Actus, LLC v. Bank of America Corp. et al

Filing 1

ORIGINAL COMPLAINT against all defendants (Filing fee $ 350. Receipt # 05400000000001951781), filed by Actus, LLC. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit A, # 2 Exhibit B, # 3 Exhibit C, # 4 Exhibit D, # 5 Civil Cover Sheet)(ch, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS MARSHALL DIVISION

ACTUS, LLC, Plaintiff, v. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) BANK OF AMERICA CORP.; BLAZE MOBILE, INC.; CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORP.; ENABLE HOLDINGS, INC.; GOOGLE, INC.; GREEN DOT CORP.; JAVIEN DIGITAL PAYMENT SOLUTIONS, INC.; (8) JPMORGAN CHASE & CO.; (9) MASTERCARD INTERNATIONAL, INC.; (10) META FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.; (11) M&T BANK CORP.; (12) OBOPAY, INC.; (13) SONIC SOLUTIONS; (14) VISA, INC.; (15) VIVENDI, SA; (16) WAL-MART STORES, INC.; (17) THE WALT DISNEY CO.; (18) THE WESTERN UNION CO.; (19) WILDTANGENT, INC.; (20) AGILECO, Defendants.

CIVIL ACTION NO. 2:09-cv-102 JURY TRIAL DEMANDED

ORIGINAL COMPLAINT FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT 1. This is an action for patent infringement in which Actus, LLC makes the following

allegations against: Bank of America Corp.; Blaze Mobile, Inc.; Capital One Financial Corp.; Enable Holdings, Inc.; Google, Inc.; Green Dot Corp.; Javien Digital Payment Solutions, Inc.; JPMorgan Chase & Co.; MasterCard International, Inc.; Meta Financial Group, Inc.; M&T Bank Corp.; Obopay, Inc.; Sonic Solutions; Visa, Inc.; Vivendi, SA; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.; The Walt Disney Co.; The Western Union Co.; WildTangent, Inc.; and AgileCO (collectively the "Defendants"). PARTIES 2. Plaintiff Actus, LLC ("Plaintiff") is a Texas limited liability company with its

principal place of business at 201 W. Houston, Marshall, Texas 75670. Daniel F. Perez is the Manager and Owner of Actus. Plaintiff Actus' registered agent in Texas is Daniel F. Perez, 201 W. Houston, Marshall, Texas 75670. 3. On information and belief, Defendant Bank of America Corp. ("Bank of America"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 100 N. Tryon Street, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28255. Defendant Bank of America's registered agent in Texas is CT Corporation System, 350 N. St. Paul St., Dallas, Texas 75201. 4. On information and belief, Defendant Blaze Mobile, Inc. ("Blaze"), is a California corporation with its principal place of business at 1851 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 2500, Alameda, California 94502. 5. On information and belief, Defendant Capital One Financial Corp. ("Capital One"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 1680 Capital One Drive, McLean, Virginia 22102. 6. On information and belief, Defendant Enable Holdings, Inc. ("Enable"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 8725 W. Higgins Road, Suite 900, Chicago, Illinois 60631. 7. On information and belief, Defendant Google, Inc. ("Google"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California 94043. 2

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On information and belief, Defendant Green Dot Corp. ("Green Dot"), is a California

corporation with its principal place of business at 605 E. Huntington Drive, Suite 205, Monrovia, California 91016. 9. On information and belief, Defendant Javien Digital Payment Solutions, Inc. ("Javien"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at Teqcorner Building, 1616 Anderson Road, Suite 206, McLean, Virginia 22102. 10. On information and belief, Defendant JPMorgan Chase & Co. ("JPMorgan"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 270 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017. 11. On information and belief, Defendant MasterCard International, Inc. ("MasterCard"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 2000 Purchase Street, Purchase, New York, 10577. Defendant MasterCard's registered agent in Texas is CT Corporation System, 1601 Elm Street, Dallas, Texas 75201. 12. On information and belief, Defendant Meta Financial Group, Inc. ("Meta"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 121 East Fifth Street, Storm Lake, Iowa 50588. 13. On information and belief, Defendant M&T Bank Corp. ("M&T"), is a New York corporation with its principal place of business at One M&T Plaza, Buffalo, New York, 14203. 14. On information and belief, Defendant Obopay, Inc. ("Obopay"), is a California corporation with its principal place of business at 2741 Middlefield Road, Suite 200, Palo Alto, California 94306. Defendant Obopay's registered agent in Texas is CT Corporation System, 350 N. St. Paul Street, Dallas, Texas 75201. 15. On information and belief, Defendant Sonic Solutions ("Sonic"), is a California corporation with its principal place of business at 101 Rowland Way, Suite 110, Novato, California 94945. 16. On information and belief, Defendant Visa, Inc. ("Visa"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at P.O. Box 8999, San Francisco, California 94128-8999. 17. On information and belief, Defendant Vivendi, SA ("Vivendi"), is a French corporation with its principal place of business at 42 avenue de Friedland, 75380 Paris Cedex 08, France.

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18. On information and belief, Defendant Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ("Wal-Mart"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 702 S.W. 8th Street, Bentonville, Arkansas, 72716. Defendant Wal-Mart's registered agent in Texas is CT Corporation System, 350 N. St. Paul Street, Dallas, Texas 75201. 19. On information and belief, Defendant The Walt Disney Co. ("Disney"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 500 South Buena Vista Street, Burbank, California 91521. 20. On information and belief, Defendant The Western Union Co. ("Western Union"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 12500 East Belford Avenue, Englewood, Colorado 80112. Defendant Western Union's registered agent in Texas is Corporation Service Company, 701 Brazos Street, Suite 1050, Austin, Texas 78701. 21. On information and belief, Defendant WildTangent, Inc. ("Wild"), is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at 18578 NE 67th Court, Building 5, Redmond East Office Complex, Redmond, Washington 98052. Defendant Wild's registered agent in Texas is Corporation Service Company, 701 Brazos Street, Suite 1050, Austin, Texas 78701. 22. On information and belief, Defendant AgileCO ("Agile"), is a Georgia corporation with its principal place of business at 555 NorthPoint Centre East, 4th Floor, Alpharetta, Georgia 30022. JURISDICTION AND VENUE 23. This action arises under the patent laws of the United States, Title 35 of the United States Code. This Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1338(a). 24. Venue is proper in this district under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(c) and 1400(b). On information and belief, each Defendant has transacted business in this district, and has committed and/or induced acts of patent infringement in this district. 25. On information and belief, Defendant Bank of America is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 4

26. On information and belief, Defendant Blaze is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 27. On information and belief, Defendant Capital One is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 28. On information and belief, Defendant Enable is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 29. On information and belief, Defendant Google is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 30. On information and belief, Defendant Green Dot is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District.

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31. On information and belief, Defendant Javien is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 32. On information and belief, Defendant JPMorgan is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 33. On information and belief, Defendant MasterCard is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 34. On information and belief, Defendant Meta is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 35. On information and belief, Defendant M&T is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District.

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36. On information and belief, Defendant Obopay is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 37. On information and belief, Defendant Sonic is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 38. On information and belief, Defendant Visa is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 39. On information and belief, Defendant Vivendi is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 40. On information and belief, Defendant Wal-Mart is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District.

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41. On information and belief, Defendant Disney is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 42. On information and belief, Defendant Western Union is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 43. On information and belief, Defendant Wild is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. 44. On information and belief, Defendant Agile is subject to this Court's specific and general personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the Texas Long Arm Statute, due at least to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals in Texas and in this Judicial District. COUNT I INFRINGEMENT OF U.S. PATENT NO. 7,328,189 45. Plaintiff is the exclusive licensee of United States Patent No. Pat. No. 7,328,189 ("the '189 patent") entitled "Method and Apparatus for Conducting Electronic Commerce Transactions Using Electronic Tokens." The '189 Patent issued on February 5, 2008. A true and correct copy of the '189 Patent is attached as Exhibit A. 8

46. Upon information and belief, Defendant Bank of America has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Bank of America is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Bank of America Cashpay Visa Payroll Cards; Bank of America Visa Gift Cards; and Bank of America Commercial Prepaid Cards. Defendant Bank of America is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 47. Upon information and belief, Defendant Blaze has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. 9

The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Blaze is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its Blaze Mobile Wallet products and/or services. Defendant Blaze is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 48. Upon information and belief, Defendant Capital One has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Capital One is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Capital One Gift Card; and Capital One Loyalty Card. Defendant Capital One is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 49. Upon information and belief, Defendant Enable has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account 10

for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Enable is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its uBID online auction products and/or services. Defendant Enable is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 50. Upon information and belief, Defendant Google has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Google is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its Google Checkout products and/or services. Defendant Google is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 51. Upon information and belief, Defendant Green Dot has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or 11

services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Green Dot is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Green Dot Prepaid Visa; and Green Dot Prepaid MasterCard. Defendant Green Dot is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 52. Upon information and belief, Defendant Javien has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Javien is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its Javien Micropay products and/or services. Defendant Javien is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 12

53. Upon information and belief, Defendant JPMorgan has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant JPMorgan is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Chase Gift Card; Chase Payroll Card; Chase Employee Incentive Card; Chase Rebate Card; Chase University Card; and Chase Claim Payment Card. Defendant JPMorgan is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 54. Upon information and belief, Defendant MasterCard has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. 13

The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant MasterCard is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: MasterCard Prepaid Cards (e.g., Achieve Card; All-Access Card, CashPass Card); MasterCard Gift Cards; and MasterCard Payroll Card. Defendant MasterCard is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 55. Upon information and belief, Defendant Meta has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Meta is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Facecard prepaid MasterCard; All Access prepaid MasterCard; All Access prepaid Visa; READYdebit Card; SilverCard prepaid MasterCard; The BuyRIGHT prepaid MasterCard; and Upside Visa prepaid Card. Defendant Meta is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 56. Upon information and belief, Defendant M&T has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or 14

services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant M&T is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Prepaid Visa RushCard; Baby Phat Prepaid Visa RushCard; and Hilary Duff Visa Gift Card. Defendant M&T is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 57. Upon information and belief, Defendant Obopay has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Obopay is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Obopay; and Obopay

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prepaid MasterCard.

Defendant Obopay is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent

pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 58. Upon information and belief, Defendant Visa has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Visa is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Visa Buxx, Visa TravelMoney, Visa Payroll, Visa Healthcare, and Visa Reloadable Prepaid. Defendant Visa is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 59. Upon information and belief, Defendant Disney has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. 16

Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Disney is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: ESPN Shop GiftCard; ESPN Shop Gift Certificate; and Disney Online Gift Card. Defendant Disney is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 60. Upon information and belief, Defendant Western Union has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. MasterCard For example, without limitation, Defendant Western Union is marketing, and Visa Prepaid reloadable cards; and Western Union's QuickPay distributing, using, selling, and offering to sell the following products and/or services: products/services. Defendant Western Union is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 61. Upon information and belief, Defendant Agile has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '189 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a user account is opened with a 17

first vendor. The infringing products or services issue electronic tokens of a first type to the user, and add monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the first type to the user account. The infringing products or services exchange the electronic tokens in the user account for electronic tokens of a second type. The electronic tokens of the second type issue from a second vendor. The infringing products or services provide purchasing or renting of goods or services through the second member vendor utilizing the electronic tokens of the second type. Prices for the goods or services are listed in relation to the electronic tokens of the second type. The infringing products or services transfer compensation from the first vendor to the second vendor in an amount equal to the monetary value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Agile is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its AgilePay products and/or services. Defendant Agile is thus liable for infringement of the '189 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). COUNT II INFRINGEMENT OF U.S. PATENT NO. 7,249,099 62. Plaintiff is the exclusive licsensee of United States Patent No. 7,249,099 ("the '099 patent") entitled "Method and Apparatus for Conducting Electronic Commerce Transactions Using Electronic Tokens." The '099 Patent issued on July 24, 2007. A true and correct copy of the '099 Patent is attached as Exhibit B. 63. Upon information and belief, Defendant Blaze has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '099 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a first web server at a first vendor accepts electronic tokens of a first type. A second web server at a second vendor accepts electronic tokens of a second type. The infringing products and services provide a mall service provider server that communicates with the first web server and the second web server to facilitate electronic commerce therebetween. A plurality of electronic tokens of the first type issue from the mall service provider server to the first web server. The electronic tokens are adapted for use in electronic transactions for purchase or rental of goods or services from either the first web server or the second web server. The infringing products and services issue a subset 18

of the plurality of tokens of the first type to a user, and maintain a database in the mall service provider server. The database comprises account information for the first web server, and for electronic transactions conducted at the second web server utilizing electronic tokens of the first type. Compensation is transferred from the first web server to the second web server in an amount equal to the value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Blaze is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its Blaze Mobile Wallet products and/or services. Defendant Blaze is thus liable for infringement of the '099 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 64. Upon information and belief, Defendant Enable has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '099 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a first web server at a first vendor accepts electronic tokens of a first type. A second web server at a second vendor accepts electronic tokens of a second type. The infringing products and services provide a mall service provider server that communicates with the first web server and the second web server to facilitate electronic commerce therebetween. A plurality of electronic tokens of the first type issue from the mall service provider server to the first web server. The electronic tokens are adapted for use in electronic transactions for purchase or rental of goods or services from either the first web server or the second web server. The infringing products and services issue a subset of the plurality of tokens of the first type to a user, and maintain a database in the mall service provider server. The database comprises account information for the first web server, and for electronic transactions conducted at the second web server utilizing electronic tokens of the first type. Compensation is transferred from the first web server to the second web server in an amount equal to the value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Enable is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its uBID online auction products and/or services. 65. Defendant Enable is thus liable for infringement of the '099 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). Upon information and belief, Defendant Google has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '099 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the 19

United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a first web server at a first vendor accepts electronic tokens of a first type. A second web server at a second vendor accepts electronic tokens of a second type. The infringing products and services provide a mall service provider server that communicates with the first web server and the second web server to facilitate electronic commerce therebetween. A plurality of electronic tokens of the first type issue from the mall service provider server to the first web server. The electronic tokens are adapted for use in electronic transactions for purchase or rental of goods or services from either the first web server or the second web server. The infringing products and services issue a subset of the plurality of tokens of the first type to a user, and maintain a database in the mall service provider server. The database comprises account information for the first web server, and for electronic transactions conducted at the second web server utilizing electronic tokens of the first type. Compensation is transferred from the first web server to the second web server in an amount equal to the value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Google is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its Google Checkout products and/or services. Defendant Google is thus liable for infringement of the '099 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 66. Upon information and belief, Defendant Javien has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '099 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a first web server at a first vendor accepts electronic tokens of a first type. A second web server at a second vendor accepts electronic tokens of a second type. The infringing products and services provide a mall service provider server that communicates with the first web server and the second web server to facilitate electronic commerce therebetween. A plurality of electronic tokens of the first type issue from the mall service provider server to the first web server. The electronic tokens are adapted for use in electronic transactions for purchase or rental of goods or services from either the first web server or the second web server. The infringing products and services issue a subset of the plurality of tokens of the first type to a user, and maintain a database in the mall service provider server. The database comprises account information for the first web server, and for 20

electronic transactions conducted at the second web server utilizing electronic tokens of the first type. Compensation is transferred from the first web server to the second web server in an amount equal to the value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Javien is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its Javien Micropay products and/or services. Defendant Javien is thus liable for infringement of the '099 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 67. Upon information and belief, Defendant MasterCard has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '099 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a first web server at a first vendor accepts electronic tokens of a first type. A second web server at a second vendor accepts electronic tokens of a second type. The infringing products and services provide a mall service provider server that communicates with the first web server and the second web server to facilitate electronic commerce therebetween. A plurality of electronic tokens of the first type issue from the mall service provider server to the first web server ­ wherein the electronic tokens are adapted for use in electronic transactions for purchase or rental of goods or services from either the first web server or the second web server. The infringing products and services issue a subset of the plurality of tokens of the first type to a user, and maintain a database in the mall service provider server. The database comprises account information for the first web server, and for electronic transactions conducted at the second web server utilizing electronic tokens of the first type. Compensation is transferred from the first web server to the second web server in an amount equal to the value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant MasterCard is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: MasterCard Prepaid Cards (e.g., Achieve Card; All-Access Card, CashPass Card); and MasterCard Payroll Card. Defendant MasterCard is thus liable for infringement of the '099 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 68. Upon information and belief, Defendant Obopay has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '099 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or 21

services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a first web server at a first vendor accepts electronic tokens of a first type. A second web server at a second vendor accepts electronic tokens of a second type. The infringing products and services provide a mall service provider server that communicates with the first web server and the second web server to facilitate electronic commerce therebetween. A plurality of electronic tokens of the first type issue from the mall service provider server to the first web server. The electronic tokens are adapted for use in electronic transactions for purchase or rental of goods or services from either the first web server or the second web server. The infringing products and services issue a subset of the plurality of tokens of the first type to a user, and maintain a database in the mall service provider server. The database comprises account information for the first web server, and for electronic transactions conducted at the second web server utilizing electronic tokens of the first type. Compensation is transferred from the first web server to the second web server in an amount equal to the value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Obopay is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its Obopay products and/or services. Defendant Obopay is thus liable for infringement of the '099 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 69. Upon information and belief, Defendant Visa has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '099 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a first web server at a first vendor accepts electronic tokens of a first type. A second web server at a second vendor accepts electronic tokens of a second type. The infringing products and services provide a mall service provider server that communicates with the first web server and the second web server to facilitate electronic commerce therebetween. A plurality of electronic tokens of the first type issue from the mall service provider server to the first web server ­ wherein the electronic tokens are adapted for use in electronic transactions for purchase or rental of goods or services from either the first web server or the second web server. The infringing products and services issue a subset of the plurality of tokens of the first type to a user, and maintain a database in the mall service provider server. The database comprises account information for the first web server, and for electronic transactions conducted at the second web server utilizing electronic tokens of 22

the first type. Compensation is transferred from the first web server to the second web server in an amount equal to the value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Visa is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Visa Buxx, Visa TravelMoney, Visa Payroll, Visa Healthcare, and Visa Reloadable Prepaid. Defendant Visa is thus liable for infringement of the '099 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 70. Upon information and belief, Defendant Western Union has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '099 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a first web server at a first vendor accepts electronic tokens of a first type. A second web server at a second vendor accepts electronic tokens of a second type. The infringing products and services provide a mall service provider server that communicates with the first web server and the second web server to facilitate electronic commerce therebetween. A plurality of electronic tokens of the first type issue from the mall service provider server to the first web server. The electronic tokens are adapted for use in electronic transactions for purchase or rental of goods or services from either the first web server or the second web server. The infringing products and services issue a subset of the plurality of tokens of the first type to a user, and maintain a database in the mall service provider server. The database comprises account information for the first web server, and for electronic transactions conducted at the second web server utilizing electronic tokens of the first type. Compensation is transferred from the first web server to the second web server in an amount equal to the value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Western Union is marketing, distributing, using, selling, and offering to sell its QuickPay products and/or services. Defendant Western Union is thus liable for infringement of the '099 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 71. Upon information and belief, Defendant Agile has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '099 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce in a manner where a first web server at a first 23

vendor accepts electronic tokens of a first type. A second web server at a second vendor accepts electronic tokens of a second type. The infringing products and services provide a mall service provider server that communicates with the first web server and the second web server to facilitate electronic commerce therebetween. A plurality of electronic tokens of the first type issue from the mall service provider server to the first web server. The electronic tokens are adapted for use in electronic transactions for purchase or rental of goods or services from either the first web server or the second web server. The infringing products and services issue a subset of the plurality of tokens of the first type to a user, and maintain a database in the mall service provider server. The database comprises account information for the first web server, and for electronic transactions conducted at the second web server utilizing electronic tokens of the first type. Compensation is transferred from the first web server to the second web server in an amount equal to the value associated with the electronic tokens of the second type. For example, without limitation, Defendant Agile is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell its AgilePay products and/or services. Defendant Agile is thus liable for infringement of the '099 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). COUNT III INFRINGEMENT OF U.S. PATENT NO. 7,177,838 72. Plaintiff is the exclusive licensee of United States Patent No. 7,177,838 ("the '838

patent") entitled "Method and Apparatus for Conducting Electronic Commerce Transactions Using Electronic Tokens." The '838 Patent issued on February 13, 2007. A true and correct copy of the '838 Patent is attached as Exhibit C. 73. Upon information and belief, Defendant Blaze has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '838 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce over the Internet using micropayments. The infringing products or services are utilized to open a user account with a vendor for the user. One or more electronic tokens issue from the vendor to the user's account, having no physical manifestation other than a database entry of the user account. Each electronic token is associated with monetary value of at least a fraction of a dollar. The infringing products or services are 24

utilized to provide products and services that may be purchased from the vendor at micropayment levels. The user is permitted to select, at the vendor web site, a subset of products or services for purchase from the vendor. The vendor web site computes a total price for the selected subset of products or services. The infringing products or services authorize a purchase transaction without requiring third-party authentication, or a physical manifestation of the user account. If the user account contains electronic tokens having a value equal to or greater than the total price, the user is permitted to purchase the selected subset of products or services without requiring the user to disclose personal information to the vendor. The total price is subtracted from the user account, while the purchase transaction is not subject to a minimum processing fee. For example, without limitation, Defendant Blaze is marketing, distributing, using, selling, or offering to sell the following products and/or services: Blaze Mobile Wallet; and Blaze Movies. Defendant Blaze is thus liable for infringement of the '838 Patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), (b) & (c). 74. Upon information and belief, Defendant Disney has been and now is directly infringing, and indirectly infringing by way of inducing infringement and/or contributing to the infringement of the '838 Patent in the State of Texas, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United Stated, by, among other things, making, using, selling and offering to sell products and/or services for conducting electronic commerce over the Internet using micropayments. The infringing products or services are utilized to open a user account with a vendor for the user. One or more electronic tokens issue from the vendor to the user's account, having no physical manifestation other than a database entry of the user account. Each electronic token is associated with monetary value of at least a fraction of a dollar. The infringing products or services are utilized to provide products and services that may be purchased from the vendor at micr