Kruse et al v. The Bank of New York Mellon et al
Filing
46
Memorandum Opinion and Order granting 35 Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment. (Ordered by Judge Jane J Boyle on 4/1/2013) (axm)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
DALLAS DIVISION
DENNIS KRUSE and MADISON
KRUSE,
Plaintiffs,
v.
THE BANK OF NEW YORK
MELLON, et al.,
Defendants.
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CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:11-CV-3480-B
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Before the Court is a Motion for Summary Judgment (doc. 35) filed by Defendants The Bank
of New York Mellon f/k/a The Bank of New York, as Successor Trustee to JPMorgan Chase Bank,
N.A., as Trustee for the Holders of the SAMI II Trust 2004-AR7, Mortgage Pass Through
Certificates Series 2004-AR7 (“Bank of New York”), and Bank of America, N.A., as a named party
and successor by merger to BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P. (“Bank of America”) (collectively
“Defendants”). For the reasons stated below, the Court finds the Motion should be and hereby is
GRANTED.
I.
BACKGROUND1
Plaintiffs Dennis and Madison Kruse refinanced their home at 10573 Inwood Road, Dallas,
Texas 75229 (the “Property”) in 2004 with a loan obtained from non party Countrywide Home
1
The Court takes its factual account from the uncontested facts contained in the summary judgment
record. Any contested fact is identified as the allegation of a particular party.
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Loans for $2,944,403.00. In 2007, Plaintiffs’ business suffered severe losses, forcing Plaintiffs to close
their business and causing them to fall behind on their mortgage payments. In 2011, Defendants
initiated foreclosure proceedings. Plaintiffs allege that they contacted Bank of America about a loan
modification and were told that foreclosure would be postponed to allow them to submit financial
information about a repayment plan. Plaintiffs also allege they called Bank of America inquiring
about the amount needed to bring their account current and that no one from Bank of America
returned their call.2
When Plaintiffs realized their foreclosure sale had not been postponed, they filed the present
lawsuit alleging breach of contract, anticipatory breach of contract, unreasonable collection, malice,
violations of the Texas Finance Code, and negligent misrepresentation. Pls. Br. 2. Defendants filed
a Motion to Dismiss, which the Court granted in part and denied in part. Doc. 25, Order. Plaintiffs’
remaining claims are for violations the Texas Debt Collection Act (“TDCA”), codified in Sections
392.304(a)(8) and 392.304(a)(19) of the Texas Finance Code. Defendants move for summary
judgment as to these two remaining claims (doc. 35). Plaintiffs have responded and the Motion is
ripe for decision.
II.
LEGAL STANDARDS
A.
Summary Judgment
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) provides summary judgment is appropriate “if the
movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
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Plaintiffs are currently in possession of the Property and it has not been foreclosed upon.
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judgment as a matter of law.” The substantive law governing a matter determines which facts are
material to a case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The summary judgment
movant bears the burden to prove that no genuine issue of material fact exists. Latimer v. Smithkline
& French Labs, 919 F.2d 301, 303 (5th Cir. 1990). However, if the non-movant ultimately bears the
burden of proof at trial, the summary judgment movant may satisfy its burden by pointing to the mere
absence of evidence supporting the non-movant’s case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23
(1986).
Once the summary judgment movant has met this burden, the non-movant must “go beyond
the pleadings and designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Little v.
Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994)(per curiam)(citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325).
In determining whether a genuine issue exists for trial, the court will view all of the evidence in the
light most favorable to the nonmovant. Munoz v. Orr, 200 F.3d 291, 302 (5th Cir. 2000). But the
non-movant must produce more than “some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita
Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). If the non-movant is unable to make
such a showing, the court must grant summary judgment. Little, 37 F.3d at 1076.
III.
ANALYSIS
Plaintiffs’ remaining claims are based on alleged violations of the TDCA, specifically Tex. Fin.
Code §§ 392.304(a)(8) and 392.304(a)(19). Section 392.304(a)(8) prohibits misrepresenting the
character, extent or amount of a consumer debt and Section 392.304(a)(19) prohibits using “[a]ny
false representation or deceptive means to collect a debt.”
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Defendants move for summary judgment on three grounds: (1) Bank of America did not
make an affirmative statement that was false or misleading, (2) any alleged oral representation made
by Bank of America is barred by the statute of frauds, and (3) Plaintiffs have offered no evidence that
they have sustained actual damages as a result of Defendants’ alleged TDCA violations. The Court
will address each argument below.
A.
Misleading Statement
“To violate the TDCA using a misrepresentation, ‘the debt collector must have made an
affirmative statement that was false or misleading.’” Hassell v. Bank of Am., N.A., CIV.A. H-12-1530,
2013 WL 211154, at *4 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 18, 2013)(quoting Burr v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No.
4:11-CV-03519, 2012 WL 1059043, at *7 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 28, 2012)). In this case, Plaintiffs allege
that a Bank of America representative offered to postpone the foreclosure sale if Plaintiffs provided
additional financial information.
Plaintiffs provide Dennis Kruse’s Affidavit as evidence that they contacted Bank of America
on November 15, 2011 to ask about a loan modification. Pl. App. 2. According to Kruse, “Melanie”
at Bank of America informed him that the Property was set for foreclosure sale, but offered to
postpone the impending foreclosure to allow Plaintiffs to submit financial information for a
repayment plan. Id. Kruse also states that he called Bank of America again inquiring about what
amount was needed to bring the account current and was told that Bank of America would call
Plaintiffs back, which never happened. Pls. App. 2. Kruse states that he confirmed the agreement
for repayment and postponement of the foreclosure via letter and fax, but that Plaintiffs never heard
back from Bank of America. Id. Plaintiffs assumed there was an agreement until receiving foreclosure
notices. Id.
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Defendants provide summary judgment evidence in the form of a Declaration by Bank of
America Assistant Vice President Yeny Beltran. Defs. App. 1-2. Beltran states “at no time did Bank
of America promise it would postpone the foreclosure of Plaintiffs’ property.” Defs. App. 2.
Because Plaintiffs and Defendants provide conflicting accounts through proper summary
judgment evidence of the alleged misrepresentation by a Bank of America representative, the Court
concludes there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Defendants made an affirmative
statement that was false or misleading.
B.
Statue of Frauds
Defendants next argue that Plaintiffs’ TDCA claims are barred by the statute of frauds.
Defendants argue that because Plaintiffs’ mortgage exceeded $50,000 and any modification would
at least result in the alteration of a lien on real property, the alleged oral representations to support
Plaintiffs’ TDCA claims are barred by the statute of frauds. Defs. Br. 5. Plaintiffs respond that the
statue of frauds only applies to the enforceability of oral agreements, while the TDCA deals with
“prohibited debt collection methods.” Tex. Fin. Code, Subchapter D, §§ 392.301-306(TDCA); Tex.
Bus. & Com. Code § 26.02(b)(statute of frauds). Thus, Plaintiffs argue the statute of frauds has no
relevance to the TDCA.
Under Texas law, the statute of frauds makes any unwritten agreement for a loan in excess
of $50,000 unenforceable. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 26.02(b). “An agreement to delay foreclosure
falls under § 26.02(b).” Milton v. U.S. Bank Nat. Ass’n, 4:10-CV-538, 2012 WL 1969935, at *3 (E.D.
Tex. May 31, 2012), affirmed 12-40742, 2013 WL 264561 (5th Cir. Jan. 18, 2013). “Parties to a
written contract that is within the provisions of the statute of frauds may not by mere oral agreement
alter one or more of the terms of that contract.” Ellen v. F.H. Partners, LLC, 03-09-00310-CV, 2010
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WL 4909973 (Tex. App.–Austin Dec. 1, 2010, no pet.)(internal quotations omitted)(quoting
Dracopoulas v. Rachal, 411 S.W.2d 719, 721 (Tex.1967)).
Based on the parties’ briefing and its own research, the Court has found only three cases that
squarely address the applicability of the statue of frauds to a plaintiff’s TDCA claim. Two of the cases
hold the statute of frauds bars a plaintiff’s TDCA claim and the other case holds that the statute of
frauds “has no bearing on the claims under the TDCA.” Singh v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, NA, 4:11CV-607, 2012 WL 3904827, at *8 (E.D. Tex. July 31, 2012) report and recommendation adopted, 2012
WL 3891060 (E.D. Tex. Sept. 7, 2012)(statute of frauds bars TDCA claim); Pardy v. Chase Home
Fin., L.L.C., 4:10-CV-684, 2012 WL 469868, at *1 (E.D. Tex. Feb. 14, 2012)(statute of frauds bars
TDCA claim); Knigge v. Bank of Am. Corp., 4:11-CV-295, 2012 WL 629093, at *4 (E.D. Tex. Feb.
27, 2012) report and recommendation adopted, 2012 WL 1108337 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 30, 2012)(slip
copy)(“statute of frauds has no bearing on claims under the TDCA”).
Due to the limited authority directly on point, the Court looks to an analogous Texas
consumer protection statute, the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act at Tex. Bus. & Com. Code
Ann. §§ 17.41-17.63 (“DTPA”), to glean perspective on the applicability of the statute of frauds to
the TDCA. The DTPA grants consumers a cause of action when, inter alia, the consumer has been
the victim of a “false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice.” Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §
17.50(a). In addressing the applicability of the statute of frauds to the DTPA, a Texas court of
appeals stated “it is not only the nature of damages sought but also the relationship of the promise
to the purposes of the statute of frauds which controls the application of the statute.” Keriotis v.
Lombardo Rental Trust, 607 S.W.2d 44, 46 (Tex. Civ. App.–Beaumont 1980, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(citing
Rankin v. Naftalis, 557 S.W.2d 940, 943-44 (Tex. 1977)). The court found that “the alleged
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misrepresentation and the damages sought support the conclusion that plaintiff is attempting to
recover damages for failure to perform an oral promise governed by the statute of frauds” and that
the DTPA claim was properly viewed as a breach of contract claim. Id. In affirming the trial court’s
dismissal of the DTPA claim as unenforceable under the statute of frauds, the Court stated that “[t]o
hold otherwise would be to create an anomoly, and allow one to do indirectly what he could not by
law do directly.” Id. However, a DTPA claim may survive despite the statute of frauds if there is “a
factual misrepresentation independent of the alleged unenforceable agreement.” McClure v. Duggan,
674 F. Supp. 211, 224 (N.D. Tex. 1987); see James W. Paulsen, Lenders and the Texas DTPA: A Step
Back from the Brink, 48 SMU L. Rev. 487, 566 (1995).
More generally under Texas law, “a plaintiff may not recover tort for claims arising out of an
unenforceable contract under the statute of frauds.” Hugh Symons Group v. Motorola, Inc., 292 F.3d
466, 470 (5th Cir.2002)(citing Haase v. Glazner, 62 S.W.3d 795, 797 (Tex.2001)). “To the extent,
however, that a plaintiff's fraud claim seeks out-of-pocket damages incurred by relying upon a
defendant's misrepresentations, those damages are not part of the benefit of any bargain between the
parties. They therefore might be recoverable without contravening the statute of frauds.” Id. (citing
Haase, 62 S.W.3d at 799–800).
Based on the authority listed above, the Court concludes that the statute of frauds may act
to bar certain claims of misrepresentation under the TDCA. Here, Plaintiffs allege Defendants orally
misrepresented they would postpone foreclosure of the Property. This alleged oral agreement was to
modify a term of the loan3 and, therefore, the oral agreement was subject to and made unenforceable
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Paragraph 7.D of the Note states “[e]ven if, at a time when I am in default, the Note Holder does
not require me to pay immediately in full as described above, the note Holder will still have the right to do
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by the statute of frauds. See Wiley v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 3:11-CV-1241-B, 2012 WL 1945614, at *6
(N.D. Tex. May 30, 2012). This Court previously dismissed Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim based
on the unenforceability of the alleged oral agreement due to the statute of frauds, among other
reasons. Doc. 25, Order M. Dismiss 12. Plaintiffs failed to plead or present evidence of damages
specific to their TDCA claims4 and as such fail to demonstrate any “out-of-pocket damages” outside
of the unenforceable agreement. See Hugh Symons Group, 292 F.3d at 470. Further, Plaintiffs have
not alleged a “factual misrepresentation independent of” the unenforceable agreement. McClure, 674
F. Supp. at 224 (DTPA).
Here, the “alleged misrepresentation[s] and the damages sought support the conclusion that
[Plaintiffs] are attempting to recover damages for failure to perform an oral promise governed by the
statute of frauds.” Keriotis, 607 S.W.2d at 46. To allow Plaintiffs to recover under the TDCA would
be to “allow [them] to do indirectly what [they] could not by law do directly.” Id. Summary judgment
in Defendants’ favor is therefore appropriate on Plaintiffs’ remaining claims under the TDCA.
C.
Actual Damages, Malice, Accounting, Declaratory Judgment
Because summary judgment is proper as to all of Plaintiffs’ remaining claims, there are no
substantive claims upon which actual damages, exemplary damages, an accounting, or a declaratory
judgment may be awarded. Thus, Plaintiffs’ aforementioned requests are DISMISSED.
so if I am in default at a later time.” Doc. 35-2, Def. App. 6. Paragraph 12 of the Deed of Trust entitled
“Borrower Not Released; Forbearance By Lender Not a Waiver” states “[a]ny forbearance by Lender in
exercising any right or remedy . . . shall not be a waiver of or preclude exercise of any right or remedy.” Doc.
1-1, Notice of Removal Ex. A.
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Plaintiffs’ only evidence of damages is presented in Dennis Kruse’s Affidavit. Pl. App. 3.
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IV.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment (doc. 35).
SO ORDERED.
SIGNED: April 1, 2013.
_________________________________
JANE J. BOYLE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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