Herrera v. USA

Filing 21

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 1 Motion to Vacate/Set Aside/Correct Sentence (2255) filed by Steven Michael Herrera. It is recommended that Movant's motion for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 be denied and the case dismissed with prejudice. It is further recommended that a certificate of appealability be denied. Signed by Magistrate Judge Don D. Bush on 4/13/2016. (kls, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
SHERMAN DIVISION

STEVEN MICHAEL HERRERA,#71728-080 §
VS.

§

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CIVIL ACTION NO. 4:13CV228
CRIMINAL ACTION NO. 4:11CR45(1)

§

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
Movant, a federal prisoner, filed a pro se motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The motion was referred to the undersigned United States Magistrate
Judge for findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations for the disposition of the case
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636 and the Amended Order for the Adoption of Local Rules for the
Assignment of Duties to the United States Magistrate Judge.
I. BACKGROUND
On March 20, 2007, Movant was convicted of theft of $20,00 - $100,000 in the 204th Judicial
District Court of Dallas, Texas. He was sentenced to ten years’ confinement, which was probated
for ten years. On May 7, 2009, a motion to revoke his state probation was filed, alleging four
violations, including the commission of two new offenses – unauthorized use of a motor vehicle and
failure to identify.
On February 16, 2011, Movant was charged by a grand jury in the underlying criminal case.
On May 5, 2011, pursuant to a plea agreement, Movant pleaded guilty to mail fraud and wire fraud,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343, respectively. Prior to sentencing, the Presentence Report
was prepared. Movant’s offense level was determined to be 14 with no points added as relevant

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conduct for any of his state convictions. One criminal history point was added for Movant’s
conviction for the unauthorized use of a motor vehicle. The court sentenced Movant to 33 months’
imprisonment on each count, to be served concurrently. He did not file a notice of appeal. However,
on November 19, 2012, Movant filed a motion to amend or correct sentence. In that motion, Movant
argued that the court should amend his sentence to run concurrently with his state sentence for theft
in the third degree, claiming that it was taken into account during the calculation of federal
sentencing guideline range as part of his criminal history.
In Movant’s § 2255 motion, he argues he is entitled to relief because counsel was ineffective
for failing to raise the issue of his federal sentence running concurrently with his state sentence at
the federal sentencing. He also claims counsel was ineffective for failing to make “clarifications to
Defendant’s sentence pursuant to Rule 35(a).” The Government filed a Response, asserting that
Movant’s claims are barred by the waiver in his plea agreement. Movant filed a Reply.
II. § 2255 PROCEEDINGS
As a preliminary matter, it should be noted that a § 2255 motion is “fundamentally different
from a direct appeal.” United States v. Drobny, 955 F.2d 990, 994 (5th Cir. 1992). A movant in a
§ 2255 proceeding may not bring a broad-based attack challenging the legality of the conviction.
The range of claims that may be raised in a § 2255 proceeding is narrow. A “distinction must be
drawn between constitutional or jurisdictional errors on the one hand, and mere errors of law on the
other.” United States v. Pierce, 959 F.2d 1297, 1300-01 (5th Cir. 1992). A collateral attack is
limited to alleging errors of “constitutional or jurisdictional magnitude.” United States v. Shaid, 937
F.2d 228, 232 (5th Cir. 1991).

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III. MOVANT’S GUILTY PLEA
Movant pleaded guilty pursuant to a written plea agreement. He also pleaded guilty at his
change of plea hearing, and affirmed his guilt in various other documents.
PLEA AGREEMENT
Movant signed a plea agreement containing the following waiver provision:
Except as otherwise provided herein, the defendant expressly waives the right to
appeal the conviction, sentence, fine and/or order of restitution or forfeiture in this
case on all grounds. The defendant further agrees not to contest the conviction,
sentence, fine and/or order of restitution or forfeiture in any post-conviction
proceeding, including, but not limited to a proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The
defendant, however, reserves the right to appeal the following: (a) any punishment
imposed in excess of the statutory maximum and (b) a claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel that affects the validity of the waiver or plea itself.

See Cause No. 4:11cr45 (dkt #20).
The Fifth Circuit has upheld the informed and voluntary waiver of post-conviction relief in
United States v. Wilkes, 20 F.3d 651, 653 (5th Cir. 1994). In United States v. Henderson, 72 F.3d
463, 465 (5th Cir. 1995), the Fifth Circuit held that a waiver may not be enforced against a § 2255
movant who claims that ineffective assistance of counsel rendered that waiver unknowing or
involuntary. In United States v. White, 307 F.3d 336 (5th Cir. 2002), the Fifth Circuit held that an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim raised in a § 2255 proceeding survives a waiver only when
the claimed assistance directly affected the validity of that waiver or the plea itself. More recently,
the Fifth Circuit noted that it has upheld § 2255 waivers except for when there is an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim that affects the validity of that waiver or the plea itself or when the
sentence exceeds the statutory maximum. United States v. Hollins, 97 F. App’x 477, 479 (5th Cir.
2004).

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In Movant’s plea agreement, Movant states:
I have read or had read to me this plea agreement and have carefully reviewed every
part of it with my attorney. I fully understand it and voluntarily agree to it.
The plea agreement also states:
The defendant has thoroughly reviewed all legal and factual aspects of this case with
defense counsel and is fully satisfied with defense counsel’s legal representation.
The defendant has received satisfactory explanations from defense counsel
concerning each paragraph of this Agreement, each of the defendant’s rights affected
thereby, and the alternatives to entering a guilty plea. After conferring with counsel,
the defendant concedes guilt and has concluded that it is in the defendant’s best
interest to enter this Agreement rather than proceeding to trial.

Finally, Movant states in his plea agreement that the “plea of guilty is freely and voluntarily made
and is not the result of force, threats, or promises other than those set forth in this Agreement.”
Consequently, Movant’s signed plea agreement shows that his guilty plea was knowingly and
voluntarily made.
PLEA HEARING
At Movant’s change of plea hearing, held on May 19, 2011, Movant states:
1.

He understood the Consent form and discussed it fully with counsel;

2.

He was satisfied with his counsel and his legal representation;

3.

He understood the charges against him;

4.

He understood the elements of the crime charged;

5.

He understood the sentencing maximum was twenty years and that he is forfeiting
a 2002 Maserati vehicle and cash proceeds greater than $100,000.00;

6.

He discussed the sentencing guidelines with counsel;

7.

He understood how the sentencing guidelines may apply to his case;

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8.

He understood that the court would be unable to determine his sentencing guideline
range until after the presentence report had been completed;

9.

He understood that the sentence imposed could be different from any estimate his
counsel, the Government, or the probation office may have given him;

10.

There were no promises, force, or threats by anyone to induce him to plead guilty;

11.

He understood that if the sentence is more severe than what he expected, he is still
bound by his guilty plea; and

12.

His guilty plea was freely and voluntarily given.

Formal declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of truth. Blackledge v. Allison, 431
U.S. 63, 74, 97 S. Ct. 1621, 1629, 52 L. Ed.2d 136 (1977).
At the plea hearing, Movant affirmed that everything in the Factual Statement was true and
correct. The court admonished Movant as to the charges against him and further explained the rights
Movant was giving up by pleading guilty to a felony. Movant states that:
1.

He understood the rights that he was waiving;

2.

There were no promises made to him leading him to plead guilty; and

3.

He was pleading guilty voluntarily, of his own free will, because he is guilty of the
crime charged.

Formal declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of truth. Allison, 431 U.S. at 74, 97
S. Ct. at 1629. Although a defendant’s attestation of voluntariness at the time of the plea is not an
absolute bar to later contrary contentions, it places a heavy burden upon him. United States v. Diaz,
733 F.2d 371, 373-74 (5th Cir. 1984). Movant’s plea hearing shows that his plea was knowing and
voluntary.

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CONSENT TO ADMINISTRATION OF GUILTY PLEA
Additionally, on May 19, 2011, Movant signed a Consent to Administration of Guilty Plea.
In the Consent, Movant states that
1.

He understood his trial rights, and that by pleading guilty, he knew he was giving up
those rights – except for the right to counsel;

2.

He understood that the court will consult the Sentencing Guidelines in assessing a
sentence;

3.

He understood that the court, however, is not bound by the Guidelines;

4.

He understood that, although he may have been given a possible range of
punishment, it is only an estimate;

5.

He understood that his punishment could be increased based on various factors such
as prior criminal history, his role or participation in the crime, the quantity of
contraband attributed to him, or the use of weapons;

6.

He was aware that the court is not bound by any agreements between himself and the
Government;

7.

He understood that only the United States District Judge will determine his sentence;

8.

He was making his plea of guilty of his own free will;

9.

He was not induced or forced to plead guilty;

10.

No promises or threats had been made to induce him to plead guilty;

11.

He pleaded guilty because he was guilty;

12.

He fully understood the charges, including the statutory minimum and maximum
penalties, as well as terms related to supervised release, special assessments,

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forfeiture, and restitution;
13.

He fully understood the ramifications of pleading guilty and had no reservations or
questions concerning it;

14.

He was not under the influence of any substances or medications and he was fully
competent to enter a plea before the court;

15.

He knew that, before pleading guilty, if he had any questions, he could freely consult
with his attorney;

16.

He was satisfied with his attorney’s representation;

17.

He signed the Factual Statement;

18.

The Factual Statement is true and correct;

19.

He reviewed the Factual Statement and there were no material errors;

20.

He understood that his statements were made under the penalty of perjury.

Movant’s Consent shows that his guilty plea was knowingly and voluntarily made.
FACTUAL STATEMENT
The Factual Statement reflected that, after falsely telling individual investors they would be
investing in a legitimate oil and gas venture, Movant caused several investors to send checks by
Federal Express or funds by wire transfer to him. Movant deposited the checks into an account held
by him. Movant fraudulently used the proceeds from the checks and wire transfers to purchase a
2002 Maserati Cambiocorsa. Losses from the mail and wire fraud were totaled at “at least
$125,825.00.” Movant also admitted to attempting to impede an official law enforcement
investigation by concealing information about the true sources of funds used to purchase the
Maserati. He conceded that he committed these offenses while on probation with Dallas County,

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Texas, for theft over $20,000 – a third-degree felony. Movant affirmed that the facts were true and
correct.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Finally, on May 25, 2011, the court entered Findings of Facts. Based on the hearing in which
Movant pleaded guilty, the court found that:
1.

Movant knowingly and voluntarily consented to the administration of the Guilty Plea
and Allocution;

2.

Movant and the Government entered into a plea agreement that has been filed and
disclosed in open court pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 11( c)(2).

3.

Movant was fully competent and capable of entering an informed plea;

4.

Movant was aware of the nature of the charges and the consequences of the plea;

5.

Movant’s plea of guilty was knowingly and voluntarily made, supported by an
independent basis in fact containing each of the essential elements of the offense.

The Findings of Facts show that Movant’s guilty plea was knowingly or voluntarily made.
In sum, the court found that Movant, after consultation with counsel, knowingly and
voluntarily pleaded guilty to the charges. It also found that Movant was fully competent and capable
of entering an informed plea. It found that he was aware of the nature of the charges and the
consequences of the plea, and that his guilty plea is a knowing and voluntary plea supported by an
independent basis in fact containing each of the essential elements of the offenses.
The District Court accepted Movant’s guilty plea. In cases where the record establishes that
the defendant understood the nature of the charge against him and the direct consequences of his act,
the rudimentary demands of a fair proceeding and a knowing, voluntary plea are satisfied. Wright

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v. United States, 624 F.2d 557, 561 (5th Cir. 1980). Movant fails to show that he did not understand
the nature of a constitutional protection that he was waiving or that he had “such an incomplete
understanding of the charges against him that this plea cannot stand as an admission of guilt.” James
v. Cain, 56 F.3d 662, 666 (5th Cir. 1995). The Fifth Circuit has held that a defendant’s testimony
at the plea colloquy that no one attempted in any way to force him to plead guilty carries a strong
presumption of verity. United States v. Abreo, 30 F.3d 29, 31 (5th Cir. 1994). If a defendant
understands the nature of the charges against him and the consequences of his plea, yet voluntarily
chooses to plead guilty, the plea must be upheld on federal review. Diaz v. Martin, 718 F.2d 1372,
1376-77 (5th Cir. 1983).
IV. CONCLUSION
The court concludes that Movant’s guilty plea was knowing and voluntary after examining
his Plea Agreement, the plea hearing transcript, the Consent, the Factual Statement, and Findings
of Fact. Thus, the guilty plea must be upheld on federal review. Id. Movant’s two issues - that
counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of his federal sentence running concurrently with
his state sentence at federal sentencing and for failing to make clarifications to Defendant’s sentence
pursuant to Rule 35(a) – are not issues reserved for review in his plea agreement. Movant does not
allege that his sentence exceeded the statutory maximum. Nor does he allege an ineffective
assistance of counsel issue that affects the validity of the waiver or the plea itself. Thus, he does not
invoke either of the two very narrow exceptions to his waiver.

“A guilty plea, since it admits all

the elements of a formal criminal charge, waives all non-jurisdictional defects in the proceedings
against a defendant.” Barrientos v. United States, 668 F.2d 838, 842 (5th Cir. 1982). Movant
claimed that he understood the charges and the minimum and maximum penalties, and that his plea

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of guilty was knowingly and voluntarily made. He fails to show that he did not understand the nature
of a constitutional protection he was waiving or that he had “such an incomplete understanding of
the charges against him that this plea cannot stand as an admission of guilt.” James, 56 F.3d at 666.
For these reasons, the motion should be denied and the case dismissed.
V. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
An appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from a final order in a proceeding under
§ 2255 “unless a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of appealability.” 28 U.S.C. §
2253(c)(1)(B). Although Movant has not yet filed a notice of appeal, it is respectfully recommended
that the court, nonetheless, address whether Movant would be entitled to a certificate of
appealability. See Alexander v. Johnson, 211 F.3d 895, 898 (5th Cir. 2000) (A district court may sua
sponte rule on a certificate of appealability because “the district court that denies a petitioner relief
is in the best position to determine whether the petitioner has made a substantial showing of a denial
of a constitutional right on the issues before the court. Further briefing and argument on the very
issues the court has just ruled on would be repetitious.”).
A certificate of appealability may issue only if a movant has made a substantial showing of
the denial of a constitutional right. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). The Supreme Court fully explained the
requirement associated with a “substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right” in Slack
v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484, 120 S. Ct. 1595, 1603-04, 146 L. Ed.2d 542 (2000). In cases where
a district court rejected a petitioner’s constitutional claims on the merits, “the petitioner must
demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional
claims debatable or wrong.” Id.; Henry v. Cockrell, 327 F.3d 429, 431 (5th Cir. 2003). “When a
district court denies a habeas petition on procedural grounds without reaching the petitioner’s

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underlying constitutional claim, a COA should issue when the petitioner shows, at least, that jurists
of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a
constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was
correct in its procedural ruling.” Id.
In this case, it is respectfully recommended that reasonable jurists could not debate the denial
of Movant’s § 2255 motion on substantive or procedural grounds, nor find that the issues presented
are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed. See Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336-37,
123 S. Ct. 1029, 1039, 154 L. Ed.2d 931 (2003) (citing Slack, 529 U.S. at 484, 120 S. Ct. at 1604).
Accordingly, it is respectfully recommended that the court find that Movant is not entitled to a
certificate of appealability.
VI. RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that Movant’s motion for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 be denied and the
case dismissed with prejudice. It is further recommended that a certificate of appealability be denied.
Within fourteen (14) days after service of the magistrate judge’s report, any party must serve
and file specific written objections to the findings and recommendations of the magistrate judge.
28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)( C). In order to be specific, an objection must identify the specific finding or
recommendation to which objection is made, state the basis for the objection, and specify the place
in the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation where the disputed determination is found. An
objection that merely incorporates by reference or refers to the briefing before the magistrate judge
is not specific.
Failure to file specific, written objections will bar the party from appealing the unobjected-to
factual findings and legal conclusions of the magistrate judge that are accepted by the district court,

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.

except upon grounds of plain error, provided that the party has been served with notice that such
consequences will result from a failure to object See Douglass v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n, 79 F.3d
1415, 1430 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc), superceded by statute on other grounds, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)
(extending the time to file objections from ten to fourteen days).
SIGNED this 13th day of April, 2016.
.

____________________________________
DON D. BUSH
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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