Sulak et al v. American Eurocopter Corporation et al
Filing
172
ORDER denying 136 Motion in Limine; denying 141 Motion for Summary Judgment. (Ordered by Judge Terry R Means on 12/17/2012) (wrb)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH DIVISION
ANDREW J. SULAK, ET AL.
V.
AMERICAN EUROCOPTER
CORPORATION, ET AL.
§
§
§
§
§
§
ACTION NO. 4:09-CV-651-Y
ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT AND DENYING MOTION TO EXCLUDE
Pending before the Court are defendant Eurocopter, S.A.S.’s Motion for Summary Judgment
(doc. 141) and Motion to Exclude (doc. 136), both filed April 20, 2012. The Court DENIES the
motions.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2007, a helicopter piloted by William J. Sulak crashed in Hawaii, killing Sulak and three
passengers and injuring the other three passengers. (Summ. J. App. 14, 23.) At the time of the
accident, the helicopter was engaged in a sightseeing flight that was a non-scheduled or on-demand
taxi operation. (Summ. J. App. 28.) The helicopter involved in the accident was designed and
manufactured by Eurocopter, S.A.S. (“Eurocopter”), in 1979.1 (Summ. J. App. 2, 15.) Defendant
American Eurocopter Corporation (“AEC”) bought the helicopter from Eurocopter as Eurocopter’s
distributor in the United States.2 (Summ. J. App. 7.) The helicopter was delivered to AEC in April
1980. (Def. App. 4.) In 1997, AEC sold the helicopter to Metro Aero Sales, subject to a lease of
1
The helicopter was designed and manufactured in France by Eurocopter’s predecessor, Société Nationale
Industreille Aérospatiale. (Summ. J. App. 2.)
2
The helicopter was sold to AEC’s predecessor, Aérospatiale Helicopter Corporation. (Summ. J. App. 2, 7,
100.)
the helicopter to Silverado Helicopters, Inc. (“Silverado”). (Summ. J. App. 101.) Heli-USA
Airways, Inc. (“Heli-USA”), operated the helicopter for Silverado in Hawaii.3 (Summ. J. App. 2,
27.)
After the accident, the National Transportation Safety Board (“NTSB”) conducted an
investigation and determined that mechanical failure combined with faulty maintenance was the
cause of the crash. Specifically, the problem involved the separation of the lower portion of the
hydraulic system from the main rotor blade:
Safety Board investigators found that the main left lateral flight control hydraulic
servo had become detached from its clevis mounting bolt and no evidence was found
of thread damages to the mounting clevis. A disconnection of the main left lateral
flight control hydraulic servo (subsequently referred to as the left lateral servo) from
its respective mounting clevis causes a failure in the flight control system such that
the helicopter is no longer controllable in the roll direction. Upon closer examination
of the left lateral servo, staff found that the washer used to help secure the piston end
of the servo to the rod end of the clevis was severely worn (with a missing tang).[4]
Also, a lack of torque was noted on the attachment nut used to secure the servo to the
mounting clevis.
(Summ. J. App. 37.)
Plaintiffs, Sulak’s family (“the Sulaks”), filed suit against AEC and Eurocopter for
negligence, failure to warn, strict product liability, and breach of warranty. The Sulaks alleged that
the causes of the crash were defects in flight-control components (which were designed,
manufactured, and distributed by AEC and Eurocopter) and the failure to warn of such defects. (3d
Am. Compl. 3-4.) Against Eurocopter, the Sulaks mainly relied on the allegedly defective lock
3
The Court notes that the parties’ factual assertions and supporting evidence have differed slightly over the
course of this litigation regarding the actual lessee and actual owner of the helicopter. (July 19, 2011 Order in 4:09-CV655-Y 1-2; Oct. 3, 2012 Order 1-2.) The Court relies solely on the evidence submitted by the parties regarding the
instant motions and does not consider evidence submitted with other motions regarding ownership of the helicopter.
4
A tang is a metal tab located on the inside circle of the lock washer. (Summ. J. App. 27.)
2
washer, which was designed by Eurocopter (Summ. J. App. 44, 95), as the cause of the separation
between the lower portion of the hydraulic system from the main rotor blade and, thus, of the crash.
(3d Am. Compl. 4; Resp. 4.)
AEC and Eurocopter answered and alleged that the crash was caused by Heli-USA’s
negligence in its repair and maintenance of the helicopter. (Answer 8.) The Sulaks dismissed their
claims against AEC, but a final judgment as to AEC has not been entered. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b).
Eurocopter now argues that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law based on the applicability
of the federally-mandated statute of repose and the Sulaks failure to raise a genuine dispute as to the
existence of a defect.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When the record establishes “that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law,” summary judgment is appropriate. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a). “[A dispute] is ‘genuine’ if it is real and substantial, as opposed to merely formal,
pretended, or a sham.” Bazan v. Hidalgo Cnty., 246 F.3d 481, 489 (5th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted).
A fact is “material” if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under governing law.” Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
To demonstrate that a particular fact cannot be genuinely in dispute, a defendant movant
must (a) cite to particular parts of materials in the record (e.g., affidavits, depositions, etc.), or (b)
show either that (1) the plaintiff cannot produce admissible evidence to support that particular fact,
or (2) if the plaintiff has cited any materials in response, show that those materials do not establish
the presence of a genuine dispute as to that fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). Although the Court
3
is required to consider only the cited materials, it may consider other materials in the record. See
id. 56(c)(3). Nevertheless, Rule 56 “does not impose on the district court a duty to sift through the
record in search of evidence to support a party’s opposition to summary judgment.” Skotak v.
Tenneco Resins, Inc., 953 F.2d 909, 915-16 & n.7 (5th Cir. 1992). Instead, parties should “identify
specific evidence in the record, and . . . articulate the ‘precise manner’ in which that evidence
support[s] their claim.” Forsyth v. Barr, 19 F.3d 1527, 1537 (5th Cir. 1994).
In evaluating whether summary judgment is appropriate, the Court “views the evidence in
the light most favorable to the nonmovant, drawing all reasonable inferences in the nonmovant’s
favor.” Sanders-Burns v. City of Plano, 594 F.3d 366, 380 (5th Cir. 2010) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted). “After the non-movant has been given the opportunity to raise a genuine
factual [dispute], if no reasonable juror could find for the non-movant, summary judgment will be
granted.” Byers v. Dallas Morning News, Inc., 209 F.3d 419, 424 (5th Cir. 2000) (citing Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986)).
If a defendant moves for summary judgment on the basis of an affirmative defense, such as
a statute of repose, the defendant has the burden of establishing the affirmative defense. See Koch
v. Shell Oil Co., 52 F.3d 878, 880 (10th Cir. 1995); cf. Crescent Towing & Salvage Co. v. M/V Anax,
40 F.3d 741, 744 (5th Cir. 1994) (statute-of-limitations defense); Bank One, Tex., N.A. v. Prudential
Ins. Co. of Am., 878 F. Supp. 943, 962 (N.D. Tex. 1995) (statute-of-limitations defense) (Fitzwater,
Dist. J.).
Thus, it is the defendant’s obligation on summary judgment to demonstrate the
applicability of a statute of repose. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)(1); S. Side Trust & Sav. Bank of Peoria
v. Mitsubishi Heavy Indus., Ltd., 927 N.E.2d 179, 193 (Ill. Ct. App. 2010) (federal statute of repose);
cf. Ryland Group, Inc. v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120, 121 (Tex. 1996) (state statute of repose). If the
4
defendant establishes the applicability of the statute-of-repose defense, the plaintiff then must go
beyond the pleadings and set forth specific facts that operate to toll or create an exception to the
repose period. See Koch, 52 F.3d at 880; S. Side Trust, 927 N.E.2d at 193; cf. McGregor v. La. State
Univ. Bd. of Supervisors, 3 F.3d 850, 865 (5th Cir. 1993) (statute of limitations).
III. STATUTE OF REPOSE
A. APPLICATION OF STATUTE OF REPOSE
In 1994, Congress enacted the General Aviation Revitalization Act (“GARA”) to address
problems affecting the aviation industry and “the enormous product liability costs that our tort
system has imposed upon manufacturers of general aviation aircraft.” Lyon v. Augusta S.P.A., 252
F.3d 1078, 1084 (9th Cir. 2001). Congress especially was concerned with the unlimited reach of
liability attached to aircraft that could be used for decades after manufacture. See id. Therefore,
GARA contains a statute of repose that bars suits against manufacturers of aircraft or of component
parts from accidents that occurred more than 18 years after the initial transfer of the aircraft:
[N]o civil action for damages for death or injury to persons or damage to property
arising out of an accident involving a general aviation aircraft may be brought
against the manufacturer of the aircraft or the manufacturer of any new component,
system, subassembly, or other part of the aircraft, in its capacity as a manufacturer
if the accident occurred . . . after the applicable limitation period beginning on . . .
the date of delivery of the aircraft to its first purchaser or lessee, if delivered directly
from the manufacturer; or . . . the date of first delivery of the aircraft to a person
engaged in the business of selling or leasing such aircraft.
GARA of 1994 § 2(a)(1), 49 U.S.C.A. § 40101 hist. & stat. nn. (West 2007). A general aviation
aircraft is defined as:
[A]ny aircraft for which a type certificate or an airworthiness certificate has been
issued by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, which, at the
time such certificate was originally issued, had a maximum seating capacity of fewer
5
than 20 passengers, and which was not, at the time of the accident, engaged in
scheduled passenger-carrying operation as defined under [federal] regulations in
effect . . . at the time of the accident.
Id. § 2(c).
The statute of repose includes a “rolling provision” that restarts the 18-year statute of repose
against the manufacturer of any new or replacement part:
[W]ith respect to any new component, system, subassembly, or other part which
replaced another component, system, subassembly, or other part originally in, or
which was added to, the aircraft, and which is alleged to have caused such death,
injury, or damages, . . . the [18-year statute of repose] begin[s] on the date of
completion of the replacement or addition.
Id. §§ 2(a)(2), 3(3).
Here, the Sulaks do not contest the applicability of the statute of repose. Indeed, Eurocopter
has produced undisputed summary-judgment evidence establishing that the helicopter involved in
the crash was a general aviation aircraft as defined by GARA. (Summ. J. App. 14, 28, 69, 7172,101, 114, 116.) It also is undisputed that the helicopter first was sold more than 18 years before
the crash. (Summ. J. App. 2, 4, 7.) Thus, there is no genuine dispute of material fact regarding the
applicability of GARA’s statute of repose to the Sulaks’ claims against Eurocopter.
B. ROLLING PROVISION
However, the Sulaks argue that the rolling provision applies to restart the limitations period
contained in GARA’s statute of repose because the lock washer had been replaced and the
maintenance manuals had been amended. (Resp. 4-5, 10-11.) As stated above, the Sulaks bear the
burden of producing sufficient evidence to raise a genuine dispute of material fact regarding the
applicability of the rolling provision. See Agape Flights, Inc. v. Covington Aircraft Engines, Inc.,
No. CIV-09-492-FHS, 2011 WL 2560281, at *5 (E.D. Okla. June 28, 2011). Thus, the Sulaks must
6
raise a genuine dispute “that a new item replaced an item either originally in the aircraft or added
to the aircraft and the new item was also a cause of the claimed damages.” S. Side Trust, 927
N.E.2d at 193 (emphases added); see also GARA of 1994 § 2(a); Sheesley v. Cessna Aircraft Co.,
No. 02-4185-KES, 2006 WL 1084103, at *4 (D.S.D. Apr. 20, 2006); Carson v. Heli-Tech, Inc., No.
2:01-CV-643, 2003 WL 22469919, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 25, 2003).
1. Replacement With New Part
In asserting that there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the original lock
washer was replaced with a new lock washer after 1989,5 the Sulaks point to the declaration of HeliUSA’s maintenance director and a participant in the NTSB’s investigation, David A. Lok:
The lock washer . . . on the lower rod end of the left lateral servo is replaced (or
removed and reinstalled) each time the servo is overhauled, which occurs every
1,800 flight hours. . . . At the time of the accident, Heli-USA was flying its aircraft
approximately 1,500 to 2,000 hours per year, so the lock washer would have been
replaced (or removed and reinstalled) at least once a year. . . . At the time of the
accident, [the subject helicopter] had a total time of 21642.7 on the airframe. Based
on the required overhaul time for the servos, this aircraft would have had the lock
washer replaced (or removed and reinstalled) at least 12 times. . . . It is highly
unlikely that the lock washer on the lower rod end of the left lateral servo on [the
subject helicopter] at the time of the accident had been first installed on a rod end
more than eighteen years before the accident.
(Resp. App. 12-13.) The Sulaks’ accident-reconstruction expert, Kenneth L. Orloff, stated that the
lock washer was not identified as a “routine replacement” item and had no inspection requirements.
(Resp. App. 31.) Eurocopter, when designing the lock washer, expected that it would experience
wear over time but that it could be reused. (Summ. J. App. 96.) It is not possible to determine how
long a lock washer has been installed and in use because it is not tracked by a serial number and is
5
The Sulaks frame their factual assertions as if Eurocopter had the burden to raise a genuine dispute that the
lock washer is the same as the original lock washer installed when the helicopter was first sold. However, it is the
Sulaks’ burden to raise facts showing a genuine issue that the lock washer had been replaced with a new lock washer
during the 18 years before the crash. See Agape Flights, 2011 WL 2560281, at *5. (Reply 2-3 n.2.)
7
subject to replacement at the discretion of the mechanic. (Resp. App. 15, 26.) The maintenance
records compiled by the NTSB show that the left lateral servo (of which the lock washer is a
component part) was overhauled with “serviceable” parts multiple times. (Summ. J. App. 48, 51,
82-88.) The NTSB report notes, however, that the “left lateral servo was removed and replaced”
on February 9, 2007. (Summ. J. App. 16.)
These records do not mention the lock washer
specifically.
At first blush, this evidence does not seem to establish that the original lock washer was
replaced with a new lock washer at any point within 18 years before the 2007 crash. (Reply 4-5.)
The majority of Lok’s declaration merely suggests that the lock washer might have been replaced
based on the fact that routine maintenance would necessarily involve the lock washer’s being
“replaced (or removed and reinstalled)” many times after the helicopter was manufactured.6 Of
course, an overhauled or “removed and reinstalled” lock washer is not a new lock washer sufficient
to reset GARA’s repose period under the rolling provision. See Robinson v. Hartzell Propeller, Inc.,
326 F. Supp. 2d 631, 663-64 (E.D. Pa. 2004); Willett v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 851 N.E.2d 626, 636
(Ill. App. Ct. 2006); Hiser v. Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., 4 Cal. Rptr. 3d 249, 257 (Cal. Ct. App.
2003). But Lok’s declaration goes one step further than the evidence produced in Agape Flights,
which Eurocopter heavily relies on in arguing against the application of the rolling provision. In
Agape Flights, the evidence produced by the plaintiffs showed that the part at issue “might have
been replaced or should have been replaced given historical data of wearing of the [part]. There
6
The Sulaks argue that Eurocopter did not produce any maintenance records regarding the replacement of the
lock washer during discovery. (Resp. 8-10.) But as discussed above, it was not Eurocopter’s burden to produce evidence
that the lock washer on the helicopter at the time of the crash was either the original lock washer that had been
overhauled and replaced or a lock washer that was manufactured more than 18 years before the crash. Further,
Eurocopter did not maintain the helicopter after its sale and, thus, would not possess the maintenance records.
8
is no maintenance record or other similar document, however, establishing that the [part] was indeed
replaced with[in] the 18-year period before the date of the crash.” Agape Flights, 2011 WL
2560281, at *5 (emphases added). Lok, however, goes one step further than his assertions that the
lock washer might or should have been replaced—he states that it is “highly unlikely” that the lock
washer on the helicopter at the time of the crash was the same lock washer that was installed on the
helicopter more than 18 years before the accident. In effect, Lok states, in his capacity as
maintenance director for Heli-USA, that the lock washer would have been replaced. Cf. Willett, 851
N.E.2d at 636 (holding expert testimony that part “would have been either replaced or overhauled”
insufficient to trigger GARA’s rolling provision and noting expert did not state part would have
been replaced with new part); Agape Flights, 2011 WL 2560281, at *5 (holding rolling provision
inapplicable where no evidence of replacement less than 18 years before crash). The Court
concludes that this evidence is sufficient to create a genuine dispute that the lock washer had been
replaced with a new lock washer less than 18 years before the crash. Cf. Hiser, 4 Cal. Rptr. at 25657 (holding replacement as used in GARA means substitution of one item for another, new item).
In short, a reasonable jury could find by a preponderance of the evidence that the lock washer on
the helicopter at the time of the crash was manufactured less than 18 years before the crash.
The Sulaks also contend that because Eurocopter’s maintenance manuals were amended in
2004 to provide for a different torque to secure the nut placed over the lock washer, a component
part was replaced less than 18 years before the crash. This replacement of a component part, the
Sulaks allege, restarts the repose period under GARA’s rolling provision.7 (Resp. 10.) But as
7
The Court disagrees with the Sulaks that the question of whether a maintenance manual is a component part
should be subject to a choice-of-law analysis. (Resp. 11.) The interpretation of a federal statute of repose is governed
by federal law. Whether two federal courts disagree on an issue of substantive law does not raise a choice-of-law
inquiry. (Reply 8.)
9
Eurocopter argues, maintenance manuals are not “component parts” subject to the rolling provision
of GARA’s statute of repose. See Alter v. Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., 944 F. Supp. 531, 538-41
(S.D. Tex. 1996); Agape Flights, 2011 WL 2560281, at *6; S. Side Trust, 927 N.E.2d at 197.
Therefore, the Sulaks have failed to sustain their burden of raising a genuine issue that GARA’s
rolling provision applies to reset the statute of repose based on amended maintenance manuals.
2. Causation
The application of GARA’s rolling provision also requires the Sulaks to raise a genuine
dispute as to whether the new lock washer actually caused the crash. See Carson, 2003 WL
22469919, at *4. Eurocopter does not argue that the Sulaks have failed to raise a genuine dispute
regarding causation.8 Thus, the Court assumes, for summary-judgment purposes only, that the
Sulaks have raised a material factual dispute that the lock washer caused the crash. Indeed, the
NTSB listed the condition of the lock washer as a cause of the crash. (Summ. J. App. 37.)
C. GARA CONCLUSION
GARA applies to the helicopter involved in the crash at issue. However, the Sulaks have
raised a genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether the rolling provision applies to save their
claims from the operation of the statute of repose. It is important to emphasize that the Sulaks have
not established as a matter of law that the rolling provision of GARA applies to save their claims
from GARA’s statute of repose. Instead, the Sulaks have merely raised a genuine dispute of material
fact on the issue.
8
Eurocopter does argue there is no evidence of a defect, which will be addressed below.
10
IV. EVIDENCE OF DEFECT
Eurocopter argues that there is no evidence of a product defect if the Court excludes Orloff’s
expert opinions.9 Eurocopter urges the Court to exclude Orloff’s expert opinions because he “has
neither the necessary expertise to render the opinions he offers, nor has he employed reliable
methods which would make . . . his opinions helpful or appropriate for the jury to consider.” (Mot.
to Exclude Mem. 1.) See Fed. R. Evid. 702.
A. RULE 702 STANDARD
A challenge to expert testimony is different from other evidentiary objections. Generally,
expert testimony is admissible when it is reliable and when it will assist the trier of fact. See Fed.
R. Evid. 702. This court has substantial latitude to determine whether specific expert testimony is
reliable. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 588 (1993); Satcher v. Honda
Motor Co., 52 F.3d 1311, 1317 (5th Cir. 1995). However, “the rejection of expert testimony is the
exception rather than the rule.” Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s notes (2000 amendments).
Expert testimony is admissible to aid the fact-finder in determining a fact in issue if the testimony
is based upon sufficient facts or data, the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods,
and the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case. See Fed. R.
Evid. 702. In short, expert testimony is admissible if the proponent shows that (1) the expert is
qualified, (2) the evidence is relevant to the suit, and (3) the evidence is reliable. See Kumho Tire
Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 149 (1999).
In determining admissibility of an expert opinion, this Court may consider some or all of the
9
Eurocopter relies solely on the inadmissibility of Orloff’s testimony to support its no-evidence argument; thus,
if the Court disagrees with Eurocopter’s argument regarding Orloff, there is no further argument that there is no evidence
of a defect. (Summ. J. Br. 7, 12.)
11
Daubert factors10 when qualitatively evaluating reliability. See id.149-50. In other words, this Court
performs a screening or gatekeeping function to ensure that the expert’s testimony is the product of
reliable principles and methods. See id. at 152; see also Fed. R. Evid. 702(c). Indeed, in cases
where the expert is qualified by experience, some of the Daubert factors are worthy of less
emphasis, and the expert may draw conclusions from a set of observations based on that experience.
See id. at156; Watkins v. Telesmith, Inc., 121 F.3d 984, 988, 990 (5th Cir. 1997).
Normally, questions regarding the bases and sources of an expert’s opinion affect the weight
to be assigned that opinion rather than its admissibility, which should be left for the fact-finder’s
consideration. See United States v. 14.38 Acres, 80 F.3d 1074, 1077 (5th Cir. 1996); Dixon v. Int’l
Harvester Co., 754 F.2d 573, 580 (5th Cir. 1985). Additionally, the Court has the power to avoid
unnecessary proof and cumulative evidence and may limit the use of expert testimony. See Fed. R.
Civ. P. 16(c)(2)(D).
B. APPLICATION
Eurocopter’s summary-judgment motion asserts that Orloff’s lack of qualifications and the
unreliability of his evidence render his opinion no evidence of a product defect, which is fatal to the
Sulaks’ product-liability assertions.
(Summ. J. Br. 12.)
As the party seeking Orloff’s
disqualification, Eurocopter bears the burden to show that Orloff’s opinions must be excluded. See
Koch Ref. Co. v. Jennifer L. Boudreaux M/V, 85 F.3d 1178, 1181 (5th Cir. 1996).
As an accident-reconstruction expert, Orloff opined that the crash was a result of “the design
of the rod end fitting, the lock washer, and the installation instructions provided in the Eurocopter
10
These illustrative factors include whether the methodology used can be and has been tested, whether the
methodology has been subjected to peer review, whether there is a known potential rate of error, whether there are
standards controlling the technique used, and whether a known technique is generally accepted in the relevant scientific
or technical community. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-95.
12
. . . Maintenance Manual.”11 (Mot. to Exclude Resp. App. 53, 121.) Orloff detailed several “events
and factors” that “led to the loosening, unscrewing, and disengagement of the lower rod end fitting
of the left lateral servo”:
•
At the time of the installation of the left lateral servo by Mechanic [Michael]
Ray [which was 131 flight hours before the crash], the condition of the lock
washer was such that the thickness of the washer and the shortened tang
could enter the horizontal recess. However, when the tang was in the vertical
slot of the red end fitting, not aligned with the horizontal recess, it would
likely appear captive and subjectively considered airworthy by . . . Ray.
•
During final assembly, prior to tightening of the jam nut, the thickness of the
lock washer was able to enter into the horizontal recess or into the threads [of
the lower clevis] . . . .
•
At least a part of a thread circumference extended beyond the face of the
servo shaft. As a result, as the jam nut was tightened, the lock washer was
not flush against the face of the servo shaft . . . . The majority of the applied
tightening torque was likely “absorbed” by interference between the lock
washer and the threads of the rod end fitting. Therefore, the applied torque
was relatively ineffective at forcing the face of the washer against the end of
the servo shaft.
•
After assembly and tightening, the primary “locking” feature was the
frictional interference of the tang and inner diameter of the lock washer
against the threads of the rod end fitting. Additionally, the process of lockwiring the jam nut may have begun the loosening process.
•
In operation, the repeated application of counter-clockwise torque at the
servo shaft eventually loosened the lock washer from the threads. At that
point, the lock washer was, in effect, a secondary “nut” that unthreaded from
the rod end fitting along with the jam nut.
(Mot. to Exclude Resp. App. 55-56.) Orloff believed design characteristics of the servo, the rod-end
fitting, and the lock washer “facilitated” the separation of the lower rod end from the servo shaft.
Further, Orloff argued that Eurocopter’s alternate and available design for the lock washer, which
11
The lower clevis, or rod-end fitting, is attached to the left lateral servo shaft with a nut and a lock washer.
(Mot. to Exclude Resp. App. 51.)
13
is thicker than previous lock washers, “would have avoided the accident.” (Mot. to Exclude Resp.
App. 52.) In short, Orloff determined that even if Ray had applied appropriate torque to the nut over
the lock washer, the crash would have still occurred based on the condition of the lock washer at the
time of the crash. (Mot. to Exclude Resp. App. 121.)
1. Qualification
Eurocopter first challenges Orloff’s qualification to opine that the lower rod end fitting
separated from the left lateral servo shaft based on the design of the rod-end fitting, the lock washer,
and the installation instructions supplied by Eurocopter. (Mot. to Exclude Resp. App. 53.) The
Sulaks rely on Orloff’s education, licences, and experience “in litigation resulting from aircraft
accidents.” (Mot. to Exclude Resp. 7-8.) Eurocopter, while acknowledging that Orloff holds
advanced degrees in physics, mechanical engineering, and aeronautical engineering, contends that
he only has a “veneer of credibility” because he has no helicopter-design experience. (Mot. to
Exclude 3; Mot. to Exclude Reply 1.) Indeed, for a court to determine that an expert’s opinion will
help the fact-finder and, thus, be admissible, an expert’s qualifying training or experience, and
resulting specialized knowledge, must be sufficiently related to the issues and evidence before the
fact-finder. See, e.g., Primrose Operating Co. v. Nat’l Am. Ins., 382 F.3d 546, 562-63 (5th Cir.
2004); accord Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 215 F.3d 713, 717 (7th Cir. 2000).
During his deposition, Orloff testified that he is not a design expert on servos or related
attachments. (Mot. to Exclude Resp. App. 121.) He clarified that he was not criticizing the design,
but merely was “observing design characteristics as designed,” which could be determined merely
by observation in combination with experience. (Mot. to Exclude Resp. App. 81.) In arguing that
Orloff is qualified to testify as to design characteristics of the servo and its component parts, the
14
Sulaks emphasize that Orloff only is explaining the function and intended design purpose of the
servo system:
Orloff pointed out that [Eurocopter’s] own fail-safe/redundant design criteria was not
met because a foreseeable situation can occur, as was explained by . . . Ray, where
the mechanic believes the lock washer remains acceptable (“on condition”) for
continued use, the lock washer cannot rotate when placed within the vertical groove,
but due to some wear of the washer’s tang, it can rotate when the tang aligns with the
vertical and horizontal grooves on the clevis bolt, if the nut does not have enough
torque friction.
(Mot. to Exclude Resp. 10-11 (citing Mot. to Exclude Resp. App. 51-58).) The Court agrees with
the Sulaks that Orloff possesses sufficient credentials to allow admission of his testimony regarding
design of the servo and its component parts. Although Orloff has not designed a helicopter servo
or any component parts, he has significant experience in investigating and consulting regarding
aircraft structures, structural failure, maintenance, alteration, and repair. (Mot. to Exclude Resp.
App. 64.) This experience, combined with his educational background, qualifies Orloff to proffer
his opinions as outlined above. See, e.g., Roman v. W. Mfg., Inc., 691 F.3d 686, 692-93 (5th Cir.
2012); Dearmond v. Wal-Mart La., LLC, 335 F. App’x 442, 445-46 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam);
Smith v. United States, No. 2:06-CV-947, 2008 WL 5262367, at *2 (W.D. La. Dec. 16, 2008).
2. Reliability
Eurocopter next argues that Orloff’s testimony must be excluded because it is
unreliable—i.e., it is not based upon a scientifically valid methodology or a sufficient factual
predicate. (Mot. to Exclude 7-8.)
Eurocopter first contends that Orloff did not subject his opinions to appropriate scientific
testing in developing his theory, which renders them inadmissible. (Mot. to Exclude 9-10; Mot. to
Exclude Reply 7-8.) See Fed. R. Evid. 702(c). Whether Orloff subjected his theory to testing is only
15
one factor listed in Daubert. See Daubert, 526 U.S. at 593-94. As discussed above, the Daubert
factors are not a rigid checklist that must be satisfied individually in order for the opinion to be
admissible. See Kumho, 526 U.S. at 150. In short, the admissibility of expert testimony under Rule
702 is case specific and is qualitative versus quantitative:
If an engineering expert can demonstrate that his proposed [alternative] design has
been tested, peer reviewed, or is generally accepted, then so much the better. On the
other hand, this does not mean that engineering testimony on alternative designs
should be excluded automatically if it cannot withstand a strict analysis under
Daubert. The inquiry is case specific. It may well be that an engineer is able to
demonstrate the reliability of an alternative design without conducting scientific
tests, for example, if he can point to another type of investigation or analysis that
substantiates his conclusions . . . . If the expert’s opinions are based on facts, a
reasonable investigation, and the traditional technical/mechanical expertise, and he
provides a reasonable link between the information and procedures he uses and the
conclusions he reaches, then rigid compliance with Daubert is not necessary.
Tassin v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 946 F. Supp. 1241, 1248 (M.D. La. 1996). Here, Orloff relied on
his experience in aviation engineering and his examination of (1) post-accident pictures of the
helicopter, (2) the parts of the left lateral servo involved in the accident, (3) the NTSB’s
investigation documents, and (4) exemplar servo attachment parts. (Mot. to Exclude Resp. App. 52.)
Although Orloff was relying on an alternate design in explaining the causative effect of the condition
of the lock washer, the alternate design is already being manufactured by Eurocopter. The Court
concludes that the lack of scientific testing is not fatal to admission of Orloff’s opinions. Orloff’s
opinions are based on a reasonable investigation, are the result of his engineering expertise, and
provide a reasonable link between the reviewed information and his conclusions. See, e.g., J.B.
Hunt Transp., Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 52 F. Supp. 2d 1084, 1087-88 (E.D. Mo. 1999); Tassin,
946 F. Supp. at 1247-48; Betts v. Gen. Motors Corp., No. 3:04-CV-169, 2008 WL 2789524, at *8
(N.D. Miss. July 16, 2008). Although this is a close issue, the Court concludes that any gaps in
16
Orloff’s methodology
can be brought to the fact-finder’s attention during vigorous cross-
examination. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 595; Echevarria v. Caribbean Aviation Maint., Corp., 841
F. Supp. 2d 565, 569 (D.P.R. 2012) (admitting Orloff’s accident-reconstruction testimony over
Daubert objection).
Eurocopter’s second argument regarding Orloff’s reliability is that Orloff did not base his
opinions on a sufficient factual predicate. Specifically, Eurocopter points to Orloff’s failure to
consider “the significant maintenance issues associated with the facility and mechanic that had
served the subject helicopter and installed the servo prior to the accident.” (Mot. to Exclude 11.)
But as pointed out by the Sulaks, “it is up to the jury to determine whether or not . . . Ray torqued
the nut. Dr. Orloff considered that . . . Ray said he . . . torqued the nut.” (Mot. to Exclude Resp. 13.)
Merely because Orloff discounted the causative effect of error during maintenance as a cause of the
crash (which is Eurocopter’s theory of causation) does not equate to his theory’s being unreliable.
See, e.g., Smith, 2008 WL 5262367, at *2. Indeed, Eurocopter’s challenge goes to the weight of
Orloff’s testimony and not its admissibility. See Primrose Operating Co. v. Nat’l Am. Ins. Co., 382
F.3d 546, 562 (5th Cir. 2004); Tyler Union Oil Co. of Cal., 304 F.3d 379, 392-93 (5th Cir. 2002);
accord i4i Ltd. P’ship v. Microsoft Corp., 598 F.3d 831, 852 (Fed. Cir. 2010); McLean v. 98801
Ontario, Ltd., 224 F.3d 797, 800-01 (6th Cir. 2000); Echevarria, 841 F. Supp. 2d at 569.
IV. CONCLUSION
Eurocopter has established as a matter of law that GARA’s statute of repose applies to bar
suit against Eurocopter as the manufacturer of the helicopter involved in the crash. However, the
Sulaks have raised a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the rolling provision of
17
GARA’s statute of repose applies to save their claims from the statute. Eurocopter has not met its
burden to show that the Sulak’s accident-reconstruction expert’s testimony should be excluded under
Rule 702. This is buttressed by the fact that exclusion of expert testimony under Rule 702 should
be the exception and not the rule.
SIGNED December 17, 2012.
____________________________
TERRY R. MEANS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
18
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?