Amaru Entertainment Inc v. Heritage Capital Corporation et al

Filing 60

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER grating 54 Motion for Leave to Amend Answer and Join Counterclaim Plaintiffs. The Court DIRECTS the Clerk of Court to file the Amended Answer and Counterclaims (Doc. 54-1) on the docket. (Ordered by Judge Jane J Boyle on 5/19/2023) (axm)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
DALLAS DIVISION
AMARU ENTERTAINMENT, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
RONALD BRENT,
Defendant.

§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§

CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:22-CV-2677-B

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Before the Court is Defendant Ronald Brent’s Motion for Leave to Amend Answer and
Join Counterclaim Plaintiffs (Doc. 54). Because the Court finds the requirements for joinder and
leave to amend are met, the Motion is GRANTED.
I.
BACKGROUND
The parties’ dispute surrounds a painting used as an album cover (“the Painting”) for the
late rapper, Tupac Shakur.1 This dispute, however, has largely taken place along two parallel
litigation tracks. On one track, Ronald Brent and Zelus Group, LLC (“Zelus”) filed suit against
Amaru Entertainment, Inc. (“Amaru”) in the Northern District of Texas on June 13, 2022 (the
“First Suit”). Complaint, Brent v. Amaru Ent., Inc., No. 3:22-CV-1281-B (N.D. Tex. June 13,
2022), ECF 1. Brent and Zelus also added Leslie Ware as a plaintiff in their First Amended
Complaint. First Amended Complaint, Brent v. Amaru Ent. Inc., No. 3:22-CV-1281-B (N.D.
Tex. Oct. 6, 2022), ECF 24. In that complaint, Brent sought a declaratory judgment regarding
1

The factual background of this case is laid out in detail in this Court’s prior order in a parallel case
concerning essentially the same dispute. See Brent v. Amaru Ent., Inc., 2023 WL 2169906, at *1–2 (N.D. Tex.
Feb. 22, 2023) (Boyle, J.).

-1-

his ownership of the Painting’s copyrights. See id. ¶¶ 29–34. The plaintiffs also sought a
declaratory judgment that Ware was the sole owner of the Painting, Amaru lacked an ownership
interest in the Painting, and Brent and Zelus were within their legal rights to sell the Painting. Id.
¶¶ 35–40. Ultimately, however, the Court dismissed their complaint for lack of personal
jurisdiction over Amaru. Brent v. Amaru Ent., Inc., 2023 WL 2169906, at *5 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 22,
2023) (Boyle, J.).
The second track is the case currently before the Court (the “Second Suit”). Amaru
originally filed this case in California state court on June 15, 2022, two days after Brent and
Zelus’s original complaint. See Doc. 1-1, Ex. A. The suit was then removed to the Central
District of California and ultimately transferred to this Court in November 2022. Doc. 1, Notice
Removal; Doc. 35, Order Mot. Transfer. When transferred, Amaru’s complaint had claims
against Heritage Capital Corporation (“Heritage”), Zelus, and Brent. See Doc. 12, First Am.
Compl. Amaru had also previously requested leave to add Ware as a defendant prior to the
transfer. See Doc. 27, Pl.’s Opp. Transfer, 8–9. Amaru’s claims were for (1) conversion of the
Painting against all defendants, (2) claim and delivery for return of the Painting against Zelus
and Heritage, (3) injunctive relief against Zelus and Heritage to prevent the sale of the Painting,
(4) declaratory judgment as to the Painting’s proper ownership against Zelus and Heritage, and
(5) declaratory judgment against Brent for the Painting’s copyrights. See Doc. 12, First Am.
Compl., ¶¶ 30–46. In January 2023, however, Amaru filed its Second Amended Complaint,
which dropped all claims except for the declaration of copyright ownership claim against Brent.
See Doc. 46, Second Am. Compl., ¶¶ 20–22.
Brent now moves to amend his answer in the Second Suit to essentially add the claims
and parties from the First Suit. See Doc. 54, Mot. Leave Amend, 2 n.1. Specifically, Brent moves
-2-

to add two counterclaims and join Zelus and Ware as counterplaintiffs. See Doc. 54, Mot. Leave
Amend. The first proposed counterclaim seeks declaratory judgment that Brent is the owner of
the copyright in the Painting. Doc. 54-2, Ex. 2. The second proposed counterclaim seeks
declaratory judgment that Ware is the sole owner of the Painting, Amaru lacks an ownership
interest in the Painting, and Brent and Zelus were within their legal rights to sell the Painting. Id.
Amaru opposes Brent’s Motion for Leave to Amend only as to the second counterclaim
and the addition of Zelus and Ware as counterplaintiffs. Doc. 56, Resp., 4. Amaru argues Brent is
improperly circumventing the requirements for intervening parties and expanding the scope of
the litigation. Id. at 6–7. Amaru also contends that the counterclaims fail to properly allege
subject-matter or personal jurisdiction. Id. at 8–9.
The Court addresses Amaru’s arguments only to the extent they impact Brent’s motion to
add counterclaims and join counterplaintiffs. If Amaru wishes to raise other arguments pertaining
to, for example, the Court’s personal jurisdiction, it may do so in a responsive pleading. See Fed.
R. Civ. P. 12(b). Because the Court finds that Brent has shown joinder and amendment are
proper, the Motion for Leave to Amend is GRANTED.
II.
LEGAL STANDARD
A.

Joinder of Counterclaims and Counterplaintiffs
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 13 governs counterclaims. While a party generally may

assert a counterclaim, Rule 13 recognizes both “compulsory” and “permissive” counterclaims.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(a)–(b). A counterclaim is “compulsory” if it “arises out of the same transaction
or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim” and “does not require
adding another party over whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(a). A
-3-

“permissive” counterclaim is any claim against an opposing party that is not compulsory. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 13(b).
Rule 13(h) indicates that “Rules 19 and 20 govern the addition of a person as a party to a
counterclaim.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(h). Under Rule 20’s provisions on permissive joinder, persons
may be joined as plaintiffs if (1) “they assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the
alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of
transactions or occurrences” and (2) “any question of law or fact common to all plaintiffs will
arise in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(1).
B.

Leave to Amend
If the requirements for adding counterclaims and counterplaintiffs are met, the Court’s

decision to allow the amended pleading is then governed by Rule 15(a). See Accresa Health LLC
v. Hint Health Inc., 2019 WL 10960486, at *5 (E.D. Tex. May 23, 2019). Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 15(a)(2) directs the Court to “freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.”
The language of Rule 15(a) “evinces a bias in favor of granting leave to amend,” and the Court
must have a “substantial reason” for denying such a request. Smith v. EMC Corp., 393 F.3d 590,
595 (5th Cir. 2004). In exercising its discretion, the Court considers factors such as “undue
delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failures to cure
deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue
of allowance of the amendment, and futility of the amendment.” Schiller v. Physicians Res. Grp.
Inc., 342 F.3d 563, 566 (5th Cir. 2003).

-4-

III.
ANALYSIS
A.

Joinder of Brent’s Counterclaim Regarding Sale of the Painting Is Proper
Amaru does not contest the permissibility of Brent’s first counterclaim for declaratory

judgment as to the Painting’s copyrights. Doc. 56, Resp., 4. The Court’s focus is instead on
Brent’s second counterclaim for a declaratory judgment that he was within his rights to sell the
Painting. See id. Amaru essentially makes two arguments regarding Brent’s counterclaim. Amaru
first argues that Brent’s declaratory judgment claim is not based on an “actual controversy” and
instead “turn[s] an effort to intervene into a motion for permissive joinder.” Id. at 5, 7–8. Amaru
also asserts that the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over Brent’s claim because it is a
permissive counterclaim based on state law. Id. at 8–9. The Court addresses the arguments in
turn. It finds that Brent has an actual controversy regarding his actions in selling the Painting.
The Court also finds it has subject-matter jurisdiction over the claim because it is a compulsory
counterclaim subject to supplemental jurisdiction.
The Federal Declaratory Judgment Act authorizes federal courts to “declare the rights
and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration.” 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a).
However, a court may not issue a declaratory judgment unless there is “a case of actual
controversy within [the court’s] jurisdiction.” See id. An actual controversy exists “where a
substantial controversy of sufficient immediacy and reality exists between parties having adverse
legal interests.” Shields v. Norton, 289 F.3d 832, 835 (5th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation omitted).
“[A] ‘specific and concrete’ threat of litigation can establish a justiciable controversy.” RLI Ins.
Co. v. 2 G Energy Sys., LLC, 581 F. Supp. 3d 817, 824 (W.D. Tex. 2020) (quoting Lower Colo.
River Auth. v. Papalote Creek II, L.L.C., 858 F.3d 916, 924 (5th Cir. 2017)).
-5-

Here, an actual controversy exists as to the physical ownership in the Painting. Amaru
originally filed claims against Brent (and Zelus and Heritage) for conversion of the physical
Painting. See Doc. 12, First Am. Compl., ¶¶ 30–34. The claim, however, was never dismissed
with prejudice; Amaru merely amended its complaint to omit this claim. See Doc. 46, Second
Am. Compl. A threat of litigation regarding the physical ownership of the Painting is therefore
not hypothetical, but rather exists in filed form on the docket. Neither Brent nor the Court must
take Amaru at its word that the only remaining controversy in this action is the determination of
the Painting’s copyrights. Rather, Brent is well within his rights to seek finality regarding Amaru’s
claims in this matter, and the Court therefore finds that an “actual controversy” exists for
purposes of the Declaratory Judgment Act.
The Court next addresses whether it has subject-matter jurisdiction over Brent’s
counterclaim. The classification of Brent’s counterclaim as compulsory or permissive matters for
subject-matter jurisdiction. Permissive counterclaims must have an independent basis for the
Court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, while compulsory counterclaims fall within its supplemental
jurisdiction. See Plant v. Blazer Fin. Servs., Inc. of Ga., 598 F.2d 1357, 1359 (5th Cir. 1979);
Revere Copper & Brass Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 426 F.2d 709, 714 (5th Cir. 1970). In
determining whether a counterclaim “arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the
subject matter of the opposing party’s claim” and is therefore compulsory, the Fifth Circuit
applies the “logical relation test.” Plant, 598 F.2d at 1361 (internal quotation omitted). The
logical relation test looks to the “aggregate of operative facts” and asks whether those facts “serve
as the basis for both claims” or “activate[] additional legal rights, otherwise dormant, in the
defendant.” Id. (citing Revere Copper, 426 F.2d at 715). The test is a “loose standard which

-6-

permits ‘a broad realistic interpretation in the interest of avoiding a multiplicity of suits.’” Id.
(citing 3 Moore’s Federal Practice ¶ 13.13 at 300).
In Plant, for example, the plaintiff-borrower filed a truth-in-lending claim against the
lender. Id. at 1359. The issue on appeal was whether the lender’s counterclaim for payment on
the unpaid note balance was compulsory and thus within the court’s supplemental jurisdiction.
Id. Applying the logical relation test, the Fifth Circuit held that a “single aggregate of operative
facts, the loan transaction, gave rise to both plaintiff’s and defendant’s claims,” and there was an
“obvious interrelationship of the claims and rights of the parties.” Id. at 1361, 1364.
Here, the Court finds that Brent’s counterclaim is compulsory and therefore subject to
the Court’s supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. At root, Brent’s claim pertains to
the same the dispute as Amaru’s, namely, the rights of the respective parties in the Painting.
Brent and Amaru are merely asserting rights to different sticks within the Painting’s property
bundle. And the aggregate of operative facts underlying both disputes is the creation and
distribution of rights in the Painting. Both Amaru and Brent’s claims raise issues such as Brent’s
creation of the Painting, his status of employment at Death Row Records, and the parties’
subsequent understanding and representations of ownership. Compare, e.g., Doc. 46, Second Am.
Compl., ¶¶ 12–14, with Doc. 54-2, Ex. 2, ¶¶ 11–12. Although Amaru argues copyrights and
physical ownership are different, see Doc. 54, Resp., 7, the logical relation test counsels against a
multiplicity of suits grounded in such formality, see Plant, 598 F.2d at 1361. Accordingly, the
Court finds that Brent’s counterclaim is compulsory, and therefore this Court has supplemental
subject-matter jurisdiction over his claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. See Plant, 598 F.2d at 1359.

-7-

B.

Joinder of Counterplaintiffs Zelus and Ware Is Proper
With Brent’s second counterclaim properly before the Court, the Court next addresses

party joinder under Rule 20. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(h). Under the two-prong test articulated in
Rule 20, plaintiffs may be joined when (1) their claims “arise out of the same transaction,
occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences” and (2) there is at least one “common
question of law or fact common to the plaintiffs” that will arise in the action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 20;
see also Acevedo v. Allsup’s Convenience Stores, Inc., 600 F.3d 516, 521 (5th Cir. 2010) (describing
the two-prong test in dicta). Given the overlap in language, similar considerations to Rule 13’s
“transaction or occurrence” test may also animate Rule 20’s application, though the Fifth Circuit
has not directly adopted the same test. See 7 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal
Practice and Procedure § 1653 (3d ed. 2023) (noting the approach taken by many courts is
“reminiscent of the logical-relationship test”); Accresa Health, 2019 WL 10960486, at *8
(collecting cases and ultimately applying the “logical relationship” test in the context of Rule 20).
Brent, Zelus, and Ware all seek a declaratory judgment regarding the same “series of
transactions or occurrences”: the Painting’s chain of ownership and their legal rights in the sale
and/or ownership of that Painting. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(1)(A). Permitting joinder of Zelus
and Ware thus avoids a multiplicity of suits by settling once and for all the Painting’s chain of
ownership. See Plant, 598 F.2d at 1361 (discussing Rule 13(a)’s goal of “avoiding a multiplicity of
suits”). And common questions of law and fact exist between all counterplaintiffs in the action,
such as Brent’s initial ownership status and rights in the Painting. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
20(a)(1)(B); Doc. 54-2, Ex. A, ¶¶ 32–37. The Court therefore finds that the requirements of
Rule 20 are met.

-8-

Further, Zelus and Ware, like Brent, were subject to Amaru’s threats of litigation and
therefore satisfy the requirement of an “actual controversy” under the Declaratory Judgment Act.
See Shields, 289 F.3d at 835. Amaru previously sued Zelus for conversion, claim and delivery,
injunctive relief, and declaratory judgment as to ownership in the physical Painting. See Doc. 12,
First Am. Compl., ¶¶ 30–43. And although Amaru never formally named Ware in its complaint,
it sought leave to add Ware as a defendant prior to transfer of the case. See Doc. 27, Pl.’s Opp.
Transfer, 8–9. The Court finds these actions amount to “a specific and concrete threat of
litigation” sufficient for a justiciable controversy. See RLI Ins. Co., 581 F. Supp. 3d at 824
(internal quotation omitted). Accordingly, Zelus and Ware may be properly joined as
counterplaintiffs in this action.
C.

The Standards of Rule 15(a) Are Met
Having found joinder proper as to Brent’s claim and the counterplaintiffs, the Court next

considers whether amendment would nonetheless be improper under Rule 15(a). Amaru raises
few arguments regarding the propriety of amendment per se. See Doc. 56, Resp. Indeed, the Court
finds that permitting Brent’s amendment is consistent with Rule 15(a)’s liberal standards for
leave to amend. See Smith, 393 F.3d at 595. Brent filed his Motion for Leave to Amend on March
14, 2022, before the deadline in the scheduling order for leave to join parties or amend pleadings.
See Doc. 51, Scheduling Order, 1. And this case is in its early stages; discovery only recently
began and does not end until August 14, 2023. See id. Moreover, Brent did not delay in seeking
leave to amend. Rather, Brent filed the present Motion within three weeks of the Court’s order
dismissing Brent, Zelus, and Ware’s claims in the First Suit. See Brent, 2023 WL 2169906; Doc.
54, Mot. Leave to Amend. Accordingly, amendment is proper.

-9-

IV.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Court finds that the joinder of Brent’s counterclaim and Zelus and
Ware as counterplaintiffs is proper. The Court further finds that allowing Brent’s amendment
comports with Rule 15(a). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant Ronald Brent’s Motion
for Leave to Amend Answer and Join Counterclaim Plaintiffs (Doc. 54) and DIRECTS the
Clerk of Court to file the Amended Answer and Counterclaims (Doc. 54-1) on the docket.
SO ORDERED.
SIGNED: May 18, 2023.

______________________________
JANE J. BOYLE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

-10-