Green v. United States of America
Filing
34
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION 26 FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT. Signed by Judge S. Thomas Anderson on 1/3/2017. (Anderson, S.)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
)
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
Civ. No. 2:15-cv-2564-STA-cgc
v.
)
)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
)
)
Defendant.
________________________________________________________________________
TIMOTHY GREEN,
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
________________________________________________________________________
Plaintiff Timothy Green filed this action against the United States pursuant to the Federal
Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), alleging that, while he was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional
Institute (“FCI”) in Talladega, Alabama, he received negligent medical care for a knee injury.1
(ECF No. 1.)
The United States has filed a motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 26),
Plaintiff has filed a response to the motion (ECF No. 30), and the United States has filed a reply
to the response. (ECF No. 33.) For the reasons set forth below, the motion for summary
judgment is GRANTED.
Standard of Review
Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,
and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”2
When deciding a motion for summary judgment, the court must review all the evidence and draw
1
The FTCA allows plaintiffs to seek damages from the United States for certain torts committed
by federal employees. 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b).
2
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
1
all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-movant. 3 In reviewing a motion for summary
judgment, the Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and
it “may not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence.” 4 When the motion is
supported by documentary proof such as depositions and affidavits, the nonmoving party may
not rest on his pleadings but, rather, must present some “specific facts showing that there is a
genuine issue for trial.” 5 These facts must be more than a scintilla of evidence and must meet
the standard of whether a reasonable juror could find by a preponderance of the evidence that the
nonmoving party is entitled to a verdict. 6
When determining if summary judgment is
appropriate, the Court should ask “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to
require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter
of law.”7 The Court must enter summary judgment “against a party who fails to make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case and on which that
party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”8
As an initial matter, the United States contends that Plaintiff has not complied with Rule
56.1 of the Local Rules of this Court. Local Rule 56.1(a) requires that any motion for summary
judgment be “accompanied by a separate, concise statement of the material facts as to which the
3
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
4
Laster v. City of Kalamazoo, 746 F.3d 714, 726 (6th Cir. 2014).
5
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Eastham v. Chesapeake Appalachia,
L.L.C., 754 F.3d 356, 360 (6th Cir. 2014).
6
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986).
7
Id. at 251–52.
8
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322.
2
moving party contends there is no genuine issue for trial.” 9 Any party opposing summary
judgment must respond to each fact stated by the movant by agreeing that it is undisputed,
agreeing that it is undisputed for purposes of ruling on the summary judgment motion only, or by
demonstrating that the fact is disputed, with specific citations to the record.10 “Failure to respond
to a moving party’s statement of material facts ... shall indicate that the asserted facts are not
disputed for purposes of summary judgment.” 11 Rule 56(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil
9
Local Rule 56.1 provides as follows:
(a) Moving Party. In order to assist the Court in ascertaining whether there are
any material facts in dispute, any motion for summary judgment made pursuant to
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 shall be accompanied by a separate, concise statement of the
material facts as to which the moving party contends there is no genuine issue for
trial. Each fact shall be set forth in a separate, numbered paragraph. Each fact
shall be supported by a specific citation to the record. If the movant contends that
the opponent of the motion cannot produce evidence to create a genuine issue of
material fact, the proponent shall affix to the memorandum copies of the precise
portions of the record relied upon as evidence of this assertion.....
(b) Non-moving Party. Any party opposing the motion for summary judgment
must respond to each fact set forth by the movant by either:(1) agreeing that the
fact is undisputed; (2) agreeing that the fact is undisputed for the purpose of ruling
on the motion for summary judgment only; or (3) demonstrating that the fact is
disputed. Each disputed fact shall be filed with any memorandum in response to
the motion. The response must be made on the document provided by the movant
or another document in which the non-movant has reproduced the facts and
citations verbatim as set forth by the movant. In either case, the non-movant must
make a response to each fact set forth by the movant immediately below each fact
set forth by the movant. In addition, the non-movant’s response may contain a
concise statement of additional facts that the non-movant contends are material
and as to which the nonmovant contends there exists a genuine issue to be tried.
Each such disputed fact shall be set forth in a separate, numbered paragraph with
specific citations to the record supporting the contention that such fact is in
dispute.
10
LR 56.1(b).
11
LR 56.1(d).
3
Procedure also provides that if a party “fails to properly address another party’s assertion of fact
..., the court may consider the fact undisputed for purposes of the motion.”12
In the present case, even after the United States pointed out in its reply that Plaintiff
failed to respond to the statement of material facts, Plaintiff did not request leave to file a
supplemental response. Thus, the Court will deem each of the United States’ facts as undisputed
for purposes of summary judgment.
Statement of Material Facts13
1. On July 7, 2014, Plaintiff filed an administrative tort claim with the Federal Bureau of
Prisons (“BOP”), alleging that he injured his left knee on August 8, 2012, while incarcerated at
FCI in Talladega, Alabama.
2. In his administrative tort claim, Plaintiff complained that his August 8, 2012, injury
was untreated for eight weeks and that, at the end of the eight week period, it was too late to
surgically repair his “untreated fractured patella.”
3. While incarcerated, Plaintiff received medical care from BOP staff health care
providers working at FCI. For medical specialty services beyond those provided by BOP staff such as x-rays, MRIs, and examinations by an orthopedic surgeon – the BOP contracted with
non-federal providers to furnish those services to Plaintiff. Specifically, during the relevant time
period, Plaintiff received the following treatment:
(a) August 9, 2012. Plaintiff reported to the FCI Health Services Clinic (“the Clinic”) for
morning sick call and reported that “[w]hile I was walking on the steps towards the recreation
yard I was out of balance and twisted my left knee.” BOP medical staff conducted a full
examination of body systems, diagnosed knee sprain, provided prescription-strength pain
12
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2).
13
(Def’s Statement of Facts, ECF No. 26-1.)
4
reliever, wrapped Plaintiff’s knee, offered crutches (declined), and prescribed five days of
convalescence. They also told Plaintiff to “Follow-up at Sick Call as Needed.”
(b) August 28, 2012. Plaintiff did not “follow-up at sick call” until nineteen days later
after his initial visit. On that date, he complained of continued pain and other symptoms of his
knee injury. Clinic staff examined him, continued the prescription for pain relief, wrapped the
knee, offered crutches (declined), and ordered convalescence. They also ordered an x-ray and an
MRI.
(c) October 4, 2012. Plaintiff missed his appointment for an x-ray of his knee.
(d) October 11, 2012. The Clinic had an outside contractor, DIANAssociates, perform an
x-ray of Plaintiff’s knee. Based on the radiology report, the Clinic continued the previous course
of treatment, offered a knee brace, continued with the planned MRI, and ordered a consultation
with an outside orthopedic specialist.
(e) October 19, 2012. Plaintiff had an MRI. The BOP sent him to a contractor, Coosa
Valley Medical Center, for the procedure.
(f) October 25, 2012. The BOP sent Plaintiff to an outside orthopedic surgeon, Dr.
Anthony Tropeano, for consultation. Dr. Tropeano reviewed the x-ray report and the MRI
reports, and he examined Plaintiff. He recommended continuing the course of treatment the
Clinic had already begun and recommended a follow-up examination.
(g) December 18, 2012. A Clinic physician reviewed Plaintiff’s chart, including the
report from Dr. Tropeano’s consultative examination.
(h) January 8, 2013. Plaintiff reported to the Clinic with a complaint of continued
soreness and decreased range of motion. The Clinic staff renewed the prescription pain reliever,
issued a lower bunk permit, and told Plaintiff to “Follow-up at Sick Call as Needed.
5
(i) March 1, 2013. Plaintiff reported to the Clinic’s Chronic Care sick call for follow-up
examination and prescription renewal.
(j) March 21, 2013. Plaintiff reported to the Clinic’s Chronic Care sick call for follow-up
examination and prescription renewal. The Clinic ordered chest x-rays for conditions unrelated
to the knee.
(k) April 4, 2013. Plaintiff missed the appointment for his chest x-ray.
(l) April 11, 2013. Plaintiff missed the appointment for his chest x-ray.
(m) April 18, 2013. Plaintiff missed the appointment for his chest x-ray.
(n) May 22, 2013. A Clinic physician ordered blood laboratory test for condition unrelated to the knee.
(o) June 10, 2013. Dr. Tropeano, the contracting orthopedic surgeon, saw Plaintiff again.
Dr. Tropeano noted “no worsening of his symptomology” and administered injections of
Lidocaine, Marcaine, and Depo-Medrol. He also recommended a follow-up examination in a few
weeks.
(p) August 14, 2013. Plaintiff missed his appointment for a follow-up examination by Dr.
Tropeano.
(q) August 26, 2013. Plaintiff reported to the Clinic sick call, complaining of
conjunctivitis and continued knee pain.
(r) October 23, 2013. Plaintiff missed his appointment for a follow-up examination by Dr.
Tropeano.
(s) October 25, 2013. Plaintiff reported to the Clinic sick call complaining of itchy
swollen eyes.
6
(t) October 29, 2013. Plaintiff reported to the Clinic sick call complaining of itchy
swollen eyes.
(u) October 31, 2013. Plaintiff was seen in the Clinic’s Chronic Care for treatment of
high blood pressure.
(v) December 18, 2013. After missing two prior appointments to see Dr. Tropeano,
Plaintiff was seen on this date. Dr. Tropeano made a hand-written note to the chart, signed “AT.”
He noted that the “inj[ection] helped for 3 weeks” but the pain had returned. He recommended a
bottom bunk and continued pain prescription. Dr. Tropeano also recommended a new MRI.
(w) May 5, 2014. Coosa Valley Medical Center did another MRI of Plaintiff’s knee.
(x) May 13, 2014. A Clinic physician reviewed the MRI report and ordered another
consultation with the orthopedist.
4. Plaintiff was released from custody on July 1, 2014.
5. Dr. Anthony Tropeano was not a federal employee. He saw BOP inmates, including
Plaintiff, pursuant to his federal contract for those services. Similarly, DIANAssociates and
Coosa Valley Medical Center (the x-ray and MRI providers) were non-federal entities.
6. After his release, Plaintiff went to Campbell Clinic for treatment by Dr. James W.
Harkess. Dr. Harkess saw Plaintiff three times: August 1, 2014, September 12, 2014, and
October 30, 2014. Dr. Harkess diagnosed chronic osteoarthritis and an ACL tear. The chronic
degeneration from osteoarthritis had been seen in the two MRIs that the BOP received. The
ACL tear that Dr. Harness found was a new problem not present when Plaintiff had his two
previous MRIs.
7. Dr. Harkess’ final chart note reads as follows:
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: Timothy Green returns for a recheck of the
ACL tear of the left knee with some early osteoarthritic changes. He does have
7
some mild instability symptoms in the knee. No definite locking. He is working
on the exercises on his own. He is able to work. He overall seems to be doing
reasonably well with it. It swells intermittently. He really does not have to take
medication for it. His gait looks normal walking without support. There is no
effusion present today. He does have a positive Lachman with pivot shift.
Negative McMurray, both medial and lateral. He retains full motion. Minimal
crepitation with active motion.
....
TREATMENT: We discussed options and I do not think he should consider any
surgical intervention for this just yet, although certainly may require total knee
replacement in the future. He is going to live with it as is for now. I will be happy
to see him back if he is having more in the way of mechanical symptoms or flareup of pain with his arthritic changes.
8. The Clinic at FCI Talladega had open sick call, and Plaintiff could report to sick call as
he saw fit. This is confirmed by BOP medical record notations to “Follow-up at Sick Call as
Needed.”
9. Plaintiff did not disclose any expert witness pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2).
Analysis
Plaintiff alleges that, after injuring his left knee on August 8, 2012, at FCI Talladega, he
sustained substantial injuries as the result of “months of delayed treatment and failure to provide
correct treatment” by the BOP. 14 According to Plaintiff, the BOP violated the applicable
standard of medical care (1) by failing to promptly treat his knee injury and (2) by failing to
properly treat his knee injury. Plaintiff contends that summary judgment should be denied
because “there are genuine issues of material fact about whether BOP deviated from the standard
of care and how that deviation caused Plaintiff’s knee injury.”15
The United States contends that it is entitled to summary judgment on the following
grounds: Plaintiff did not administratively exhaust his failure to properly treat claim; Plaintiff
(Pl’s Resp. p. 1, ECF No. 30.)
14
15
(Id.)
8
cannot recover under the FTCA for claims arising from the acts or omissions of government
contractors who provided medical services; Plaintiff does not have the expert proof required
under Alabama law to prove his claims; and there was no delay in the treatment that Plaintiff
received after his knee injury.16
Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
Plaintiff has filed suit under the FTCA, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2401(b), and 2671-2680.
In his administrative claim, filed upon his release from prison on July 7, 2014, Plaintiff
contended that the BOP failed to promptly treat his August 8, 2012, injury for a period of eight
weeks and that, subsequently, it was too late to surgically repair his “untreated fractured
patella.”17 The United States argues that Plaintiff exhausted only the claim that he “was denied
medical treatment for 8 weeks” – from August 8, 2012 through October 8, 2012, and has not
exhausted any claim for negligence occurring after October 8, 2012.
Federal courts have jurisdiction over civil actions for claims against the United States for
money damages.18 To bring a tort claim against the Government, the plaintiff must first establish
that the Government has waived its sovereign immunity.19 The FTCA is the exclusive waiver of
sovereign immunity for tort claims against the Government, its agencies, and its employees
acting within the scope of their employment.20
16
(Def’s Mot., ECF No. 26.)
17
(Admin. Tort Claim, ECF No. 26-3.) Plaintiff also contended that the BOP caused his slipand-fall injury, but Plaintiff has not pursued that claim in his lawsuit.
18
28 U.S.C. § 1346(b).
19
Lundstrum v. Lyng, 954 F.2d 1142, 1145 (6th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (citations omitted).
20
28 U.S.C. § 2679. See Arbour v. Jenkins, 903 F.2d 416, 419 (6th Cir. 1990).
9
However, the waiver is not unlimited.
The Government has waived its sovereign
immunity for FTCA claims only insofar as the plaintiff has exhausted his administrative
remedies.
An action shall not be instituted upon a claim against the United States for money
damages for injury or loss of property or personal injury or death caused by the
negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while
acting within the scope of his office or employment, unless the claimant shall
have first presented the claim to the appropriate Federal agency and his claim
shall have been finally denied by the agency in writing and sent by certified or
registered mail.21
“The filing of an administrative claim is jurisdictional and is an absolute, non-waivable
prerequisite to maintaining a civil action against the United States for damages arising from the
alleged wrongful acts of a federal employee.”22 “If the agency denies the claim or fails to dispose
of it within six months, the claimant may file a civil action in federal court.” 23 “Failure to
exhaust administrative remedies deprives a federal court of jurisdiction over the claim.”24
In the present case, the Court finds that Plaintiff has exhausted his administrative
remedies on his claims that he received no medical care for his injury for a period of eight weeks
21
28 U.S.C. § 2675(a).
22
Tornichio v. United States, 263 F. Supp.2d 1090, 1099 (N.D. Ohio 2002) (citing McNeil v.
United States, 508 U.S. 106 (1993) and Conn v. United States, 867 F.2d 916 (6th Cir. 1989)).
See also Dolan v. United States, 514 F.3d 587, 593 (6th Cir. 2008)(“[I]f the administrative
requirements of the FTCA have not been fulfilled, the case must be dismissed for lack of
jurisdiction.”).
23
Holt v. Morgan, 79 F. App’x 139 (6th Cir. 2003). The Supreme Court has held that “the
FTCA’s time bars are nonjurisdictional and [are] subject to equitable tolling.” United States v.
Kwai Fun Wong, 136 S. Ct. 1625, 1638 (2015) (explaining that equitable tolling is available
“when a party has pursued his rights diligently but some extraordinary circumstance prevents
him from meeting a deadline.”) Failure to exhaust, as opposed to untimely exhaustion, remains a
jurisdictional defect.
24
Id. (citing Glarner v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Admin., 30 F.3d 697, 700 (6th Cir. 1994)).
10
and that he should have been told during this period that he needed surgery for his “untreated
fractured patella.” Plaintiff has not exhausted his administrative remedies on any other claim(s)
except for injuries that flow from his failure to be referred for surgery. Therefore, the Court’s
jurisdiction is limited to these claims.
Acts or Omissions of Government Contractors Under the FTCA
The FTCA waives the United States’ sovereign immunity for damages resulting from
injuries caused by the negligent acts or omissions of “any employee of the Government” acting
within the scope of the employee’s duties.25 “Employee of the government” includes “officers or
employees of any federal agency,” and “federal agency” but “does not include any contractor
with the United States.”26
It is undisputed that Dr. Anthony Tropeano was not a federal employee. Instead, he was a
physician in private practice, with a contract to treat inmates with orthopedic problems.27 The
same is true of DIANAssociates and Coosa Valley Medical Center, the providers who performed
and interpreted the x-rays and MRIs.28 Plaintiff cannot recover for any acts or omissions of these
entities or Dr. Tropeano because the FTCA does not waive sovereign immunity for nonemployee claims.29
25
28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1).
26
See Berrien v. United States, 711 F.3d 654, 658 (6th Cir. 2013)(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2671).
27
(Def’s Statement of Facts, ¶ 5, ECF No. 26-1.)
28
(Id.)
29
Even if Dr. Tropeano’s status as a contractor were not a complete defense, a claim based on
his conduct would still fail as a matter of law. Whether Dr. Tropeano should have provided
different orthopedic treatment is not a matter of common knowledge that lay persons can judge,
and Plaintiff has presented no expert proof that Dr. Tropeano breached the standard of care.
Instead, the only expert opinion in the record concerning Dr. Tropeano is that of Dr. Harkness,
and he testified that Dr. Tropeano performed “a satisfactory examination specifically
11
Applicable State Law Under the FTCA - Alabama Medical Liability Act
The parties agree that, under the FTCA, the substantive tort law of Alabama applies
because Plaintiff’s alleged injuries occurred in Alabama.30
The parties further agree that the
applicable state law in this case is the Alabama Medical Liability Act (“AMLA”), Ala. Code § §
6-5-540, et seq., in that the AMLA applies to any action against a health care provider who is
alleged to have provided substandard care or who failed to treat an injury.31
To prevail in a medical-malpractice action under the Alabama Medical Liability
Act (“AMLA”), § 6–5–480 et seq. and § 6–5–541 et seq., Ala. Code 1975, a
plaintiff must establish 1) the appropriate standard of care, 2) that the defendant
health-care provider breached that standard of care, and 3) a proximate causal
connection between the health-care provider’s alleged breach and the identified
injury. Morgan v. Publix Super Markets, Inc., 138 So.3d 982, 986 (Ala. 2013).
…
With regard to proximate causation in an AMLA case, this Court has stated that
“the plaintiff must prove, through expert medical testimony, that the alleged
negligence probably caused, rather than only possibly caused, the plaintiff’s
injury.” University of Alabama Health Servs. Found. v. Bush, 638 So.2d 794, 802
(Ala. 1994) (emphasis added). See also Bradford v. McGee, 534 So.2d 1076, 1079
(Ala. 1988) (“[T]he plaintiff [in a medical-malpractice action] must adduce some
evidence indicating that the alleged negligence (the breach of the appropriate
standard of care) probably caused the injury. A mere possibility is
insufficient.”).32
address[ing] the anterior cruciate ligament” by performing the same Lachman test that Dr.
Harkess used. Dr. Harkess further testified, “But you have an examination that appeared to be
perfectly satisfactory by an orthopedic surgeon who addressed the issue. So I wouldn’t say that it
was unsatisfactory. [An ACL tear] may not have been present at that point.” And, “I have no
reason to question [Dr. Tropeano’s] review. His notes seem perfectly satisfactory to me.”
(Harkness Depo., pp. 24- 25, ECF No. 33-1.)
30
See Shipp v United States, 212 F. App’x 393, 397 (6th Cir. 2006); 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1).
31
See Ex Parte Vanderwall, 2015 WL 5725153 at *11 (Ala. 2015) (The AMLA “applies to
conduct that is, or that is reasonably related to, the provision of health-care services allegedly
resulting in a medical injury.”)
32
Kraselsky ex rel. Estate of Kraselsky v. Calderwood, 166 So. 3d 115, 118-19 (Ala. 2014).
12
The AMLA imposes a “substantial evidence” burden of proof on Plaintiff.33 “Substantial
evidence is . . . evidence that would convince an unprejudiced thinking mind of the truth of the
fact to which the evidence is directed.” 34 This is a higher standard than “reasonable
satisfaction.”35
In the present case, to the extent that Plaintiff alleges that he received no treatment for his
injury during the relevant time period, the undisputed facts show that Plaintiff did, in fact,
receive treatment. The day after his accident, Plaintiff reported to the Clinic and complained of
his knee injury. He was examined, put on prescription-strength pain medication, had his knee
wrapped, was offered crutches, and was prescribed a period of convalescence.36 Plaintiff was
told to report to the Clinic as needed.37 However, he did not return for nineteen days, at which
time Clinic personnel added orders for x-rays and an MRI to the treatment plan.38 From the day
after his injury until his release, Plaintiff had twenty-four Clinic appointments and walk-in
encounters, including appointments where he was a “no-show.” 39
Additionally, medical
specialty services such as x-rays, MRIs, and examinations by an orthopedic surgeon were
provided by non-federal contract providers.40
33
Ala. Code 6-5-549.
34
Ala. Code 6-5-542(5).
35
Cackowski v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 767 So.2d 319, 322 (Ala. 2000).
36
(BOP Medical Records, ECF No 26-4.)
37
Plaintiff acknowledged in his deposition that the BOP has an open sick-call policy. (Green
Depo., p. 18, ECF No. 26-7.)
38
(BOP Medical Records, ECF No 26-4.)
39
(Id.)
40
(Id.)
13
Accordingly, the United States is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Plaintiff’s
failure to promptly treat claim because the undisputed facts show that Plaintiff did get treatment
– immediately after the injury, during the following eight weeks, and continuing until his release.
As for Plaintiff’s failure to properly treat claim, as determined above, the only aspect of
that claim that has been exhausted is Plaintiff’s contention that he should have been told he
needed surgery at some point during the eight weeks following his injury. Plaintiff has presented
no expert proof on this claim.
Although as noted above, evidence of medical malpractice generally must be proven by
expert testimony, a “narrow exception” to this rule exists when the lack of skill or care “is so
apparent ... as to be understood by a layman, and requires only common knowledge and
experience to understand it.” 41 Examples falling into this narrow exception are when: (1) a
foreign object, such as a sponge, remains in a patient's body after surgery; (2) the injury is
unrelated to the condition for which the plaintiff sought treatment; (3) a plaintiff relies on an
authoritative medical treatise to prove what is or is not proper; or (4) the plaintiff himself is a
medical expert.42
None of these examples are applicable to Plaintiff’s claim that he should have been told
he needed surgery.43 Moreover, Plaintiff admits in his response that “surgical intervention was
41
Ex parte HealthSouth Corp., 851 So. 2d 33, 38 (Ala. 2002) (citing Tuscaloosa Orthopedic
Appliance Co. v. Wyatt, 460 So.2d 156, 161 (Ala. 1984), Dimoff v. Maitre, 432 So.2d 1225,
1226–27 (Ala. 1983), and Lloyd Noland Found., Inc. v. Harris, 295 Ala. 63, 66, 322 So.2d 709,
711 (1975)).
42
Id. (citing Anderson v. Alabama Reference Laboratories, 778 So.2d 806, 811 (Ala. 2000)).
43
Plaintiff has cited various medical treatises to support his contention that a radiograph should
have been ordered after his injury (Pl’s Resp., p. 11, ECF No. 30), but he has presented no
14
not required.” 44 Additionally, after Plaintiff’s release from prison, Dr. Harkness opined that
surgical intervention was not warranted.45 Therefore, the Court finds that the United States is
entitled to summary judgment on this claim.
To the extent that Plaintiff did, in fact, exhaust other aspects of his failure to properly
treat claim, the United States is also entitled to summary judgment because he has failed to
submit expert testimony required under the AMLA.
Section 6-5-484 of the AMLA imposes a legal duty on physicians and other medical care
providers to exercise the degree of reasonable care, diligence, and skill that reasonably
competent physicians/medical care providers in the national medical community would
ordinarily exercise when acting in the same or similar circumstances.46 The burden is on the
plaintiff to show by substantial evidence that the health care provider failed to exercise such
reasonable care, skill, and due diligence as similarly situated health care providers in the same
general line of practice.47 The similarly situated health care provider must testify as to (1) the
appropriate standard of care, (2) a deviation from that standard of care, and (3) whether the
deviation proximately caused the injury.48 A similarly-situated healthcare provider is one who is
(1) licensed by the appropriate regulatory board or agency of Alabama or some other state, (2)
treatises indicating that his BOP medical providers were negligent in not referring him for
surgery.
44
(Id. at p. 9.)
45
(Harkness Depo. p. 14, ECF No. 30-4.)
46
Bradford v. McGee, 534 So.2d 1076 (Ala. 1988) (citing Keebler v. Winfield Carraway
Hospital, 531 So.2d 841 (Ala. 1988)).
47
Biggers v. Johnson, 659 So.2d 108, 110 (Ala. 1995).
48
Jones v. Bradford, 623 So.2d. 1112, 1114-5 (Ala. 1993).
15
trained and experienced in that same specialty, (3) certified by an appropriate American Board in
that same specialty, and (4) has practiced in this specialty during the year preceding the date that
alleged breach of the standard of care occurred.49 Plaintiff contends that no expert is needed in
his case because of the common knowledge and medical treatise exceptions discussed above.
Plaintiff argues that it is common knowledge that the first response by medical providers
to an injured knee should be to order an x-ray and MRI. Here, the evidence shows that, on
Plaintiff’s first visit to the Clinic, staff examined his knee, bandaged it, gave him pain relievers,
and told him to come back to daily sick call if his knee did not get better. Plaintiff did not return
until nineteen days later, and, at that time, the Clinic ordered x-rays and MRI. Plaintiff was a noshow for the first x-ray appointment.50 The fact that Dr. Harkness immediately ordered x-rays
upon first examining Plaintiff two years after his injury is not evidence that Clinic staff should
have ordered them the day after Plaintiff’s injury.51
Moreover, the United States’ expert, Allan R. Goldstein, M.D., has opined that Plaintiff’s
injury was evaluated and treated appropriately by Clinic staff.52 Plaintiff has not refuted this
testimony. Thus, the Court finds that whether a patient presenting with a knee injury should or
should not immediately be referred for x-rays and/or an MRI is not within the common
49
Wilson v. United States, 2014 WL 3974669 *9 (N.D. Ala. 2014) (citing Alabama Code § 6–5–
548(c) (1993)).
50
(BOP Medical Records, ECF No 26-4.)
51
(Pl’s Resp., p. 8, ECF No. 30.)
52
(Goldstein Report, ECF No. 26-8.) Although Dr. Goldstein is not an orthopedist and is not
qualified to testify about the work of Dr. Tropeano, as a board certified internist who meets the
locale requirements of the AMLA, he is qualified to give an opinion about the care provided by
BOP medical staff who provide primary care to inmates. (Id.)
16
knowledge of a lay person, and Plaintiff cannot rely on this exception to the AMLA’s expert
requirement.
Plaintiff also attempts to prove his medical malpractice claim through reliance on medical
texts and treatises.
Plaintiff has referenced various medical textbooks and articles for the
propositions that “radiographs should be routinely obtained for every patient who presents with a
knee injury” and “studies in orthopedics show that ‘radiographs are among the most commonly
ordered imaging studies for traumatic injury to the knee joint.’”53
Although evidence of medical malpractice may be shown by reliance on an authoritative
textbook or treatise,54 when a medical malpractice plaintiff relies on a medical text or treatise,
the plaintiff must prove that the text or treatise is authoritative.55 “Extracts from [a] treatise . . .
‘are not admissible unless the treatise is first approved by an expert as authoritative and
standard,’ and is relevant to the issue for which it is presented . . . .”56
In the present case, Plaintiff has not only failed to attach relevant excerpts from the
textbooks and articles, he has offered no proof that the textbooks and articles cited to are
authoritative. Therefore, he cannot rely on them to prove his claim.
53
(Pl’s Resp., p. 11, ECF No. 30.)
54
Anderson, 778 So.2d at 811.
55
See 31 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 443 (citing Bobo v. Bryant, 706 So. 2d 763 (Ala. Civ. App.
1997), reh’g denied, (Nov. 21, 1997)) (“Extracts from treatise are not admissible unless treatise
is first approved by expert as authoritative and standard, and is relevant to issue for which it is
presented.”).
56
Bobo, 706 So. 2d at 766 (citing Johnson v. McMurray, 461 So.2d 775, 779 (Ala. 1984)
(quoting C. Gamble, McElroy’s Alabama Evidence, § 258.01(2),(3) (3d ed. 1977))). The Bobo
Court rejected the plaintiff’s reliance on a medical textbook to prove her medical malpractice
claim because she “failed to have the extracts upon which she relied approved by an expert as
authoritative and standard.” Id.
17
Moreover, the textbooks and articles do not address the causation element of Plaintiff’s
case. Even if the Court were to find that the textbooks and articles were authoritative, nothing
cited by Plaintiff establishes that the timing of his x-rays and MRIs proximately caused any
injury. He has submitted no expert proof that an earlier x-ray or earlier MRI would have
changed the course of treatment or the outcome.
Because none of the exceptions to the requirement of expert testimony under the AMLA
applies to the facts of this case, Plaintiff was required to present medical expert testimony in
opposition to the motion for summary judgment of the United States, but he failed to do so.57
Accordingly, the United States is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and the motion for
summary judgment of the United States is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/ S. Thomas Anderson
S. THOMAS ANDERSON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Date: January 3, 2017.
57
See Dews v. Mobile Infirmary Ass’n, 659 So.2d 61 (Ala. 1995) (explaining that, when a
defendant in a medical malpractice case moves for summary judgment and makes the requisite
prima facie showing of non-liability, the plaintiff must present substantial evidence that the
alleged the breach of the appropriate standard of care probably caused the injury.) See also
University of Alabama Health Services v. Bush, 638 So.2d 794, 802 (Ala. 1994) (finding that
expert medical testimony that the alleged negligence probably caused, rather than only possibly
caused, the injury must be offered to prove causation in a medical malpractice case).
18
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