Armstrong v. State of Tennessee
Filing
15
MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT. Signed by Chief Judge Kevin H. Sharp on 2/8/16. (xc:Pro se party by regular and certified mail.) (DOCKET TEXT SUMMARY ONLY-ATTORNEYS MUST OPEN THE PDF AND READ THE ORDER.) (afs)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
COLUMBIA DIVISION
ROBERT L. ARMSTRONG, JR.,
No. 462738,
Petitioner,
v.
STATE OF TENNESSEE,
Respondent.
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No. 1:15-cv-00103
Chief Judge Sharp
MEMORANDUM
The petitioner, Robert L. Armstrong, Jr., has filed a pro se, in forma pauperis petition for
a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. (Docket No. 1). The petitioner is an inmate of the
Maury County Jail in Columbia, Tennessee. He is serving a term of imprisonment of 45 years
imposed by the Circuit Court for Maury County for a number of driving and drug related offenses.
I.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
On August 8, 2014, the petitioner pled guilty in Maury County Circuit Court to ten offenses
under five indictments. In State of Tennessee v. Robert Armstrong, Jr., Case No. 22715, he pled
guilty to one count of evading arrest, for which he agreed to serve two years in prison (Docket No.
13-2, Page ID# 173), and one count of driving on a suspended license, for which he agreed to serve
six months concurrently with his sentence for evading arrest (Docket No. 13-2, Page ID# 175). In
State of Tennessee v. Robert Armstrong Jr., Case No. 22963, the petitioner pled guilty to two counts
of sale of more than half a gram of cocaine and two counts of sale of less than half a gram of
cocaine. (Docket No. 13-4, Page ID# 295-98).
He agreed to serve twelve years for each sale
involving more than half a gram, five years for one of the sales of less than half a gram, and six
years for the remaining sale of less than half a gram. (Id.) He further agreed that each sentence was
to run consecutively, for a total effective sentence in Case No. 22963 of thirty-five years. (Id.) In
State of Tennessee v. Robert Armstrong, Jr., Case No. 23214, the petitioner pled guilty to one count
of possession of more than half a gram of cocaine for resale and agreed to serve eight years in
prison. (Docket No. 13-5, Page ID# 346).
He also pled guilty to one count of misdemeanor
possession of marijuana and agreed to serve eleven months and twenty-nine days concurrently with
all the other sentences. (Docket No. 13-5, Page ID# 347). In State of Tennessee v. Robert Armstrong,
Jr., Case No. 22714, and State of Tennessee v. Robert Armstrong, Jr., Case No. 22716, the petitioner
pled guilty to driving on a suspended license and agreed to a sentence of eleven months and
twenty-nine days to serve in custody. (Docket No. 13-1, Page ID# 106; Docket No. 13-3, Page ID#
246). He agreed to serve the sentences in Case Nos. 22715, 22963, and 23214 consecutively to each
other for a total effective sentence of 45 years’ incarceration, to be served as a Range I offender with
a 30% release eligibility date. (Docket No. 13-5, Page ID# 346). The petitioner did not appeal his
convictions or sentence.
The petitioner filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief in the Circuit Court for Maury
County on February 23, 2015, in all five cases. (Docket No. 13-1, Page ID# 110). He alleged, by
placing a check mark next to items on a form list, the following grounds for relief: “[c]onviction was
based on unlawfully induced guilty plea or guilty plea involuntarily entered without understanding
of the nature and consequences of the plea,” “[c]onviction was based on use of evidence obtained
pursuant to an unlawful arrest,” “[c]onviction was based on the unconstitutional failure of the
prosecution to disclose to defendant evidence favorable to defendant,” “[c]onviction was based on
action of a grand or petit jury that was unconstitutionally selected and impaneled,” “[d]enial of
ineffective assistance of counsel,” and “[o]ther grounds.” (Docket No. 13-1, Page ID# 114-15). In
2
an order filed February 24, 2015, the post-conviction court directed the petitioner to comply with
Tennessee Code Annotated § 40-30-106(d), which requires a petition for post-conviction relief to
include a statement of the factual basis for the petition. (Docket No. 13-1, Page ID# 118). The court
ordered the petitioner to “file under oath an amendment to the petition stating a factual basis for the
grounds alleged and explaining in detail how the petitioner was prejudiced by the alleged violations”
within fifteen days. (Id.) Although the petitioner subsequently mailed a personal letter to the
post-conviction judge (Docket No. 13-1, Page ID# 120), he did not comply with the order. On
March 16, 2015, the post-conviction court dismissed the petition for post-conviction relief, finding
that, without the required amendment stating the factual basis for the claims, the petition did not
state a colorable claim for relief. (Docket No. 13-1, Page ID# 123). The petitioner did not appeal to
the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals.
On October 30, 2015, the court received the instant petition for writ of habeas corpus under
28 U.S.C. § 2254.1 (Docket No. 1). In his petition, the petitioner asserts three grounds for relief.
He names the State of Tennessee as the Respondent.
The state officer in charge of the petitioner’s detention is Commissioner of the Tennessee
Department of Correction Derrick Schofield. Because the State of Tennessee is not a proper party
to this civil action, the Clerk will be directed to remove the State of Tennessee as the respondent to
this action and replace the State of Tennessee with Derrick Schofield. Rule 2 – Rules Governing
§ 2254 Cases.
Upon its receipt, the court conducted a preliminary examination of the petition and
determined that the petitioner had stated a colorable claim for relief. Accordingly, the court entered
1
The date on which the petitioner filed his petition will be discussed in more detail herein.
3
an order on November 9, 2015, directing the respondent to answer or otherwise respond to the
petition (Docket No. 3), the time for which was subsequently extended by the court (Docket No. 9).
The respondent has now filed a response in which it urges the court to deny the petition and dismiss
the action. (Docket No. 14).
Upon consideration of the record, the court concludes that an evidentiary hearing is not
needed. See Smith v. United States, 348 F.3d 545, 550 (6th Cir. 2003)(an evidentiary hearing is not
required when the record conclusively shows that the petitioner is not entitled to relief). Therefore,
the court shall dispose of the petition as the law and justice requires. Rule 8(a), Rules — § 2254
Cases.
Jurisdiction and venue in this court are appropriate under 28 U.S.C. § 2241(d) because the
petitioner was convicted in the Circuit Court for Maury County, Tennessee.
II.
SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE
The facts that are relevant to the court’s disposition of the petition are set forth in the
Introduction and Background section herein. (See pages 1-3).
III.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The petition in this case is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
of 1996 (“AEDPA”). The AEDPA was enacted “to reduce delays in the execution of state and
federal criminal sentences . . . and to further the principles of comity, finality, and federalism.”
Woodford v. Garceau, 538 U.S. 202, 206, 123 S. Ct. 1398, 155 L.Ed.2d 363 (2003) (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted). As the Supreme Court explained, the AEDPA “recognizes
a foundational principle of our federal system: State courts are adequate forums for the vindication
of federal rights.” Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. –––, 134 S. Ct. 10, 15, 187 L.Ed.2d 348 (2013). The
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AEDPA, therefore, “erects a formidable barrier to federal habeas relief for prisoners whose claims
have been adjudicated in state court.” Id.
One of the AEDPA's most significant limitations on the federal courts' authority to issue
writs of habeas corpus is found in 28 U.S .C. § 2254(d). Under the AEDPA, the court may grant
a writ of habeas corpus on a claim that was adjudicated on the merits in state court if that
adjudication:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented
in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405 (2000).
The state court’s factual findings are presumed to be correct and they can be contravened
only if the petitioner can show by clear and convincing evidence that the state court’s factual
findings were erroneous. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). The petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing
if he alleges sufficient grounds for issuance of the writ, relevant facts are in dispute, and the state
courts did not hold a full and fair evidentiary hearing. Sawyer v. Hofbauer, 299 F.3d 605, 610 (6th
Cir. 2002). As the Supreme Court has advised, “[t]he question under AEDPA is not whether a
federal court believes the state court's determination was incorrect but whether that determination
was unreasonable-a substantially higher threshold.” Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473, 127
S. Ct. 1933, 167 L.Ed.2d 836, (2007) (citing Williams, 529 U.S. at 410). The Supreme Court has
held that review under § 2254(d) (1) “is limited to the record that was before the state court that
adjudicated the claim on the merits.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1398, 179
5
L.Ed.2d 557 (2011).
Further, “[b]efore seeking a federal writ of habeas corpus, a state prisoner must exhaust
available state remedies, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), thereby giving the State the ‘opportunity to pass upon
and correct’ alleged violations of its prisoners’ federal rights.” Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 29
(2004) (citations omitted). “To provide the State with the necessary ‘opportunity,’ the prisoner
must ‘fairly present’ his claim in each appropriate state court (including a state supreme court with
powers of discretionary review), thereby alerting that court to the federal nature of the claim.” Id.
(citation omitted). Claims which are not exhausted are procedurally defaulted and “ordinarily may
not be considered by a federal court on habeas review.” Alley v. Bell, 307 F.3d 380, 388 (6th Cir.
2002).
“In order to gain consideration of a claim that is procedurally defaulted, a petitioner must
demonstrate cause and prejudice for the failure, or that a miscarriage of justice will result from the
lack of review.” Alley, 307 F.3d at 386. A petitioner can establish cause in two ways. First, a
petitioner may “show that some objective factor external to the defense impeded counsel's efforts
to comply with the State's procedural rule.” Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986). Objective
impediments include an unavailable claim or interference by officials that made compliance
impracticable. Id. Second, constitutionally ineffective assistance of trial or appellate counsel may
constitute cause. Murray, 477 U.S. at 488–89. Generally, however, if a petitioner asserts ineffective
assistance of counsel as cause for a default, that ineffective-assistance claim must itself have been
presented to the state courts as an independent claim before it may be used to establish cause. Id. If
the ineffective-assistance claim is not presented to the state courts in the manner that state law
requires, that claim is itself procedurally defaulted and can only be used as cause for the underlying
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defaulted claim if the petitioner demonstrates cause and prejudice with respect to the
ineffective-assistance claim. Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 452–53, 120 S. Ct. 1587, 146
L.Ed.2d 518 (2000).
Until recently, a prisoner could not demonstrate cause for default by claiming that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel during state post-conviction proceedings. See Coleman
v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 752–53, 111 S. Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1992) (holding that attorney
error is not cause to excuse a default). The holding in Coleman was based on the premise that an
individual does not have a constitutional right to counsel in post-conviction proceedings, so the
prisoner “must bear the risk of attorney error that results in a procedural default.” Id. (internal
quotations omitted).
Recent changes in the law, however, have enabled petitioners in Tennessee to establish
“cause” to excuse the procedural default of a substantial claim of ineffective assistance by
demonstrating the ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel in failing to raise the claim in
initial-review post-conviction proceedings. See Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. –––, 132 S. Ct. 1309,
1315, 1320, 182 L.Ed.2d 272 (2012) (creating an exception to Coleman where state law prohibits
ineffective-assistance claims on direct appeal); Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. –––, 133 S.C t. 1911,
1921, 185 L.Ed.2d 1044 (2013) (extending Martinez to states with procedural frameworks that make
meaningful opportunity to raise ineffective-assistance claim on direct appeal unlikely); Sutton v.
Carpenter, 745 F.3d 787, 792 (6th Cir. 2014) (holding that Martinez and Trevino apply in
Tennessee).
The Supreme Court's creation in Martinez of a narrow exception to the procedural-default
bar stemmed from its recognition, “as an equitable matter, that the initial-review collateral
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proceeding, if undertaken without counsel or with ineffective counsel, may not have been sufficient
to ensure that proper consideration was given to a substantial claim.” Martinez, 132 S. Ct. at 1318.
In other words, Martinez requires that the ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel occur
during
the
“initial-review
collateral
proceeding,”
and
that
“the
underlying
ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim [be] a substantial one, which is to say that the prisoner
must demonstrate that the claim has some merit.” See id. at 1318–19, 1320. Importantly, Martinez
did not dispense with the “actual prejudice” prong of the standard for overcoming procedural default
first articulated by the Supreme Court in Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750.
To establish prejudice, a petitioner must demonstrate that the constitutional error “worked
to his actual and substantial disadvantage.” Perkins v. LeCureux, 58 F.3d 214, 219 (6th Cir. 1995)
(quoting United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 170, 102 S. Ct. 1584, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982)
(emphasis in original)). “When a petitioner fails to establish cause to excuse a procedural default,
a court does not need to address the issue of prejudice.” Simpson v. Jones, 238 F.3d 399, 409 (6th
Cir. 2000) (citations omitted).
Because the cause-and-prejudice standard is not a perfect safeguard against fundamental
miscarriages of justice, the Supreme Court has also recognized a narrow exception to the cause
requirement where a constitutional violation has “probably resulted” in the conviction of one who
is “actually innocent” of the substantive offense. Dretke v. Haley, 541 U.S. 386, 392, 124 S. Ct.
1847, 158 L.Ed.2d 659 (2004) (citing Murray, 477 U.S. at 496).
IV.
CLAIMS OF THE PETITION
In his federal petition for writ of habeas corpus, Armstrong asserts the following the
following grounds for relief:
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Claim 1:
Claim 2:
The petitioner received the ineffective assistance of
trial counsel based on counsel’s failure to adequately
prepare a defense, interview potential witnesses, or
meet with the petitioner as required by article I,
section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution. (Docket No.
1, Page ID# 8).
Claim 3:
V.
The petitioner received the ineffective assistance of
trial counsel based on counsel’s “fail[ure] to subject
the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial
testing” and “fail[ure] to function . . . as the
government’s adversary” as required by the Sixth
Amendment of the United States Constitution.
(Docket No. 1, Page ID# 5-6).
The petitioner received the ineffective assistance of
trial counsel when counsel disregarded the
petitioner’s request to appeal the conviction in
violation of the Sixth Amendment. (Docket No. 1,
Page ID# 9).
ANALYSIS
The respondent first argues that the petition for writ of habeas corpus should be dismissed
because the petitioner filed the petition outside the one-year statute of limitations established under
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d), and he has failed to allege facts sufficient to entitle him to equitable tolling of
the limitations period. Next, the respondent argues that the petitioner has procedurally defaulted the
claims raised in the petition because he did not present them to the state courts and is procedurally
barred from doing so at this time. Finally, the respondent argues that the petitioner’s second claim
is based on the Tennessee Constitution and therefore is not cognizable on federal habeas review.
(Docket No. 18 at p. 5).
A.
Timeliness of petition
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 provides a one-year statute of
limitations for § 2254 habeas corpus petitions that runs from the latest of four dates:
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(A) The date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion
of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such
review;
(B) The date on which the impediment to filing an application
created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of
the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented
from filing by such State action;
(C) The date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially
recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly
recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively
applicable to cases on collateral review; or
(D) The date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims
presented could have been discovered through the exercise of
due diligence.
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). The one-year period is tolled during the time that “a properly filed
application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment
or claim is pending.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2).
Here, the petitioner does not assert that the State has prevented him from filing his federal
habeas petition in a timely fashion and in violation of his constitutional rights. Thus, 28 U.S.C. §
2244(d)(1)(B) is inapplicable. Nor does the petitioner allege that his claims arise out of new
constitutional rights to be applied retroactively; therefore, 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(C) is inapplicable.
The petitioner’s claims do not fall under the new factual predicate test of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D),
so that sub-section, too, is inapplicable. Consequently, 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A) is the latest of
the applicable measurements of the statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1).
The record before the court shows that the date on which the petitioner’s judgment became
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final by conclusion of direct review was September 8, 2014, thirty days after he pled guilty.2 The
statute of limitations period for filing the instant habeas petition ran for 168 days from September
9, 2014 until February 23, 2015, when the petitioner filed his petition for state post-conviction relief.
The post-conviction court denied the petitioner’s state post-conviction petition on March 16, 2015,
and the petitioner did not file a timely notice of appeal. Thus, after the post-conviction court’s
denial of the petitioner’s state post-conviction petition, the limitations period on his federal habeas
petition remained tolled only until the time expired for the petitioner to file a notice of appeal, which
was 30 days after March 16, 2015, or April 15, 2015. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-116; Tenn. R.
App. 4(a). The statute began to run the following day, April 16, 2015.
The respondent contends that, because the court received Armstrong’s federal habeas petition
on October 30, 2015, the petition was filed on the 366th day, one day past the 365 days allowed by
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). (Docket No. 18 at p. 6).
Under the “prison mailbox rule” of Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270 (1988), and the Sixth
Circuit’s subsequent extension of that rule in Richard v. Ray, 290 F.3d 810, 812 (6th Cir. 2002) and
Scott v. Evans, 116 Fed. App'x 699, 701 (6th Cir. 2004), a prisoner's legal mail is considered “filed”
when he deposits his mail in the prison mail system to be forwarded to the Clerk of Court. Here,
the petitioner signed the instant petition on October 1, 2015. (Docket No. 1 at p. 16). He left blank
the section of his form petition for habeas corpus that would have indicated the date he placed the
2
On August 9, 2014, the 30 day period began running within which the petitioner could file an appeal.
Tenn. R. App. 4(a)(a notice of appeal must be filed within 30 days after the date of entry of the judgment
appealed from); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(1)(a) (when the governing time period is stated in days, the court
excludes the day of the event that triggers the period; thus, here, August 8, 2014, is excluded). The 30 day
period ended on September 7, 2014, but because that date was a Sunday, the court counts from the next
business day. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(1)(c)(exception applies that, if the last day of time period is a
Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the period continues to run until the end of the next day that is not a
Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday).
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petition in the prison mailing system (Docket No. 1 at p. 16) and did not otherwise include the
information in the petition. The question before the court, then, is whether the prison mailbox rule
applies to the instant set of facts.
The respondent contends that the petitioner did not comply with the mailbox rule because
he did not complete the section of his form petition indicating the date he placed the petition in the
prison mailing system. (Docket No. 18 at p. 7). In support of its position, the respondent cites a
number of cases, most from jurisdictions outside the Sixth Circuit, finding that the mailbox rule did
not apply to various sets of facts. (Id. at pp. 7-8). However, the court finds those cases to be
distinguishable from the instant case. None of the cases cited by the respondent involve petitions
brought under § 2254. Furthermore, the only case cited by the respondent from a governing court
is not precisely on point. The Sixth Circuit’s rejection of an inmate’s reliance on the prison mailbox
rule in Duhon v. Kemper, 19 Fed. App’x 353 (6th Cir. 2001), was primarily based on the fact that the
inmate had raised his reliance on the mailbox rule for the first time on appeal. Id. at 355.
The respondent adamantly maintains that, according to the prison mailbox rule, the date of
filing is when an inmate deposits the petition into the prison mailing system. It is undisputed that
the court received the instant petition on October 30, 2015. Thus, if the petition was filed one day
late as the respondent alleges, the petitioner had to give his petition to jail officials after the statute
of limitations expired, on October 29, 2015. But the court received the petition on October 30, 2015.
It is highly unlikely the court would have received the petition on October 30, 2015, if the petition
was given to jail officials for mailing on October 29, 2015. In other words, it seems highly probable
that the petitioner gave the petition to jail officials for mailing prior to October 29, 2015. Moreover,
the court received the petition along with the petitioner’s application to proceed in forma pauperis.
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(Docket No. 2). The application, like the petition, is signed by the petitioner and dated October 1,
2015. (Id. at p. 2). More importantly, the application bears a signature and a notary stamp by the
custodian of inmate trust fund accounts on that same date, October 1, 2015, further suggesting that
the petitioner did not hold the petition in his cell after that date. (Id.)
The court therefore finds that the mailbox rule applies to this case and that the petition is
deemed filed on October 1, 2015, the date the petitioner signed the petition and gave the petitioner
to the jail officials for mailing. Therefore, as explained above, the petition was timely submitted to
this court.
B.
Procedural default
Next, the respondent contends that the petition should be dismissed because the petitioner
failed to raise the claims in state court and they are now procedurally defaulted. (Docket No. 18 at
p. 10).
A federal district court will not entertain a petition for writ of habeas corpus unless the
petitioner has first exhausted all available state remedies for each claim in his petition. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(b). While exhaustion is not a jurisdictional requirement, it is a strictly enforced doctrine
which promotes comity between the states and federal government by giving the state an initial
opportunity to pass upon and correct alleged violations of its prisoners’ federal rights. O’Sullivan
v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845 (1999). Consequently, as a condition precedent to seeking federal
habeas corpus relief, the petitioner is required to fairly present his claims to every available level
of the state court system. Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 518-20 (1982); Lyons v. Stovall, 188 F.3d
327, 331 (6th Cir. 1999). The petitioner must offer the state courts both the factual and legal bases
for his claims. Hicks v. Straub, 377 F.3d 538, 552 (6th Cir. 2004). In other words, the petitioner
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must present “the same claim under the same theory” to the state courts. Id. It is not enough that
all the facts necessary to support a federal claim were before the court or that the petitioner made
a somewhat similar state law claim. Anderson v. Harless, 459 U.S. 4, 6 (1982).
Both the factual and legal basis for the claim must have been presented to the state courts
in order to be considered “fairly presented.” Fulcher v. Motley, 444 F.3d 791, 798 (6th Cir. 2006).
The Sixth Circuit has identified four actions that a petitioner can take which are significant to the
determination of whether he has properly asserted both the factual and legal bases for his claim, i.e.,
“fairly presented” that claim:
(1) reliance upon federal cases employing constitutional analysis;
(2) reliance upon state cases employing federal constitutional
analysis; (3) phrasing the claim in terms of constitutional law or in
terms sufficiently particular to allege a denial of a specific
constitutional right; or (4) alleging facts well within the mainstream
of constitutional law.
Whiting v. Burt, 395 F.3d 602, 613 (6th Cir. 2005)(quoting McMeans v. Brigano, 228 F.3d 674, 681
(6th Cir. 2000)).
Once a petitioner’s federal claims have been raised in the highest state court available, the
exhaustion requirement is satisfied, even if that court refused to consider the claims. Manning v.
Alexander, 912 F.2d 878, 883 (6th Cir. 1990). In Tennessee, a petitioner need only take his claims
to the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals in order to fully exhaust his available state court
remedies. Rule 39, Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rules; see also Adams v. Holland, 324 F.3d 838, 841-44 (6th Cir.
2003).
A habeas petitioner bears the burden of demonstrating that he has properly and fully
exhausted his available state court remedies with respect to the claims he presents for federal habeas
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review. Prather v. Rees, 822 F.2d 1418, 1420 n.3 (6th Cir.1987) (citation omitted). Moreover, if
a habeas petitioner retains the right under state law to raise a claim by any available procedure, he
has not exhausted that claim. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c). Ordinarily, habeas petitions containing
unexhausted claims are dismissed without prejudice in order to permit the petitioner the opportunity
to pursue them in state court. Alley v. Bell, 307 F.3d 380, 385 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing Rose, 455 U.S.
at 518, 520–22); see also Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269, 275 (2005) (reconfirming the continued
relevance of Rose under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”)).
If, however, an unexhausted claim would be procedurally barred under state law, for instance
by a statute of limitations or a state rule barring successive petitions, then the claim is deemed
exhausted (because no further state review is available) but procedurally defaulted (because it was
not presented to a state court for review), and may not be considered by the federal court on habeas
review except under extraordinary circumstances. Alley v. Bell, 307 F.3d 380, 385–86 (6th Cir.
2002) (citations omitted); In re Cook, 215 F.3d 606, 607–08 (6th Cir. 2000). Specifically, in order
to obtain consideration of a claim that is procedurally defaulted, a petitioner must demonstrate both
“cause” for the procedural default and actual prejudice resulting from the alleged constitutional
errors or, alternatively, that failure to consider the claims will result in a “fundamental miscarriage
of justice.” Wogenstahl v. Mitchell, 668 F.3d 307, 321 (6th Cir. 2012), cert. denied, –– U.S. ––, 133
S. Ct. 311 (2012) (citing Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991)).
A habeas petitioner cannot rely on conclusory assertions of cause and prejudice to overcome
the adverse effects of a procedural default. Lundgren v. Mitchell, 440 F.3d 754, 764 (6th Cir. 2003).
Rather, he must present affirmative evidence or argument as to the precise cause and prejudice
produced. Id. “‘Cause’ is a legitimate excuse for the default, and ‘prejudice’ is actual harm
15
resulting from the alleged constitutional violation.” Horne v. Bunting, 2014 WL 7375469, at *13
(N.D. Ohio Dec. 20, 2014)(citation omitted).
Here, the petitioner did not properly raise any of his current claims in any state court.
Although he filed a petition for post-conviction relief in the Circuit Court for Maury County (Docket
No. 13-1, Page ID# 110), the petitioner failed to state a factual basis for any of the claims. (Docket
No. 13-1, Page ID# 123). Even when this failure was pointed out to him by the state court judge,
the petitioner did not remedy it. He also failed to present any of his claims to the Tennessee Court
of Criminal Appeals. As a result, the petitioner did not present the legal and factual basis of each of
his claims in state court; neither did he present those claims to the highest state court. Adams, 330
F.3d at 402; Pillette, 824 F.2d at 496. Therefore, the petitioner is now barred from presenting his
claims to the state courts by the statute of limitations under Tennessee Code Annotated section
40-30-102(a) and the “one petition” limitation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-30-102(c).
He is also barred from appealing the post-conviction court’s denial of relief to the Tennessee Court
of Criminal Appeals. Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a) (requiring notice of appeal to be filed within thirty days
of the entry of the judgement appealed from). Thus, his claims are procedurally defaulted in this
proceeding.
As cause for his procedural default, the petitioner asserts that he did not have the benefit of
an attorney and that he suffers from an unspecified learning disability. (Docket No. 1, Page ID# 5,
8, 10). However, neither reason is sufficient to establish cause to excuse his procedural default. A
petitioner’s pro se status does not constitute cause. Bonilla v. Hurley, 370 F.3d 494, 498 (6th Cir.
2004) (holding that a petitioner’s pro se status in state court, ignorance of law, or mistaken
understanding of law were insufficient to establish cause for default)(citing Hannah, 49 F.3d at
16
1197)). Additionally, the petitioner’s learning disability, even if he had described it and explained
how it affected his failure to pursue his state court remedies, also is insufficient to excuse his default
because it is not external to his defense. See id. (holding that the petitioner’s unfamiliarity with the
English language was insufficient to establish cause because it was not “external to [his]
defense.”)(citing Murray, 477 U.S. at 488)).
The petitioner’s “failure to establish cause eliminates the need to consider prejudice.” Id. at
497 (citing Murray, 477 U.S. at 494-95)). The petitioner has not asserted a fundamental miscarriage
of justice based on actual innocence. Because the petitioner’s claims are procedurally defaulted and
the petitioner cannot overcome the default, those claims are barred from view in this court and must
be dismissed on that basis. Wogenstahl, 668 F.3d at 321.
C.
Second claim not cognizable on federal review
Finally, the respondent contends that claim two of Armstrong’s petition should be dismissed
because it is not cognizable on federal habeas review. (Docket No. 18 at p. 13). Federal courts have
jurisdiction to adjudicate claims involving a federal question, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, or claims involving
parties with diversity of citizenship, 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Claim two of the petition relies entirely on
article I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution. (Docket No. 1, Page ID# 8). As a result, it is not
cognizable on federal habeas review.
IV.
Thus, the claim must be dismissed.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained herein, the petition will be denied, and this action will be
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dismissed.
An appropriate order will be entered.
________________________________________
Kevin H. Sharp
Chief United States District Judge
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