Song v. Sexton

Filing 128

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION: It is respectfully RECOMMENDED that the Second Amended Petition for Habeas Corpus Relief 72 be DENIED and this action be DISMISSED. Signed by Magistrate Judge Barbara D. Holmes on 5/9/2023. (DOCKET TEXT SUMMARY ONLY-ATTORNEYS MUST OPEN THE PDF AND READ THE ORDER.)(kc)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
NASHVILLE DIVISION
YOUNG BOK SONG,

)
)
)
)
)
)

v.
JOHNNY FITZ 1
Warden

No. 3:11-cv-1082

To: Honorable Waverly D. Crenshaw, Jr., Chief District Judge

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
The above-captioned petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2254
was referred to the Magistrate Judge for further proceedings under Rule 8(b) of the Habeas Corpus
Rules, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), and Rule 72.03 of the Local Rules of Court. See Order entered
May 14, 2012 (Docket Entry No. 36).
For the reasons set out below, the undersigned respectfully recommends that the petition
be denied and this action be dismissed. 2
I. BACKGROUND
Young Bok Song (“Petitioner”) is an inmate of the Tennessee Department of Correction
(“TDOC”) currently confined at the West Tennessee State Penitentiary in Henning, Tennessee. In
2004, a jury in Davidson County, Tennessee convicted him of seven counts of rape of a child and
four counts of aggravated sexual battery after hearing evidence of crimes committed against two
female minors who were the daughters of a woman with whom Petitioner was romantically

1

Johnny Fitz, the current warden at the West Tennessee State Penitentiary, is hereby
substituted as the respondent in this habeas corpus case.
2
Although Petitioner requests an evidentiary hearing, the Court finds the issues are
resolvable from the parties’ filings.

involved and at whose home he sometimes lived. For these crimes, he received an effective
sentence of 65 years imprisonment to be served at 100 percent. See State v. Young Bok Song, 2005
WL 2978972 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 4, 2005), perm. app. denied (Tenn. March 27, 2006).
Petitioner asserted his innocence and testified at his trial in rebuttal to the victims’
testimony that he had sexually abused them. There were no witnesses to the crimes and no physical
evidence that directly implicated Petitioner, although forensic evidence from a physical
examination of one of the victims was introduced that was consistent with sexual abuse and other
witnesses testified to statements made to them by the victims about being sexually abused. The
facts of the case, as summarized by the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals in its opinion from
Petitioner’s direct appeal, State v. Young Bok Song, 2005 WL 2978972 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 4,
2005) (“Song Direct Appeal”), are as follows:
The victim, S.L., born on September 8, 1989, and fourteen years old at the time of the trial,
testified that she lived with her mother, Chong Suk Pak, and her younger sister, victim J.L.,
in a two-bedroom apartment in Nashville during the times the defendant had sexual contact
with her. She testified that she did not know or have any memories of her biological father.
S.L. said she met the defendant when she was very young and remembered him living with
her family “for a little bit.” After the defendant moved out to live with his ex-wife and
children, S.L. visited him at his house a “couple of times a week,” but also continued to
see the defendant at her apartment because he often babysat S.L and J.L. while their mother
was at work.
S.L. testified to a number of different sexual encounters with the defendant. S.L. said the
first time she remembered the defendant having sexual contact with her was when she was
about eight years old and her mother was at work. She said she was in her bedroom
practicing her flute and her sister was in the living room when the defendant came into the
room and “told [her] to take off [her] clothes.” After taking off all her clothes, S.L. closed
her eyes at the direction of the defendant and laid down on her back on the bed while his
“penis went inside [her] vagina.” S.L. said this hurt and she began to cry, but the defendant
“told [her] to be quiet.” S.L. said that “[a]fter [the defendant] finished, [he] told [her] to go
wash [herself],” which she did. She said she did not yell for her sister because she was
afraid of the defendant. S.L. could not remember how many times the defendant had raped
her in her bedroom but said it happened more than twice.
The second incident occurred when S.L. was again in her bedroom practicing her flute and
the defendant told her sister and his own daughter, Mindy, to go outside and play. S.L. did

2

not remember how old she was at the time of this encounter. She said the defendant came
into her room and told her to take off her clothes and then “put his penis into [her] vagina”
while she was lying on her bed. She did not recall how long this episode lasted, nor did she
remember if the defendant said anything.
The third sexual encounter occurred in her living room while S.L.'s mother was at work
and her sister was asleep in the bedroom. She said the defendant told her to take off her
clothes, and he then “[p]ut his penis inside [her] vagina” while she laid on the floor on her
back. Asked if she ever said anything to the defendant when he told her to remove her
clothes, S.L. said she “sometimes ... said that [she] didn't want to do it,” but he “still did
it.” S.L. said she felt pain during the rape and cried, but the defendant told her to be quiet.
Asked how she knew her mother was at work, S.L. said that the defendant called her mother
“before ... to make sure that she was still there.” S.L. said she had her eyes closed the entire
time and did not know if the defendant had anything on his penis while he was raping her.
S.L. could not remember how many times the defendant raped her in the living room but
said it was more than once.
The fourth sexual encounter happened when S.L. was twelve years old and the defendant
told her to go to her mother's bedroom. S.L. said the defendant “had a towel and he put it
behind [S.L's] butt, and he told [her] to take off [her] clothes and stuff.” The defendant then
“put his penis inside [S.L's] vagina,” which was “painful” and “made [her] bleed.” Asked
if the defendant did anything different compared to the other times he raped her, S.L.
explained that “he did it more harder.” Afterward, the defendant picked S.L. up and took
her into the bathroom, put her in the bathtub, and told her to wash herself. S.L. said she
continued to bleed the next day at school and used tissue to keep the blood from going
anywhere. S.L. testified that this was the last time the defendant put his penis inside her
vagina.
The fifth encounter S.L. recalled having with the defendant was at his house. She said he
told her to take off her clothes and “help him scrub his back in the shower.” S.L. could not
remember what happened after she took off her clothes. The sixth encounter with the
defendant occurred in the living room of S.L.'s apartment when the defendant, lying on the
floor, told S.L. to “perform oral sex.” S.L. said the defendant put “[h]is penis inside [her]
mouth,” and she “was sort of choking” because the defendant “was making [her] gag” as
his penis “was going really deep” in her mouth. Afterwards, the defendant told S.L. to
brush her teeth. S.L. testified that the defendant made her perform oral sex on him again in
her bathroom while her mother, sister, and cousin were all home. She said he turned on the
faucet and made her get on her knees and put his penis in her mouth. S.L. said the defendant
made her gag because “[h]e was kind of pushing [his penis] really deep down in [her] throat
or something.”
In addition to these sexual encounters, S.L. described incidents when the defendant touched
her breasts and buttocks. She explained that he squeezed her breasts and buttocks under
her clothes on other occasions separate from the ones earlier described. S.L. said the
defendant told her while squeezing her breasts that she “should be thanking him because it
was making [her breasts] grow.”

3

S.L. testified that the first person she talked to about what the defendant did to her was a
friend at school. She said she told her friend after attending a school program that dealt
with rape and hearing from a girl “talking about how she got raped.” The friend told her
teacher, Ms. Griffith, whom S.L. later talked to about the sexual encounters. S.L. said she
did not tell anyone what happened to her before this because she was afraid of the defendant
as a result of his hitting her and J.L. when they did not listen to their mother or do their
school work. She explained that it was the defendant, not her mother, who disciplined her.
J.L., born October 31, 1990 and thirteen years old at the time of trial, testified that she did
not remember how old she was when she first met the defendant but thought she was either
in the first or second grade. She said she went to the defendant's house once or twice a
month, and the defendant visited or babysat her and S.L. at their apartment while their
mother worked. Asked if S.L. ever told her what happened with the defendant, J.L. said
S.L. told her that he “raped” her in the living room. J.L. later told their mother what
happened, and she “almost fainted.” Asked if anything happened between her and the
defendant, J.L. said when she was twelve he touched and squeezed her breast while she
was in the bathroom of her apartment. She said the touching lasted a couple of seconds and
made her a “little nervous.” J.L. told S.L. about what had happened after S.L. confided in
J.L. about what the defendant had done to her.
J.L. testified that the defendant disciplined her and S.L. and was more strict with them than
their mother. She explained that he would strike them on the hands or the back of their legs
with a metal stick. She said she never told her mother about the defendant hitting her
because she was scared.
The victims' mother, Chong Suk Pak, who moved to the United States from Korea in 1985,
testified through an interpreter. She divorced the victims' father in 1994 and he moved back
to Korea sometime after that. Pak met the defendant in 1994 and he lived with her and the
victims from May 1994 until March 1995, sleeping in her bedroom while she slept on the
couch. Pak acknowledged having a romantic relationship with the defendant and said she
did not know he had an ex-wife and children in Korea until after he began living with her.
She said he told her that he was divorced. After the defendant's ex-wife and children moved
to the United States in 1995, he lived with them but continued to come to Pak's apartment
to babysit the victims. Pak acknowledged she continued her romantic relationship with the
defendant until he moved to Alabama in 2002.
Pak said she allowed the defendant to babysit her children because she did not “trust
anybody else, anyone else, to have her children's well-being.” She “could not trust her exhusband, but she trusted the defendant” with her children. Asked why she did not trust her
ex-husband with the girls, Pak testified that “he often mentioned about sexual abuse of a
father of their children; and, so, I just thought he ... could not be trusted.” She later
explained that her ex-husband “watched TV and read ... newspaper article about sexual
abuse by parents, he ... mentioned about those. So, when I heard him mentioning that, I
began to doubt.” She acknowledged that she did not know if her ex-husband had ever

4

abused her children and the last time he saw the children was in 1993, when S.L. was four
years old.
Pak testified that the defendant helped S.L. and J.L. with their homework and taught them
music. Asked if she had seen the defendant strike her children, Pak answered that he
“frequently” did so and described an incident when the defendant hit S.L. on the back of
her leg with a stick. She acknowledged that striking children with a stick on their feet or
back of their legs is typical punishment in Korea. Asked if she had ever questioned her
daughters as to whether anything had happened to them while they were at the defendant's
home, Pak answered, “I ask them if he didn't do anything. I ask that, because he is not their
real father.” She testified that S.L. never told her about the defendant's abuse, that she
learned about it from J.L., and that the news was a shock to her. Pak acknowledged that,
after the defendant moved away, she often told her daughters that if they did not behave he
would come back to discipline them.
Brenda Griffith, a teacher at John Trotwood Moore Middle School, testified that in May
2003, her class had just finished sex education classes. She said representatives from Mercy
Ministries talked to the class and acknowledged one of the speakers was a young girl who
talked about being sexually abused but had not described the abuse in graphic detail. About
a week later, representatives from the Rape and Sexual Abuse Center came to talk to her
class, and soon after their presentation, S.L. told Griffith she had “been raped on numerous
occasions, by a friend of her mother's.” Griffith said S.L. seemed “very agitated and very
nervous” and “upset” at the time.
Dr. Angela Latrice McShepard Carr, a former guidance counselor at John Trotwood Moore
Middle School, testified that Ms. Griffith reported S.L.'s abuse to her and that she spoke
with S.L. about what had happened with the defendant. On cross-examination, Dr. Carr
could not recall if S.L. used the word “raped” when she talked to her. She acknowledged
that S.L. did not describe the abuse in detail.
Dr. Maureen Sanger, a psychologist with Our Kids Center in Nashville, testified that she
interviewed S.L. in June 2003 at the Center, which performs medical evaluations of
children suspected of being victims of sexual abuse. The interview included S.L.'s medical
history, which Dr. Sanger read to the jury. S.L. told Dr. Sanger that no one other than the
defendant had ever touched her sexually, and she denied ever having any “peer sexual
contact.” On cross-examination, Dr. Sanger acknowledged that “Young children
oftentimes don't have clear memories that they're able to report verbally.”
Carolyn Smeltzer, a nurse practitioner at Our Kids Center, testified that she performed a
physical examination on S.L. Smeltzer explained that S.L. “had basically two areas on her
hymen that ... lacked any hymenal tissue” which “had to have been caused by some sort of
a penetrating trauma, ... something penetrated through her hymen and tore her hymen in
both of those spots, all the way down to the base.” Asked what could cause such an injury,
Nurse Smeltzer said, “When we see kids with injuries to their hymen, that are talking about
sexual abuse, they're typically talking about penile penetration to their ... vaginal or genital
area.” Smeltzer acknowledged that such injuries can be the result of “an accidental

5

penetrating injury, like a ... straddle injury.” Nurse Smeltzer testified that there is a
difference in the depth of a child's hymen and explained that S.L.'s was “difficult to
examine ... because of the depth of her hymen; it was fairly in-deep inside.” Smeltzer said
the injury to S.L.'s hymen would have taken approximately one week to heal, and she could
not say when the injury took place. Asked if the injury could have taken place when S.L.
was four or younger, Smeltzer said, “There's no way to be absolutely certain, but this is
not-the pattern of injury is not something that we commonly see in a young child.” She
further explained that when a younger child is sexually penetrated, “it's typically a fairly
large injury ... the children really come out with almost no hymenal tissue in a good part
of the posterior pole.”
Edward Stotts, a case manager for the Department of Children's Services (“DCS”),
investigated S.L.'s allegation of sexual abuse by the defendant. Stotts told S.L. that she
would be going to the Child Advocacy Center for a forensic interview and explained that
a forensic interview is “basically an interview that's conducted for legal purposes.” Stotts
said that S.L.'s forensic interview was tape-recorded. Stotts did not participate in S.L.'s
interview but did interview J.L. who told him that the defendant had touched her breast.
He said no medical examination was performed on J.L. because “there wasn't a disclosure
of any type of penetration” with her.
On cross-examination, Stotts acknowledged setting up the forensic interview for S.L. after
she told him she had been raped, but without receiving any details about the actual abuse.
Regarding the taped forensic interview, Stotts acknowledged that S.L. was not admonished
to tell the truth but did not know why.
Detective Brett Gipson, with the Metro-Nashville Police Department Sex Crimes Unit,
testified that he talked to S.L. “one or two times” but did not talk to J.L. because the DCS
conducted the interviewing at the Child Advocacy Center. He said the defendant was
eventually located in North Carolina where he was arrested.
Mindy Song, the defendant's daughter and twelve years old at the time of trial, testified that
she had visited the victims' apartment but could not recall the defendant ever telling her
and J.L. to play outside by themselves. She said she was sure about this because the
defendant kept a very close eye on her to make sure she stayed safe.
The defendant testified that he came to the United States from Korea in December 1994,
leaving behind his pregnant ex-wife and daughter. He said he met the victims' mother in
Nashville and began living with her, acknowledging they were “lovers.” He described his
relationship with S.L. and J.L. as an “uncle” or “father” and said the victims' mother asked
him to be the disciplinarian of the girls. He acknowledged the victims were afraid of him
because he “had to use some corporal punishment and sometimes cry out, I'm yelling;
sometimes give them some angry eyes,” but when he was not disciplining them, they “were
very close ... just a father and daughters.” The defendant denied sexually abusing S.L. and
J.L. and maintained that the victims had lied, explaining, “If I do one sex with the children,
her inside vagina will tore down.”

6

Song Direct Appeal at *1-5.
II. STATE COURT PROCEEDINGS
Plaintiff filed a timely direct appeal from his convictions. In his direct appeal, Petitioner
raised four issues of trial court error: (1) the trial court erred by denying his motion to appoint a
Korean interpreter, which he contends was necessary because of his inability to intelligently
express himself in English; (2) the trial court erred by denying his motion to compel the State to
provide him with a copy of the taped forensic interview of one of the two child victims conducted
by the Child Advocacy Center; (3) the trial court erred by allowing the State to ask him numerous
argumentative questions; and, (4) the trial court erred by denying his motion for a new trial based
on newly discovered evidence, which consisted of a 1993 order of protection filed by the victims’
mother against their biological father. See Song Direct Appeal. The Tennessee Court of Criminal
Appeals found no merit in any of these issues and affirmed Petitioner’s convictions and sentence.
Id. The Tennessee Supreme Court denied Petitioner’s application for permission to appeal on
March 27, 2006. See Docket Entry No. 26-18.
Petitioner thereafter filed a timely pro se petition for post-conviction relief in the Davidson
County Criminal Court. See Docket Entry No. 26-19 at 21-110. Petitioner was appointed counsel
and filed an amended petition, raising additional claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
See Docket Entry No. 26-20 at 6-10. After an evidentiary hearing at which Petitioner and his trial
counsel testified, the state court denied Petitioner’s request for post-conviction relief. See Docket
Entry No. 26-20 at 93-105.
Upon appeal from the denial of relief, Petitioner raised the following claims that his trial
counsel rendered effective assistance of counsel during his defense: (1) counsel failed to object to
the inadmissible hearsay testimony of Brenda Griffith, Dr. Angela Carr, Dr. Maureen Sanger, and

7

Edward Stotts; (2) counsel failed to present an alibi defense or to request that the trial court instruct
the jury on alibi; (3) counsel failed to retain an interpreter; (4) counsel failed to timely
communicate the State’s plea offer; (5) counsel failed to request a jury instruction on child abuse
as a lesser-included offense of child rape; and, (6) counsel failed to move to sever the offenses
involving the older child from those involving her younger sister. On March 4, 2008, the Tennessee
Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the denial of relief, finding that Petitioner had not met his
burden of showing that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. Song v. State, 2008 WL
624926 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 4, 2008) (“Song PCR Opinion”). Petitioner’s application for
permission to appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court was denied on September 29, 2008. Id.
Petitioner thereafter unsuccessfully pursued petitions in the Tennessee courts for coram
nobis relief, see Young Bok Song v. State, 2010 WL 4296673 (Tenn. Crim. App., Oct. 29, 2010),
and Young Bok Song v. State, 2011 WL 2713738 (Tenn. Crim. App., July 13, 2011), and for habeas
corpus relief. See Young Bok Song v. Carlton, 2011 WL 900059 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 16,
2011). 3
III. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
After failing to obtain relief in the state courts, Petitioner filed a pro se habeas corpus
petition in this Court on November 7, 2011, raising sixteen grounds for relief, including trial court
3

In his first coram nobis petition, Petitioner unsuccessfully argued that he was entitled to
relief based upon newly discovered evidence concerning the age of one of the victims at the time
of some of the crimes for which he was convicted. Young Bok Song v. State, 2010 WL 4296673 at
*7-8. In his second coram nobis petition, the state court denied relief, finding that Petitioner did
not raise any claims that involved newly discovered evidence or that had not already been
addressed in his direct appeal or his post-conviction relief petition. Young Bok Song v. State, 2011
WL 2713738 at *3. In his state habeas corpus petition, Petitioner asserted that his “holding
authorities” had denied his request to contact the Korean Consulate General in violation of Article
36 of the Vienna Treaty. The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals upheld the dismissal the
petition because Petitioner’s allegation, even if true, did not raise a cognizable claim for state
habeas corpus relief. Young Bok Song v. Carlton, 2011 WL 900059 at *2.

8

error and ineffective assistance of trial counsel. See Petition (Docket Entry No. 1). Respondent
filed an answer that was accompanied by a substantial state technical record. See Notice of Filing
Documents (Docket Entry Nos. 26 and 27). Petitioner was subsequently appointed counsel and
filed a first amended petition (Docket Entry No. 43). Because it was unclear whether claims from
the pro se petition were incorporated into the amended petition, Petitioner was directed by the
Court to file a second amended petition, which was filed on December 10, 2014. See Second
Amended Petition (Docket Entry No. 72).
Upon his motions, Petitioner was allowed time for limited discovery to subpoena the
audiotape of his trial testimony and the matter was stayed from November 2014 to October 2,
2017, while he pursued another petition for a writ of error coram nobis in state court that was based
upon new evidence of an expert language evaluation report that he obtained to support his claim
that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to secure an interpreter at trial. See Order entered
November 5, 2014 (Docket Entry No. 69).
Petitioner’s pursuit of state court relief was not successful, see Young Bok Song v. State,
2017 WL 2192083 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 17, 2017), 4 and the stay was lifted. Upon the stay being
lifted, Respondent filed its answer to the Second Amended Petition. See Answer (Docket Entry
No. 111). Petitioner thereafter filed a notice of filing two exhibits into the record - (1) a Letter
from the Korean Consulate, dated August 24, 2009, stating that it had not been contacted about
Petitioner’s criminal case at the time it was occurring but would have provided, if requested, a
language interpreter, and (2) a language evaluation and assessment report created by Dr. Christine

4

The state appellate court affirmed the lower court’s denial of coram nobis relief and the
lower court’s finding that the petition was filed outside the statute of limitations and that due
process did not require tolling of the limitations period because the linguistics expert’s findings
did not constitute “evidence of innocence” or “newly discovered evidence.”
9

Rhee in August 2015 after she had conducted an oral proficiency interview of Petitioner in 2014
and after she had reviewed Petitioner’s trial transcript and the audio recording of his trial
testimony. See Notice of Filing (Docket Entry No. 116). Petitioner then filed a reply (Docket
Entry No. 118), setting out his legal arguments in support of habeas relief. Petitioner’s request to
hold an evidentiary hearing was denied. See Order entered September 27, 2018 (Docket Entry No.
122).
IV. SECOND AMENDED PETITION AND RESPONSE
Petitioner raises seven claims for federal habeas relief. His claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel has twelve, specific sub-claims. The claims for relief and Respondent’s answer are
summarized as:
Claim 1 – Petitioner asserts that the trial court violated his constitutional rights by denying
his motion for an interpreter. See Second Amended Petition at 6-7. Respondent argues the claim
is not cognizable on federal habeas review because the United States Supreme Court has never
recognized a constitutional right to a court-appointed interpreter. See Answer at 6-10.
Alternatively, Respondent argues that the state court’s denial of this claim was not contrary to, or
an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, or was not based upon an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence that was before the state court. Id.
Claim 2 – Petitioner asserts that his trial counsel provided constitutionally ineffective
assistance of counsel in defending Petitioner from the criminal charges and sets out twelve specific
allegations of how counsel was ineffective. See Second Amended Petition at 8-10. One of these
sub-claims also involves the assertion that Petitioner’s appellate counsel was constitutionally
ineffective. The specific allegations are as follows:

10

[1] Trial counsel failed to adequately investigate the victims’ family, including, but
not limited to, prior allegations by the victims and/or their mother and a history of abuse
and/or threats by the victims’ biological father. Respondent argues that this sub-claim is
procedurally defaulted. See Answer at 10-12.
[2] Trial counsel failed to investigate and present an alibi that Petitioner had already
moved out of the victims’ home and was living and present in Alabama at the time one or
more of the charged offenses allegedly occurred. Respondent argues that the state court’s
denial of this sub-claim was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly
established federal law. See Answer at 12-15.
[3] Trial counsel failed to request a proper jury instruction regarding alibi witnesses
and/or alibi evidence. Respondent argues that the state court’s denial of this sub-claim was
not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. See
Answer at 15-16.
[4] Trial counsel failed to object to hearsay testimony – and even elicited hearsay
testimony himself – from prosecution witnesses, including, but not limited to, Brenda
Griffith, Dr. Angela Carr, Dr. Maureen Sanger, Edward Stotts, and/or representatives of
the Department of Children’s Services. Respondent argues that the state court’s denial of
this sub-claim was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established
federal law. See Answer at 17-18.
[5] Trial counsel failed to (a) timely and thoroughly convey all plea offers to
Petitioner, (b) adequately explain the elements of the possible offenses of conviction, (c)
adequately explain how the State’s evidence bore on those elements, (d) advise him
appropriately of the likelihood of conviction, (e) adequately explain his sentencing

11

exposure if convicted, and/or (f) properly advise him whether to accept the State’s plea
offer(s). Respondent argues that the state court’s rejection of this sub-claim was not
contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. See Answer
at 18-20.
[6] Trial counsel failed to request a jury instruction on child abuse as a lesserincluded offense of child rape. Respondent argues that the state court’s denial of this subclaim was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal
law. See Answer at 21-22.
[7] Trial counsel failed to move to sever counts involving the first victim from
counts involving the second victim. Respondent argues that the state court’s denial of this
sub-claim was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal
law. See Answer at 22-23.
[8] Trial counsel failed to challenge the conviction of aggravated sexual battery (a
lesser included offense of rape) on Count 10 as violative of double jeopardy because the
State’s election of offenses stated that Count 10 was based upon one of the acts of rape
charged in Counts 1 through 7, of which Petitioner was also convicted. Respondent argues
that this sub-claim is barred by procedural default because it was not fully raised in his
state court proceedings. See Answer at 23-25.
[9] Trial counsel failed to move to quash Counts 1 through 7 on the grounds that
the charges were identical, duplicitous, did not provide specific notice of the charges, and
did not protect against double jeopardy. Respondent argues that this sub-claim is both
untimely and barred by procedural default. See Answer at 25-29.

12

[10] Trial counsel failed to challenge the State’s failure to notify the Korean
Consulate of Petitioner’s arrest, indictment, detention, and imprisonment, despite
Petitioner’s request that counsel do so. Respondent argues that this sub-claim is
procedurally defaulted. See Answer at 29-30.
[11] Trial counsel failed to adequately assess Petitioner’s English language
proficiency, to make an informed determination of the need for an interpreter, to support a
motion for an interpreter with an argument and/or evidence of Petitioner’s actual level of
proficiency, or to otherwise secure or retain an interpreter to assist in counsel’s
communication with Petitioner before and during trial, to translate the entire trial
proceedings for Petitioner, and to provide translation during Petitioner’s own trial
testimony. Respondent argues that the state court’s rejection of this sub-claim was not
contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. See Answer
at 30-32.
[12] Lastly, both trial and appellate counsel failed to challenge Petitioner’s
sentence, pursuant to Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), as being wrongfully
enhanced by the trial court based on facts (i.e., an abuse of trust) neither admitted by him
nor found by a jury. Respondent argues that this sub-claim is both untimely and
procedurally defaulted. See Answer at 32-34.
Claim 3 – Petitioner asserts that the trial court erred by enhancing his sentence based on
facts not admitted by him or found by a jury, in violation of the Sixth Amendment as construed by
Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004). See Second Amended Petition at 10. Respondent
argues that this claim is both untimely and procedurally defaulted. See Answer at 34-35.

13

Claim 4 – Petitioner asserts that the State “failed to contact the Korean Consulate General
in Atlanta, Georgia, upon the request of Mr. Song, in violation of Article 36(1)(b) of the Vienna
Convention.” See Second Amended Petition at 10-11. Respondent argues that this allegation fails
to state a cognizable claim. See Answer at 35-37.
Claim 5 – Petitioner asserts that the trial court erred by denying Petitioner’s motion to
compel production of the forensic interview tape of the primary victim. See Second Amended
Petition at 11. Respondent argues that this claim is procedurally defaulted. See Answer at 37-39.
Claim 6 – Petitioner asserts that trial court erred in allowing inappropriate questioning of
Petitioner by the prosecutor. See Second Amended Petition at 11-12. Respondent argues that this
claim is procedurally defaulted or, alternatively, that the state court’s denial of this claim was not
contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. See Answer at 3943.
Claim 7 – Petitioner asserts that the trial court erred when it convicted him and/or denied
his motion for a new trial despite newly discovered evidence, a 1993 order of protection filed by
the victims’ mother against their biological father, which Petitioner contends established
reasonable doubt of his guilt and/or showed his actual innocence. See Second Amended Petition
at 12. Respondent argues that this claim fails to state a cognizable claim for federal habeas relief.
See Answer at 43-45.
V. STANDARDS FOR HABEAS CORPUS REVIEW
The petition in this case is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
of 1996 (AEDPA). The AEDPA was enacted “to reduce delays in the execution of state and federal
criminal sentences . . . and to further the principles of comity, finality, and federalism.” Woodford
v. Garceau, 538 U.S. 202, 206 (2003) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). As the

14

Supreme Court explained, the AEDPA “recognizes a foundational principle of our federal system:
State courts are adequate forums for the vindication of federal rights.” Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12,
19 (2013). The AEDPA, therefore, “erects a formidable barrier to federal habeas relief for
prisoners whose claims have been adjudicated in state court.” Id.
One of the AEDPA’s most significant limitations on the federal courts’ authority to issue
writs of habeas corpus is found in 28 U.S .C. § 2254(d). Under the AEDPA, the court may grant a
writ of habeas corpus on a claim that was adjudicated on the merits in state court if that
adjudication:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination
of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405 (2000).
Under Section 2254(d)(1), a state court’s decision is “contrary to” clearly established
federal law “if the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in [Supreme
Court] cases or if the state court confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from
a decision [of the Supreme Court] and nevertheless arrives at a [different result].” Hill v. Curtin,
792 F.3d 670, 676 (6th Cir. 2015) (en banc) (quoting Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 73 (2003))
(cleaned up). “Under the unreasonable application clause of [Section] 2254(d)(1), habeas relief is
available if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme
Court’s] decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id.
(quoting Harris v. Haeberlin, 526 F.3d 903, 909 (6th Cir. 2008)) (cleaned up). A state court’s
application is not unreasonable under this standard simply because a federal court finds it
“incorrect or erroneous” – instead, the federal court must find that the state court’s application was

15

“objectively unreasonable.” Id. (quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520-21 (2003)). Review
under § 2254(d)(1) “is limited to the record that was before the state court that adjudicated the
claim on the merits.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 182 (2011).
To grant relief under Section 2254(d)(2), a federal court must find that “the state court’s
factual determination was objectively unreasonable in light of the evidence presented in the state
court proceedings.” Young v. Hofbauer, 52 F. App’x 234, 236 (6th Cir. 2002) (cleaned up). State
court factual determinations are only unreasonable “if it is shown that the state court’s
presumptively correct factual findings are rebutted by clear and convincing evidence and do not
have support in the record.” Pouncy v. Palmer, 846 F.3d 144, 158 (6th Cir. 2017) (quoting
Matthews v. Ishee, 486 F.3d 883, 889 (6th Cir. 2007)). “It is not enough for the petitioner to show
some unreasonable determination of fact; rather, the petitioner must show that the resulting state
court decision was based on that unreasonable determination.” Rice v. White, 660 F.3d 242, 250
(6th Cir. 2011) (citing Byrd v. Workman, 645 F.3d 1159, 1172 (10th Cir. 2011)) (cleaned up). As
the Supreme Court has advised, “[t]he question under AEDPA is not whether a federal court
believes the state court’s determination was incorrect but whether that determination was
unreasonable—a substantially higher threshold.” Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473 (2007)
(citing Williams, 529 U.S. at 410).
“Before seeking a federal writ of habeas corpus, a state prisoner must exhaust available
state remedies, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), thereby giving the State the opportunity to pass upon and
correct alleged violations of its prisoners’ federal rights.” Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 29 (2004)
(citations omitted) (cleaned up). “To provide the State with the necessary opportunity, the prisoner
must fairly present his claim in each appropriate state court (including a state supreme court with
powers of discretionary review), thereby alerting that court to the federal nature of the claim.” Id.

16

(citation omitted) (cleaned up); Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 162-63 (1996) (the substance
of the claim must have been presented as a federal constitutional claim); Wagner v. Smith, 581
F.3d 410, 414, 417 (6th Cir. 2009). Accordingly, each and every claim set forth in the federal
habeas corpus petition must have been presented to the state appellate court. See Picard v. Connor,
404 U.S. 270, 275 (1971); see also Pillette v. Foltz, 824 F.2d 494, 496 (6th Cir. 1987) (exhaustion
“generally entails fairly presenting the legal and factual substance of every claim to all levels of
state court review”). In Tennessee, a petitioner is “deemed to have exhausted all available state
remedies for [a] claim” when it is presented to the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals. Adams
v. Holland, 330 F.3d 398, 402 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 39).
Claims that are not exhausted are procedurally defaulted and “ordinarily may not be
considered by a federal court on habeas review.” Alley v. Bell, 307 F.3d 380, 388 (6th Cir. 2002).
“In order to gain consideration of a claim that is procedurally defaulted, a petitioner must
demonstrate cause and prejudice for the failure, or that a miscarriage of justice will result from the
lack of review.” Id. at 386. The burden of showing cause and prejudice to excuse defaulted claims
is on the habeas petitioner. Lucas v. O’Dea, 179 F.3d 412, 418 (6th Cir. 1999) (citing Coleman v.
Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 754 (1991)).
A petitioner may establish cause by “show[ing] that some objective factor external to the
defense impeded counsel’s efforts to comply with the State’s procedural rule.” Murray v. Carrier,
477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986). Objective impediments include an unavailable claim or interference by
officials that made compliance impracticable. Id. To establish prejudice, a petitioner must
demonstrate that the constitutional error “worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage.”
Perkins v. LeCureux, 58 F.3d 214, 219 (6th Cir. 1995) (quoting United States v. Frady, 456 U.S.
152, 170 (1982)). “When a petitioner fails to establish cause to excuse a procedural default, a court

17

does not need to address the issue of prejudice.” Simpson v. Jones, 238 F.3d 399, 409 (6th Cir.
2000) (citations omitted).
Because the cause and prejudice standard is not a perfect safeguard against fundamental
miscarriages of justice, the Supreme Court also has recognized a narrow exception to the cause
requirement where a constitutional violation has “probably resulted” in the conviction of one who
is “actually innocent” of the substantive offense. Dretke v. Haley, 541 U.S. 386, 392 (2004) (citing
Murray, 477 U.S. at 496).
With these principles in mind, the Court will turn to examination of the claims raised in
the Second Amended Petition.
VI. ANALYSIS
As candidly acknowledged by Petitioner in his reply, “the state has raised valid defenses
to the vast majority of his claims because they were either procedurally defaulted or because he
cannot overcome the hurdle of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) that would require him to prove the state
court’s adjudication of the issue unreasonable.” See Reply (Docket Entry No. 118) at 21. Not
surprisingly, Petitioner focuses his argument on his strongest two claims: (1) that his constitutional
rights were violated because he was not appointed a language interpreter at this criminal trial
(Claim 1), and (2) that his trial counsel bore responsibility for the lack of an interpreter to a degree
that counsel can be said to have rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel (Claim
2, subparts 10-11).
Given the acknowledgment by Petitioner about the shortcoming of the majority of his
claims, the Court only briefly addresses those claims. Petitioner’s claims concerning the lack of
an interpreter at trial, however, are not as readily resolved. Nonetheless, after review of the parties’
arguments and the entire record in this case, the Court is convinced that habeas corpus relief is not

18

warranted based on Petitioner’s claims that his constitutional rights were violated by the conduct
of either the trial court or his trial counsel with respect to his need for an interpreter at trial.
A. Petitioner’s Conceded Claims
Subparts 1 and 8 of Petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim (Claim 2) 5 were not
raised in Petitioner’s direct appeal or in any of his collateral relief proceedings and were therefore
not exhausted by him prior to bringing them before this Court. Because these claims can no longer
be pursued in the state court, they are deemed procedurally defaulted. Because Petitioner fails to
set forth a basis to excuse the procedural default, the claims cannot support habeas corpus relief.
Subparts 2-7 of Petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim (Claim 2) 6 were raised
in Petitioner’s post-conviction relief proceeding. Song PCR Opinion at *6-9. Because these claims
were decided on the merits by the state court, habeas corpus relief can only be granted on the
claims if the state court’s findings resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law or if the state court’s decision was
based upon an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented to the
state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) & (2); Williams, 529 U.S. at 405. The burden is on Petitioner
to show that these criteria have been met. Petitioner has not argued, let alone satisfied, this burden.
Habeas relief is not warranted for these claims.

5

These subparts are that trial counsel that counsel (1) failed to adequately investigate the
victim’s family, and (8) failed to challenge count 10 for aggravated sexual battery as violative of
double jeopardy. See Second Amended Petition at ¶¶ 36 and 44.
6
These subparts are that trial counsel: (2) failed to investigate an alibi defense; (3) failed
to properly request a jury regarding an alibi; (4) failed to object to hearsay and elicited hearsay
testimony; (5) failed to advise and inform Petitioner of any plea offers and other matters; (6) failed
to request a jury instruction “on child abuse as a lesser-included offense off child rape”; and, (7)
failed to move sever the counts between the two victims. See Second Amended Petition at ¶¶ 3742.

19

Subparts 9 and 12 of Plaintiff’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim (Claim 2) 7 and
Claim 3 – that the trial court wrongly enhanced his sentence – are barred by the one-year statute
of limitations applicable to habeas corpus cases because they were not timely raised. 28 U.S.C. §
2244 (d)(1)(A)-(d)(1)(D). Petitioner’s last state court proceeding finally concluded on October 19,
2011. See Docket Entry No. 27-25. However, these claims were not included as claims for relief
in this federal habeas proceeding until they were raised in the first amended petition filed by
Petitioner on February 26, 2013. See Docket Entry No. 43. As a result, they are untimely on their
face and are barred from review. Petitioner provides no argument for why the claims should be
viewed as timely, and under the law they are not. See Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 650, 664 (2005)
(finding “[a]n amended habeas petition … does not relate back when it asserts a new ground for
relief supported by facts that differ in both time and type from those the original pleading set
forth”). Further, when distinct ineffective assistance of counsel claims are raised, the claims do not
relate back to a prior petition simply because the Petitioner raised other ineffective assistance of
counsel claims in the prior petition. Watkins v. Deangelo-Kipp, 854 F.3d 836, 848-51 (6th Cir.
2017); Hill v. Mitchell, 842 F.3d 910, 922–26 (6th Cir. 2016).
Claim 4, that the State failed to contact the Korean Consulate General in Atlanta, Georgia,
upon the request of Petitioner in violation of Article 36(1)(b) of the Vienna Treaty, fails to present
a cognizable claim for federal habeas corpus relief. United States v. Emuegbunam, 268 F.3d 377,
394 (6th Cir. 2001) (“[W]e hold that the Vienna Convention does not create a right for a detained
foreign national to consult with the diplomatic representatives of his nation that the federal courts

7

These subparts are (9) that trial counsel failed to move to quash Counts 1 through 7 on
the grounds that the charges were identical, duplicitous, did not provide specific notice of the
charges, and did not protect against double jeopardy, and (12) that both trial and appellate counsel
failed to challenge Petitioner’s sentence as being wrongfully enhanced. See Second Amended
Petition at ¶¶ 44 and 47.
20

can enforce.”). See also Cauthern v. Bell, 2010 WL 1408900, at *72 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 31, 2010)
(claims of violations of Article 36, even if not waived, would not support habeas corpus relief)
(Trauger, J.), aff’d in part, rev’d in part sub nom. Cauthern v. Colson, 736 F.3d 465 (6th Cir.
2013).
Claims 5 and 6 – that the trial court erred by denying Petitioner’s motion to compel
production of the primary victim’s interview tape and by allowing inappropriate questioning of
Petitioner by the prosecutor – have been procedurally defaulted because the claims were raised in
Petitioner’s direct appeal as only issues of state law. See Song Direct Appeal at * 7-11.
Consequently, the claims were not fully and fairly presented to the state court as alleged federal
constitutional violations. Because Petitioner fails to set forth a basis to excuse the procedural
default, these claims cannot support habeas corpus relief.
Claim 7 – that the trial court erred by denying Petitioner’s motion for a new trial based
upon newly discovered evidence – has also been procedurally defaulted because the claim was
raised in Petitioner’s direct appeal as only an issue of state law. See Song Direct Appeal at * 1112. Because the claim was not fully and fairly presented to the state court as an alleged federal
constitutional violation and because Petitioner fails to set forth a basis to excuse the procedural
default, this claim cannot support habeas corpus relief.
B. Denial of an Interpreter Claim (Claim 1)
Petitioner contends that the trial court’s denial of his motion for an interpreter violated his
due process rights and, specifically, his right to testify in his own words at trial so that he was
heard in his own defense. See Second Amended Petition at 6-7; Reply at 21-23. Specifically,
Petitioner asserts that, without the assistance of an interpreter, he was unable to understand
substantial portions of his trial, struggled to understand questions posed to him on direct and cross-

21

examination, and gave testimony that was unintelligible, incoherent, and substantially less
complete that what he could have offered in his native langue of Korean. See Amended Petition at
6-7, ¶ 34. 8 This claim has been properly exhausted because the substance of the claim was fully
and fairly presented to the state court in Petitioner’s direct appeal. Song Direct Appeal at *5-6. 9
Respondent initially argues that this claim is not cognizable because the United States
Supreme Court has never recognized a constitutional right to a court-appointed interpreter. See
Answer at 6. The Court does not agree with this argument because the claim, even if it ultimately
lacks merit, is a colorable claim that falls within the scope of habeas claims that are proper for
review by the Court.
Nonetheless, the Court agrees with Respondent that the claim does not support habeas
corpus relief. Because the claim was adjudicated on the merits by the state court, Plaintiff must
meet the requirements set out in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) in order to be granted relief on the claim.
Petitioner must show that the state court’s decision was: (1) “contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States”, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); or (2) “based on an unreasonable determination of

8

Although Petitioner also asserts in his petition that the lack of an interpreter impacted his
ability to interact with his defense counsel regarding discussions and pre-trial preparation, these
aspects are not argued by Petitioner in his reply, which focuses solely on the impact that the lack
of an interpreter had at trial. Accordingly, the Court views Claim 1 as narrowed by Petitioner’s
reply.
9
The Court notes that Petitioner’s appellate brief contained no actual argument of the claim
in terms of a federal constitutional violation, asserting only that Petitioner’s “constitutional right
to be heard” had been violated. See Appellant’s Brief on direct appeal (Docket Entry No. 26-13)
at 19-24. Because the “right to be heard” falls within the universally recognized rights protected
by the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments, see Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 51-54 (1987),
the Court views this claim has having been sufficiently raised as a violation of federal
constitutional law and not merely as an error of state law.
22

the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2);
Mammone v. Jenkins, 49 F.4th 1026, 1041 (6th Cir. 2022)
The standard set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) “is a difficult to meet and highly deferential
standard for evaluating state-court rulings, which demands that state-court decisions be given the
benefit of the doubt.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011) (quoting Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011), and Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24 (2002) (per curiam))
(cleaned up). This standard “was meant to be” a high hurdle for petitioners, consistent with the
principle that habeas corpus functions as a guard against only “extreme malfunctions” in the state’s
administration of criminal justice. Harrington, 562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011). See also Woods v. Donald,
575 U.S. 312, 316 (2015). It has been described as “a formidable barrier to federal habeas relief
for prisoners whose claims have been adjudicated in state court.” White v. Wheeler, 577 U.S. 73,
77 (2015) (quoting Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12, 19 (2013)).
Petitioner’s difficulty in succeeding on this claim is that, while the general right of a
criminal defendant to testify and be heard in his defense has long been established, Rock v.
Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 51-54 (1987), the Supreme Court has not ruled on the specific issue raised
by Petitioner and has yet to recognize a constitutionally protected right to a court-appointed
interpreter. See United States v. Si, 333 F.3d 1041, 1043 n.3 (9th Cir. 2003); United States v.
Johnson, 248 F.3d 655, 663 (7th Cir. 2001). The most relevant Supreme Court case on the issue is
from the early 1900s when the Supreme Court briefly stated in Perovich v. U.S., 205 U.S. 86
(1907), that:
[o]ther matters referred to in the assignment of errors require but slight notice. One
is that the court erred in refusing to appoint an interpreter when the defendant was
testifying. This is a matter largely resting in the discretion of the trial court, and it
does not appear from the answers made by the witness that there was any abuse of
such discretion.

23

205 U.S. at 91. See also United States v. Carrion, 488 F.2d 12, 14 (1st Cir. 1973) (affirming that
the decision on the need for an interpreter in a federal trial is within the wide discretion of the trial
judge and that the trial judge did not abuse this discretion, nor violate Petitioner’s constitutional
rights, in light of a procedure being available for the defendant to request an interpreter, the trial
judge’s awareness of the language issue, the trial judge’s questioning of defense counsel about the
defendant’s ability to communicate and understand English, and the trial judge’s statement to the
defendant to raise his hand if he did not understand any testimony).
Neither party argues that Pervoich constitutes clearly established law on this issue, and the
Court agrees. Because there is no holding from the Supreme Court that clearly establishes the law
on this issue for the purposes of section 2254(d)(1), the Court has no basis for finding that the state
court’s rejection of Petitioner’s claim was contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of
clearly established Supreme Court law under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). See Woods, 575 U.S. at 317
(“Because none of our cases confront ‘the specific question presented by this case,’ the state court’s
decision could not be ‘contrary to’ any holding from this Court.”); Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101
(“[I]t is not an unreasonable application of clearly established Federal law for a state court to
decline to apply a specific legal rule that has not been squarely established by this Court.”) (citing
Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 122 (2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Petitioner argues that the state court’s denial of the claim was an ”unreasonable
application” of Rock’s holding about the more general right to testify. This argument is
unpersuasive and fails to support habeas corpus relief under section 2254(d). “[W]here the precise
contours of a right remain unclear, state courts enjoy broad discretion in their adjudication of a
prisoner’s claims.” Woods, 575 U.S. at 318 (quotations and internal citations omitted). See also
Carrion, 488 F.2d at 14. Similarly, Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 28 specifically affords

24

to the trial judge the discretion to decide the issue of a criminal defendant’s need for an interpreter.
See State v. Thien Duc Le, 743 S.W.2d 199, 202 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).
The record supports the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals’ findings that the trial judge
did not abuse this discretion and did not commit error in denying Petitioner’s motion for a courtappointed interpreter. The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals evaluated the information in the
record to determine that the trial court had adhered to its duty to fairly evaluate the matter and to
ensure that Petitioner’s right to testify and be heard was not infringed upon by the lack of a courtappointed interpreter. Petitioner was given the opportunity to file a motion to request the
appointment of an interpreter and the trial court held a hearing on the motion. Although trial
counsel set out in his motion several reasons for why he perceived a need for Petitioner to have an
interpreter at trial, he stated in his motion that Petitioner “speaks very good English” and that
counsel is “able to communicate with” Petitioner.” See Docket Entry 26-1. Further, the Tennessee
Court of Criminal Appeals reviewed the trial court’s pre-trial hearing on the motion, during which
counsel again noted his concerns about Petitioner’s testimony at trial but stated that “[Petitioner]
speaks very good English, and I can sit down with him and understand him.” See Direct Appeal
Opinion at *6.
The state appellate court also reviewed the trial court’s findings from the hearing on
Petitioner’s motion for a new trial and found as follows:
the trial court, noting that it had “observed [the defendant] during the trial,” found
“there's absolutely no question in the [c]ourt's mind, as [defense counsel] indicated
to the jury, that [the defendant] ... speaks very good English and understands
English, and was able to respond to all the questions from the [d]efense attorney
and the questions from the State in cross.” Furthermore, the trial court found that
the defendant was “attentive and interested, obviously, in what was being said and
how the trial was proceeding.” The defendant argues that he responded to some
questions with “rambling lengthy answers.” However, the trial court correctly noted
that

25

it's not unusual for defendants, whether they're Korean-speaking or
American-born, English-speaking citizens, to want to elaborate on
their answers, maybe get far afield in their answers, in what is
pertinent to a particular trial.
And, oftentimes, even those American-born, English-speaking
witnesses have to be brought back, either with-from their attorney,
as was done in this case several times, or from the State, in
requesting that [the defendant] answer the question. And he did that.
The trial court, from its unique position of observing the defendant while he
testified, concluded it saw “nothing that transpired during the trial that would lead
[the trial court] to believe [the defendant] needed an interpreter.
Id. at *7. Finally, the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals independently reviewed the trial
testimony and found that it revealed that Petitioner spoke English quite well and was able to
effectively communicate to the jury, and that it did not preponderate against the finding of the trial
court on the question of the need for an interpreter. The Court further notes that the trial transcript
shows that the jurors were aware during Petitioner’s testimony of the ability to raise their hands if
they did not understand anything from Petitioner’s testimony. See Trial Transcript (Docket Entry
No. 26-11 at 6-7).
Considering the lack of clear authority from the Supreme Court on the issue and the
evidence before the state court, this Court finds that that Petitioner has not met his burden of
establishing that the state court’s decision on the claim involved an unreasonable application of
clearly established federal law or was based upon an unreasonable determination of the facts in
light of the evidence presented. “As a condition for obtaining habeas corpus from a federal court,
a state prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court
was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in
existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 787-

26

78. Petitioner has not met this rigorous threshold, and habeas corpus relief is not warranted on this
claim.
C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim (Claim 2, subparts 10-11)
Petitioner’s final claim is that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective because
counsel failed to adequately assess Petitioner’s English proficiency before having Petitioner testify
at trial without an interpreter, including by enlisting the help of the Korean Consulate. See
Petitioner’s Reply at 1.
Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are subject to the two-prong standard of
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), which asks: (1) whether counsel was deficient in
representing Petitioner; and (2) whether counsel’s alleged deficiency prejudiced the defense so as
to deprive Petitioner of a fair trial. Id. at 687. To meet the first prong, Petitioner must establish that
his attorney’s representation “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,” and must
overcome the “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance; that is, [he] must overcome the presumption that ... the challenged action
‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” Id. at 688–89 (quoting Michel v. State of La., 350 U.S.
91, 101 (1955)). The “prejudice” component of the claim “focuses on the question of whether
counsel’s deficient performance renders the result of the trial unreliable or the proceeding
fundamentally unfair.” Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 372 (1993). It requires a showing that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probability is
a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id.
Respondent addresses this claim by viewing it as the same claim that was raised and denied
on post-conviction review – that trial counsel failed to retain an interpreter despite Petitioner telling

27

him that he needed one and would pay for one. See Answer at 30-32. Along that line, Respondent
analyzes the claim as an exhausted claim for which Petitioner cannot meet the standard for relief
required by Section 2254(d). Id. However, Petitioner contends that the claim at issue is different
than the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel related to an interpreter that was raised in his
post-conviction relief proceeding, see Reply at 20-21, and candidly acknowledges that this claim
has been procedurally defaulted because it was not raised and litigated in the post-conviction relief
proceeding. Id. at 15.
The Court agrees with Petitioner as to the nature of the claim that he raises. It is a different
claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel than was raised in the post-conviction relief
proceeding. The Court will therefore analyze the claim as presented by Petitioner in his reply.
Because this claim was not adjudicated on the merits in the state court, the deferential standard of
section 2254(d) does not apply. Bies v. Sheldon, 775 F.3d 386, 395 (6th Cir. 2014). However, a
substantial hurdle still exists because, given the admitted procedural default of this claim,
Petitioner must satisfy the cause and prejudice requirement before the claim can be considered by
this Court. Alley, 307 F.3d at 388.
While ineffective assistance of post-conviction relief counsel does not generally constitute
cause, petitioners in Tennessee can establish cause to excuse the procedural default of a substantial
claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel by demonstrating that the claim was not raised due
to the ineffectiveness of post-conviction counsel. See Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 5-6 (2012)
(creating an exception where state law prohibits ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims on
direct appeal). See also Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413, 429 (2013) (extending Martinez to states
with procedural frameworks that make meaningful opportunity to raise ineffective assistance of
trial counsel claims on direct appeal unlikely); Sutton v. Carpenter, 745 F.3d 787, 792 (6th Cir.

28

2014) (holding that Martinez and Trevino apply in Tennessee). Martinez requires that the
ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel occur during the “initial-review collateral
proceeding,” and that “the underlying ineffective-assistance-of trial counsel claim [be] a
substantial one, which is to say that the prisoner must demonstrate that the claim has some merit.”
Id. at 13-15. Importantly, Martinez did not dispense with the actual prejudice prong of the standard
for overcoming a procedural default first articulated by the Supreme Court in Coleman. Jones v.
Perry, 2023 WL 1073151, at *8 (M.D. Tenn. Jan. 27, 2023).
Whether post-conviction counsel was constitutionally ineffective in failing to pursue a
claim is necessarily connected to the strength of the claim, so “in many habeas cases seeking to
overcome procedural default under Martinez, it will be more efficient for the reviewing court to
consider in the first instance whether the alleged underlying ineffective assistance of counsel was
substantial enough to satisfy the actual prejudice prong of Coleman.” Thorne v. Hollway, 2014
WL 4411680, at *23 (M.D. Tenn. Sept. 8, 2014) (Trauger, J.), aff’d sub nom. Thorne v. Lester,
641 F. App’x 541 (6th Cir. 2016) (cleaned up). If the claim is not substantial, the reviewing court
would have no need to consider whether the petitioner has established that his post-conviction
counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue a claim. Thorne, 2014 WL 4411680 at *23. In
demonstrating a substantial claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, the petitioner must
prove prejudice under Strickland. See McGuire v. Warden, Chillicothe Corr. Inst., 738 F.3d 741,
752 (6th Cir. 2013) (“To be successful under Trevino, [a petitioner] must show a ‘substantial’
claim of ineffective assistance, and this requirement applies as well to the prejudice portion of the
ineffective assistance claim.”) (internal citations omitted).
The Court finds that the procedural default of Petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel
claim should not be excused and that habeas corpus relief is not warranted because the claim is not

29

a substantial claim for which Petitioner can make a showing of actual prejudice arising from the
defaulted claim. Given this failure, there is no need for the Court to address whether trial counsel
or post-conviction relief counsel acted ineffectively. Thorne, 2014 WL 4411680, at *23.
The opinion from the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals directly addressed the issue of
the impact of the lack of a court-appointed interpreter when it denied Petitioner’s direct appeal.
The state appellate court, after reviewing the trial record, clearly and unequivocally found that
Petitioner spoke English quite well, that he was able to effectively communicate to the jury despite
English not being his native language, and that nothing occurred during the course of the trial that
indicated that an interpreter for Petitioner was necessary. Given these findings made by the state
court, which are entitled to a presumption of correctness under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1), the Court
finds that Petitioner cannot show that he suffered actual prejudice arising from the failure of his
trial counsel to secure an interpreter for him. Even though the state appellate court was not
addressing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in its consideration of the claim of the denial
of an interpreter, its analysis of the impact of the lack of an interpreter at Petitioner’s trial
nonetheless rings true and applies in the analysis of the procedurally defaulted ineffective
assistance of counsel claim that is at issue. The state court’s findings that the lack of an interpreter
did not result in a consequential negative impact upon Petitioner’s trial essentially foreclose any
argument that trial counsel’s failure to secure an interpreter, even if presumed to be ineffectiveness,
rendered the results of Petitioner’s trial unreliable or the trial proceedings fundamentally unfair.
Lockhart, 506 U.S. at 372.
Petitioner seeks to show prejudice by pointing to examples from his trial testimony in
which he faltered in his testimony or provided confusing or “incoherent” testimony. See Reply at
8-12. However, these examples are merely part of the overall trial testimony from Petitioner and

30

must be viewed in the context of the rest of his testimony, which indicates no difficulty in the use
or understanding of the English language. Further, it is not remarkable that a criminal defendant
who testified at trial and was convicted despite his testimony of innocence would be able to find
portions of his testimony that he believes were damaging or confusing and that he would like to
rephrase or redo. The Court finds that the examples pointed out by Petitioner are not “clear and
convincing evidence” that is necessary to overcome the presumption of correctness afforded to the
state court’s findings that Petitioner was able to participate in his trial despite the language barrier
and that an interpreter was not necessary for Petitioner to proceed at trial. 10
Petitioner further attempts to buttress his prejudice argument by relying on the language
skills report from Dr. Rhee that was created in 2015. See Reply at 12-14 and 19. However,
consideration of this report is foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Shinn v.
Ramirez, __ U.S. __, 142 S. Ct. 1718 (2022). In no uncertain terms, the Supreme Court in Shinn
declared that federal habeas review of procedurally defaulted claims is limited to the state-court
record and should not involve consideration of new evidence unless the stringent requirements set
out in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2) are satisfied. Id. at 1734 (“We now hold that, under § 2254(e)(2), a
federal habeas court may not conduct an evidentiary hearing or otherwise consider evidence
beyond the state-court record based on ineffective assistance of state postconviction counsel.”); at

10

The Court notes that the majority of the cases cited by Petitioner in his reply address the
general issue of a criminal defendant’s right to testify or the issue of ineffective assistance of
counsel in cases that do not involve the need for an interpreter, and none of these cases involve the
issue of prejudice arising from the lack of an interpreter at trial. The most relevant case cited by
Petitioner, United States v. Mayans, 17 F.3d 1174 (9th Cir 1994), is not an ineffective assistance
of counsel case, but involves an allegation of trial court error and facts showing that the trial court,
during the testimony of the defendant, removed an interpreter that the defendant had been using
and attempted to coerce the defendant to testify in English, resulting in the defendant’s decision to
forgo his right to testimony. Mayans is readily distinguishable from the facts of this case and fails
to support Petitioner’s claim.
31

1735 ( “In sum, under § 2254(e)(2), a prisoner is ‘at fault’ even when state postconviction counsel
is negligent. In such a case, a federal court may order an evidentiary hearing or otherwise expand
the state-court record only if the prisoner can satisfy § 2254(e)(2)’s stringent requirements.”); and,
at 1738 (“Therefore, when a federal habeas court convenes an evidentiary hearing for any purpose,
or otherwise admits or reviews new evidence for any purpose, it may not consider that evidence
on the merits of a negligent prisoner’s defaulted claim unless the exceptions in § 2254(e)(2) are
satisfied.”). See Houston v. Phillips, 2022 WL 3371349, at *8 (6th Cir. Aug. 16, 2022) (“the
equitable rule announced in Martinez does not give federal courts authority to amend AEDPA’s
statutory directives and allow petitioners to expand state-court records to support their ineffectiveassistance-of-state-postconviction-counsel claims.”). 11
The Court recognizes that Shinn was not decided until after Petitioner had already obtained
the language report, had entered it into the habeas record, and had relied upon it for his arguments.
However, Shinn is now the controlling law on this issue. Given this circumstance, the Court
independently considers whether section 2254(e)(2) could be met by Petitioner. Section 2254(e)(2)
provides that:
(2) If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court
proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the claim unless the
applicant shows that—
(A) the claim relies on-(i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on
collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously
unavailable; or
(ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previously
discovered through the exercise of due diligence; and

11

Although the Court denied Petitioner’s motion to hold an evidentiary hearing prior to
Shinn, see Order entered September 27, 2018 (Docket Entry No. 122), Shinn would foreclose
consideration of new evidence at an evidentiary hearing absent a showing that section 2254(e)(2)
has been satisfied. 142 S.Ct. at 1735, 1739.
32

(B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear
and convincing evidence that but for constitutional error, no reasonable
factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). The Court finds nothing in this case that would satisfy the requirements
set out in section 2254(e)(2) to allow consideration of the report. This finding would likewise apply
to the 2009 letter from the Korean Consulate, which Petitioner has also placed in the record.
Petitioner’s counsel has done an admirable job of representing Petitioner in this case and
has presented the Court with well-developed arguments. However, for the reasons set out herein,
the petition for habeas corpus relief must be denied.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the foregoing, it is respectfully RECOMMENDED that the Petition for Habeas
Corpus Relief be DENIED and this action be DISMISSED.
ANY OBJECTIONS to this Report and Recommendation must be filed within fourteen
(14) days of service of this Report and Recommendation and must state with particularity the
specific portions of this Report and Recommendation to which objection is made. See Rule
72(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Local Rule 72.02(a). Failure to file written
objections within the specified time can be deemed a waiver of the right to appeal the District
Court's Order regarding the Report and Recommendation. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140
(1985); United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir. 1981). Any response to the objections
must be filed within fourteen (14) days after service of objections. See Federal Rule 72(b)(2) and
Local Rule 72.02(b).
Respectfully submitted,

__________________________
BARBARA D. HOLMES
United States Magistrate Judge

33