Highpoint Risk Services LLC v. Companion Property & Casualty Insurance Co
Filing
87
Memorandum Opinion and Order re: 37 Defendant's Renewed Motion to Transfer Venue and Brief in Support; and 58 Plaintiffs' Motion to Strike Inadmissible Evidence Offered in Defendant's Appendix in Support of Defendant's Renewed Motion to Transfer Venue and Brief in Support. The motion to strike is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, and the motion to transfer is DENIED. (Ordered by Magistrate Judge Irma Carrillo Ramirez on 8/25/2016) (mcrd)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
DALLAS DIVISION
HIGHPOINT RISK SERVICES LLC,
and ASPEN ADMINISTRATORS, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
COMPANION PROPERTY &
CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY,
a/k/a Sussex Insurance Company,
Defendant.
v.
CHARLES DAVID WOOD, JR.; AMS
STAFF LEASING, INC.;
BRECKENRIDGE ENTERPRISES, INC.;
and AMS STAFF LEASING II, INC.,
Third-Party Defendants.
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§ Civil Action No. 3:14-CV-3398-L(BH)
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Pursuant to the order of reference dated May 6, 2016 (doc. 73 at 1),1 before the Court for
determination is Defendant’s Renewed Motion to Transfer Venue and Brief in Support, filed October
23, 2015 (doc. 37), and Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike Inadmissible Evidence Offered in Defendant’s
Appendix in Support of Defendant’s Renewed Motion to Transfer Venue and Brief in Support, filed
April 1, 2016 (doc. 58). Based on the relevant filings and applicable law, the motion to strike is
GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, and the motion to transfer is DENIED.
1
Citations to the record refer to the CM/ECF system page number at the top of each page
rather than the page numbers at the bottom of each filing.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 20, 2014 Highpoint Risk Services LLC (Highpoint) filed suit against Companion
Property & Casualty Insurance Company n/k/a Sussex Insurance Company (Defendant) for
assumpsit, common law indemnification, equitable subrogation, breach of implied contract, and
attorneys’ fees in the 134th Judicial District Court in Dallas County, Texas. (doc. 1-1 at 3-16.)
Defendant removed the case to federal court on diversity grounds on September 19, 2014. (doc. 1
at 2.) Aspen Administrators, Inc. (Aspen) was added as a required party under Rule 19(a)(1) on
September 11, 2015. (docs. 29, 33).
This case arises from Defendant’s alleged failed to reimburse Highpoint and Aspen
(Plaintiffs) for monetary advancements they allegedly made on Defendant’s behalf related to a line
of “pay as you go” or “PayGo” workers’ compensation policies (the PayGo Policies). (doc. 33 at
3-4.) Defendant is a multiple-line insurer that offers its products through an independent agency
system where licensed agents issue Defendant’s insurance policies, collect premiums, and pay
claims. (Id. at 3.) The PayGo Policies are unlike traditional workers’ compensation policies in that
the premiums for these policies are calculated based on a company’s actual payroll and paid at the
end of each pay period.2 (Id. at 4 n.1.)
Highpoint is a licensed insurance agency that solicits business in several states, including
Texas, as an agent for insurers who provided various types of coverage, including workers’
compensation and employer’s liability insurance. (Id. at 3.) It was responsible for issuing the
PayGo Policies, collecting and remitting premiums, distributing commissions, taxes and fees, and
2
In traditional workers’ compensation policies, payment of annual premiums are based on
a company’s estimated payroll for the year. (doc. 33 at 4.)
2
advancing funds to a claims payment account on behalf of Defendant. (doc. 60 at 6-7.) It also
advanced funds on behalf of Defendant to Aspen and the various third-party administrators
responsible for the payment of individual workers’ compensation claims covered under the PayGo
program. (Id. at 7.) Aspen is a third-party administrator that disbursed funds advanced by
Highpoint under the PayGo Policies. (doc. 33 at 8.)
A.
The Agreements
1.
2005 Coverage Agreement
On December 1, 2005, Defendant entered into a coverage agreement (2005 Coverage
Agreement) with Dallas National Insurance Company (DN) and several professional employer or
staff leasing organizations (the AMS Entities)3 that were owned by Charles David Wood, Jr.
(Wood). (doc. 38 at 6-11.) The AMS Entities were professional employer organizations whose
clients primarily consisted of construction contractors other than general contractors. (Id. at 6.) For
6% of the gross written manual premium, Defendant agreed to issue one or more workers’
compensation insurance policies to provide coverage of employees hired by the AMS Entities to
work for their clients.4 (Id.) Additionally, DN agreed to reinsure the first $5 million of risk (less
3
The AMS Entities include AMS Staff Leasing Inc., AMS Staff Leasing II Inc., AMS Staff
Leasing NA, Personnel Advantage East, Inc., and Equity Group Leasing I, Inc. (doc. 38 at 6.)
4
Under the terms of the agreement:
Issuance. [Defendant] shall issues the Policies as requested by AMS subject to the
following requirements: (i) All AMS client companies with respect to which Policies
are issued must meet the underwriting requirements established from time to time by
[Defendant] and the reinsurers provided for herein; and (ii) the aggregate liability
exposure of [Defendant] in respect of the Policies shall be acceptable to [Defendant]
in its sole discretion. . . .
(doc. 38 at 6.)
3
any applicable deductible acceptable to Defendant), with the next $25 million to be reinsured by a
company acceptable to Defendant. (Id. at 7.) The 2005 Coverage Agreement expired on December
1, 2006. (Id.)
2.
2006 Coverage Agreement
Defendant, DN, and the AMS Entities entered into a second coverage agreement (2006
Coverage Agreement) on December 1, 2006. (Id. at 38-44.) It provides, in part:
2.
Background. [The AMS Entities] are all professional employer
organizations whose clients primarily consist of construction contractors other
than general contractors. These entities wish to obtain one or more workers[’]
compensation insurance policies to provide coverage over their employees
serving these clients (the “Master Policies”). [Defendant] is also willing to write
both high and low deductible workers’ compensation and commercial general
liability policies of insurance (together with the Master Policies, the “Policies”)
and [Companion] is willing to issue these Policies in states where it is licensed,
subject to and in accordance with this Agreement and the requirements of
applicable law. DN agrees to provide reinsurance and underwriting and
administrative services to [Defendant] for the Policies.
...
7.
Issuance. [Defendant] shall issue the Policies as requested by the
AMS Entities . . .
8.
Reinsurance. With respect to (a) workers’ compensation Policies,
DN shall reinsure the first $5,000.000 of risk (less any applicable deductible
acceptable to [Defendant]) under he Policies and (b) commercial general liability
Policies, DN shall reinsure up to $500,000 of risk (less any applicable deductible
acceptable to [Defendant] under the Policies, each pursuant to a reinsurance
policy in form and substance acceptable to [Defendant]. The next layer of risk
($25,000,000 of risk for workers’ compensation Policies and each of the balances
of the risk over $500,000, if any, covered under each of the commercial general
liability Policies) under the Policies shall be reinsured by a company acceptable
to [Defendant] pursuant to a reinsured policy in form and substance acceptable to
[Defendant].
...
10. Cost and Expenses. All cost and expenses incurred in connection
with the Policies shall be the sole responsibility of the AMS Entities, jointly and
severally, and [Defendant] shall have absolutely no liability whatsoever in respect
4
thereof. . . . Such costs and expenses shall also include . . .
(v) A retail commission of 15.0% of the Standard Premium will be
paid to [Highpoint] for production of Policies with respect to this Agreement.
...
12.
Claims Administration. Aspen Administrators (“Aspen”) shall
act as third party claims administrator for [Defendant] with respect to the Policies
pursuant to a Third Party Claims Administration Agreement . . . . Aspen
Administrators shall invoice the appropriate AMS Entity for all incurred claims
on a periodic basis and terms acceptable to [Defendant]. . . .
13.
Claims Collateral. During the Coverage Term of the Master
Policies, [Defendant] shall establish and maintain in its name with the Bank of
America an account to serve as a claims reserve fund (the “Claims Reserve
Fund”). At the commencement of the Coverage Term the AMS Entities shall
make an initial deposit of $1,000,000 into the Claims Reserve Fund . . . . As
actual claims are incurred the AMS Entities shall deposit into the Claims Reserve
Fund the amount of such claims on a monthly basis . . . .
14. Letter of Credit. So long as [Defendant] has any potential liability
under any Policy, an AMS Entity shall cause a Letter of Credit to be issued and
maintained in favor of [Defendant] as beneficiary in the stated amount required
by [Defendant] from time to time and payable upon written certification by
[Defendant]. . . .
15.
Guarantee. As an essential inducement to [Defendant] to enter
into this Agreement and issue the Policies, Charles D. Wood, Jr. issued in favor
of [Defendant] the guaranty and indemnity agreement . . . .
...
21.
Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and
construed in accordance with the laws of the State of South Carolina without
giving effect to any choice or conflict of laws provision or rule (whether of the
State of South Carolina or any other jurisdiction) that would cause the application
of the laws of any jurisdiction other than the State of South Carolina.
22. Litigation. The state and federal court located in Richland County,
South Carolina shall be the exclusive forums for all litigation or other proceedings
initiated by any Party under or in connection with this Agreement or the subject
matter hereof.
(Id. at 38-42.)
5
3.
Third Party Claims Agreement
Aspen and Defendant also executed a Third Party Claims Administration Agreement (the
TPCA) on December 1, 2006, “for the provision of [Aspen’s] services relating to administration of
the Policies (as defined in the [2006] Coverage Agreement) and claims asserted under the Policies.”
. (Id. at 46-62.) The TPCA provides in part that:
this Agreement is the Third Party Claims Administration Agreement contemplated
by that certain [2006] Coverage Agreement . . .
all terms not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in
the [2006] Coverage Agreement;
...
[Defendant] desires to contract with ASPEN for the provisions of its services relating
to administration of the Policies (as defined in the [2006] Coverage Agreement and
claims asserted under the Policies (“Claims”) and ASPEN desires to provide such
services (the “Services”) with respect to the Policies and Claims.
(Id. at 46) (emphasis added).
The TPCA provided that the state and federal courts of Richland County, South Carolina,
were the exclusive forums for all litigation or other proceedings initiated by either Aspen or
Defendant “under or in connection with” the TPCA or its subject matter. (Id. at 52.)
4.
Guaranty Agreement
On December 1, 2006, the owner of the AMS Entities, Wood, entered into a Guaranty and
Indemnity Agreement (the Guaranty Agreement) with Defendant. (Id. at 64-69.) He guaranteed all
the obligations of the AMS Entities under the 2006 Coverage Agreement, the TPCA, and the
“Policies.” (Id. at 64.) The Guaranty Agreement had the same forum-selection clause as the 2006
Coverage Agreement and the TPCA, identifying “state and federal courts located in Richland
County, South Carolina . . . [as] the exclusive forums for all litigation or other proceedings initiated
6
by Guarantor under or in connection with this Agreement or the subject matter hereof.” (Id. at 69.)
The 2006 Coverage Agreement, the TPCA, and the Guaranty Agreement (the Agreements)
all provide that they shall be governed by and construed or interpreted in accordance with the laws
of the State of South Carolina. (See id. at 42, 54, 68.)
5.
Other Agreements
Defendant and Redwood Reinsurance SPC, Ltd. (Redwood) executed a Workers’
Compensation and Employer’s Liability Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement (PayGo Agreement)
on October 1, 2010. (doc. 60 at 22-30.) It covered “Workers’ Compensation and Employer’s
Liability insurance underwritten and produced by Highpoint Risk Services Insurance Agency,” and
reinsured by Redwood. (Id. at 23.) The agreement defined this as “the ‘PayGo’ business.” (Id.)
Around October 2010, Defendant authorized Highpoint to serve as its agent for the PayGo Policies.
(Id. at 5.) It then filed agency appointments with regulators designating Highpoint as its agent in
Texas, California, and other states. (Id. at 6.) Under the program, Highpoint issued thousands of
policies to persons or entities not associated with Defendant, DN, or Wood. (Id. at 5.)
DN was sold on March 1, 2012.
(doc. 60 at 280.)
Following the sale, DN was
redomesticated from Texas to Delaware, and renamed Freestone Insurance Company (Freestone).
(Id.) On March 12, 2013, Freestone was sold to Lonestar Holdco, LLC (Lonestar), an entity owned
and operated by Southport Lane Management, LLC (Southport). (doc. 60 at 8.) On April 1, 2013,
Defendant, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Defendant, and DN, entered into a Program Agreement
in which “DN and [Defendant] have an agreement . . . whereby DN or one or more Program
Participants produces workers compensation, commercial general liability, and occupational
7
accident insurance business written on policies issued by [Defendant].”5 (doc. 38 at 86.) As part
of the Program Agreement, Southport Lane, LP entered into an guaranty and indemnity agreement
in favor of Defendant. (See id. at 95, 112-15.)
B.
Parallel Litigation
On the same day it removed this case to federal court, September 19, 2014, Defendant filed
suit against Plaintiffs, some of the AMS Entities, and Wood in the District of South Carolina (the
South Carolina Action).6 (See docs. 1, 1-1, 3, 22.) It asserted claims relating to the parties’ alleged
mutual obligations under the Agreements. (See doc. 22-1 at 3.) It also asserted a claim against
Plaintiffs based on the PayGo Policies. (See id. at 5.)
On October 16, 2014, Defendant moved to dismiss the claims asserted against it in this
action, and alternatively for an order requiring joinder of Aspen as a party plaintiff, and to transfer
venue to South Carolina. (docs. 5, 6, 8.) Defendant’s motion for joinder of Aspen as a party
plaintiff was granted on September 11, 2015. (docs. 24, 29.) The motion to transfer was denied
without prejudice, and Defendant was granted leave to refile it on September 24, 2015, after Aspen
was added as a plaintiff. (docs. 25, 29, 32.)
The defendants in the South Carolina Action, including Highpoint, filed two motions to
dismiss the claims against them. (See doc. 22 at 1.) On March 25, 2015, the South Carolina district
court dismissed the tort claims and all but one of the contract-based claims for failure to state a
claim, but it allowed the claim for an accounting to proceed. (doc. 22-1 at 6-8.) Notably, the Court
5
Freestone was still known as DN when it entered into this agreement on April 1, 2013.
(doc. 60 at 280.)
6
Companion Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Wood et al., No. 3:14-cv-3719-CMC (D.S.C.)
8
denied Plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss Defendant’s claim regarding the PayGo Policies without
prejudice, and it stayed the proceedings on that claim until this Court resolved the motion to transfer
venue. (Id. at 5.)
C.
Documents and Potential Witnesses
Kara Childress, the Chief Operating Officer of Freestone Insurance Company (formerly DN)
from September 2012 until May 2013, avers that the management and oversight of the PayGo
program was carried out by the employees of Highpoint, Aspen, and Freestone at their offices in
Dallas, Texas, even though Defendant is the insurer on the PayGo Policies. (doc. 60 at 1, 6-7.)
Aspen was the designated third-party administrator for the PayGo program, and it was responsible
for the payments, adjustment, and management of the vast majority of claims under the PayGo
Policies. (Id. at 7.) The PayGo Policies were issued by Highpoint on behalf of Defendant,
underwritten by Freestone’s employees, and adjusted by Aspen or through its management of
additional third-party administrators (except for policies written in Florida). (Id. at 6.)
As noted, Defendant also issued workers’ compensation policies to the AMS Entities
pursuant to the 2005 and 2006 Coverage Agreements. (docs. 38 at 6-11, 38-44; 60 at 9-10.) The
insurance claims that were issued only to the AMS Entities (the AMS Policies) were underwritten
by Freestone and/or Defendant, were adjusted by Aspen and other third-party administrators, and
were reinsured by Freestone until April 1, 2012. (doc. 60 at 9.) Childress contends that although
Plaintiffs and Freestone also managed and administered the AMS Policies, those policies were
“separate and distinct” from the PayGo Policies. (Id. at 10.) Similarly, Kristen Wynn, controller
of Highpoint, and the owner of AMS Entities both aver that the programs were “separate and
distinct.” (Id. at 126, 304.) According to Jennifer Adams, Defendant’s Program Administrator, the
9
PayGo Policies and policies issued to the AMS Entities were part of the same program. (doc. 38 at
72, 80.)
Childress maintains that the records, files, claims, and documents associated with the PayGo
program were always maintained separately from the records associated with the AMS Policies.
(doc. 60 at 10.) She avers that all records7 associated with the PayGo program have been maintained
by Plaintiffs and Freestone at their offices in Dallas. (Id. at 18-19.) Adams, on the other hand,
contends that Defendant maintains “countless volumes of records” associated with policies issued
to Wood’s insurance-related entities in Columbia, South Carolina. (doc. 38 at 80.)
Childress lists 24 potential witnesses, including current and former employees of Plaintiffs
and Freestone, and outlines their connections with the PayGo Policies. (doc. 60 at 10-16.) Adams
lists 43 potential witnesses, including herself and current and former employees of Defendant, and
their connection with policies issued to Wood’s insurance-related entities. (doc. 38 at 74-80.)
On September 11, 2015, the district court denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss, added
Aspen as an additional plaintiff, and ordered Highpoint to file an amended complaint adding Aspen
as a plaintiff. (doc. 29.) It denied Defendant’s motion to transfer without prejudice on September
24, 2015, and granted it leave to refile its motion to transfer. (doc. 32.) On September 25, 2015,
7
Including, “all records, claims files, underwriting documents, policy jackets and
endorsements, policyholder requests, communications and payroll documentation, premium
reporting and payment data, policy and underwriting audit materials, invoices, billing records, audit
endorsements, general claims correspondence, actuarial analyses, claims loss runs, policy
profitability reports, regulatory correspondence and reporting, unit statistical and accounting reports,
raw claims data from the Aspen software system, underwriting and claims system servers and
databases, data import and claims automating software and programs, claims check registers, TPA
banking records, Outside TPA contracts and correspondence, forensic accounting materials, agency
licenses, wire transfers, settlement negotiations and all other records produced in connection with
the PayGo Program.” (doc. 60 at 18.)
10
Plaintiffs filed their amended complaint. (doc. 33.) Defendant filed its renewed motion to transfer
on October 23, 2015. (doc. 37.) Plaintiffs responded on April 1, 2016.8 (doc. 59.)
II. EVIDENTIARY OBJECTIONS AND MOTION TO STRIKE
Plaintiffs objects to the declarations of Charles M. Potok, dated December 12, 2014 and
Jennifer Adams, dated October 23, 2015 that were provided in support of Defendant’s motion to
transfer. (doc. 58 at 2.)
A.
Personal Knowledge
Plaintiffs first object to paragraphs 3, 4, 6, 19, 26, 27, 32, 33, 35, and 41 of Adams’s
declaration on grounds that she has not provided a proper foundation to establish personal
knowledge of the facts to which she testifies.9 (Id. at 2-3.) In support, Plaintiffs rely on Fed. R.
Evid. 602. (Id.) “A witness may testify to a matter only if evidence is introduced sufficient to
support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter.” Fed. R. Evid. 602.
Personal knowledge may be proved by a witness’ or an affiant’s own testimony, or reasonably
inferred from his position or the nature of his participation in the matters to which he swears. See
8
Defendant notes in a footnote in its reply that Plaintiffs’ response is untimely. (doc. 66 at
2.) Plaintiffs’ deadline to respond was initially extended from November 13, 2015 to December 4,
2015 by the district court. (doc. 41.) The district court then allowed a second extension until
January 8, 2016. (doc. 43.) The district court entered a stay on all pending litigation deadlines, and
extended Plaintiffs’ deadline to respond until March 31, 2016. (doc. 45) (noting “No further
extensions will be allowed.”) Plaintiffs filed their response on April 1, 2016. (See doc. 59 at 30)
(noting that due to an “error in filing” it was not served until 12:04 AM on April 1, 2016). Under
local rules 6.1, “[a] pleading, motion, or other paper that is filed by electronic means before midnight
central time of any day will be deemed filed on that day.” L.R. 6.1 (emphasis added). Because
Defendant does not object to or move to strike Plaintiffs’ response, however, the response is
considered.
9
Without specifically addressing Potok’s declaration in this section, Plaintiffs generally cites
to paragraph 7 of his declaration. (doc. 58 at 2) (“see also id. at 4 (paragraph 7 of the Potok
Declaration).”) Because Plaintiffs do not address Potok’s declaration in this section of their motion
to strike, their apparent objection to paragraph 7 will not be considered.
11
id.; Am. Motorist Ins. Co. v. Southcrest Constr. Inc., No. 3:04–CV–2575–M, 2006 WL 995202, *9
(N.D. Tex. 2006) (citing DIRECTV v. Budden, 420 F.3d 521, 529-30 (5th Cir. 2005)). It may
include inferences and opinions so long as they are grounded in personal observation and
experience. See United States v. Cantu, 167 F.3d 198, 204 (5th Cir. 1999).
Here, Adams’s declaration avers that she was employed with Companion from July 2000 to
August 2010 as a underwriter, and from September 2012 until January 2015 as the program
administrator. (doc. 38 at 70.) Although several statement begin with “It is my understanding and
belief,” her declaration that “I have personal knowledge of the matters set forth herein.” (Id. at 71)
(emphasis added). She testifies to Defendant’s operations and relationship with Wood, Highpoint,
and the PayGo Policies. (See id. at 70-81.) Based on her positions with Defendant and her
familiarity with the details of its operations, she has the requisite personal knowledge to make the
statements at issue. Plaintiffs’ objection is overruled.10
B.
Parol Evidence
Plaintiffs next objects to paragraphs 4-6 of Potok’s declaration and paragraphs 5, 7, 9, 10,
and 12 of Adams’s declaration on grounds that they “contain inadmissible testimony purporting to
explain the understanding and intent of various integrated agreements.” (doc. 58 at 3.) They argue
that under South Carolina law, which governs the construction of the agreements offered by
Defendant, “the parol evidence rule generally excludes evidence which would give a perfectly clear
agreement a different meaning or effect than that indicated by the plain language of the
10
Because Plaintiffs’ personal knowledge objection has been overruled, it is unnecessary to
consider Defendant’s other personal knowledge arguments regarding evidentiary standards.
12
agreement.”11 (Id. (quoting First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Columbia Harbison LLC, No. 3:12-cv-00800JFA, 2013 WL 1501702, at *1 (D.S.C. Apr. 11, 2013)). Accordingly, because the two declarations
contain “inadmissible parol ‘evidence’ regarding the intent and understanding of the agreements,
they should be excluded.” (Id.)
Defendant does not dispute Plaintiffs’ objection. (doc. 69 at 5-6.) It is granted, and
paragraphs 4-6 Potok’s declaration, and paragraphs 5, 7, 9, 10, and 12 of Adams’s declaration are
stricken.12
Defendant instead compares its evidence to that provided by Plaintiffs. (doc. 69 at 6)
(“Plaintiffs’ declarants proffer precisely the same type of ‘parol’ evidence that Plaintiffs say is
inadmissible and must be stricken from the Potok and Adams Declarations.”) It argues, “If the Court
is inclined to strike these statements from Companion’s Declarations, Companion respectfully
requests that they are likewise stricken from Plaintiffs’ declarations.” (Id. at 6 n.5.) This request
does not comply with the local rules, however. See L.R. 7.1. Instead of submitting a motion, brief,
and certificate of conference as required, its objection and request to strike is embedded in a footnote
to its response to Plaintiffs’ motion to strike. The request is therefore not considered.13
11
The parol evidence rule is a “common-law principle that a writing intended by the parties
to be a final embodiment of their agreement cannot be modified by evidence of earlier or
contemporaneous agreements that might add to, vary, or contradict the writing.” Parol-Evidence
Rule, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
12
Even if the paragraphs were considered, the recommendation for disposition on the motion
to transfer would remain the same, because the language of the agreements are clear and parol
evidence is unnecessary.
13
Even if considered, Defendant fails to provide any specifics regarding what part of
Plaintiffs’ declarations should be stricken.
13
C.
Hearsay and Best Evidence
Plaintiffs also object to paragraphs 3-5, 7, 9, and 12-13 of Adams’s declaration as containing
inadmissible hearsay and violating the best evidence rule.14 (doc. 58 at 4.)
Except in limited circumstances, an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the
matter asserted is hearsay, and subject to certain exceptions, is not admissible as evidence. See Fed.
R. Evid. 801-05. Additionally, the best evidence rule provides that an original writing, recording,
or photograph is required to prove its contents unless the Federal Rules of Evidence or an Act of
Congress provides otherwise. Fed. R. Evid. 1002. Under Rule 1003, a duplicate is admissible to
the same extent as an original unless a genuine question is raised about the original’s authenticity
or the circumstances make it unfair ro admit the duplicate. Fed. R. Evid. 1003.
Here, in its entirety, Plaintiffs objects as follows:
Third, the Adams Declaration purports to set forth the substance of various
documents and agreements about which Ms. Adams does not have personal
knowledge. See Doc. 38 at 71-74 (paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 12-13 of the Adams
Declaration). That testimony constitutes inadmissible hearsay and violates the best
evidence rule. See FED. R. EVID. 802 and 1002; Lifecare Mgmt. Servs., LLC v. Ins.
Mgmt. Adm’rs, Inc., No. 3:08-CV-1641-M, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 85568, at *8-9
(N.D. Tex. Aug. 18, 2010) (striking declaration testimony under the best evidence
rule). Therefore, the Court should also strike that testimony on those grounds.
(doc. 58 at 4.) Federal Rule of Evidence 103(a)(1) requires an objecting party to make specific
objections detailing the specific evidence it wishes to strike and stating the specific grounds for
striking it. Tucker v. SAS Inst., Inc., 462 F. Supp. 2d 715, 722 (N.D. Tex. 2006) (citing United States
v. Avants, 367 F.3d 433, 445 (5th Cir. 2004)). Objections lacking specificity do not satisfy the
requirements of Rule 103, and a loosely formulated and imprecise objection does not preserve error,
however. Id. (citing United States v. Polasek, 162 F.3d 878, 883 (5th Cir. 1998). “[A] trial court
14
Plaintiffs make both objections together in its motion to strike. (See doc. 58 at 4.)
14
judge must be fully apprised of the grounds of an objection.” Id. Because Plaintiffs’ hearsay and
best evidence objections do not meet the specificity requirements of Rule 103(a)(1), they are
overruled. See, e.g., Hannon v. Kiwi Servs., No. 3:10–CV–1382–K–BH, 2011 WL 7052795, at *2
(N.D. Tex. Dec. 30, 2011), adopted as modified, 2012 WL 234650 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 24, 2012)
(denying a motion to strike for lack of specificity).
III. FORUM-SELECTION CLAUSES
Defendant argues now that Aspen has been added as a plaintiff, this case must be transferred
to the District of South Carolina due to the forum-selection clauses in the Agreements. (doc. 37 at
7-14.) The forum-selection clauses specify that all disputes relating to the agreements would be
litigated in Richland County, South Carolina. (Id.) Defendant contends that “[t]ransfer will allow
for the two cases to be consolidated in the District of South Carolina.” (Id. at 6.)
The presence of a valid forum-selection clause requires courts to adjust their usual analysis
under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), as outlined in Atl. Marine Const. Co., Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Court for the W.
Dist. of Tex., 134 S.Ct. 568, 581 (2013).15 A valid forum-selection clause should be given
controlling weight in all but the most exceptional circumstances, and a district court should
ordinarily transfer the case to the forum specified in that clause. See id. The Atlantic Marine
analysis presupposes a contractually valid forum-selection clause. Id. at 581 n.5. In determining
15
The analysis is adjusted in three ways. See Atl. Marine Const., 134 S.Ct. at 581. “First,
the plaintiff’s choice of forum merits no weight. Rather, as the party defying the forum-selection
clause, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that transfer to the forum for which the parties
bargained is unwarranted.” Id. “Second, a court evaluating a defendant’s § 1404(a) motion to
transfer based on a forum-selection clause should not consider arguments about the parties’ private
interests.” Id. at 582. “Third, when a party bound by a forum-selection clause flouts its contractual
obligation and files suit in a different forum, a § 1404(a) transfer of venue will not carry with it the
original venue’s choice-of-law rules—a factor that in some circumstances may affect public-interest
considerations.” Id. (citation omitted).
15
whether a contractually valid forum-selection clause exists, courts consider (1) whether the parties
agreed to a contractually valid forum-selection clause, and (2) whether the present case falls within
the scope of the forum-selection clause. Stinger v. Chase Bank, USA, NA, 265 F. App’x 224, 226-27
(5th Cir. 2008) (per curiam); see, e.g., Brown v. Federated Capital Corp., 991 F. Supp. 2d 857, 86063 (S.D. Tex. 2014) (applying two-part test to a forum-selection clause).
Here, Plaintiffs do not dispute that the Agreements contain valid forum-selection clauses.
They assert that the Agreements are limited to the AMS Policies, however, and are not applicable
to the PayGo program. (doc. 59 at 14, 23 n.76) They contend that the claims in this case arise solely
from the PayGo program, and therefore Defendant cannot meet its burden to show that the
Agreements, including their forum-selection clauses, apply to the specific claims asserted in this
action. (Id. at 13-14) (“Plaintiffs assert five claims for relief under the PayGo Program . . . . [which
do not] arise from, relate to, or rely on the 2006 Coverage Agreement or the Third Party Claims
Administration Agreement.”).
A.
Choice of Law
“Because the forum selection clause is part of a contract, principles of contract interpretation
apply.” Your Town Yellow Pages, L.L.C. v. Liberty Press, L.L.C., No. 3:09-cv-0605-D, 2009 WL
3645094, at *3 (N.D. Tex. Nov. 2, 2009) (citation omitted). In diversity actions, state law rules of
contract interpretation apply, and federal courts apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum state.
See Smith v. EMC Corp., 393 F.3d 590, 597 (5th Cir. 2004); Se. Inv., Inc. v. Clade, No. 3:97-cv1799-L, 1999 WL 476865, at *3 (N.D. Tex. July 7, 1999) (citing Triad Elec. & Controls, Inc. v.
Power Sys. Eng’g, Inc., 117 F.3d 180, 191 (5th Cir. 1997)). Here, Texas’s choice-of-law rules
apply. Under Texas law, contractual choice-of-law provisions are generally enforced. Smith, 393
16
F.3d at 597 (citing Access Telecomm., Inc. v. MCI Telcomms. Corp., 197 F.3d 694, 705 (5th Cir.
1999)); Benchmark Elecs., Inc. v. J.M. Huber Corp., 343 F.3d 719, 726 (5th Cir. 2003).
The Agreements, including the 2006 Coverage Agreement, state that they are governed by
South Carolina law. (See doc. 38 at 42, 54, 68.). According to South Carolina law, “[t]he cardinal
rule of contract interpretation is to ascertain and give legal effect to the parties’ intentions as
determined by the contract language.” McGill v. Moore, 672 S.E.2d 571, 574 (S.C. 2009).
Generally, the construction of contracts is a question of law for the court. Watson v. Underwood,
756 S.E.2d 155, 161 (S.C. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Hope Petty Motors v. Hyatt, 425 S.E.2d 786, 789
(S.C. Ct. App. 1992)). If a contract is unambiguous, extrinsic evidence cannot be used to give the
contract a meaning different from what is indicated by its plain terms. Id. “A contract is ambiguous
only when it may fairly and reasonably be understood in more ways than one.” Id. (quoting Jordan
v. Sec. Grp., Inc., 428 S.E.2d 705, 707 (S.C. 1993)). When the language is plain and capable of
legal construction, the language alone determines the contract’s force and effect. Id.; Jordan, 428
S.E.2d at 707 (“The Court’s duty is to enforce the contract made by the parties regardless of its
wisdom or folly, apparent unreasonableness, or the parties’ failure to guard their rights carefully.”).
Construction by a party is only done when the contract is ambiguous or there is doubt as to its
intended meaning. Watson, 756 S.E.2d at 161.
B.
Scope of Clauses
1.
2006 Coverage Agreement16
The 2006 Coverage Agreement provides that the AMS Entities sought to obtain workers’
16
Although Defendant’s motion considers the TCPA first, (see doc. 37 at 7-14), the 2006
Coverage Agreement is considered first because its definitions are expressly adopted by the other
two agreements.
17
compensation insurance policies to cover their employees, and it defines the policies as “Master
Policies.” (doc. 38 at 38.) It provides that Defendant is “also willing to write both high and low
deductible workers’ compensation and commercial general liability policies of insurance,” and it
defines those policies together with the Master Policies as the “Policies.” (Id.) Both the Guaranty
Agreement and the TPCA apply to the Policies, as that term is defined in the 2006 Coverage
Agreement. (See id. at 40-41, 46, 64.) Plaintiffs contend that all of the Policies, both the Master
Policies and the non-Master Policies, refer only to those policies issued to the AMS Entities. (doc.
59 at 19-20.) It argues that the Agreements are inapplicable to the PayGo Policies, which are not
issued to the AMS Entities. (Id. at 21.) Defendant replies that “[t]he express wording of the 2006
Coverage Agreement encompasses policies issued to the AMS Entities as well as policies issued to
third-party policyholders.” (doc. 66 at 6.) It argues, “By its very terms, the 2006 Coverage
Agreement applies to AMS ‘Master Policies’ issued to the AMS Entities, on the one hand, and to
all other ‘high and low deductible workers’ compensation and commercial general liability policies
of insurance’ issued to third-party policyholders, on the other. The 2006 Coverage Agreement
defines the term ‘Policies’ as including both categories.” (Id.) (emphasis in original).
The 2006 Coverage Agreement is between Defendant and the AMS Entities (as well as
Wood and DN), as opposed to between Defendant and Plaintiffs or any other Wood-related entities.
(See doc. 38 at 38-44.) Pursuant to the 2006 Coverage Agreement, the AMS Entities control certain
aspects of where and how all the Policies are issued, including the non-Master policies. For
instance, Section 4 provides that all the workers’ compensation policies “other than the Master
Policies and Commercial General Liability Policies shall be issued in states as are mutually agreed
between the Parties.” (Id. at 38.) Similarly, in Section 7, the parties agree that Defendant shall issue
18
the Policies as requested by the AMS Entities, subject to certain exceptions. (Id. at 39.) The AMS
Entities are not associated with the PayGo Policies. If only the Master Policies were associated with
the AMS Entities in the 2006 Coverage Agreement, then there would be no reason for the AMS
Entities to be contractually responsible for, or take part in, deciding where and how the non-Master
Policies were issued.
Further, the AMS Entities also agreed to be liable for the Policies. Section 10 of the 2006
Coverage Agreement provides that “[a]ll costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Policies
shall be the sole responsibility of the AMS Entities,” and Section 12 provides that Aspen will
invoice the appropriate AMS Entity for all incurred claims in its capacity as a third-party
administrator for Defendant with respect to the Policies. (Id. at 40.) Section 14 also provides that
as long as Defendant has potential liability under any Policy, “an AMS Entity shall cause a Letter
of Credit to be issued and maintained in favor of Defendant as beneficiary . . . .” (Id. at 41.) If the
non-Master Policies referred to in the 2006 Coverage Agreement were not issued to the AMS
Entities, the entities would not agree to be liable for all costs and expenses incurred in connection
with those Policies or to be invoiced for services done in connection with those Policies.
Based on the plain reading of the provisions in the 2006 Coverage Agreement, the term
“Policies,” in the agreement is not ambiguous and encompasses only those policies issued to the
AMS Entities.
2.
TPCA
The TPCA is the sole agreement between Aspen and Defendant, and Defendant contends that
this agreement is the only legal basis for Aspen’s claim for reimbursement. (doc. 37 at 8.) It argues,
“the term ‘Policies’ referenced in [the TCPA] encompasses all ‘high or low deductible workers’
19
compensation policies,’ which certainly includes the PayGo policies at issue here, which are simply
workers compensation policies for which premium is paid on a per-payroll period basis.” (Id. at 10.)
The TCPA was executed “incident to the [2006] Coverage Agreement.” (doc. 38 at 54.)
Because it expressly adopts the same meaning of “Policies” as defined in the 2006 Coverage
Agreement, and that meaning was not found to be ambiguous, the term is likewise not ambiguous
in the TPCA. Based on the plain reading of the provisions in the TPCA, the term “Policies” in the
agreement encompasses only those policies issued to the AMS Entities.
3.
Guaranty Agreement
The 2006 Coverage Agreement expressly required, “[a]s an essential inducement to
[Defendant] to enter into this Agreement and issue the Policies,” that Wood issue an indemnity
agreement in favor of Defendant as part of the 2006 Coverage Agreement. (doc. 38 at 41.)
Defendant argues that the Guaranty Agreement also includes a South Carolina forum-selection
clause. (doc. 37 at 11.)
The Guaranty Agreement provides that Wood “hereby absolutely and unconditionally
guarantees to [Defendant] the full and prompt performance and payment, when due, of all
obligations of each [AMS Entity] under the [2006 Coverage Agreement, the Policies, and TPCA].”
(Id. at 64.) Additionally, the agreement states that “[a]ll terms not otherwise defined herein shall
have the meanings ascribed to them in the [2006] Coverage Agreement.” (Id.) Because Wood
guaranteed obligations of only the AMS Entities, and the agreement adopts the same meaning of
words as the 2006 Coverage Agreement, the Guaranty Agreement only encompasses the policies
issued to the AMS Entities.
In conclusion, the 2006 Coverage Agreement, TPCA, and Guaranty Agreement and their
20
forum-selection clauses are not applicable to the PayGo Policies that were not issued to the AMS
Entities. Defendant has failed to meet its burden to establish that the forum-selection clauses in the
Agreements apply to the PayGo Policies, so its motion to transfer is appropriately decided under the
traditional § 1404(a) analysis.17
IV. §1404(a)
Defendant argues that all the applicable factors weigh in favor of transfer to the District of
South Carolina pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). (doc. 37 at 20-25.)
A district court may transfer any civil case “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses,
in the interest of justice . . . to any other district or division where it might have been brought or to
any district or division to which all parties have consented.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a).
A.
Proposed Transferee District
As a threshold matter, § 1404(a) requires a determination of whether the proposed transferee
district is one in which the suit might have been brought. In re Horseshoe Entm’t, 337 F.3d 429,
433 (5th Cir. 2003) (per curiam). For all civil actions brought in a United States district court,
venue is proper in:
(1) a judicial district in which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents
of the State in which the district is located; (2) a judicial district in which a
substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a
substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated; or (3) if there
is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought as provided in this section,
any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to the court’s personal
jurisdiction with respect to such action.
28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). Given that Defendant is a resident of, and is incorporated, in South Carolina,
17
Because the Agreements are not ambiguous, extrinsic evidence is not allowed.
Defendant’s extrinsic evidence, including its comparison of the 2005 Coverage Agreement to the
2006 Coverage Agreement, will not be considered. (See doc. 37 at 14-18.)
21
Plaintiffs could have brought this action in the District of South Carolina. (See docs. 1 at 2; 33 at
2); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b).
B.
Convenience to Parties and Witnesses
The next consideration is “the convenience of parties and witnesses.” In re Volkswagen AG,
371 F.3d 201, 203 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (Volkswagen I); In re Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 545
F.3d 304, 315 (5th Cir. 2008) (Volkswagen II), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1172 (2009). The Fifth Circuit
has adopted the forum non conveniens private and public interest factors. Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d
at 314-15 & n.9; see also Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203.18 The movant must show that considering
both the convenience of the parties and witnesses and the interest of justice under § 1404(a), the
transferee venue is “clearly more convenient.” Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 315.
1. Private Interest Factors
The private interest factors consist of “(1) the relative ease of access to sources of proof; (2)
the availability of compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses; (3) the cost of
attendance for willing witnesses; and (4) all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy,
expeditious and inexpensive.” Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203 (citing Piper Aircraft Co. v. Hartzell
Propeller, Inc., 454 U.S. 235, 241 n.6 (1981)).
a. Relative Ease of Access to Sources of Proof
As to the first factor, Defendant contends that the parties will have easier access to
documents and other sources of proof in South Carolina rather than Texas because voluminous
records and other evidentiary materials are maintained in South Carolina. (doc. 38 at 20-21.)
18
A plaintiff’s choice of venue is not a separate factor in the transfer of venue analysis.
Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 314 n.10. Rather, it is “to be treated as a burden of proof question,”
and “deference” to plaintiff’s choice of venue is reflected in the movant’s burden to show good
cause for the transfer. See id. (citation and internal marks omitted).
22
Adams avers that Highpoint produced 8,400 PayGo Policies that generated thousands of claims, and
Defendant maintains “countless volumes of records” associated with the programs in Columbia,
South Carolina. (docs. 37 at 20-21; 38 at 80.) Plaintiffs respond that they produced the PayGo
Policies and experienced the claims, and that they and Freestone ran nearly all aspects of the PayGo
program from their Dallas offices. (doc. 59 at 26) It contends that most of the documents and data
related to the PayGo program were created by the Texas entities, and copies were provided to or
obtained by Defendant. (Id. at 26-27.) Accordingly, it argues that at least as much data and
documentation related to the PayGo program and its claims are located in Texas as in South
Carolina. (Id.)
The first private interest factor weighs in favor of transfer when evidence can be more readily
accessed from the transferee district. Internet Machines LLC v. Alienware Corp., No. 6:10–cv–023,
2011 WL 2292961, at *5 (E.D. Tex. June 7, 2011). Although documentary evidence is often stored
electronically, courts still considers the physical location of the evidence. Id. (citing In re
Genentech, Inc., 566 F.3d 1338, 1345-46 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). Here, the evidence presented by the
parties shows that they have access to sources of proof and important, applicable documents in both
venues. Plaintiffs provide evidence that they generated most of the documents and data related to
the PayGo program, and Defendant fails to provide any evidence that documents applicable to
claims in this case were generated by it or are more easy to access in South Carolina. Accordingly,
Defendant failed to establish that this factor weighs in favor of transfer, and it is at best neutral. See
American General Life Ins. Co. v. Rasche, 273 F.R.D. 391, 398 (S.D. Tex. 2011); Healthpoint, Ltd.
v. Derma Sci., Inc., 939 F. Supp. 2d 680, 688 (W.D. Tex. 2013) (“Where . . . important documents
are located in both venues, this factor does not weigh in favor of transfer.”); Metromedia
23
Steakhouses Co., L.P. v. BMJ Foods P.R., Inc., No. 3:07-cv-2042-D, 2008 WL 794533, at *3 (N.D.
Tex. Mar. 26, 2008) (concluding that this factor is neutral because documents were located in both
venues); Perritt v. Jenkins, No. 4:11-cv-MHS-ALM, 2011 WL 3511468, at *3 (E.D. Tex. July 18,
2011), adopted by 2011 WL 3511465 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 11, 2011) (finding this factor was neutral
where both parties had shown that relevant documents were located in both venues).
b. Availability of Compulsory Process and Cost of Attendance of Willing
Witnesses
The second factor, the availability of compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses, favors transfer when a transferee district has absolute subpoena power over a greater
number of non-party witnesses. Internet Machines, 2011 WL 2292961, at *6 (citing In re HoffmanLa Roche Inc., 587 F.3d 1333, 1336-37 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). “‘[T]he moving party must do more than
make a general allegation that certain key witnesses are needed’, and must ‘specifically identify the
key witnesses and outline the substance of their testimony.’” Pension Advisory Group, Ltd. v.
Country Life Ins. Co., 771 F. Supp. 2d 680, 710 (S.D. Tex. 2011) (quoting Hupp v. Siroflex of
America, Inc., 848 F. Supp. 744, 749 (S.D. Tex. 1994)). The third private interest factor is the cost
of attendance for willing witnesses. Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203. “The Court must consider the
convenience of both the party and non-party witnesses.” Vargas v. Seamar Divers Int’l, LLC, No.
2:10–CV–178–TJW, 2011 WL 1980001, at *7 (E.D. Tex. May 20, 2011) (citing Volkswagen I, 371
F.3d at 204 (requiring courts to “contemplate consideration of the parties and witnesses”)).
Defendant argues that these factors weigh in favor of transfer because the parties will likely
be forced to subpoena nonparty and party witnesses who reside in South Carolina, beyond the reach
of this Court’s subpoena power. (doc. 37 at 21) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(b)(2)). It contends that
the 43 individuals identified by Adams in her declaration are “central to this dispute and thus will
24
likely be called to testify.” (Id.) Additionally, given the number of witnesses that reside in South
Carolina compared to any potential Texas witnesses, the burden and expense of them traveling to
Texas would be far greater than if the case was heard in South Carolina. (Id. at 21-22.)
Additionally, it argues that “[c]onsolidation would also avoid unnecessary piecemeal litigation and
requiring many or all of these individuals to testify twice.” (Id. at 22.)
Plaintiff responds that Adams’s list “appears to have been ‘padded’ with individuals who
likely have little actual relevant knowledge regarding the issues of this action,” and that more
material witnesses reside in Texas. (doc. 59 at 25.) In support they provide a list of 24 potential
witnesses. (doc. 60 at 10-16.) They argues that Dallas, Texas, was undeniably the operational
center of all the PayGo program activities, as the vast majority of management and oversight of the
program was carried out by Plaintiffs and Freestone. (doc. 59 at 24.) They contend that persons
who will be required to testify about the PayGo program and Defendant’s claims reside mostly in
or around Texas, and it lists the job functions of the several material witnesses it contends will
testify in this action. (Id. at 24-25.)
Here, Defendant simply produces a list of witnesses and outlines their roles and their
involvement with Wood or the PayGo program. (See docs 37 at 21-22; 38 at 74-80.) It fails to
specifically identify the key witnesses or outline the substance of their testimony. See Pension
Advisory Group, 771 F. Supp. 2d at 710 (“the moving party must do more than make a general
allegation that certain key witnesses are needed, and must specifically identify the key witnesses and
outline the substance of their testimony.”) (citation and internal quotations omitted); State Street
Capital Corp. v. Dente, 855 F. Supp. 192, 198 (S.D. Tex. 1994)(“[T]he key witness analysis . . .
dictates that it is not the number of witnesses but the importance of the witnesses that is
25
determinative.”); Continental Airlines, Inc. v. American Airlines, Inc., 805 F. Supp. 1392, 1396 (S.D.
Tex. 1992) (“[T]he Court must primarily consider the convenience of the key witnesses. Indeed,
the convenience of one key witness may outweigh the convenience of numerous less important
witnesses. Thus, the party seeking transfer must clearly specify the key witnesses to be called and
must make a general statement of what their testimony will cover.”) (internal citation and quotations
omitted).
Defendant’s list appears to include persons who might have some knowledge of not just the
PayGo Policies, but of any of the policies issued to any of Wood’s insurance-related entities. (See
doc. 38 at 74-80.) For example, one of the individuals identified by Defendant and Adams is listed
as being “responsible for analyzing billing issues and security funds collected by Highpoint and held
on behalf of [Defendant] insureds under the Woods Program.” (Id. at 80.) Defendant notes that he
is a current employee and a citizen and resident of South Carolina, but provides no other information
about what his testimony will be or why he is a key witness. (See id.) Another witness included on
Defendant’s list is identified as a former employee who is a citizen and resident of Pennsylvania,
and “has been involved in investigating a portion of the business produced by Highpoint under the
Wood Program that is known as the ‘Venus Program.’” (Id. at 79.) Similarly, Defendant provides
no other information about what his testimony will be or why he is a key witness. (See id.)
Given each party’s involvement with the PayGo Policies and program, both Defendant and
Plaintiffs have key nonparty witnesses as well as willing witnesses who reside in their respective
states. The second and third private factors do not, therefore, weigh in favor of transfer and are
neutral at best. See TGI Friday’s, Inc. v. Great Northwest Restaurants, Inc., 652 F. Supp. 2d 750,
762 (N.D. Tex. 2009) (finding that because each party’s potential witnesses reside in or near that
26
party’s forum of choice, these two factors were neutral); Pension Advisory Group, 771 F. Supp. 2d
at 711 (finding these factors were neutral where the same difficulties regarding the availability of
the compulsory process to secure witnesses and the cost of attendance for witnesses who reside in
the defendant’s forum of choice could potentially arise if the action were transferred to that forum);
Healthpoint, Ltd., 939 F. Supp. 2d at 689 (“[W]hile [Defendant] claims to have witnesses in New
Jersey, it has given the Court no reason to conclude that it would be more difficult to secure those
witnesses’ testimony in the Western District of Texas than it would be to secure the testimony of
[Plaintiff’s] witnesses in the District of New Jersey; and a court should not transfer venue on
convenience grounds when doing so ‘would merely shift the inconvenience to Plaintiff’s
witnesses.’”)
c. Other Practical Problems
Defendant argues that all the “‘other practical problems that would make trial easy,
[expeditious] and inexpensive,’ weigh in favor of transferring the case to the District of South
Carolina.” (doc. 37 at 22.) It contends that “[g]iven the entangled nature of this complex,
multi-party set of related business dealings and the comprehensive nature and posture of the parallel
proceeding in South Carolina, the overarching interests of justice overwhelmingly favor transfer.”
(Id.) Defendant does not specifically outline the “other practical problems,” however. The potential
for consolidation of this case and the South Carolina Action is not by itself a practical problem. This
factor does not weigh in favor of transfer.19
2. Public Interest Factors
In addition to considering the private interest factors, a court must also consider the forum
19
Any arguments specifically related to the “interest of justice” will be considered with that
factor.
27
non conveniens public interest factors to see if they favor transfer. Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203.
They include “(1) the administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion; (2) the local interest
in having localized interests decided at home; (3) the familiarity of the forum with the law that will
govern the case; and (4) the avoidance of unnecessary problems of conflict laws [or in] the
application of foreign law.” Id.
a. Court Congestion
As to the administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion, Defendant argues that
“trial would unquestionably be speedier if this case were transferred and consolidated with the South
Carolina Action, where, unlike here, a trial date has been set and the case is progressing steadily.”
(doc. 37 at 19.) In response, Plaintiffs note that Defendant failed to submit any evidence that the
South Carolina court’s docket is less crowded than the docket of the Northern District of Texas.
(doc. 59 at 27.) The parties do not dispute that this factor is neutral, however. (See docs. 37 at 19;
59 at 27.) Additionally, the district court entered a scheduling order on May 17, 2016, setting this
case for trial. (doc. 78.) Accordingly, this factor is neutral.
b. Local Interest
The second public interest factor is the local interest in having localized interests decided
at home. Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203. Defendant contends that all relevant parties availed
themselves of South Carolina’s laws by doing substantial business with Defendant and by expressly
subjecting themselves and their businesses to South Carolina law. (doc. 37 at 19-20.) Plaintiffs
respond that Texas’s interest in the case is at least as strong as South Carolina’s because both
Plaintiffs’ offices are located in Dallas, the harm to them occurred in Dallas, and the vast majority
of the events giving rise to the dispute occurred in Dallas. (doc. 59 at 27-28.)
28
This case involves two Texas plaintiffs bringing suit against a South Carolina Defendant and
business interactions between the parties that occurred on one side in Texas and on the other side
in South Carolina. Texas, like South Carolina, has an interest in having localized interests decided
at home. See Pension Advisory Group, 771 F. Supp. 2d at 711 (finding that in a case with Texas
residents against non-Texas residents involving business interactions between the parties, both the
Texas forum and the non-Texas forum had a significant interest in the matter); see also Kelly Law
Firm, P.C. v. An Attorney for You, 679 F. Supp. 2d 755, 771 (S.D.Tex. 2009) (“[Defendant] argues
that because its employees are all based in California and because ‘the majority of the Plaintiffs are
not Texas citizens,’ the local interests favor venue in California. This argument may prove too much,
since it would favor transfer to a defendant’s home territory in any situation in which a defendant
in one state did business with citizens in multiple other states. While California has a local interest
in resolving the contract disputes of its citizens, Texas has the same interest.”).
The second public interest factor therefore is neutral.
c. Familiarity with the Governing Law and Avoidance of Conflict of Laws
The third public interest factor is “the familiarity of the forum with the law that will govern
the case,” and the fourth public interest factor is “the avoidance of unnecessary problems of conflict
of laws [or in] the application of foreign law.” Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203. Defendant states that
transferring this case to South Carolina would not create a conflict of laws or require the Court to
apply the unfamiliar law of another state because the agreements between the parties contain choiceof-law provisions that mandate the application of South Carolina law. (doc. 37 at 20.) Plaintiffs
respond that the Agreements are not relevant to the claims at issue. (doc. 59 at 19-20.)
Because Defendant has not established that the Agreements are applicable to the PayGo
29
Policies, it has failed to establish that the choice of law provisions mandating the application of
South Carolina law contained in the Agreements are applicable to the claims in this case.
Accordingly, it has not established that South Carolina law governs the claims asserted against it
in this case. The third and fourth public interest factors do not weigh in favor of transfer.
Defendant has failed to carry its burden to show that a transfer of the case to the District of
South Carolina is more convenient for the parties and witnesses.
C.
Interest of Justice
Courts should also consider the “interest of justice” under § 1404(a). BNSF Railway Co. v.
OOCL (USA), Inc., 667 F. Supp. 2d 703, 713 (N.D. Tex. 2009). This phrase has been used by
Courts as a basis to “avoid multiplicity of litigation as a result of a single transaction or event.” Id.
(citing Seeberger Enters., Inc v. Mike Thompson Recreational Vehicles, Inc., 502 F. Supp. 2d 531,
541 (W.D.Tex. 2007)). In order to “establish that the desire to avoid duplicative litigation weighs
in favor of transfer, the moving party must discuss the manner in which the case to be transferred
is related to the proceeding pending in the proposed transferee court with regard to facts, legal
issues, and parties. Without such discussion establishing extensive overlap between the suit and a
realistic possibility of consolidation, this factor is afforded no weight.” Id.
Here, Defendant relies on the progression of the South Carolina Action and the lack of a
scheduling order in this case to conclude that “[t]he interests of justice thus tilt heavily in favor
transfer.” (doc. 37 at 23.) As noted, however, the district court entered a scheduling order in this
case on May 17, 2016, setting this case for trial. (doc. 78.) Plaintiffs argue that it filed its claims
in this action first and that Defendant in filing the South Carolina Action has engaged in “procedural
maneuvers [that] should be seen for what they are: forum shopping.” (doc. 59 at 28.) It contends
30
that this forum is favored as the forum for resolving all issues in dispute under the first-to-file rule,
and that Defendant’s duplicative claims should be dismissed or transferred to this Court. (Id.)
According to the first-to-file rule, “when related cases are pending before two federal courts,
the court in which the case was last filed may refuse to hear it if the issues raised by the cases
substantially overlap.” Cadle Co. v. Whataburger of Alice, Inc., 174 F.3d 599, 603 (5th Cir. 1999).
“The rule rests on principles of comity and sound judicial administration.” Id. (citing Save Power
Ltd. v. Syntek Fin. Corp., 121 F.3d 947, 950 (5th Cir. 1997)). “The concern manifestly is to avoid
the waste of duplication, to avoid rulings which may trench upon the authority of sister courts, and
to avoid piecemeal resolution of issues that call for a uniform result.” Id. (quoting West Gulf
Maritime Ass’n v. ILA Deep Sea Local 24, 751 F.2d 721, 729 (5th Cir. 1985)). It allows courts to
“maximize judicial economy and minimize embarrassing inconsistencies by prophylactically
refusing to hear a case raising issues that might substantially duplicate those raised by a case
pending in another court.” Id. at 604 (emphasis original).
It appears that the only issues that substantially overlap in this case and in the South Carolina
Action, and that implicate the first-to-file rule, are the claims regarding the PayGo Policies. Given
the forum-selection clauses in the Agreements, Defendant was required to file its claims regarding
the AMS Entities in South Carolina. However, there is no evidence of how the claims regarding the
PayGo Policies are related to the claims regarding the AMS Entities, or to any of the other issues
being litigated in South Carolina. It does not appear, given the inclusion of Aspen in the case, that
any of the other parties or issues involved in the South Carolina Action are needed in order for the
dispute regarding the PayGo Policies to be resolved. Similarly, it does not appear that resolution
of the claims related to the AMS Entities is dependant upon the issues regarding the PayGo Policies.
31
As noted, the South Carolina court made a determination as to all the other claims subject to the
motions to dismiss, but it stayed proceedings on the claim regarding the PayGo Policies until the
determination on the motion to transfer venue in this case. For this reason, there does not appear
to be a risk of duplicative litigation or inconsistent results due to continuation of the present case in
this forum. Although consolidation is possible, Defendant has not established that transferring this
case to South Carolina will involve extensive overlap and therefore serve the interest of justice or
promote judicial economy. Considering the interest of justice issue in addition to the “convenience
of parties and witnesses” under § 1404(a), Defendant has failed to carry its burden of showing that
the District of South Carolina is “clearly more convenient.” Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 315.
V. CONCLUSION
The motion to transfer is DENIED.
SO ORDERED on this 25th day of August, 2016.
___________________________________
IRMA CARRILLO RAMIREZ
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
32
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