners opined
more restrictive limitations. However, the ALJ was not required to adopt the opinions of the
consultative examiners, and detailed her reasoning for assigning little weight to the opinions. The
ALJ properly considered the supportability of the opinions with the medical record and Plaintiff’s
subjective allegations. See Norris, 461 F. App’x at 469 (holding a consultative examiner’s opinion
“may be rejected by the ALJ when the source’s opinion is not well supported by medical
diagnostics or if it is inconsistent with the record”). Yet, the Court will also address Plaintiff’s
specific arguments with respect to the ALJ’s treatment of the consultative examiners’ opinions.
3.
Plaintiff’s Specific Challenges to ALJ’s Treatment of Consultative
Examiners’ Opinions
Plaintiff first claims that the ALJ “discredits [his] disclosures to the in-person consultative
examiners in order to erode the supportability of Dr. Denny and Dr. Blanton’s opinions,” as well
as that “Dr. Denny and Dr. Blanton both gave more restrictive assessments of Plaintiff’s mental
health struggles than the non-examining psychologist.” [Doc. 22 at 8]. The Court notes that
“good reasons” need only be given in explaining weight assigned to an opinion from
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a treating source. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(2) and 416.927(c)(2) (“We will always give good
reasons in our notice of determination or decision for the weight we give your treating source’s
opinion.”); Engebrecht v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 572 F. App’x 392, 397 (6th Cir. 2014) (“However,
the ‘good reasons’ requirement ‘only applies to treating sources.’”) (quoting Ealy v. Comm’r of
Soc. Sec., 594 F.3d 504, 514 (6th Cir. 2010)). Further, even when discussing treating source’s
opinions, “the ALJ may give her reasons in an ‘indirect but clear’ or ‘implicit[ ]’ manner.”
DePottey v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 13–CV–13305, 2014 WL 4197362, at *12 (E.D. Mich. Aug.
22, 2014) (citing Brock v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 368 F. App’x 622, 625 (6th Cir. 2010)) (other
citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, the ALJ appropriately considered the
nonexamining consultants’ status as specialists in the field of disability, as well as the consistency
of their opinions with the medical record. See Gayheart v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 710 F.3d 365,
376 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c) to note that opinions from nonexamining
sources are weighed “based on the examining relationship (or lack thereof), specialization,
consistency, and supportability”).
In the disability decision, the ALJ noted how Plaintiff’s progress notes from his treating
therapists at Helen Ross McNabb were inconsistent with the opined severe limitations in adaption
and attention and concentration in Dr. Denny and Dr. Blanton’s opinions. [Tr. 16–17]. For
example, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s progress notes indicating that his thought processes were
noted to be focused and logical, and his concentration fair, was “inconsistent with his reports to
the consultative examiner.” [Tr. 17]. Accordingly, the ALJ properly detailed how the opinions of
the consultative examiners were inconsistent with the medical record, as well as identified
inconsistencies between Plaintiff’s statements to the examiners and his treatment notes. See, e.g.,
Hobbs v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:18-CV-446, 2019 WL 315046, at *13 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 23,
14
2019) (“The ALJ also complied with the regulations when he explained that consulting physician
Dr. Vogelgesang’s opinion was due little weight because it was inconsistent with his own
examination notes, Hobbs’ reports that he improved with conservative care, and Hobbs’ reported
daily living and work activities.”); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c) (directing that an ALJ
evaluates a non-treating source opinion by considering the supportability of the opinion).
Next, Plaintiff asserts that the opinions of the consultative examiners were more consistent
with the medical record than the opinions of the nonexamining state agency physicians, pointing
to his unsuccessful vocational rehabilitation program and testimony during the disability hearing.
[Doc. 22 at 9]. The Court has already found that the ALJ properly detailed how Dr. Denny and
Dr. Blanton’s opinions were not consistent with the medical record. Further, the ALJ found that
Plaintiff’s “statements concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of [the alleged
mental symptoms were] not entirely consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in
the record.” [Tr. 17]. Ultimately, Plaintiff challenges the ALJ’s evaluation of the medical record
when affording little weight to consultative psychological examiners’ opinions.
However,
Plaintiff’s own interpretation of the evidence is insufficient to undermine the ALJ’s finding. See
Huizar v. Astrue, No. 3:07CV411-J, 2008 WL 4499995, at *3 (W.D. Ky. Sept. 29, 2008) (“While
plaintiff understandably argues for a different interpretation of the evidence from that chosen by
the ALJ, the issue is not whether substantial evidence could support a contrary finding, but simply
whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s findings.”).
Plaintiff also claims that the ALJ failed to address “Dr. Denny’s position that Plaintiff
needs further testing to address whether or not he has agoraphobia.” [Doc. 22 at 10]. Plaintiff
asserts that “[i]t is reasonable to infer that Dr. Denny’s limitations of ‘moderate to severe
impairment in adapting to changes and requirements’ coupled with Agoraphobia . . . would likely
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have impacted the finding” in the RFC determination that Plaintiff could occasionally have contact
with co-workers and supervisors in an environment where workplace changes are occasionally and
gradually introduced. [Id.]. Therefore, Plaintiff claims that the ALJ failed to explain why this
limitation was excluded. [Id.].
The regulations provide that the agency “may ask [the claimant] to have one or more
physical or mental examinations or tests” if the claimant’s “medical sources cannot or will not give
us sufficient medical evidence” to determine whether the claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. §
416.917. Additionally, “[a]n ALJ has discretion to determine whether further evidence, such as
additional testing or expert testimony, is necessary.” Foster v. Halter, 279 F.3d 348, 355 (6th Cir.
2001). The ALJ had no “special, heightened duty to develop the record” in this case because
Plaintiff was represented by counsel. Nabours v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 50 F. App’x 272, 275 (6th
Cir. 2002). Further, it is not error to fail to obtain additional evidence where the record contains a
“considerable amount of evidence” pertaining to the claimant’s limitations. Culp v. Comm’r of
Soc. Sec., 529 F. App’x 750, 751 (6th Cir. 2013). However, the ALJ has the ultimate responsibility
to ensure that a claimant receives a full and fair hearing, Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 411
(1971), which includes a duty to fully and fairly develop the record. See Johnson v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 794 F.2d 1106, 1111 (6th Cir. 1986).
“An ALJ has a duty to develop the record where the evidence suggests that a mental
impairment exists.” Brooks v. Astrue, No. 3:09-CV-432, 2011 WL 652839, at *8 (E.D. Tenn. Jan.
26, 2011), report and recommendation adopted by, 2011 WL 652837 (E.D. Tenn. Feb. 14, 2011).
An ALJ’s failure to exercise their discretion to obtain additional evidence when the record is
inadequate is a ground for remand or reversal. Ward v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 198 F. Supp. 3d 825,
830 (S.D. Ohio 2016). However, in the present case, the ALJ properly considered the medical
16
record and evidence as a whole in considering Plaintiff’s RFC, and thus was not required to further
develop the record.
Initially, as the Court has previously discussed, the ALJ properly held that Dr. Denny’s
opinion was entitled to little weight, as it was inconsistent with the medical record. Therefore,
although Dr. Denny opined that further testing may be required to determine whether Plaintiff
suffered from agoraphobia, the ALJ discredited the basis for this opinion. See Brooks, 2011 WL
652839, at *10 (holding “substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision to not order IQ testing,”
despite the recommendation from the consultative examiner, as “Dr. Booher was the only
physician of record who indicated that Plaintiff was potentially functioning in the mild mental
retardation range, and she made this judgment based primarily on the Plaintiff’s subjective
complaints, which the ALJ discounted”).
Additionally, the ALJ properly considered the entire medical record in assessing Plaintiff’s
RFC, including reviewing Plaintiff’s treatment notes with therapists, reported daily activities, as
well as the opinions of two psychological consultative examiners and two nonexamining state
agency psychological consultants. In Robertson v. Commissioner of Social Security, the Sixth
Circuit held the ALJ was not obligated to order an additional examination where the record
contained a “considerable amount of medical evidence” relevant to the claimant’s limitation and
“resulting functional capacity,” including “test results, physicians’ notes, and opinion evidence
from multiple physicians, and the lack of any significant inconsistencies in the evidence.” 513 F.
App’x 439, 441 (6th Cir. 2013); see, e.g., Culp v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 529 F. App’x 750, 751 (6th
Cir. 2013) (addressing a mental RFC assessment).
Next, Social Security Ruling 96-8p provides that “[i]f the RFC assessment conflicts with
an opinion from a medical source, the adjudicator must explain why the opinion was not adopted.”
17
1996 WL 374184, at *7 (July 2, 1996). However, the ALJ was not required to prove “good
reasons” for rejecting the opinions of non-treating medical sources. Norris v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
461 F. App’x 433, 439 (6th Cir. 2012) (noting “a claimant is entitled under the SSA only to reasons
explaining the weight assigned to his treating sources”); see Gayheart v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 710
F.3d 365, 376 (6th Cir. 2013) (holding that “opinions from nontreating and nonexamining sources
are never assessed for ‘controlling weight’”).
Further, the ALJ found that Dr. Denny’s opinion was entitled to little weight, as Plaintiff’s
mental health treatment notes were in conflict with the opinion, as well as Plaintiff’s reports to the
consultative examiner. Here, the ALJ did not include the opined adaption limitation because she
found that the opinion was inconsistent with the medical record. See Stringer v. Colvin, No. 3:141255, 2015 WL 5037064, at *8 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 24, 2015) (holding the ALJ provided satisfactory
explanation for weight afforded to opinion of non-treating physician, even though he did not
specifically explain why he chose not to adopt each and every limitation offered), report and
recommendation adopted sub nom., Stringer v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 2015 WL 5444802 (M.D. Tenn.
Sept. 15, 2015); Puckett v. Colvin, No. 3:13-CV-01486, 2014 WL 1584166 at * 9 (N.D. Ohio April
21, 2014) (stating that, although the ALJ was not required to evaluate the opinions of consultative
examiners with the same standard of deference to the opinion of a treating source, he was required
to “acknowledge that [the examiners’] opinions contradicted his RFC finding and explain why he
did not include their limitations in his determination of Plaintiff’s RFC”).
Lastly, Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ improperly assigned little weight to consultative
examiner Dr. Summers’ opinion by “fail[ing] to even mention Dr. Summers’ impression that
Plaintiff has osteoarthritis [,] which would lead to his opinion that Plaintiff is restricted to what
amounts under 20 C.F.R. § 416.967(b) to light work.” [Doc. 22 at 6]. Plaintiff contends that “[i]n
18
not properly weigh[ ]ing Dr. Summers’ findings, the ALJ says there is not a definitive physical
diagnosis and consistent treatment however[,] Plaintiff’s medical records are replete with Plaintiff
seeking help for his neck and hip pain.” [Id. at 6–7].
In the disability decision, the ALJ noted that Dr. Summers’ opinion was entitled to little
weight because it was “overly restrictive and not consistent with the diagnostic reports in
evidence.” [Tr. 16]. In finding Plaintiff’s alleged “neck issues” not to be a severe impairment, the
ALJ noted that “magnetic resonance imaging [from March 15, 2012] documented no bony or soft
tissue abnormality, and no stenosis.” [Tr. 13 (citing Tr. 247)]. Additionally, the ALJ found that
Plaintiff’s alleged “hip issues” did not constitute a severe impairment because “there are no
radiological findings consistent with ‘hip issues,’ or limitations from a hip impairment.” [Id.].
The ALJ also detailed that “[i]n terms of the claimant’s alleged neck pain, magnetic resonance
imaging was normal, without disk space narrowing, bony abnormality, soft tissue abnormality, or
stenosis.” [Tr. 16 (citing Tr. 247)]. Further, the ALJ reviewed Plaintiff’s daily activities and
testimony to find that his “allegations of physical limitations are not supported by objective
radiological tests.” [Tr. 16].
Accordingly, the Court finds that the ALJ appropriately afforded little weight to Dr.
Summers’ opinion, and therefore was not required to adopt his impression that Plaintiff had
osteoarthritis. Even though an ALJ “must consider [the] findings of State agency medical and
psychological consultants, [he or she] is not bound by any findings made by State agency or
psychological consultants.” Renfro v. Barnhart, 30 F. App’x 431, 436 (6th Cir. 2002) (internal
quotations and citation omitted). “While an ALJ must consider and weigh medical opinions, the
RFC determination is expressly reserved to the Commissioner.” White v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 970
F. Supp. 2d 733, 753 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 10, 2013) (citing Ford v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 114 F. App’x
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194, 198 (6th Cir. 2004)). Here, the ALJ also reviewed the medical record with respect to
Plaintiff’s neck and hip pain, and found that Plaintiff’s disabling allegations were not consistent
with the medical record.
Ultimately, the ALJ’s assignment of little weight to the consultative examiners’ opinions
is supported by substantial evidence, as the ALJ properly considered the supportability of the
opinions with the medical record and examination findings. See Norris v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
461 F. App’x 433, 440 (6th Cir. 2012) (holding a consultative examiner’s opinion “may be rejected
by the ALJ when the source’s opinion is not well supported by medical diagnostics or if it is
inconsistent with the record”). Plaintiff’s arguments largely claim that the consultative examiners
opined more restrictive limitations, and thus the RFC is not supported by substantial evidence.
However, the Court finds that the ALJ’s decision that the opinions of the consultative examiners
were not consistent with the medical record is within the ALJ’s “zone of choice.” See McClanahan
v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 474 F.3d 830, 833 (6th Cir. 2006) (noting the substantial evidence standard
allows considerable latitude to ALJ’s because it presupposes “there is a ‘zone of choice’ within
which the Commissioner can act, without the fear of court interference”) (quoting Buxton v. Halter,
246 F.3d 762, 772 (6th Cir. 2001)). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s assignments of error do not constitute
a basis for remand.
B.
ALJ’s RFC Determination
Plaintiff asserts several arguments regarding the ALJ’s interpretation of the medical record
related to his physical and mental impairments. First, Plaintiff alleges that the ALJ improperly
implied that “Plaintiff was fishing for disability benefits which would strengthen her decision of
‘not disabled.’” [Doc. 22 at 4]. Plaintiff contends that his treatment records from Helen Ross
McNabb indicate he “was able to complete disability documentation and secure medical history,”
20
as well as that his short-term goal was to apply for disability so he could afford medical help, with
a long-term goal of being financially “independent and be stable with anxiety and depression.”
[Tr. 259]. The Commissioner responds that the ALJ properly considered Plaintiff’s statements
regarding his desire for obtaining disability in evaluating his credibility. [Doc. 24 at 18].
The ALJ’s decision postdates Social Security Ruling 16-3p, which eliminates the use of
the term “credibility” from the applicable policy regulation, and clarifies that a “subjective
symptom evaluation is not an examination of an individual’s character.” 2016 WL 1119029, at *1
(Mar. 16, 2016); see also Rhinebolt v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 2:17-CV-369, 2017 WL 5712564,
at *8 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 28, 2017) (noting that under SSR 16-3p, “an ALJ must focus on the
consistency of an individual’s statements about the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of
symptoms, rather than credibility”), report and recommendation adopted by, 2018 WL 494523
(S.D. Ohio Jan. 22, 2018). However, “[t]he two-step process and the factors ALJs consider when
assessing the limiting effects of an individual’s symptoms have not changed with the advent of
SSR 16-3p.” Holder v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:17-CV-00186-SKL, 2018 WL 4101507, at *10
n.5 (E.D. Tenn. Aug. 28, 2018).
The ALJ is still tasked with first determining whether there is an “underlying medically
determinable physical or mental impairment(s) that could reasonably be expected to produce an
individual’s symptoms, such as pain.” SSR 16-3p, 2016 WL 1119029, at *2–3. Then, the ALJ is
responsible for determining the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of an individual’s
symptoms, including assessing their: (1) daily activities; (2) the location, duration, frequency, and
intensity of pain or other symptoms; (3) factors that precipitate and aggravate the symptoms; (4)
the type, dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of any medication an individual takes or has taken
to alleviate pain or other symptoms; (5) treatment, other than medication, an individual receives
21
or has received for relief of pain or other symptoms; (6) any measures other than treatment an
individual uses or has used to relieve pain or other symptoms; and (7) any other factors concerning
an individual’s functional limitations and restrictions due to pain or other symptoms. Id. at *4–8.
As the Court has already reviewed, in the disability decision, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s
“statements concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of [the alleged mental
symptoms were] not entirely consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the
record.” [Tr. 17]. The ALJ also noted that Plaintiff “appears to have had secondary gain in seeking
mental health treatment, as evidence by his intake statements that he wanted help with a disability
application.” [Tr. 16]. Plaintiff’s treatment records state that he “needs support with securing
documents for [his] disability appointment.” [Tr. 259].
However, an ALJ can consider possible financial motivations for alleging disability, and
“[o]ne inconsistency in the record which an ALJ can consider in discounting a claimant’s
credibility is the presence of a ‘strong element of secondary gain.’” James-Parker v. Comm’r of
Soc. Sec., No. 1:11-cv-1236, 2013 WL 1150593, at *6 (W.D. Mich. Mar. 19, 2013) (quoting
Gaddis v. Chater, 76 F.3d 893, 896 (8th Cir. 1996)) (also citing Foster v. Astrue, 277 F. App’x
462, 466 (5th Cir. 2008); Leech v. Barnhart, 177 F. App’x 225, 228 (3rd Cir. 2006); Eichelberger
v. Barnhart, 390 F.3d 584, 590 (8th Cir. 2004)). Plaintiff fails to cite to any supporting authority
that the ALJ improperly considered his potential financial motive, and the Court finds “that the
ALJ’s consideration of [Plaintiff’s] financial motivations was not the primary reason for denying
[his] disability claim.” See, e.g., Wildes v. Colvin, No. 16-1235-TMP, 2018 WL 2386062, at *5
(W.D. Tenn. May 25, 2018).
The ALJ detailed that although Plaintiff was diagnosed with major depressive disorder,
recurrent, without psychotic features, treatment notes indicated that he “self-discontinued
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prescribed medications.” [Tr. 16]; see [Tr. 525]. Additionally, the ALJ noted that Plaintiff was
able to stay at home and take care of his dad, that he liked to “hang out” with friends, watch movies,
and that he was able to pay his bills on time. [Tr. 16]. The ALJ discussed that although Plaintiff
alleged “nerve damage from being shocked,” there was not objective confirmation to support this
“somewhat vague and non-specific” allegation. [Id.]. Further, the ALJ noted that Plaintiff’s
testimony was inconsistent with respect to his positive cocaine tests and reported daily activities.
[Id.]. The ALJ detailed that while Plaintiff testified that he was unable to walk farther than 100
yards, or stand for longer than thirty minutes, he was able to shop, care for his elderly parents,
perform household chores such as vacuuming, was well groomed, and maintains a social life with
friends. [Id.]. Therefore, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s “allegations of physical limitations are not
supported by objective radiological tests, and his allegations of mental limitations are not
supported by the treatment notes.” [Id.].
“Despite the linguistic clarification, courts continue to rely on pre-SSR 16-3p authority
providing that the ALJ’s credibility determinations are given great weight.” Getz v. Comm’r of
Soc. Sec., No. CV 18-11625, 2019 WL 2710053, at *3–4 (E.D. Mich. June 10, 2019), report and
recommendation adopted by, 2019 WL 2647260 (E.D. Mich. June 27, 2019) (citing Kilburn v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:17-CV-603, 2018 WL 4693951, at *7 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 29, 2018); Duty
v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 2:17-CV-445, 2018 WL 4442595, at *6 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 18, 2018)).
Plaintiff asserts that although the ALJ noted that he goes shopping, she failed to address a
notation in Plaintiff’s treatment records which states that “[h]e stays at his parents[’] house,
remaining in his room except to eat.” [Doc. 22 at 5]; see [Tr. 266]. Additionally, Plaintiff
maintains that the ALJ failed to mention the notation in Dr. Denny’s opinion that he has lost 140
pounds over a six-year period and no longer socializes as much as he once did. [Doc. 22 at 5].
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However, the Court finds that the ALJ appropriately considered the medical record, stated
her reasoning for assigning little weigh to Dr. Denny’s opinion, and did not mischaracterize
Plaintiff’s reported daily activities in the credibility determination. See Shepard v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec., 705 F. App’x 435, 441 (6th Cir. 2017) (“The ALJ cited these activities as evidence that
Shepard’s testimony about the severity of her symptoms and her limited lifestyle was ‘not entirely
credible,’ not to demonstrate that she was capable of light work.”); see, e.g., Marcum v. Astrue,
No. 3:10-CV-122, 2011 WL 4398001, at *7 (E.D. Tenn. Aug. 3, 2011) (“The
ALJ did not improperly rely on the Plaintiff’s reported daily activities or mischaracterize these
activities, nor did he rely on a single medical opinion to the exclusion of the other opinion evidence
in the record.”), report and recommendation adopted by, 2011 WL 4433146 (E.D. Tenn. Sept. 20,
2011). An ALJ is “not required to discuss all the evidence, as long as her factual findings as a
whole show that she implicitly considered the record as a whole.” Rudd v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
531 F. App’x 719, 730 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Kornecky v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 167 F. App’x 496,
507–08 (6th Cir. 2006)).
The ALJ also based her credibility determination on additional factors found in the record,
rather than solely on Plaintiff’s reported daily activities, as the ALJ noted that Plaintiff’s
allegations were not supported by objective radiological tests or his treatment notes. Temples v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 515 F. App’x 460, 462 (6th Cir. 2003) (“[T]he ALJ did not give undue
consideration to Temples’ ability to performing day-to-day activities. Rather, the ALJ properly
considered this ability as one factor in determining whether Temples’ testimony was credible.”).
Ultimately, it is not for this Court to “try the case de novo, nor resolve conflicts in evidence, nor
decide questions of credibility.” Garner v. Heckler, 745 F.2d 383, 387 (6th Cir. 1984).
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Therefore, the Court finds that the ALJ properly evaluated Plaintiff’s credibility pursuant
to the applicable regulations and policies, the ALJ’s RFC determination is supported by substantial
evidence, and Plaintiff’s assignments of error do not constitute a basis for remand.
V.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. 21] will be
DENIED, and the Commissioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. 23] will be GRANTED.
The decision of the Commissioner will be AFFIRMED. The Clerk of Court will be DIRECTED
to close this case.
ORDER ACCORDINGLY.
Debra C. Poplin
United States Magistrate Judge
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