Martinez Dona v Perez Castilblanco

Filing 19

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER: The court denies Petitioner's 16 Motion Under the Hague Convention for Entry of a Temporary Restraining Order and Scheduling of an Expedited Hearing. Because the Petition for Return of the Child to Petitione r, as currently pleaded, is insufficient to state a claim for relief under the Convention or ICARA, and it does not appear that the deficiencies noted regarding Petitioner's rights of custody under Costa Rican law can be cured, the court wi ll require Petitioner to amend his petition before setting the matter for an evidentiary hearing. Accordingly, the court orders Petitioner to file an amended petition that cures the deficiencies noted in this opinion by 2/26/2018. Any answer by Respondent to the amended petition must be filed within 14 days after service of the amended complaint. (Ordered by Judge Sam A Lindsay on 2/16/2018) (axm)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
DALLAS DIVISION
JONATHAN JADIEL MARTINEZ DONA, §
§
Petitioner,
§
§
v.
§
§
PATRICIA CAROLINA PEREZ
§
CASTILBLANCO,
§
§
Respondent.
§

Civil Action No. 3:17-CV-2469-L

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Before the court is Petitioner Jonathan Jadiel Martinez Dona’s (“Petitioner”) Motion Under
the Hague Convention for Entry of a Temporary Restraining Order and Scheduling of an Expedited
Hearing (Doc. 17), filed February 13, 2018. After considering the motion, pleadings, and applicable
law, the court denies Petitioner’s Motion Under the Hague Convention for Entry of a Temporary
Restraining Order and Scheduling of an Expedited Hearing (Doc. 17).
I.

Factual and Procedural Background
This case involves the alleged wrongful removal or retention of a child under the Hague

Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (“Convention”), Oct. 25, 1980,
T.I.A.S. No. 11670, S. Treaty Doc., No. 99-11, which is implemented in the United States through
the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (“ICARA”), 22 U.S.C. § 9003 et seq. Petitioner
brought this action on September 14, 2017, requesting that the court order the return of his three-year
old biological son J.S.M.P. to his alleged “habitual residence” of San Antonio de Coronado, Costa
Rica. In addition, Petitioner requests: (1) “for the well-being of the child, that he be given immediate

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 1

access to his child, pending further hearing in this Court”; (2) that the court issue an order
immediately prohibiting the removal of J.S.M.P. from the jurisdiction and requiring the turnover of
the child’s travel documents; and (3) that the court set the matter for an expedited hearing. Pet. ¶¶
5.10-5.3.
In support of his Petition for Return of the Child to Petitioner (“Petition”) (Doc. 1), Petitioner
submitted a copy of the Convention; a portion of the Spanish version of Costa Rica’s Family Code
or Código de Familia; an unsworn affidavit by Petitioner, which constitutes no evidence;
correspondence dated January 6, 2017 from the Patronato Nacional De La Infancia; and a
“Formulario de denuncia” or “denunciation form” dated September 6, 2016, that Petitioner filed with
the Patronato Nacional De La Infancia in Costa Rica. Petitioner alleges that Respondent, the
biological mother of J.S.M.P, removed the child to the United States without Petitioner’s consent.
Petitioner does not allege in his Petition or state in his affidavit whether he and Respondent are
married, but it is apparent from the documents relied on by him they are not married. The parties’
pleadings and the documentation submitted by Petitioner also show that Petitioner, Respondent, and
J.S.M.P. were all born in Honduras; that Petitioner, Respondent, and J.S.M.P. were residing in Costa
Rica immediately before J.S.M.P.’s removal; that Petitioner’s country of habitual residence is Costa
Rica; and Respondent’s country of habitual residence is the United States.
Petitioner alleges that Respondent wrongfully removed the child without his consent from
Costa Rica to the United States on February 27, 2016, in violation of the Convention. Petitioner
alleges that Respondent has continued to wrongfully retain the child in the United States, and he
believes the child is presently living with his mother in Dallas, Texas, at his maternal grandmother’s
residence. Petitioner contends that he has rights of custody under Costa Rican law (Articles 141,

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 2

151, and 157 of Costa Rica’s Código de Familia or Family Code); that he was exercising those
custody rights before the child was wrongfully removed; and that return of the child to Costa Rica
is required under Articles Three and Five of the Convention.
After filing this action, Petitioner, who is represented by counsel, filed an application to
proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”), which was granted by the magistrate judge on September 22,
2017. On November 27, 2017, the magistrate judge ordered the clerk of the court to issue and serve
a summons on Respondent within thirty days and return the case for further action to the district
court. Service was effected as to Respondent on December 12, 2017.
On January 2, 2018, Respondent filed her pro se Answer to the Petition, denying Petitioner’s
allegations and contending that this action is baseless and frivolous:
Denial of Allegations.
Respondent enters a general denial.
[Petitioner] has no bas[is] to file this suit. Respondent has suffered greatly
under the hard rule of this man. Such, to the point that she had to get an order of
protection from the local authorities for the innumerable attacks that he made upon
Respondent. Enclosed is a copy with a general translation, as Respondent could not
obtain a word by word translation, as it is cost-prohibitive.
Petitioner[] is making a baseless frivolous accusation with the intention of
hurting Respondent[] because she left him. Since he found out where his child lives,
he has not made any attempts to provide for his care and upkeep. He never provided
for him while they lived in Costa Rica or Honduras for that matter. He has never
cared for this child on his own. More than likely, it could be said, that the child does
not know him. When they lived in Costa Rica[,] [Respondent] never received any
help for their child. She also never received any help while she was pregnant. Since
the child was born, [Respondent] has constantly depended on her own mother, who
lived in Dallas, Texas[,] for any financial help or assistance.
Additionally[,] Respondent now requests . . . that [Petitioner] be made to pay
for the care and support of his child. Perhaps that since he is now in this country, he
should be made aware that a child needs care and food and not just a demand for

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 3

possession. [Petitioner] has never paid a dollar for his support, and now I insist that
he become responsible for this child.
Answer 1-2. Both parties request an award of attorney’s fees and costs.
On February 13, 2018, Petitioner moved for a temporary restraining order (“TRO”). In his
motion for a TRO, Petitioner requests that the court prohibit Respondent, and others acting on her
behalf, from removing J.S.M.P. from the court’s jurisdiction until after a determination has been
made regarding the merits of his Petition. Petitioner contends that ICARA empowers a district court
to take appropriate steps “to protect the well-being of the child involved or to prevent the child’s
further removal or concealment before final disposition of the petition,” and the injunctive relief
requested by him “is necessary to prevent irreparable harm to [him] and to preserve the status quo.”
TRO Mot. 1 (citing 22 U.S.C. § 9004(a)). Petitioner further requests that the court expedite the
briefing on his request for a TRO and all other motions; schedule an immediate hearing on the
motion for TRO; set a hearing on the merits of his Petition; and order Respondent to show cause at
a hearing why his Petition should not be granted. In addition, Petitioner appears to request, pursuant
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65, that any preliminary injunction hearing be consolidated with
the hearing on his Petition.
II.

Standard for Preliminary Injunction and TRO
Under federal law, there are four prerequisites for the extraordinary relief of preliminary

injunction or temporary restraining order. A court may grant such relief only when the movant
establishes that:
(1) there is a substantial likelihood that the movant will prevail on the
merits; (2) there is a substantial threat that irreparable harm will result
if the injunction is not granted; (3) the threatened injury [to the
movant] outweighs the threatened harm to the defendant; and (4) the

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 4

granting of the preliminary injunction will not disserve the public
interest.
Clark v. Prichard, 812 F.2d 991, 993 (5th Cir. 1987); Canal Auth. of the State of Florida v.
Callaway, 489 F.2d 567, 572 (5th Cir. 1974) (en banc). The party seeking such relief must satisfy
a cumulative burden of proving each of the four elements enumerated before a temporary restraining
order or preliminary injunction can be granted. Mississippi Power and Light Co. v. United Gas
Pipeline, 760 F.2d 618, 621 (5th Cir. 1985); Clark, 812 F.2d at 993. Otherwise stated, if a party fails
to meet any of the four requirements, the court cannot grant the temporary restraining order or
preliminary injunction. Because a TRO is considered an “extraordinary and drastic remedy,” it is
not granted routinely, “but only when the movant, by a clear showing, carries the burden of
persuasion.” Holland Am. Ins. Co. v. Succession of Roy, 777 F.2d 992, 997 (5th Cir. 1985).
III.

Law Applicable to Petitions for Return of Children
The Convention was adopted to address the problem of international child abductions in

connection with domestic disputes. Abbott v. Abbott, 560 U.S. 1, 8 (2010). The purpose of the
Convention is to “to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any
Contracting State,” and “to ensure that rights of custody and of access under the law of one
Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States.” Id. (quoting Convention,
art. 1). Under the Convention, a child who is abducted in violation of the “rights of custody” must
be returned to the child’s country of habitual residence, unless certain exceptions apply.” Abbott, 560
U.S. at 5.
The Convention is implemented through the ICARA. Id. Under the ICARA, state courts and
federal district courts have concurrent original jurisdiction over actions arising under the Convention.
22 U.S.C. § 9003(a). A person, who seeks the return of a child wrongfully removed or retained may
Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 5

file a petition for relief “in any court which has jurisdiction of such action and which is authorized
to exercise its jurisdiction in the place where the child is located at the time the petition is filed.”Id.
§ 9003(b). Although Respondent disputes Petitioner’s entitlement to custody and return of J.S.M.P.,
she does not expressly dispute that the child was not located in Dallas County, Texas, when the
Petition in this case was filed, and she acknowledges that her current address is 10637 Coogan Dr.,
Dallas, Texas, 75229. For this reason and because Costa Rica and the United States are both
signatories to the Convention, the court determines that it has jurisdiction over this action. See
Sealed Appellant v. Sealed Appellee, 394 F.3d 338, 342 (5th Cir. 2004). The Federal Rules of
Evidence apply to wrongful removal and retention cases brought under the Convention. Vazquez v.
Vasquez, No. 3:13-CV-1445-B, 2013 WL 7045041, at *1 n.1 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 27, 2013) (citing
cases). Authentication requirements, however, are relaxed. See 22 U.S.C. § 9005.
When a child less than sixteen years of age has been wrongfully removed or retained and less
than one year has elapsed between the alleged wrongful removal or retention and the commencement
of return proceedings, the court in the country to which the child has been brought must “order the
return of the child forthwith,” if the petitioner establishes that the removal or retention was wrongful
and none of the Convention’s exceptions apply. Abbott, 560 U.S. at 9; 51 Fed. Reg. at 10507. Even
when return proceedings are initiated after the expiration of one year, Article 12 of the Convention
requires return of the child unless it is shown that the child is settled in his or her new environment.
Id.
To establish a claim for wrongful removal or retention under the Convention, the petitioner
must establish by a preponderance of the evidence the following three elements: (1) that “the
respondent removed or retained the child somewhere other than the child’s habitual residence”; (2)

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 6

that the removal or retention was wrongful in violation of the petitioner’s custody rights; and (3) “at
the time of removal or retention those rights were actually exercised, either jointly or alone, or would
have been so exercised but for the removal or retention.” Larbie v. Larbie, 690 F.3d 295, 307 (5th
Cir. 2012). A parent’s removal or retention of a child is considered wrongful “when he or she
removes or retains the child outside the child’s country of habitual residence, and this removal:
breaches the rights of custody accorded to the other parent under the laws of that country; and, at the
time of removal, the non-removing parent was exercising those custody rights.” Sealed Appellant,
394 F.3d at 343 (citing Convention, art. 3). “[R]ights of custody” are “rights relating to the care of
the person of the child and, in particular, the right to determine the child’s place of residence.”
Abbott, 560 U.S. at 9 (quoting Convention, art. 5(a)). The phrase “place of residence” encompasses
the child’s country of residence. Abbott, 560 U.S. at 9. The right to choose the child’s country of
residence is a right “relating to the care of the person of the child.” Id. “A return remedy does not
alter the pre-abduction allocation of custody rights but leaves custodial decisions to the courts of the
country of habitual residence. Id. (citation omitted). “The Convention also recognizes ‘rights of
access,’ but offers no return remedy for a breach of those rights.” Id.
Pursuant to Article 3 of the Convention, rights of custody may arise from operation of law,
from a judicial or administrative decision, or from a legally binding agreement. Convention, art. 3.
When no formal custody agreement exists between the child’s parents, courts must apply the laws
of the country of the child’s habitual residence to determine whether the nonremoving parent had
“rights of custody” within the meaning of the Convention. Sealed Appellant, 394 F.3d at 343. Here,
Petitioner acknowledges that no formal custody agreement existed at the time of J.S.M.P.’s removal.

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 7

The court, therefore, applies the laws of J.S.M.P.’s habitual residence to determine whether
Petitioner had rights of custody under the Convention. The Convention’s return remedy does not
change custody rights that existed prior to the wrongful removal of a child and is not a determination
regarding the merits of any custody issue. Abbott, 560 U.S. at 9 (citing Convention, art. 19).
Neither the Convention nor ICARA defines “habitual residence.” See Larbie, 690 F.3d at
310. “The inquiry into a child’s habitual residence is not formulaic; rather it is a fact-intensive
determination that necessarily varies with the circumstances of each case.” Id. (citation omitted). The
Fifth Circuit follows an approach that “begins with the parents’ shared intent or settled purpose
regarding their child’s residence.” Id. (citation omitted). “A shared parental intent requires that the
parents actually share or jointly develop the intention. In other words, the parents must reach some
sort of meeting of the minds regarding their child’s habitual residence, so that they are making the
decision together.” Berezowsky v. Ojeda, 765 F.3d 456, 468 (5th Cir. 2014) (citing Larbie, 690 F.3d
at 310). This approach “gives greater weight to the parents’ subjective intentions relative to the
child’s age” than the child’s experience, particularly when the child is so young that “he or she
cannot possibly decide the issue of residency.” Id. (citation omitted). Under this approach:
the threshold test is whether both parents intended for the child to abandon the
[habitual residence] left behind. Absent shared intent, prior habitual residence should
be deemed supplanted only where the objective facts point unequivocally to this
conclusion. Notably, when the child’s initial move from an established habitual will
find no change in habitual residence. Mere retention in another country and “private
reservations” or intentions that are made “manifest and definitive” only after the
child has left its country of origin are generally insufficient to establish intent to
change a child’s habitual residence.
Id. at 310-11 (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 8

If the petitioner shows by a preponderance of the evidence that the removal or the retention
of the child was wrongful, the burden shifts to the respondent to prove an applicable affirmative
defense. See 22 U.S.C. § 9003(e)(1). Even if the child has been wrongfully removed, return is not
required if the removing parent can establish that an exception under the Convention applies. Abbott,
560 U.S. at 22. The Convention recognizes several narrow affirmative defenses if a respondent
“opposes the return of the child.” Convention, arts. 12, 13, 20; 22 U.S.C. § 9003(e)(2). A respondent
may show by clear and convincing evidence1 that there is a “grave risk that [the child’s] return would
expose the child to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place the child in an intolerable
situation.” Convention, art. 13(b); 22 U.S.C. § 9003(e)(2)(A). The level of harm necessary to trigger
the Article 13(b) exception must be “a great deal more than minimal.” Sanchez v. R.G.L., 761 F.3d
495, 510 (5th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).2 A respondent may show by clear and convincing

1

Civil cases are typically decided by a preponderance of the evidence. Herman & MacLean v. Huddleston, 459
U.S. 375, 387-88 (1983). Proving a fact by a “preponderance of the evidence” means showing that the existence of a fact
is more likely than not. Id. at 390. Thus, to prove a fact or claim by a preponderance of the evidence, a party must prove
that it is more likely than not that his or her version of the facts is true. Id. The “clear and convincing evidence standard”
is a high standard that is “higher than the preponderance of the evidence standard, common in civil cases, but not as high
as beyond a reasonable doubt.” Travelhost, Inc. v. Blandford, 68 F.3d 958, 961 (5th Cir. 1995) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted); Crowe v. Smith, 261 F.3d 558, 563 (5th Cir. 2001). “Clear and convincing evidence” means
evidence “so clear, direct and weighty and convincing as to enable the fact finder to come to a clear conviction, without
hesitancy.” Shafer v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 376 F.3d 386, 395, n.9 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting Travelhost, Inc.,
68 F.3d at 961) (internal quotation marks omitted).
2

The grave risk defense “was not intended to be used by defendants as a vehicle to litigate (or relitigate) the
child’s best interests”; nor was it intended to encompass situations such as the return to a home where money is in short
supply or where educational opportunities are more limited.” Hague International Child Abduction Convention; Text
and Legal Analysis, 51 Fed. Reg. 10494, 10510 (March 26, 1986). It instead was intended to apply to situations where
the risk to the child is “grave, not merely serious.” Id. An example of such a situation is one involving sexual abuse of
a child by a custodial parent. Id. A grave risk or intolerable situation also exists when returning a child would send him
or her “to a zone of war, famine, or disease, or in cases of serious abuse or neglect.” Vazquez v. Estrada, No.
3:10-CV-2519-BF, 2011 WL 196164, *5 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 19, 2011) (finding no grave risk exception despite evidence
of “spiraling [drug cartel] violence and surge in murders in Monterrey” and evidence of “specific violent acts that have
been committed in the school [that the child] attended in Monterrey and in the neighborhood where Petitioner resides.”).
“Evidence of adjustment problems attending relocation and separation from a parent are inapposite to the grave risk
determination.” Castro v. Martinez, 872 F. Supp. 2d 546 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 2, 2012). Evidence of prior abuse is
insufficient, especially when there is conflicting testimony about the alleged abuse. Edoho v. Edoho, No. H-10-1881,
2010 WL 3257480, at *5 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 17, 2010).

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 9

evidence that the return of the child “would not be permitted by the fundamental principles of the
requested State relating to the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.” Convention,
art. 20; 22 U.S.C. § 9003(e)(2)(A).
Pursuant to Article 12 of the Convention, if the petition is filed more than one year after the
removal, the respondent may argue that the child is now “well-settled” in his or her new
environment. Convention, art. 12; 22 U.S.C. § 9003(e)(2)(B). This defense must be established by
a preponderance of the evidence. Id. It is also a defense to wrongful removal if a respondent can
show by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner was “not actually exercising the custody
rights at the time of removal or retention,” or that the petitioner “had consented to or subsequently
acquiesced in the removal or retention.” Convention, art. 13(a); 22 U.S.C. § 9003(e)(2)(B). The
Convention also provides that “[t]he judicial or administrative authority [considering a petition] may
also refuse to order the return of the child if it finds that the child objects to being returned and has
attained an age and degree of maturity at which it is appropriate to take account of its views.”
Convention, art. 13. The age and maturity exception is construed narrowly and must be shown by
a preponderance of the evidence. England v. England, 234 F.3d 268, 272 (5th Cir. 2000).
Section 9004(a) of ICARA relied on by Petitioner in support of his request for a TRO
provides:
In furtherance of the objectives of . . . the Convention, . . ., any court
exercising jurisdiction of an action brought under [] section 9003(b) of this title may
take or cause to be taken measures under Federal or State law, as appropriate, to
protect the well-being of the child involved or to prevent the child’s further removal
or concealment before the final disposition of the petition.
22 U.S.C. § 9004(a).3

3

22 U.S.C. § 9003(b), which is referenced in section 9004(a), applies to petitions for the return of a child and
provides as follows:

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 10

IV.

Analysis
Petitioner does not contend that ICARA’s section 9004(a) relieves him of his burden under

federal law to show that all four requirements for a TRO are satisfied, and the court does not
construe section 9004(a) as altering his burden as the party seeking a TRO. Moreover, the court
determines that Petitioner has not established that all requirements for a TRO have been met despite
his assertion to the contrary.
A.

Substantial Likelihood of Prevailing on the Merits

Regarding the first requirement, whether there is a substantial likelihood that the movant will
prevail on the merits, the court determines that there is no evidence to support Petitioner’s
conclusory allegations that: (1) J.S.M.P.’s habitual residence before removal to the United States was
Costa Rica; (2) Petitioner has custody rights under Costa Rican law; and (3) Petitioner was
exercising those rights before J.S.M.P.’s removal to the United States. The conclusory statement
in the Petition and Petitioner’s affidavit that J.S.M.P. has lived with Petitioner in Costa Rica since
his birth until his removal are insufficient to establish that Petitioner and Respondent had a shared
intent or settled purpose to make Costa Rica J.S.M.P.’s habitual residence. Larbie, 690 F.3d at 310.
First, this statement conflicts with another statement in Petitioner’s affidavit that J.S.M.P. was born
in Honduras. If the child was born in Honduras, he could have lived his entire life in Costa Rica,
and Petitioner does not specify how long J.S.M.P. has resided in Costa Rica. Thus, at most, this

In furtherance of the objectives of article 7(b) and other provisions of the Convention, and
subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, any court exercising jurisdiction of an action
brought under section section 9003(b) of this title may take or cause to be taken measures under
Federal or State law, as appropriate, to protect the well-being of the child involved or to prevent the
child’s further removal or concealment before the final disposition of the petition.

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 11

statement by Petitioner indicates only that, for some unspecified period of time, J.S.M.P. lived with
Petitioner in Costa Rica, before the child was removed by his mother to the United States.
Moreover, that J.S.M.P. may have lived for a length of time in Costa Rica with Petitioner
must be viewed in light of other facts. Specifically, as noted, the parties’ allegations and the
documentation submitted by Petitioner indicate that Petitioner, Respondent, and J.S.M.P. were all
born in Honduras and lived in Honduras for a time before they moved to Costa Rica; Respondent
has immediate family in Dallas, Texas; and Petitioner acknowledges that Respondent’s country of
habitual residence is the United States. Taken together, these facts do not support a finding that
J.S.M.P.’s habitual residence was Costa Rica at the time of his removal to the United States.
Further, even assuming, as Petitioner contends, that Costa Rica was J.S.M.P.’s habitual
residence prior to his removal and Costa Rican law applies to determine Petitioner’s rights of
custody, Petitioner has not established that J.S.M.P.’s removal or retention breached Petitioner’s
custody rights under Costa Rican law. The Convention defines ‘rights of custody’ as including
“rights relating to the care of the person of the child and, in particular, the right to determine the
child’s place of residence.” Convention, art. 5. Petitioner alleges in his Petition and affidavit that
Articles 141, 151, and 157 of Costa Rica’s Código de Familia provide him with rights of custody
and offers the following English translation of Convention Articles 141, 151, and 157:
Article 141: The rights and obligations inherent to parental authority cannot be
renounced. Neither can they be modified by agreement of the parties as they relate
to the custody, upbringing, and education of the children, except for the provisions
for separation and divorce by mutual consent.
Article 151: The father and mother exercise parental authority over the children with
equal rights and duties in the marriage relationship. In the event of a disagreement,
at the request of either parent, the Court shall make the decision, even without the

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 12

formalities of process and without the need for the parties’ hiring lawyers. The Court
must decide based on the child’s interest. . . .
Article 157: The provisions of Article 151 shall apply when the mother of a child
born out of marriage exercised parental authority together with the father.
Pet. ¶ 3.1.
Article 14 of the Convention authorizes the court to take judicial notice of the law of the
country of the child’s habitual residence without following standard procedures for the proof of
foreign law. Convention, art. 14. Even if the court takes judicial notice of Costa Rican law and
accepts the translation offered by Petitioner, who does not appear to have any legal experience,
Petitioner offers no explanation as to why he believes Articles 141, 151, and 157 of Costa Rica’s
Código de Familia provide him with rights of custody under Costa Rican law.4 Article 141 appears
in Chapter I of the Costa Rican Family Code includes general rules of disposition applicable to the
rights and obligations conferred by parenthood. Código de Familia [CDF], art. 141 (Costa Rica).
Article 151 appears in Chapter II of the Costa Rican Family Code and applies specifically to the
rights of parents when a child is born in wedlock. Id. art. 151. The court interprets these provisions
as setting forth the general rule in Costa Rican law that provides a joint or equal right of custody to
both parents when a child is born in wedlock. See Fernandez v. Somaru, No. 2:12-CV-262-FtM29DNF, 2012 WL 3553779, at *7 n.5 (M.D. Fl. Aug. 17, 2012) (“In the event that a child is born in
wedlock, Costa Rican law generally provides for custody of both the mother and the father.”). Article
157, which appears in Chapter III of the Family Code, applies to children like J.S.M.P, who were

4

The court obtained an unofficial English translation of the Costa Rican Family Code relied on by Petitioner
that corresponds to the Spanish version submitted by Petitioner and comports with the translation offered by him.
Pursuant to article 14 of the Convention, the court takes judicial notice of Costa Rican law as set forth in the English
version of the Costa Rican Family Code obtained by the court.

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 13

born outside of marriage, and only provides for joint or equal rights of custody to both parents if the
mother exercised parental authority together with the father. CDF, art. 157. According to Article
155,5 which also appears in Chapter III of the Costa Rican Family Code, when a child is born outside
of marriage, the mother, even if she is a minor, has the right to exercise parental authority over a
child born outside of marriage and has full legal status for these purposes. CDF, art. 155. The father,
on the other hand, only has the right to exercise parental authority together with the mother in special
cases, if such authority is conferred by a tribunal or court upon request of a party or the Patronato
Nacional de la Infancia and done solely in consideration of the child’s interests. Id. In Fernandez
v. Somaru, an ICARA case, the court reached the same conclusion based on expert testimony and
an official translation of Costa Rican law regarding parental custody:
Costa Rican law provides, [in the event a child is born out of wedlock], that,
[t]he mother, even when she is under age, shall have custody of the children born out
of wedlock and shall have legal rights for that purpose. The Tribunal could, in special
cases, confer custody to the father and natural mother jointly, according to its
judgement, or upon request from Patronato Nacional de la Infancia and concerning
solely the minors’ interests.

5

The Spanish and English versions of Article 155 are as follows:

Artículo 155 : La madre, aún cuando fuere menor, ejercerá la patria potestad sobre los hijos
habidos fuera del matrimonio y de la plena persona jurídica para esos efectos.
El Tribunal puede, en casos especiales, un juicio suyo, una petición de parte o del Patronato
Nacional de la Infancia y atención al público de los menores, conferir la patria potestad al padre
conjuntos con la madre.
Article 155 : The mother, even when she is a minor, will exercise parental authority over the
children born outside of marriage and will have full legal status for these purposes.

The Court may, in special cases, at its own discretion, at the request of a party or
the National Board of the Childhood and exclusively attending to the interests of minors, confer
parental authority to the father together with the mother.

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 14

2012 WL 3553779, at *7 (footnote omitted). Because there was no evidence in Fernandez v. Somaru
of a custody agreement or that the Patronato Nacional de la Infancia had granted joint custody of the
child to the mother and father, the court concluded that custody was conferred to the mother under
Costa Rican law and ordered the return of the child to the mother. Id.
The court similarly concludes that Petitioner does not share rights of custody under Costa
Rican law with Respondent with respect to J.S.M.P. because he does not allege and has not
established that: (1) the parties had a legally binding agreement to share custody of J.S.M.P; or (2)
the Patronato Nacional de la Infancia has conferred him with rights of joint custody as to J.S.M.P.
As a result, Petitioner could not have been exercising his alleged rights of custody together with
J.S.M.P.’s mother when the child was removed from Costa Rica by his mother, and the removal was
not wrongful. Thus, even assuming that the Petition for J.S.M.P.’s return is not subject to a wellsettled defense by Respondent as a result of Petitioner’s allegations regarding the reasons for his
delay in filing his Petition more than one year after J.S.M.P.’s removal, Petitioner has not shown a
substantial likelihood that he will be able to succeed on the merits of his Petition under the
Convention, ICARA, and applicable law, which require a showing that J.S.M.P.’s removal from
Costa Rica was wrongful.6

6

In making this determination, the court gives little or no weight to the unsupported, conclusory statements in
the Petition and Petitioner’s affidavit. Petitioner’s Petition is not verified, and, while he submitted an affidavit in support
of his Petition, the affidavit is not sworn to under penalty of perjury and merely states that it is made on “the best of my
knowledge and belief.” Affid. 1, 3 (Doc. 1-3). “[A]t the preliminary injunction stage, the procedures in the district court
are less formal, and the district court may rely on otherwise inadmissible evidence, including hearsay evidence. Thus,
the district court can accept evidence in the form of deposition transcripts and affidavits.” Sierra Club, Lone Star Chapter
v. F.D.I.C, 992 F.2d 545, 551 (5th Cir. 1993) (citations omitted). Despite this relaxed standard, “courts have shown
appropriate reluctance to issue such orders whe[n] the moving party substantiates his side of a factual dispute on
information and belief,” particularly when, as here, the facts are disputed and Petitioner’s statements and allegations are
conclusory. Marshall Durbin Farms, Inc. v. National Farmers Org., Inc., 446 F.2d 353, 357 (5th Cir. 1971). Thus,
while the court can consider Petitioner’s affidavit, the unsupported and conclusory statments in the affidavit regarding
J.S.M.P.’s habitual residence, Petitioner’s custody rights, and his exercise of those rights will not support issuance of

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 15

B.

Irreparable Harm

As noted, Petitioner requests that the court preclude Respondent from removing J.S.M.P.
from the jurisdiction pending a hearing and ruling on his Petition and contends that he will suffer
irreparable harm if the child is removed from the jurisdiction. The court disagrees.
While petitions brought under the Convention are normally handled on an expedited basis,
and the Convention allows a court to take measures under federal or state law, as appropriate, to
protect the well-being of the child involved or to prevent the child’s further removal or concealment
before the final disposition of the petition, there is no indication in this case that J.S.M.P. is at risk
of harm or will be removed from the jurisdiction prior to the court ruling on the Petition. Petitioner
alleges and Respondent’s Answer confirms that the child has been residing with his mother at his
maternal grandmother’s residence in Dallas, Texas, since being removed. Respondent’s filing of an
Answer to the Petition indicates an intent by her to comply with any ruling by the court rather than
an intent to flee the jurisdiction with J.S.M.P. Moreover, as noted, the court determines that the
requested injunctive relief and expedited consideration are not appropriate because it does not appear
at this juncture that Petitioner will be able to prevail on the merits of his Petition.
V.

Conclusion
For the reasons stated, the court denies Petitioner’s Motion Under the Hague Convention for

Entry of a Temporary Restraining Order and Scheduling of an Expedited Hearing (Doc. 17). Because
the Petition for Return of the Child to Petitioner, as currently pleaded, is insufficient to state a claim
for relief under the Convention or ICARA, and it does not appear that the deficiencies noted

a TRO. See id.

Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 16

regarding Petitioner’s rights of custody under Costa Rican law can be cured, the court will require
Petitioner to amend his petition before setting the matter for an evidentiary hearing. Accordingly,
the court orders Petitioner to file an amended petition that cures the deficiencies noted in this
opinion by February 26, 2018. The amended petition shall include factual allegations and set forth
more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the matters for which Petitioner has
the burden of proof. Failure of Petitioner to file an amended petition as directed will result in
dismissal without prejudice of this action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) for failure
to prosecute or comply with a court order or dismissal with prejudice under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure
to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Any answer by Respondent to the amended
petition must be filed within 14 days after service of the amended complaint.
After an amended petition is filed by Petitioner, the court will schedule an evidentiary hearing
for a date in April 2018. Because of the court’s busy criminal docket, April 2018 is the earliest time
that the court can conduct a hearing. If the parties have any conflicts that would prevent their
attending a hearing on the Petition on any date in April 2018, they must notify the court in writing
of such conflict by March 2, 2018. Further, if the parties wish to have an evidentiary hearing on the
amended petition before April 2018, they may consent to proceed before the assigned magistrate
judge by completing the form to Consent to Proceed Before a United States Magistrate Judge (Doc.
2). Both parties’ consent is necessary to proceed before the magistrate judge.
It is so ordered this 16th day of February, 2018.

_________________________________
Sam A. Lindsay
United States District Judge
Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 17